Contents

Part I From Paragraph to Essay 2

Unit 1 The Paragraph 2 Unit 7 Problem-Solution Essays 34
Paragraph Focus 2 Essay Focus 34
Language Focus 6 Language Focus 36
Useful Online Sources 7 Useful Online Sources 38

Unit 2 The Essay 8 Unit 8 Advantages-Disadvantages Essays 39

Essay Focus 8 Essay Focus 39
Language Focus 10 Language Focus 42
Useful Online Sources 11 Useful Online Sources 43

Part Ii Types of Essays 12 Unit 9 ‘For and Against’ Essays 44

Essay Focus 44
Unit 3 Descriptive Essays 12
Language Focus 45
Essay Focus 12
Useful Online Sources 46
Language Focus 14
Useful Online Sources 15
Unit 10 Opinion Essays 48
Essay Focus 48
Unit 4 Narrative Essays 16
Language Focus 49
Essay Focus 16
Useful Online Sources 50
Language Focus 20
Useful Online Sources 20 Unit 11 Argumentative Essays 51
Essay Focus 51
Unit 5 Comparison-Contrast Essays 22 Language Focus 54
Essay Focus 22 Useful Online Sources 55
Language Focus 27
Useful Online Sources 29

Unit 6 Cause-Effect Essays 30

Essay Focus 30
Language Focus 32
Useful Online Sources 33

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
1
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Part I
FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

Unit 1 The Paragraph Answer Key

Paragraph Focus
1
1 Travelling (topic) is my favourite pastime (controlling idea).
2 The kitchen space (topic) has varied meanings in different cultures (controlling idea).
3 Working as a baby-sitter (topic) was the worst job I have ever had (controlling idea).
4 Television commercials (topic) can have a negative effect on children (controlling idea).
5 Life in a small town (topic) has several advantages for me (controlling idea).

2
Suggested answers.
1 Exams
School leaving examinations
The English Language examination
Topic sentence (topic+controlling idea): The school leaving English language examination (topic) was the
easiest of all (controlling idea).
2 The Internet
Means of communication
Social networks
Facebook
Topic sentence (topic+controlling idea): Facebook (topic) provides opportunities to keep informed
(controlling idea).

3 Friends
Best friends
Childhood friends
Topic sentence (topic+controlling idea): Childhood friends (topic) are special for several reasons
(controlling idea).

3
There are several things that I remember about my grandmother (topic sentence). The first thing that I
remember is her ability to weave (supporting idea 1). On winter evenings, she would sit at the wooden
loom and weave wonderful cloths with vivid colours and complex designs which she would later turn into
beautiful national costumes. The time when she started teaching me how to weave after I turned seven lingers
in my memory. When I learned to weave multicoloured patterns myself, I would spend at least five hours a
day at the loom because it was only at the linen smelling place of my grandmother that I could practise the
skill. Another thing that I remember about my grandmother is her love for her flowers (supporting idea 2).
She had at least six or seven small flower beds that were scattered all over her well-kept garden. She would
ask us to help her plant new flowers and remove old ones, to water them and sometimes to decorate them
with small rocks and sea-shells. My most precious memories are about a small garden (supporting idea 3)
where my grandmother allowed my sister and me to plant and grow strawberries, our favourite berries. It
was our pleasant duty to take care of the berries, to weed the strawberry beds, to water them and to pick the
ripe berries. After we picked the strawberries, our grandmother would make dozens of puffy pancakes, and
we would eat them with freshly made strawberry jam. At present, the things that my grandmother taught me
have become a dear part of my life (concluding sentence).
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
2 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Topic sentence: There are several things that I remember about my grandmother.
Supporting idea 1: grandmother’s ability to weave
Specific detail: grandmother at a wooden loom
Specific detail: her wonderful cloths with vivid colours and complex designs
Specific detail: grandmother teaching me to weave
Supporting idea 2: grandmother’s love for her flowers
Specific detail: grandmother’s at least six or seven small flower beds
Specific detail: granddaughters taking care of the grandmother’s flower beds
Supporting idea 3: grandmother’s garden
Specific detail: granddaughters growing and picking berries
Specific detail: grandmother making pancakes with strawberries
Concluding sentence: At present, the things that my grandmother taught me have become a dear part of
my life.

4
Type of the concluding sentence: restatement
Possible alternative concluding sentence: My grandmother’s ability to weave, her love for her flowers and garden
and her ability to pass on her skills to her grandchildren are the things I will never forget. Type: summary.

5
Support 4 is off-topic. Support 4 should be related to reading habits. Moreover, there is a mistake in
parallelism. Support 4 should contain –ing structure just as other supporting ideas.
Concluding sentence: answers will vary.

6–7
Answers will vary.

8
Nowadays, when people live in the world that is strongly affected by globalisation, they look for something
that could help them to stay more coherent and closer to each other. One of the things that helps to achieve
this aim is belonging to various groups. Usually such groups not only provide people with a feeling of social
connectedness but also help to save the cultural heritage of a country. For example, almost every school
has folk dance and song groups. These groups unite young people who share similar ideas and visions
about the future of their country and its culture. Another way to stay related to others is participation in
various festivals. Such festivals bring together people who have the same taste in music or other forms of
entertainment. To illustrate, more than 10,000 people attended a jazz festival in my small native town where
global and local tendencies in music and their influence on national culture and fans could be observed. To
sum up, there are many ways for people to stay close. They just need to find what suits them best.
One of the things, another way – to introduce and add information

For example, to illustrate – to give examples

To sum up – to conclude

9
Activity 3 (some examples of verbal bridges are colour coded in the paragraph below)
Use of verbal bridges
repetition of key words: grandmother, I, remember, loom, weave, garden, flowers, berries, my sister and
me.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
3 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 use of synonyms: remember – linger in my memory, my most precious memories are; grandmother – she;
weave – practise the skill; strawberries – berries; my sister and me – we.
use of pronouns: grandmother – she; grandmother – her; flowers – ones, flowers – them; my sister and
me – our; my sister and me – we; strawberry beds – them; pancakes – them.

There are several things that I remember about my grandmother. The first thing that I remember is her
ability to weave. On winter evenings, she would sit at the wooden loom and weave wonderful cloths with
vivid colours and complex designs which she would later turn into beautiful national costumes. The time
when she started teaching me how to weave after I turned seven, lingers in my memory. When I learned to
weave multi-coloured patterns myself, I would spend at least five hours a day at the loom because it was only
at the linen smelling place of my grandmother that I could practise the skill. Another thing that I remember
about my grandmother is her love for flowers. She had at least six or seven small flower beds that were
scattered all over her well-kept flower garden. She would ask my sister and me to help her plant new flowers
and remove old ones, to water them, and sometimes to decorate them with small rocks and sea-shells. My
most precious memories are about a small kitchen garden where my grandmother allowed my sister and me
to plant and grow strawberries, our favourite berries. It was our pleasant duty to take care of the berries, to
weed the strawberry beds, to water them and to pick the ripe berries. After we picked the strawberries, our
grandmother would make dozens of puffy pancakes, and we would eat them with freshly made strawberry
jam. At present, the things that my grandmother taught me have become a dear part of my life.

Clear method of organization is achieved by

the use of emphatic order (from the least important to the most important idea): The first thing that
I remember is her ability to weave; Another thing that I remember about my grandmother is her love for
flowers; My most precious memories are about a small kitchen garden...
organization from general to specific. For example:

The first thing that I remember is her ability to weave. On winter evenings, she would sit at the wooden
loom and weave wonderful cloths with vivid colours and complex designs which she would later turn into
beautiful national costumes. The time when she started teaching me how to weave after I turned seven,
lingers in my memory. When I learned to weave multi-coloured patterns myself, I would spend at least
five hours a day at the loom because it was only at the linen smelling place of my grandmother that I could
practise the skill.

Activity 8 (some examples of verbal bridges and the means to achieve clear method of organization are
colour coded in the paragraph below)

Use of verbal bridges

repetition of key words: people, help, groups, festival.
use of synonyms: people – they; to stay more coherent and closer to each other – to unite, to stay related
to others, to bring together, to stay close together.
use of pronouns: people – they, them, each other, others.

Nowadays, when people live in the world that is strongly affected by globalisation, they look for something
that could help them to stay more coherent and closer to each other. One of the things that help to achieve
this aim is belonging to various groups. Usually such groups not only provide people with a feeling of
social connectedness but also help to save cultural heritage of a country. For example, almost every school
has folk dance and song groups. These groups unite young people who share similar ideas and visions
about the future of their country and its culture. Another way to stay related to others is participation in
various festivals. Such festivals bring together people who have the same taste in music or other forms of
entertainment. To illustrate, more than 10,000 people attended a jazz festival in my small native town where
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
4 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
global and local tendencies in music and their influence on national culture and fans could be observed. To
sum up, there are many ways for people to stay close together. They just need to find what suits them best.

Clear method of organization is achieved by

logical ordering of ideas: One of the things that help to achieve this aim...; Another way to stay related to
others is...; To sum up, there are many ways for people to stay close together.
organization from general to specific. For example:

One of the things that help to achieve this aim is belonging to various groups. Usually such groups not only
provide people with a feeling of social connectedness but also help to save cultural heritage of a country.
For example, almost every school has folk dance and song groups. These groups unite young people who
share similar ideas and visions about the future of their country and its culture.


(1) There are several reasons why I like studying at my university. (2) It is the best university in the area. (3)
Many foreign students choose to study there, and many visiting professors come to lecture at my university.
(4) The university offers a flexible study schedule which allows students to have a part time job. (5) I work
as a shop assistant to pay for my studies. (6) As I receive additional income, I can afford both to study and
travel. (7) My best friend likes travelling very much. (8) She has visited the Baltic States, Poland, the Czech
Republic, Hungary, Romania and Turkey. (9) She is very fond of national cuisines. (10) My best friend
studies at the same university, and we often study for exams together. (11) She lives in the same dormitory,
and she has a dance class twice a week. (12) After she graduates, my friend wants to work abroad for a year.
(13) My friend and I are members of the Student Board and attend student meetings together. (14) The
university is centrally located, and it is easy to get there by public transport or bike. (15) The city bus goes
there every ten minutes, and the university has a large bicycle parking lot. (16) By encouraging students
to use bikes, the university promotes environmentally-friendly policy. (17) Last week a student’s bike was
stolen from the bicycle parking lot. (18) My university is the best place to study for someone who values high
quality studies, likes to spend time with friends and is eco-friendly.

Suggested answer.
(1) There are several reasons why I like studying at my university. (2) Most importantly, it is the best university
in the area. (3)To illustrate, many foreign students choose to study there, and many visiting professors come
to lecture at my university. (4) The university also offers a flexible study schedule which allows students to
have a part time job. (5) Personally, I work as a shop assistant to pay for my studies. (6) As receive additional
income, I can afford both to study and travel. (7) Another reason why I like studying there is that my best
friend studies at the same university, and we often study for exams together. (8) What is more, she lives in
the same dormitory. (9) My friend and I are members of the Student Board and attend student meetings
together. (10) Furthermore, the university is centrally located, and it is easy to get there by public transport
or bike. (11) The city bus goes there every ten minutes, and the university has a large bicycle parking lot.
(12) By encouraging students to use bikes, the university promotes environmentally-friendly policy. (13) My
university is the best place to study for someone who values high quality studies, likes to spend time with
friends and is eco-friendly.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 5 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Language Focus
1
1 To look at a to examine
2 I need to b it is necessary for me
3 To make up for c to compensate
4 To put up with d to tolerate
5 To say sorry e to apologize
6 To seem f to appear
7 To show g to demonstrate
8 To stand for h to represent
9 So i as a consequence
 To tell j to inform

2
1 Also a in addition
2 To ask b to enquire
3 But c however
4 To check d to verify
5 To check up on e to investigate
6 To get f to receive
7 To give g to provide
8 To go up h to increase
 To help i to assist

4
1 Compound sentence.
2 Complex sentence.
3 Compound sentence.
4 Complex sentence.
5 Simple sentence.
6 Compound sentence.
7 Complex sentence.
8 Complex sentence.
9 Complex sentence.
 Simple sentence.

5
Suggested answers.
1 The goal of healthy eating is to develop a healthy diet that one can maintain for life.
2 People often think of healthy eating as abstaining from some products, but the key to a healthy diet is
moderation.
3 Some young children do not eat seafood because they do not like it.
4 Although children do not like seafood, they should consume about 150g a week of a variety of seafood
such as salmon, trout, mussels or oysters.
5 Seafood has protein, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids which are beneficial for a person’s heart.
6 If a person has a healthy diet, eating a burger once a week probably will not have a negative effect on one’s
health.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
6 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
7 A person should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but he or she should not feel very full.
8 When a person abstains from eating certain foods, it is natural to crave for these foods even more.
9 Having meals with other people has social and emotional benefits; therefore, it helps one to develop
healthy eating habits.
 Colourful fruits and vegetables contain high concentrations of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants;
therefore, a person should consume a minimum of five fruits or vegetables every day.

Useful Online Sources

For Paragraph Practice
Writing Skills: The Paragraph (14:33)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IFDuhdB2Hk
How to Write a Topic Sentence (3:56)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2nOzN6DllY
Writing – Transitions (9:44)
http://www.engvid.com/writing-transitions/
http://www.engvid.com/writing-transitions-therefore-thus-consequently (13:18)
Walters, F. Scott. 2000. Basic Paragraph Structure. TOEFL-Prep Writing Practice Site
http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/para.html
Formulating a Concluding Sentence for a Paragraph. Reading and Study Skills Lab, Anne Arundel
Community College
http://www.aacc.edu/supportcenter/file/formulatingaconcludingsentenceforapar.pdf

For Language Practice

Formal Writing (4:44)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2gYq6KbhfA
Formal and Informal English. engVid. Free English Video Lessons
http://www.engvid.com/english-resource/formal-informal-english/
Simple Sentences and Compound Sentences (6:45)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPqHgg-i1Qo
Complex Sentences. (14:57)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFurRXH5kxE
Commas & Compound Sentences (17:43)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auxFhfAReCg

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
7 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 2 The Essay Answer Key

Essay Focus
1
Suggested answers.
1 It was the worst job I have ever had.
Divided: It was the worst job I have ever had because of the rude manager, unfriendly staff and long working
hours.

2 Dogs are the best pets for children.

Divided: Dogs are the best pets for children because they teach children loyalty, responsibility and love.

3 People who like the countryside have many similarities.

Divided: People who like the countryside have many similarities such as love for nature, solitude and work
in the open air.

4 TV commercials should be banned.

Divided: TV commercials should be banned because they provide inaccurate information, encourage
unnecessary spending and disrupt the coherence of TV programs.

5 Parents should be role models for their children.

Divided: Parents should be role models for their children because otherwise children look for role models on
TV, in the street and on the Internet.

2
The essay is unified (there are no off-topic sentences). Transitional words and expressions and verbal bridges
help to achieve coherence in the essay. Transitional words and expressions are underlined; verbal bridges
are colour coded.
Genetically Modified Food Will Not End World Hunger
Today one of the biggest problems is world hunger. Millions of people are suffering from it. Scientists search
for ways to stop hunger and see genetically modified (GM) food a means to prevent it. Despite the fact that
GM food can reduce world hunger, it raises questions such as possible negative effects on human health,
damage to the environment and ability to survive in bad weather conditions (Type: divided, implicit).
First of all, the effects of GM food on human health still need to be investigated (Topic sentence 1).
Some studies show that GM food can cause allergies with symptoms such as sneezing and watery eyes.
Allergies, in turn, can lead to asthma and even death. There have also been studies which show that GM food
can be one of the causes of new cancer types. Therefore, the factor of health shows that GM food is not a
simple solution to the problem of world hunger.
GM food can not only have a negative effect on human health but also on the environment (Topic
sentence 2). Chemical materials from GM crops can reach the soil and change its structure. It has also been
found that pollens of GM plants confuse insects and cause their destruction. For example, having collected
pollen from GM crops, bees are not able to find the way back to their hives. As a result, many farmers are
unwilling to grow GM crops.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 8 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Finally, research is carried out to determine whether GM crops can survive in changing weather
conditions (Topic sentence 3). There is not enough evidence that GM crops are stronger than ecological
crops. Again, a question arises why a huge amount of money should be spent on planting GM crops if they
may not survive in rapidly changing weather conditions.
In conclusion, GM food is unlikely to end world hunger because the side effects of genetically modified
organisms are still to be discovered. The effects on human health, the environment and plant durability can
then be estimated. Thus, other ways to help people in need have also to be considered.

The essay is unified and coherent. Also see Reader Comments in Activity 4.

3
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: Despite the fact that GM food can reduce world hunger, it raises questions such as
possible negative effects on human health, damage to the environment and ability to survive in bad
weather conditions.

BODY
Topic sentence 1: First of all, the effects of GM food on human health still need to be investigated.
Support 1: can cause allergies
Support 2: can cause asthma and even death
Support 3: can cause new cancer types
Topic sentence 2: GM food can not only have a negative effect on human health but also on the
environment.
Support 1: can reach the soil and change its structure
Support 2: can confuse insects and cause their destruction
(Support 3)
Topic sentence 3: Finally, research is carried out whether GM crops can survive in changing weather
conditions.
Support 1: not enough evidence that GM crops are stronger than ecological crops
Support 2: possibility of GMOs not surviving rapidly changing weather conditions.
(Support 3)
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: restatement of the thesis statement and call for action.

4
Reader Comments
Paragraph 1 The introductory paragraph consists of 4 sentences. The first sentence of the paragraph
(Introduction): is the most general. It introduces the problem (world hunger) while the second sentence
explains the importance of the problem. The third sentence is more specific; it suggests a
way (GM food) to solve the problem thus narrowing the topic down. The last sentence of
this paragraph is the thesis statement, presenting the writer’s attitude toward GM food as
a means to solve the problem (most specific). As indicated above, the introduction is written
using general-to-specific organization of ideas.
The thesis statement is divided. It states the topic (GM food), presents the writer’s
opinion (raises questions of possible negative effects of GM food) and indicates the
sequencing of the body paragraphs (effects on human health, damage to the environment
and ability to survive in bad weather conditions). As indicated in the thesis statement, which,
in its turn, serves as the plan of the development of the essay, body paragraph 1 should
discuss possible negative effects of GM food on human health; body paragraph 2 should
analyze possible damage of GMOs to the environment and body paragraph 3 should focus
on the questionable ability of GMOs to survive in changing weather conditions.
The thesis statement is implicit as it does not obviously state the focus of the essay. It
does not start with such phrases as The essay discusses/analyzes possible negative effects of GM
food on…; The essay focuses on possible negative effects of GMOs on… which would indicate
that the thesis statement is explicit.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
9 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Reader Comments
Paragraph 2: Body paragraph 1 consists of 5 sentences. The first sentence of the paragraph is the topic
sentence. It is directly related to the thesis statement by stating its topic (GM food) and the
controlling idea (effects on human health still need to be investigated). The topic sentence
starts with a transitional expression First of all. The second sentence introduces supporting
idea 1 (allergies). The third sentence specifies sentence 2 by providing examples of possible
effects of allergies (asthma and even death). The fourth sentence of the paragraph introduces
supporting idea 2 (new types of cancer). The supporting ideas are organized in order of
importance. The last sentence of the paragraph is the concluding sentence. It restates the
main idea of the topic sentence.
The ideas in the paragraph are organized using the order of importance (emphatic order:
from the least to most important).
Paragraph 3: Body paragraph 2 consists of 5 sentences. The topic sentence of this paragraph is
transitional. It refers to the issue discussed in body paragraph 1 (human health) and
introduces the second point mentioned in the thesis statement (the environment). The second
sentence introduces supporting idea 1 (chemicals from GM crops change soil structure).
The third sentence of the paragraph introduces supporting idea 2 (pollens from GM plants
affect insects). Supporting idea 2 is followed by an example (affected by pollen, bees do not
find their way to hives) in sentence 4. The last sentence of the paragraph is the concluding
sentence. It relates the negative effect of GMOs on the environment to many farmers’
position towards growing GM crops.
The ideas in the paragraph are organized using general-to-specific order (negative effects
on soil (most general) insects (specific) bees (most specific)
Paragraph 4: Body paragraph 3 consists of 3 sentences. The topic sentence is introduced with a
transitional word Finally, the function of which is to add information. The topic sentence is
directly related to the third point in the thesis statement (questionable ability of GM crops to
survive in changing weather conditions). The second sentence (There is not enough evidence
that GM crops are stronger than ecological crops) supports the idea expressed in the topic
sentence (research is still being carried out whether GM crops can survive in changing weather
conditions). The last sentence in the paragraph functions as the concluding sentence; it gives
food for thought. The use of the transitional word Again brings the reader back to the idea
expressed in the thesis statement.
The paragraph could be improved by providing statistics.
Paragraph 5 The concluding paragraph consists of 3 sentences. The first sentence of the concluding
(Conclusion): paragraph refers back to the ideas indicated in the thesis statement (restates the thesis). The
second sentence summarizes the points discussed in the essay while the last sentence calls for
action (other ways to help people in need have to be considered).
The organization of the paragraph is from specific to general.
General This is a clear and well-organized essay. The essay is unified (there are no off-topic sentences)
Comments: and coherent. Coherence is achieved by the use of transitional words and expressions
between and within paragraphs, verbal bridges and clear method of organization of ideas.
Transitional words and expressions and verbal bridges are indicated in the essay above.
Within body paragraphs, ideas are organized using the order of importance (emphatic
order). Despite the lack of statistics or data in body paragraph 3, the essay is carefully
written.

Language Focus
1
Suggested answers.
1 Some swans are white.
2 She tends to be rude.
3 London is a wonderful place to live for many reasons.
4 Some people claim that …
5 This linguistic feature seems to be very significant. (correct)
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 10 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
6 There is evidence that …
7 … might replace teachers.
8 Scientists claim that …
9 … it might lead …
 Correct.

Note: In the excerpt below, the underlined phrases are some of the hedged expressions in the essay “Genetically
Modified Food Will Not End World Hunger”:

Some studies show that GM food can cause allergies with symptoms such as sneezing and watery eyes.
Allergies, in turn, can lead to asthma and even death. There have also been studies which show that GM
foods can be one of the causes of new cancer types.

2
1 Building a complex sentence.
2 Using an appositive.
3 Using a past participle as a sentence opening.
4 Using a prepositional phrase as a sentence opening.
5 Using an appositive as a sentence opening.

3
Answers will vary.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
Taylor, D. The Five-Paragraph Essay: Three Formulas for Writing the Basic Academic Essay (11:53)  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwjmMtTVO1g
5 Types of TOEFL Essays & TOEFL iBT Essay Patterns (8:06)
http://www.engvid.com/5-types-of-toefl-essays-patterns/
SAT Writing: Essay Basics (14:47)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mnaokrd4t1o
Step 8: The Conclusion. Ten Steps to Writing an Essay. Writing Centre, The American University in Cairo
http://www1.aucegypt.edu/academic/writers/conclusion.htm
Tutorial: How to Write a Thesis Statement (6:39)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5jYOR3IccA

For Language Practice

Hedging: Using Modals to Avoid Overgeneralizations (3:18)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKydgqrrMw8
Appositives and Sentence Variety (7:53)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVV42ioMeS0
Sentence Variety (9:37)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSUsGUf3vAY
Sentence Variety: Compound and Complex Sentences (22:31)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRiKj_vISQA
Sentence Variety: Beginning and Interrupting Sentences with Phrases (44:40)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK9jxmiMiLo

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
11 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Part II
TYPES OF ESSAYS

Unit 3 Descriptive Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
3
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: Although it has been more than ten years since my grandfather passed away, I still
remember him with love and tenderness.
BODY
Topic sentence 1: I am sad that I dimly remember my grandfather’s appearance without looking into a
photograph of him.
Support 1: face and eyes
Support 2: height
Support 3: hands
Topic sentence 2: Besides his strong build, my grandfather was quite a character.
Support 1: quiet
Support 2: persistent
Support 3: handy
Topic sentence 3: What stands most in my memory is his hobbies and the time we spent together.
Support 1: fishing
Support 2: gathering mushrooms
(Support 3)
CONCLUSION

4
1 Yes.
2 Yes. Thesis statement: Although it has been more than ten years since my grandfather passed away, I still
remember him with love and tenderness.
3 Yes.
4 Yes. Paragraph 1 focusses on appearance, paragraph 2 focusses on character and paragraph 3 focusses on
hobbies. From general to specific.
5 The essay is coherent. Coherence is achieved with the help of transitional words and expressions and
logical ordering of ideas.
6 Yes.
7 Yes.
8 Yes.
9 Yes.

5
In the essay “My Grandfather”, adjectives and adverbs are underlined; the words they modify are highlighted.

My Grandfather
As I was recently browsing throught our family photo albums, an old loose photograph fell on the ground. My
grandfather on my mother’s side was in the picture: a proud and mysteriously smiling elderly man, standing
next to a boat with a fishing pole in one hand and a big catch in the other. He was the person I admired and
looked up to when I was growing up. Although it has been more than ten years since my grandfather passed
away, I still remember him with love and tenderness.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
12 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 I am sad that I dimly remember my grandfather’s appearance without looking at a photograph of him.
A dry wrinkled bronze face, the result of working as a metallurgical engineer in a machine-tool plant for
twenty-five years, is what comes to my mind first. I also remember a kind, relaxed and clever look in my
grandfather’s deep green emerald-like eyes. He was not a tall man. Honestly, he was quite short because I
became taller than him before my eleventh birthday. Although he was not a tall man, many people envied
my grandfather’s fit and healthy body. He was a very active man and did everything from fixing the car to
cooking delicious meals with those gigantic, strong, hairy and scarred hands.
Besides his strong build, my grandfather was quite a character. Most of the time he was very quiet, attentively
listening to others and carefully weighing every word before uttering it. Never had he made rushed decisions
and, to be fair, he sometimes acted rather sluggishly. Despite being slow-paced, my grandfather was astonishingly
persistent. He firmly held to his beliefs and could become so stubborn that he even resembled some immovable
object. Moreover, my grandfather always completed the work he had started even if it required a lot of time
and energy. Moreover, my grandfather always completed the work he started even if it required a lot of time
and energy. Furthermore, being very handy, my grandfather had built several impressive radios from nothing
but old metal scrap parts. No matter whether it was a light bulb which had gone wrong, an electricity circuit
that needed to be changed, a nail that had to be hammered or a bolt that needed to be fastened, my grandfather
was always up to the task.
What stands out most in my memory is his hobbies and the time we spent together. Every year our family
used to go to the lake in Molėtai and take our grandfather with us. So every summer he had a chance to go
fishing, which was his great passion. When he was not sitting on the river bank silently whistling and tinkering
with his rods, he would row his boat while humming a sad tune. Every morning he sailed to the middle of the
lake where he sat motionless for many hours, fishing. Glowing with pride and satisfied with the results of his
patience, Grandfather always returned with a catch and a big smile on his face. When tired of daily fishing,
Grandfather would take a stroll and wander in the woods to gather berries and mushrooms. He especially
enjoyed gathering mushrooms and was very successful at it.
In conclusion, my grandfather had all the qualities of a great man. He was the one who stood out as a role
model for me when I was a child. I will always admire his positive and strong personality and will be grateful to
have inherited his best features such as modesty, steadiness and love for work. (570 words)

6
admired and looked up to
love and tenderness
dry wrinkled bronze face
deep green emerald-like eyes
kind, relaxed and clever look
fit and healthy body
fixing the car to cooking delicious meals
gigantic, strong, hairy and scarred hands
attentively listening to others and carefully weighing every word before uttering it
old metal scrap parts
No matter whether it was a light bulb which had gone wrong, an electricity circuit that needed to be changed,
a nail that had to be hammered or a bolt that needed to be fastened
his hobbies and the time
sitting and tinkering
Glowing with pride and satisfied with the results
catch and smile
to gather mushrooms and pick wild berries
positive and strong
modesty, steadiness and love for work

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
13 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
7
Inversion: Never had he made rushed decisions and, to be fair, he sometimes acted rather sluggishly.

8
Character from the
Appearance Personality Other Qualities
novel
Emma handsome clever; rich;
happy (with very little to with a comfortable home
distress or vex her) and happy disposition;
mistress of his house twenty-one years of age
Harriet very pretty; not clever;
short, plump, and fair, with sweet, docile,
a fine bloom, blue eyes, light grateful and
hair, regular features and a totally free from conceit;
look of great sweetness desiring to be guided by any
one she looked up to

9–
Answers will vary.

 Suggested template for organizing ideas in the paragraph.

A rake is a tool that is used for . It has a handle
and head with teeth. The head is often made of
. It can also be made of .

–
Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
1 Here comes the train.
2 Out came the sun and... .
3 In marched the child with a happy smile on the face.
4 Huddled in the corner of the dark room was a small scared girl.
5 From the south approached the cheering students.

2
1 The day was long and very tiring.
2 ... the singers and the dancers or ... the singing and the dancing.
3 John is a student, a volunteer and a friend.
4 My new dress is blue and green and yellow and brown (no comma).
5 From the window, I can see the neighbours’ house, the corn field and the distant wood.
6 I spent the entire summer reading, sleeping, travelling and swimming.
7 He neither likes reading nor playing computer games (no comma).

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
14 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Useful Online Sources
For Essay Practice
Taylor, D. Descriptive Essay Writing: Structure and Techniques (5:23)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATysG32zrsE
Descriptive Essay 1 (10:43)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvHps2LlF6c
Descriptive Writing. Research and Writing Guide, Head-Royce School. 2011
http://more.headroyce.org/research/
Descriptive Essay Guidelines
http://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Students/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingLab/E7-Descriptive-
Essay-Guidelines.pdf
Sensory Detail Word Bank. Teacher Resources. Lesson Plans and Activities for the Classroom. Windows
to the Universe. 2011
http://www.windows2universe.org/teacher_resources/sensory_bank.html

For Language Practice

Inversions / Inverted Subjects + Verbs /Adverbial Fronting. English Niche. 2013
http://englishniche.com/2013/02/26/inversions-inverted-subjects-and-verbs/
Parallel Structure (17:06)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9awoNLvF3M
Driscoll, D. L. Parallel Structure. Online Writing Lab, Purdue University. 2013
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01/
Fleming, J. Parallel Structures. DeAnza College
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$16
Writing – When to Use Commas with AND, BUT, OR, FOR, SO, YET
http://www.engvid.com/commas-coordinating-conjunctions/

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
15 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 4 Narrative Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
3
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: The experience taught me a lesson which I will never forget.
BODY
Topic sentence 1: From the very beginning, I was struggling to balance anxiety and awareness of the need
to fulfil expectations.
Support 1: playing a piano duet with a partner
Support 2: performance anxiety
Support 3: awareness of the significance of the performance
Topic sentence 2: As soon as we sat at the piano, we turned to each other and nodded our heads up and
down to indicate our readiness to begin.
Support 1: uneasy waiting; the duet partner the first to play
Support 2: mind going blank
Support 3: reaction of the audience
Topic sentence 3: Suddenly, my duet partner turned to me and whispered, ‘What’s wrong?’
Support 1: telling the partner to keep playing
Support 2: reaction of the audience
Support 3 attempts to pull oneself together
Support 4: realization of failure
CONCLUSION
Reflects on the significance of the experience to the writer.

4
About the structure and organization
1 Yes. The essay captures the reader’s attention by creating interest and intrigue (but rarely do people think
what it is like to perform in front of an audience).
2 Consider who the participants were // what happened where it happened // when it happened // why
and how it happened.
3 It states that the essay intends to describe the relationship between the narrated event and the lesson that
the writer learned from the event.
4 Yes. Chronological order.
5 Explains what lesson the narrator learned and how it links to universal experience.

About support
1 Yes. For example: blazing bright spring sun outside the window.
2 Yes. For example, in body paragraph 3: whisper, stare, clap, bow, mumble, etc.
3 Yes. In body paragraph 3 – allows the reader to understand the helplessness that the writer experienced.
4 The school principle hardly ever attended any concerts, but for some reason he decided to show up that day.
5 By the use of:
transitional words and expressions: once, at the end, etc.
time clauses, for example: When I think back to that time.
past perfect: had practised

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 16 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 About the use of language
1 Show up. Come is more appropriate here.
2 The first two sentences and the last sentence use present tenses to show the effect of the past event on the
writer.
3 The first. Go to the Language Focus section in this Unit for more information on this point.
At last our names were called out; it was our turn on the stage. (to join two independent sentences; see
Language Focus, Unit 1)
I tried to pull myself together; however, I was unable even to read the notation. (to join long transitional
words such as however, therefore and otherwise, see Language Focus, Unit 1)
4 Despite the previous success…; despite their efforts to be polite… are noun phrases, not full clauses because
they do not have a subject and a verb.
REMINDER:
Despite the fact that … is used to join clauses. For example, Despite the fact that our previous performance
was successful ….
Despite and in spite of can be used interchangeably; they have the same meaning as although. Despite
is used without of.
5 To remember or think about something.

5
Contemplative. Although the essay uses a number of negative words such as silly mistakes and confused, the
essay emphasizes the lesson learnt but not the negative experience.

To create positive mood To create negative mood

cheerful embarrassed
playful hopeless
peaceful worried
amused heartbroken
dignified disappointed
hopeful haunting
giddy embarrassed
grateful frustrated
harmonious uncomfortable
hopeful vengeful
nostalgic annoyed
optimistic anxious
passionate threatening
pleased apprehensive
relaxed cold
relieved confused
gloomy
hostile
irritated
jealous
lonely
violent

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
17 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
7
1
a lot of (informal) many (formal)
maybe (informal) perhaps (neural) and possibly (formal)
2
The ceremony in church, the whole process of receiving flowers and gifts from family and friends and the
party in a beautiful countryside place. – No verb.
Maybe because it was my first wedding I attended. – Only subordinate clause; no main clause.
3 I will never forget what everything looked like, how everybody felt and, most important, I will never forget the
smiles of the newlyweds. Importantly
4 His cream-coloured wedding suit was complimenting his dark skin tone. Complimented
5 6
And wedding reception games began. And can be used to show the nararrative sequence. Or: then can
be used at the beginning of the previous sentence; then, after that can be used instead of and.
7 also have very warm and inspiring memories of the guests’ happy smiles, their speaking and the feeling of
I
togetherness at a celebration where everyone felt loved and appreciated. Their speeches – all noun
phrases.

8
1 Chronological order. Beginning-middle-end. The essay has some features of ‘One event per essay’ (see
Table 4) method of organization because each paragraph focuses on one stage.
2 The thesis statement creates an impression that the essay will discuss the way things looked (what
everything looked like), feelings of the quests (how everybody felt) and how happy everybody was (the
smiles of the newlyweds). However, the essay discusses stages in the wedding ceremony.
3 See answers for 5 and 6 in the previous exercise.
4 Yes. Present tenses are used in the reflection.
5 Yes.
Vivid verbs: hands were shaking; gazed into each other’s eyes; merged; was moving slowly; showered with
gifts; looking around and pondering.
Specific details: wonderful organ music; white dress decorated with beads and pearls around the waist and a
puffy bubble veil; cream-coloured wedding suit [complimented] his dark skin tone; elaborate cravat matched
the colour of the bride’s dress; huge soft colourful pillow; the tables, neatly set out with china and fine linen,
paired with the fairytale-like and magical atmosphere of the castle; smells from meat, fish, garlic; as a twelve-
year-old.
6 For example: colourful while others were simple but pretty; beautiful wedding accessories; the exquisite
interior of the castle; soft music.
7 The concluding sentence of body paragraph 2 is too general regarding the paragraph focus on a particular
event/stage.

9
Answers will vary.


You may find it useful to analyse the following essay written by a student before or after you write your own
essay. The essay is not edited.

A Summer Festival
Most of the people who have ever been to a summer festival would probably agree that it is one of the best ways
to spend summer holidays. Good music, fun activities and friendly people make festivals appealing to people
of various age groups. One of such festivals in Lithuania is “Rock Nights” which takes place on Zarasai Island
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
18 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
and attracts thousands of people. Although I have been to a number of festivals, I will never forget the “Rock
Nights” of 2012 because it is the best festival I have ever attended.
I had been waiting impatiently for the “Rock Nights” for months, so I clearly remember my excitement
when the day of the festival finally came and I could go there. It seemed that it took hours to get there, and
I kept impatiently glancing out of the car window and at my watch although it was only a little more than a
forty-minute drive. When we finally reached the island, my friend and I took our luggage and went to a security
check where the guards checked our bags to make sure that we did not carry any strong drinks. After that, we
were given green bracelets which showed that we were participants of the festival and, finally, we were let in.
The first thing that caught my attention was hundreds of cars parked in the festival territory. The cars were
so close to one another that I wondered how people had managed to park them. It looked like a giant parking
lot which was full of various colours. Behind the parking lot stretched the area for tents. As one could expect,
there already was a huge number of colourful tents, so we had to spend quite some time to find a spot to pitch
our tent. As soon as we settled up for our two-night stay, we decided to look around. There were thousands of
people wandering through the whole place. We even met some of our friends and acquaintances who looked
happy and enthusiastic about the event. There were sincere smiles on their faces which showed that they were
just as excited as we were.
The second day of the festival was extremely memorable because it offered different kinds of entertainment.
Everyone could find an activity according to his or her interests. In the morning and during the day people
could play various games. For example, there was a game during which people had to pick a card from a huge
pile of cards and, if their card had winning numbers, they were awarded with vanilla-flavoured ice cream.
The funny thing was that all the cards had winning numbers; therefore, people could eat vast amounts of ice
cream. Also, people could play volleyball or just enjoy their time swimming in the lake and sunbathing. While
some of the people were playing games, others were experimenting with their appearance because there was an
opportunity to get an unusual hairdo or a washable tattoo. One child looked especially funny because he had
his face painted in orange and brown and looked like a little lion. Meanwhile, various artists were performing
on stage. Most of them were rock musicians, but there also were some rap artists. The best singers performed
late in the evening and at night, so there was a huge crowd around the stage then. People were dancing and
singing. Almost everyone was having a great time.
On the last day of the festival, a sudden wave of disappointment rushed through me as I realized that it was
over. If I had had a chance, I would have stayed there longer, but it was the last day and everyone had to leave.
When we woke up in the morning, we saw that people were already leaving. There was no point in staying there
longer because all of the entertaining places were closed and there was nothing to do. We packed our things,
took one last glance at the place and headed towards the exit. As we walked, we saw many volunteers cleaning
up the place. There were piles of rubbish everywhere, and I felt disappointed that people were so careless. We
reached the exit and waited for my father to take us home. While we were waiting, we remembered the most
memorable moments of the past two days. I was surprised how quickly the time passed. Surprisingly, the car
ride home did not seem so long as two days ago even though I kept thinking about the festival all the time.
To sum up, even though I have been to a number of festivals, I will never forget the “Rock Nights” because
it was one of the most memorable events I have ever attended. Waiting fof the festival, the experience during it
and the feeling after the event were unforgettable, and I will aways keep those precious memories in my mind.

–
Answers will vary.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 19 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Language Focus
1
1 Never have I seen so much rain.
2 Only now have I realized how hard-working they are.
3 Under no circumstances, should they tell you what to do.
4 No sooner had he left than his friends came to ask him for help.
5 Little does Jane suspect that her friends are planning a surprise birthday party for her.

2
1 When I was taking my driving test, the instructor drove me into a special pitch with many orange sticks
placed in different places.
2 The car almost swerved as soon as I turned the ignition key.
3 While I was driving, my driving instructor looked very tense.
4 The car-tyres were screeching whenever I was turning corners and roundabouts.
5 Until I eventually reached home, my whole body was shaking.

3
Possible answers.
1 As soon as the alarm clock rang, Mary jumped out of bed. As soon as
2 After she finished writing her essay, she spell-checked it. After
3 Before the students wrote an essay, they brainstormed (for) ideas. Before
4 Whenever they watch a soap opera, they cannot understand why some people like this genre. Whenever
5 Once I did this, I was never afraid of this again. Once.

4
1 When we go hiking, we will practise how to pitch a tent.
2 As soon as you arrive there, you will be surprised how different culture is.
3 We noticed that it was becoming cloudy after we unpacked our things. (no comma)
4 The hikers had to stay in the tents until it stopped raining. (no comma)
5 Before we leave for our grand adventure, we have to check the weather forecast.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
Narrative Essay Example (10:47)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r47AYIqV2r0
How to Write a Narrative Essay (11:39)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XajMXS2bl3k
Narration Essay Guidelines, Academic Support Writing Center, Indian River State College, 2011.
https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Students/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingLab/E3-Narration-
Essay-Guidelines.pdf
Writing for Success: Narration. English Composition I OCF, Lumen https://lumen.instructure.com/
courses/56913/pages/writing-for-success-narration
Personal Narrative Sample Paper. Homework Helper
http://www.timeforkids.com/files/homework_helper/aplus_papers/PersonalNarrativeSampler.pdf

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
20 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
For Language Practice
English Grammar Practice. Inversion and Emphasis (3:30)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUTn63TAsCs
Time Clauses Exercises with Answers
http://www.e-grammar.org/time-clauses/
Time Causes: Future Tense Examples
http://www.english-test.net/esl/learn/english/grammar/ii142/esl-test.php
Roberts, M. Future Time Clauses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j2JcYUMmKQ (Part 1) (3:51)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9M4T27qQAU (Part 2) (5:28)
Improve Your Writing: Adverb Clauses, engVid. Free English Video Lessons (10:04)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0-BlrWQtN4

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
21 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 5 Comparison-Contrast Essays Answer Key

Essay focus

2 I am convinced he would be a very good stress management counsellor because he has a special skill to create
a welcoming and convivial atmosphere. Needless to say, Ray is the most popular person in our class whose
take-it-easy attitude sets an example for others of how to cope with difficult situations.

The paragraph is about the friends’ goals.

3
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: They differ significantly in their interests, lifestyles and goals.
BODY
Topic sentence 1: The first difference between Jake and Ray is their interests.
Supporting details, examples:
Ways of spending time knowledge/skills sharing knowledge/skills
Topic sentence 2: The second difference between Jake and Ray lies in their lifestyles.
Supporting details, examples:
Differing daily routines and attitudes to schedules/deadlines effects on student performance
Topic sentence 3: The most important difference between Jake and Ray is their goals.
Supporting details, examples:
Jake specific goals related to advances in chemistry research on control of the use of artificial
materials in food industry quote as specific support
Ray goal study psychology in order to help people in coping with stress this part of the essay
is underdeveloped
CONCLUSION
Restatement of the topic: My two friends are very different but both of them are very important in my life.
Summary of the main points: It is not only that I like their different personalities but also their different
interests, lifestyles and goals help me to reflect on how these aspects stand in relation to my life.
Final thought: They also help me to consider how they can affect my future plans.

The pattern of organization is point-by-point.

4
1 Background information: Friendship is an essential part of human life. Only by communicating with others
can people know themselves better and develop into well-rounded personalities.
2 The introduction starts with the discussion of the importance of friends and moves on to the discussion
of two particular friends and then to the analysis of their differences.
3 Contrast.
4 The essay contrasts the friends’ interests, lifestyles and goals.
5 Yes.
6 Yes. The points of contrast, interests, lifestyles and goals, are nouns.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 22 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
5
1 Specific details and examples as indicated in the answers for Activity 3.
2 Body paragraph 3 does not have a concluding sentence.
Suggested concluding sentence: Thus taken, Jake’s and Ray’s future plans explain the above discussed
differences.
3 b
4 Only by communicating with others can people know themselves better and develop into well-rounded
personalities.
It has an inverted structure because it starts with only. See Language Focus, Unit 4.
5 He hardly has any routine since his time is largely determined by the social events of which he is a fan.

6
Comparison: none.
Contrast: albeit, the first difference, on the contrary, in contrast x 2, the second difference, the most important
difference, has different goals.

8
Block organization in five paragraphs. First all similarities between Subjects A and B are discussed in body
paragraph 1. Then points of contrast between Subjects A and B are discussed in body paragraphs 2 and 3.

9
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: Although there are some similarities between my current home in an apartment building
and the small house of my childhood, there are also some very important differences.
BODY
SIMILARITIES: Current home/childhood home
Topic sentence 1: To begin with, both of these homes provide me with a feeling of safety and support.
Similarity 1: Safety
Supporting details/examples: Both now and then feeling secure at home with the family; seeing them
engaged in everyday activities in familiar settings
Similarity 2: Support expressed as love coupled with encouragement
Supporting details/examples: During childhood the writer’s mother would wipe tears or tend to
bruises; now support in coping with everyday challenges and emotional crises
DIFFERENCES: Current home/childhood home
Topic sentence 2: On the other hand, there are two major differences between current home and childhood
home.
Difference 1: General atmosphere
Supporting details/examples: Pleasant atmosphere then; less pleasant atmosphere now; then mother
bake; father do things together with the writer not anymore now
Difference 2: Change in parental occupation
Supporting details/examples: Then the writer’s mother was a housewife; father was a nine-to-five
office worker; now both parents have high-powered jobs parents no longer do things mentioned
in the previous paragraph this also changes the general atmosphere; nevertheless, home haven
CONCLUSION
Expression of comparison and contrast/Restatement of the topic: similarities between the current home in an
apartment building and the small house of childhood
Summary of the main points: The writer's parents are unable to devote so much time and energy to the home
and the writer.
Final thought: The writer feels strengthened both by the current home and the memories of the childhood
home.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
23 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015

1 See answers for Activity 9.
2 See answers for Activity 9.
3 From general to specific. For exampe: The first important difference is the general atmosphere of home. In
my childhood home, the atmosphere of joy and delight prevailed. My mother did not work then and stayed at
home to take care of me. The house smelled like my mother was always baking apple pie or cinnamon rolls.
My father, after his nine-to-five office work, would take me to our yard where we would rake leaves or shovel
snow.


1 There is a cause and effect relationship between the job situation of the writer's parents and the general
atmosphere of home. Also description; narration.
2

To join similar ideas To join contrasting ideas

The same Although there are similarities … there are also some
very important differences
On the other hand
The first important difference
However
Differently from my childhood years

Other linkers Their function

In any case To prove
To begin with To show sequence
For example x 2 To give an example
In addition Addition signal
At present To show time
Nonetheless To show exception
Nevertheless To show exception
In conclusion To conclude1


1 Point-by-point.
2 Contrast:
cost
social consequences / effects on people (the focus is not clear in the topic sentence)
effects on the environment
3
a The thesis statement: All in all, public and private vehicles have several differences in economical, social and
environmental backgrounds:
All in all signals conclusion.
Backgrounds is wrong here and should be replaced by, for example with respect to. The same for body
paragraph 2.

1
Terminology from Weber, R, and K. Stolley. Transitional Devices. Online Writing Lab. 20 Owl. Purdue University, https://owl.english.
purdue.edu/owl/resource/574/02/; Transitions and Organizational Patterns. Part I, http://www.google.lt/url?url=http://www.mld.metu.edu.
tr/sites/default/files/Transitions-Patterns-of-Organization-Pt1.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=ivFBVI6cD6rNygPokoHwDA&ved
=0CBcQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNFA56SAvzPnTNpyPjbqUVxHdZZghw.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
24 Į turinį
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 economical, social and environmental should be replaced by economic issues, social consequences and
effects on the environment.
NB Note the difference between economical and economic.
‘Economical’ – saving money or resources; ‘economic’ – relates to economy, finances or wealth.

b Topic sentences:
Body paragraph 1: The first difference between public and private transport is money consumption.
Money consumption is too abstract and pretentious. Use an ordinary alternative, for example cost.
Body paragraph 2: The second difference lies in social background.
Social background is obscure and can be categorized as miswording. It should be replaced because it
does not reflect the ideas developed in the paragraph.
Suggested revision for the topic sentence: The second difference lies in effects of transportation on
people’s lives.

4
a There are flaws in the logical ordering of ideas.
The link between the following sentences is missing:
Environmental problems caused by emissions of toxic and harmful substances produced by all means of
transportation cause smog as well as contribute to the increase of global warming and acid rains. On average,
only five people can travel in a car whereas a bus can take approximately 50 passengers.
Suggested revision: In order to reduce these problems, one more difference between public and private
transport has to be considered. In this connection, it is important to emphasize that most cars are 5 seaters
and can carry only 5 people. A bus, on the other hand, can carry between 30 and 50 passengers.
b Error of logic as in the following: It is common knowledge that a bus ticket costs less than a litre of petrol.
It is not clear why a bus ticket is compared to one litre of petrol since it is not indicated how many
kilometres a car can travel per litre of petrol.
Suggested revision: It is common knowledge that going by bus is cheaper than using a car.
c The ordering of paragraphs is incorrect. Body paragraph 3 should go before body paragraph 2 because
body paragraph 2 refers to the ideas developed in body paragraph 3: the use of private cars not only
produces much noise and exhaust... .
Respectively, the ordering of ideas in the concluding paragraph has to be reorganized.
Suggested revision:
In conclusion, everybody has a right to choose a means of transport, but the
2 1
differences between public and private transport in cost and effects on humans and the environment testify to the
benefits of using public transport. Despite longer travel time, public transport is
2 1
cheaper and both people and environment friendlier than private transport.

5 Answers will vary.


1
Economical should be replaced by economic. (See explanation for Activity 12, 3.)
Background should be replaced by with respect to. (See explanation for Activity 12, 3.)
2 In the sentence Thus taken, public and private transport shows marked differences with regard to effects on
human life the phrase shows marked differences contains a case of an empty verb. It should be replaced by
differ. (See Language Focus, Avoiding Wordiness.)
3 A first difference should be replaced by the. (See the use of article with ordinal numbers.)
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
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25 Į turinį
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Suggested thesis statement: There are several major differences between studying at school and university.*
*The phrase at university would be smoother if either zero article or the definite article the (BrE), or the
indefinite article a (AmE) were used consistently.

Suggested conclusion:
Thus, as the above points illustrate, there are certain significant differences between school and university.
These differences are related to policies regarding attendance and differences related to class size, class
duration and frequency.

The conclusion:
Restates the main idea: significant differences between school and university;
Lists the main points of contrast: differences (1) related to policies regarding attendance and
differences related to (2) class size and (3) class duration and frequency;
The concluding sentence also gives a final thought/comment on the topic;
In the thesis statement, the differences are introduced as major; in the conclusion, they are described
as significant.


1 Block organization.
2 Contrast.
3 Attendance, class size, class duration and frequency.
4
School
Point 1: Attendance
The relationship between school attendance and student outcomes
School attendance policies
Point 2: Class size
Regular class size
Class size in foreign language classes
Point 3: Class duration and frequency
Specifics on class duration and frequency; example history class
University
Point 1: Attendance
Different requirements class format attendance and student outcomes
Point 2: Class size
Differences in lecture and seminar class size
Point 3: Class duration and frequency
Interdependence of the length of the course and credit hours
Specific evidence on possible class duration
5 To provide credible evidence.


Both topics sentences do not reflect the ideas developed in the paragraphs.

Topic sentence in body paragraph 1: At school attendance of classes is generally obligatory. It does not
indicate that the paragraph discusses not only attendance but also class duration and frequency.
Suggestion for improvement: Attendance, class duration and frequency can serve as points of contrast.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 26 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Topic sentence in body paragraph 2: At the university,* on the other hand, classes are divided into lectures
and seminars. It does not indicate that the paragraph discusses not only attendance and class format but also
class duration and frequency.

*See the note about the use of article in the phrase at university (Activity 14).

Suggestion for improvement: The above discussed aspects are treated differently at the university level.


There are several major differences between studying at school and university. At school, attendance of classes
is generally obligatory. School policies emphasize a direct relationship between regular school attendance and
levels of individual student attainment. For example, statistics show that “each 1 percentage point increase
in attendance … is related to higher student outcomes by an average of 2–3 [exam] score points.”2 Students
can only miss classes because of illness or other difficulties outside their control. In addition, the maximum
number of students in each class at school is thirty students. In some subjects like foreign languages, the class
can be divided into two groups. Furthermore, most classes are 45 minutes in length. They meet once, twice,
or three times each week. For example, history class meets once per week while mathematics class meets
three times each week.

At the university, on the other hand, classes are divided into lectures and seminars. In many universities,
attendance at lectures is not obligatory while attendance of seminars is compulsory. Students are evaluated
on the basis of obligatory attendance, examinations and submitted summative coursework. Since students
have to do much studying on their own, the level of individual student attainment is not considered to be
directly related to attendance. What is more, the number of students in each class at university varies. It can
be from 1 to 300 or even 500 students. Seminars are generally limited to 20 students. As a rule, seminar class
size does not exceed 30 students. Lastly, at the university class duration and frequency varies as length of
the course is determined by credit hours. Most classes meet for 50–90 minutes with a 10–15 minute break
between classes. Thus, as the above points illustrate, there are certain significant differences between school
and university related to policies regarding attendance and differences related to class size, class duration
and frequency.

 –  Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
1 The winter was freezing cold.
2 While we were on holidays, we often went fishing.
3 The two objects differ significantly.
4 Scholars investigated the effects of chocolate on human brain, and the results were astonishing.
5 The yellow sun was very hot.
6 The flower was large.

2
Performance Insights: School Attendance. Department of Education, Training, Employment.Queensland Government.http://www.google.lt/
url?url=http://education.qld.gov.au/everydaycounts/docs/performance-insights-report.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=en4yVM-
WH8HjywOgrYHYBw&ved=0CBcQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNFV22obamIpnTBM0vH6xLJkZ7wZsA.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
27 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
7 In my opinion, good communication skills are the key to success.*
8 Facts about the events were announced.
9 A world-famous writer visited our school.

* Note the subject-verb agreement problem in 7.

The subject is plural (good communication skills), and the predicate noun is singular (the key).
The rule is that a plural subject takes a plural verb. Therefore, the original good communication is the
key to success should be replaced by good communication are the key to success.
Sentences which have a singular subject and a plural predicate are grammatically correct but frequently
sound awkward. If possible, reword such sentences. Make both the subject and the predicate noun
singular, or both plural. For example: Effective communication is the key to success. (Both the subject
and the predicate noun are singular)
As illustrated in 7, wordiness may make it difficult to identify the subject and the verb (and the predicate
noun).

2
1 (Essay Analysis and Practice, Activity 2) It is not only that I like their different personalities … I not
only like …

3
1 as
2 as though
3 as
4 so/as … as
5 as if
6 as

4
1 such; a
2 so
3 so
4 so
5 so
6 such; a

5
1 as … as
2 so/as … as
3 as … as
4 as (not so/as) … as
5 so/as … as

6
1 although
2 even though; comma after come
3 in spite; comma after poor
4 whereas
5 as; as
6 though; comma after was
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
28 Į turinį
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7 despite; comma after ill
8 than
9 while; comma after focused
 despite; comma after anxiety

7
Some people spend their entire lives in the same home while others move home.
Although there are similarities between my current home in an apartment building and the small house of
my childhood, there are also some very important differences.
Although we all do our best to create a pleasant and supportive atmosphere, we cannot avoid tensions which
arise due to lack of understanding of one another’s needs.
My parents are unable to devote so much time and energy to the home and me as they did in my childhood.
I feel strengthened by my current home just as I feel nourished by memories of my childhood home.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
Sample Compare/Contrast Essay: English 1 http://more.headroyce.org/research/writing/
comparecontrast/cceng11sample.html.
How to Write a Comparison/Contrast Essay
http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/smileymi/English/How%20to%20Write%20a%20Comparison%20Essay.htm
Comparison/Contrast Essay (10:26)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMi1nYBcpdI
Writing Comparison or Contrast Essays
http://eslbee.com/writing_comparison_contrast_essays.htm

For Language Practice

Adverb Clause (24:10)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPIbAhzyEX8
Sentence Patterns: Contrast Clauses. Icosa
http://icosa.hkbu.edu.hk/writing/vocabulary-usage-academic/contrast-clauses/index.htm
NorthStar, Reading and Writing, Advanced: Grammar Worksheets
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/ae/northstar_hs/grammar/rwadv_grammarwk.html
Conjunctions of Contrast (2:12)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAQttUMEUcg
Vocabulary - though, although, even though, despite, in spite of (9:04)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8N9RiGCZg

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 29 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 6 Cause-Effect Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
The pattern of essay organization is point-by-point.
In the introduction, the background information focuses on the cause, and the thesis statement focuses on
multiple effects. The body paragraphs analyse negative and positive effects of playing video games. The
conclusion restates the thesis statement and reflects on the effects of video gaming.

The essay focuses on effects.

Negative effects of video gaming Positive effects of video gaming

loss of social skills enhances planning and decision making skills
difficulties in communication and self-expression teaches to assess situations
shyness improves language skills
addiction
eye and back problems

4
1 Thesis statement: This essay aims at considering the impact of video games on their players. Undivided.
Explicit.
2 Topic sentence 1: Video games can have a negative effect on the development of one’s personality.
Topic sentence 2: Gaming can also have a negative effect on people’s physical health.
Topic sentence 3: Despite the negative effects of video games, there are also positive effects of playing
them.
3 The thesis statement is restated in the conclusion.
4 Conclusion type: the conclusion restates the thesis and reflects on video gaming.

5
1 Logical ordering of ideas: order of importance.
2 Use of transitions (transitions are highlighted in the essay below).
3 Repetition of key words: video games, gaming.
4 Use of synonyms: video games – gaming; some people – others; impact – effect; minuses of playing video
games – negative effects of video games.
5 Use of pronouns: people – they.
Effects of Video Games
Daily routine makes people and especially children wish to escape the world of reality. They want to get
transported into their imaginary worlds in which they can choose a place they could live in, activities they like
to do and the way they would like to look. Some people consider video games as a harmless activity. Others
believe that video games can have an adverse effect on people who play them. This essay aims at considering
the impact of video games on their players.
Video games can have a negative effect on the development of one’s personality. Due to the fact that most
video games require a single player, people usually play games alone. As a result, they spend a considerable
amount of time at home and thus lose their social skills. They start to find it difficult to communicate with
other people and lose the ability to express their emotions or feelings. For this reason, people who spend too
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
30 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
much time video gaming tend to become shy and uncommunicative. The most serious problem caused by
video games is addiction to them. Thus, spending too much time playing video games may negatively impact
one’s communicative skills and may even lead to addiction.
Gaming can also have a negative effect on people’s physical health. One of such effects is computer related
eye problems. For example, staring at a computer monitor for extended periods of time puts a strain on one’s
eyes and may produce a blurred vision or cause the deterioration of eye–sight. Back pain is another possible
effect of spending too much time sitting at the computer. Sitting at the computer for long periods of time
makes it hard to avoid stooping and slouching which eventually can cause scoliosis. Therefore, video gaming
may irreparably damage one’s health.
Despite the negative effects of video games, there are also positive effects of playing them. Playing strategy
and simulation games fosters such skills as planning and decision making. What is more, action games contribute
to the improved ability to assess the situation and adequately react to it within a time limit. Another positive
effect of video games is a possibility to learn or improve English because most video games are created in this
language. In addition, playing games that involve several people teaches gamers to take into consideration
other gamers’ opinions, share responsibilities and work in a team.
To sum up, I still believe that despite the minuses of playing video games, there is a positive side to it too.
Used limitedly, video games can serve as an educational tool, which helps to develop a variety of personal skills
necessary in the real world. Therefore, if we want to get the most of video games, we must also be aware of the
problems they can cause when overused.

6–7
Answers will vary.

8
The pattern of essay organization is point-by-point.

The essay focuses on causes.

9
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: This essay discusses the reasons why people join MySpace, Twitter, Facebook or other
social networks.
BODY
Topic sentence 1/Cause 1 (free global interaction): The main reason of networking is that it allows the users
to interact globally without any payment.
Support 1: relationship with relatives and friends
Support 2: establishment of new contacts
Concluding sentence 1: As a result, people feel less isolated by being able to instantly contact either relatives
or other people having the same interests and world views.
Topic sentence 2/Cause 2 (quick services and access to information): Another cause why people use social
networking sites is the fact that websites provide quick services and access to information.
Support 1: a variety of services
Support 2: a source of information
Concluding sentence 2: Thus, social networks meet their members’ personal needs and acquaint them with
news and issues of the world.
Topic sentence 3/Cause 3 (work and shop from home): A further explanation of the popularity of social
networks may be attributed to a possibility to work and shop from home.
Support 1: work from home
Support 2: shop from home
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
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© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Concluding sentence 3: For this reason, a possibility to work and shop from home makes web connection
very appealing.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: summary of the main points


The essay meets the requirements concerning the essay structure, coherence and logical arrangement of
ideas.


Answers will vary.


Topic sentence 3 is not suitable for the essay task.


Paragraph B can serve as the introduction; paragraph A can serve as the conclusion.


Such a common everyday activity as driving a car has become a significant cause of air pollution. Millions
of cars run in the streets of the cities and towns. For example, exhaust fumes from cars contain dangerous
gases and particulates. They mix with environmental gases and create toxic pollutants which contribute to
the depletion of the ozone layer, causing great harm to people and the environment. Thousands of people
suffer from lung problems, respiratory diseases and even cancer. Another problem is that the number of cars
is constantly increasing in the same matter producing greater amounts of emissions. Manufacturers enlarge
their production every year, supporting growing demand. For example, my family owns four vehicles. Finally,
the lack of public transport makes people use their own cars to travel to work or school and serves as
another cause of air pollution. Smoke coming from a car exhaust pipe is a major contributor to air pollution.


Suggested topic and concluding sentences (in italics).
According to a growing body of scientific evidence, people’s homes with their household gadgets have become
dangerous polluters. Although nowadays it is difficult to imagine a home without a toaster, a washing
machine or a dishwasher, these gadgets greatly contribute to indoor pollution which, in its turn, makes one’s
home unhealthy both for its inhabitants and for the environment. Another part of the problem is the large
quantities of sprays, perfumes or cleaning liquids used in a home environment. When mixing with water,
all these substances release dangerous contaminants which are transferred into the air people breathe. Most
surprisingly, burning a candle or wood in a fireplace results in causing indoor pollution. Therefore, the home
as a source of small-scale pollution should be given a serious concern.

–
Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
Suggested answers.
1 My roommate leaves a mess in the bathroom, does not share the responsibilities of cleaning the kitchen
and listens to loud music when other students want to sleep.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
32 Į turinį
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2 Some students tend to miss classes because they have part-time jobs.
3 Some young people leave their home countries to study at universities or colleges, to work or to experience
a new culture.
4 Smoking can cause health problems such as a smoker,s caugh, lung and heart diseases.
5 It is dangerous to drive a car in adverse weather conditions.

2
Suggested answers.
1 The task was so difficult that nobody in class could solve it.
2 The parent is upset since the son doesn’t want to stop playing video games.
3 A new teacher talked so fast that none of the students could understand her.
4 The driver wasn’t able to avoid a road accident because he was talking on his mobile phone.
5 Teachers claim that children lack attention in class, for they get involved in other activities such as
messaging, browsing the Internet or sending e-mails.
6 Several students were constantly using their mobile phones in class, so the teacher introduced some
measures, but they didn’t help.
7 Playing video games, children develop their reading skills, for young gamers have to read instructions in
order to be able to play a game.
8 As multitasking has become commonplace, educators and psychologists investigate this phenomenon
and its impact on children.
9 Multitasking can be dangerous while driving because it makes the driver lose his or her concentration.
 Multitasking cannot be considered a contemporary phenomenon since mothers looking after their
children and simultaneously taking care of other errands at home are a good example of multitasking
which has existed for ages.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
Hampton, A.R. Cause and Effect Essay, 2011 (5:46)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4ryzSDY4Jk
Cause-Effect Essay part 1. NICC College Composition II (9:19)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0i8o_mWSwjE
Cause-Effect Essay part 2. NICC College Composition II (10 :59)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcUg4ACQEao
Cause-Effect Essay part 3. NICC College Composition II (10 :20)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZ7ZI2NmJfQ
Cause and Effect Essays. Academic English (17:20)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qtk863fFEiE

For Language Practice

Learn English: Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect (7:24)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTC5ldEHWho
Adverb Clauses with Expressions of Cause and Effect
http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/adverb_clauses_4.htm
Cause & Effect Review. Expressing a Cause and Effect Relationship
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/8-7.html
Activities for ESL Students. Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships
http://a4esl.org/q/h/mb/adv_cause.html
Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect
https://www.seattlecentral.edu/faculty/dloos/Grammar/adverbclauses/adverb_clauses_of_cause_and_
effect.htm
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
33 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 7 Problem-Solution Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
The pattern of organization of the essay is point-by-point.

Problems Solutions Effects of the solution Who is responsible

loneliness family outings; closer family relations; family members
teaching an elder person increased social
to operate the computer independence; children
learn to respect the elderly
and value the time spent
together
community day care meeting people and community council and
centres for seniors developing friendships; local councils
gaining new skills;
teaching others
insufficient income adequate old-age pensions enhanced old people’s governmental authorities
which would make senior mobility; opportunity to and local councils
citizens feel financially attend different cultural
independent from their events; improved physical
families; well-being of the elderly
free access to public
transport and free
entrance to community
events; free of charge
medical examination and
procedures
deteriorating health; special health care for the improved physical well- governmental authorities
lack of professional health elderly; being of the elderly and local councils
care free of charge medical
examination and
procedures

4
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: The life quality of the older generation should be a serious concern of families, local
communities and governmental authorities.
BODY
Topic sentence 1: The problem of the elderly could be solved within the capacity of the family of an aged
person.
Support 1: each family member taking responsibility for psychological well-being of the elderly
Support 2: teaching an older person to operate a computer
Support 3: taking the elderly on trips and outings
Topic sentence 2: Another solution, which would help to overcome the problem of loneliness and social
inactivity of the elderly, is to establish community day care centres for the seniors.
Support 1: meeting people and developing friendships
Support 2: developing new skills
Support 3: teaching their native language online
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© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
34 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Topic sentence 3: The problem of insufficient income and lack of professional health care can be solved by
the government and local councils
Support 1: adequate old-age pensions
Support 2: free access to public transport and public events
Support 3: special health care centres for the elderly
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: restatement of the thesis and summary of the main points

5
1 Yes
2 Yes.
3 Each topic sentence supports a point in the divided thesis statement.
Thesis statement: The life quality of the older generation should be a serious concern of (1) families, (2) local
communities and (3) governmental authorities.
For example, topic sentence 1 The problem of the elderly could be solved within the capacity of the family
of an aged person supports the first point (families) mentioned in the thesis statement. Topic sentences 2
and 3 serve the same function.
4 Answers will vary.
5 Examples, statistics: According to recent research, in many developed countries, an average lifespan of a
person ranges from 70 to 80 years.

6
1 Repetition of key words: the elderly, the elderly members.
2 Use of synonyms: the older generation, the elderly, an aged person, a senior member, the senior, the aged
people, an old person, old people.
3 Use of pronouns: old person – his or her, the elder member of the family – making him or her.
4 Use of transitional words and phrases: however, for example, as a result (x 2), moreover (x 3), another
solution, secondly, all in all, to sum up.
5 Logical ordering of ideas: order of importance.

7
Key words are underlined.
The Internet has opened new ways for people to communicate with each other. However, it has also created
problems.
What are the most serious problems related to the Internet and what solutions can you suggest?

8
Answers will vary.

9
Suggested possible solutions:
time management
correct prioritization
choosing a place without distractions
limiting online time
self-motivation and goal setting

–
Answers will vary.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
35 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Language Focus
1
1 The problem of the elderly could be solved within the capacity of the family of an aged person.
2 Moreover, free access to public transport and free entrance to community events within the town of
residence would enhance the old people’s mobility and provide an opportunity to attend different
cultural events.
3 All in all, financial independence and free medical care would definitely improve the life standard of the
elderly members of the community.

Verbs Nouns

To solve solution

To approve approval

To consume consumption

To deteriorate deterioration

To occur occurrence

To perform performance

To enhance enhancement

To analyse analysis

To produce production

To convince conviction

Adjectives Nouns

Increased increase

Different difference

Possible possibility

Evident evidence

Creative creativity

Determined determination

Abusive abuse

Careless carelessness

Intense intensity

Applicable applicability

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 36 Į turinį
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4
Suggested answers.
1 The student enrolment in extra-curriculum activities has significantly increased in comparison to the
previous year.
2 A proper maintenance of a car guarantees its extended service.
3 An intake of vitamins as food supplement is recommended to patients with chronic illnesses.
4 Student procrastination does not always mean laziness but an attempt of self-protection in case of failure.
5 To avoid procrastination, not only time management but also positive motivation is essential.

5
1 Comma splice: One of the most effective solutions to improving study habits is to manage time and lead a
healthy life, it means that a student should start organizing and scheduling daily events, appointments and
other activities.
2 Sentence fragment: For example, go jogging or take a walk.
3 Gender-specific language: If a student manages his time and leads a healthy way of life, he will be successful
in his studies without painstaking efforts.
4 Shift in person: Another good suggestion is to turn your (2nd person) computer off… . A student (3rd
person) should also have breaks while studying.

Suggested improved paragraph:

One of the most effective solutions to improving study habits is to manage time and lead a healthy life.
It means that a student should start organizing and scheduling daily events, appointments and other
activities. This is very helpful in order to be successful in getting tasks done. Another good suggestion is
to turn the computer off or keep disconnected from social sites, such as Facebook or Twitter, and study
instead. In this way, the productivity of one’s work will increase. A student should also have breaks while
studying and do some physical activities; for example, go jogging or take a walk. Moreover, a student
should follow a healthy diet and sleep well. If a student manages time and leads a healthy way of life, he
or she will be successful in studies without painstaking efforts.

6
1 Run-on. Suggested answer: The world’s urban areas are densely populated; nevertheless, cities are steadily
growing.
2 Comma splice. Suggested answer: Although the world’s urban areas are densely populated, cities are steadily
growing.
3 Comma splice. Suggested answer: Transport emits massive amounts of air pollution. It affects not only
our health but also the world’s climate.
4 Run-on. Suggested answer: Transport emits massive amounts of air pollution, which affects not only our
health but also the world’s climate.
5 Comma splice. Suggested answer: A child’s life is pleasant and careless because he has no responsibilities
or duties.
6 Comma splice. Suggested answer: As school students mature, they begin to understand their responsibilities
in terms of family relationships.
7 Correct.
8 Correct.
9 Comma splice. Suggested answer: I’ve been studying English for a number of years, but there is still much
room for improvement.
 Comma splice. Suggested answer: Since newspapers are more reliable and accurate, reading them is a
better way to receive quality information than on the Internet.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
37 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
7
1 Sentence fragment. Suggested answer: Some people choose websites at random, but others claim that the
first five are usually the most useful.
2 Sentence fragment. Suggested answer: Another argument in support of school is that children are offered a
wide range of after school activities.
3 Correct.
4 Correct.
5 Sentence fragment. Suggested answer: Wearing a uniform at school makes a student feel a member of the
school community.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice

IELTS Writing Lesson 10 - Task 2 Problem and Solution Essay (8:24)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPh8JgluUGw
Tows, O. Writing Tutor: Analyzing a Problem (10:53)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKC6hc28S5U
Kuchno, J. Write a Thesis for a Problem- Solution Essay, Northern Virginia Community College ESL (15:01)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXDiA5mif-8
Chandler, J. Problem-Solution Outlining (13:14)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hElTPqFYtTM
IELTS Writing Task 2: Problem/Solution Essay with Sample Answer. IELTS Academic, UK Education
Council, 2011-2013
http://ielts-academic.com/2012/07/26/ielts-writing-task-2-problemsolution-essay-with-sample-answer/

For Language Practice

Using Academic Style and Tone: Nominalisation. English Language Centre, ICOSA, 2012-2013
http://webapp.ln.edu.hk/ceal/elss/sites/default/files/exercise/cate/writing/Academic%20Style%20and%20
Tone_Nominalisation/index.htm
Academic Writing: Nominalisation. UniLearning, 2000, University of Wollongong
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/3b.html
Macleod, S. Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (2:42)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQfJdhyeQfU
Writing in English – Comma Splices (8:05)
http://www.engvid.com/comma-splices/
Fixing Incomplete and Run-on Sentences (16:11)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlNmxljAmZ8

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
38 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 8 Advantages-Disadvantages Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
The pattern of organization of the essay is block.

Advantages Disadvantages

resistant to pests and diseases may cause allergies

require using less pesticides develop resistance to antibiotics

easily adapt to various climates and conditions can cause cancer

4
1 Thesis statement: Therefore, nowadays the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically
modified food is held. Explicit.
2 Topic sentence 1: Despite many unanswered questions about the safety of genetically modified products ,

many people are convinced that such products provide a variety of benefits.
Topic sentence 2: However, even though genetic modification may look appealing, there are many
disadvantages that it may bring.
3 Support type: facts and expert opinion.
4 Conclusion type: summary of the main ideas of the essay.

5
1 Logical ordering of ideas: order of importance (italisized in the essay below).
2 Use of transitions. Transitions are highlighted in the essay below.
3 Repetition of key words: genetically modified food, GMOs, genetically modified products.
4 Use of synonyms: benefits – advantages, drawback – disadvantage.
5 Use of pronouns: GMOs – they, genetic modification – it.
Genetically Modified Organisms: Advantages and Disadvantages
The main reasons of genetic modification are considered to be the rapid growth in population and the
decrease of available farm land. The rapid growth of population brings a problem of territory, and it is pre-
dicted that the amount of farmland for one person will considerably decrease. Scientists state that, in order
to prevent food shortage, it is important to create species of plants that would produce bigger crops. There-
fore, nowadays the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified food is often held.
Despite many unanswered questions about the safety of genetically modified products, many people are
convinced that such products provide a variety of benefits. According to scientists, one of the main advan-
tages of such organisms is that they are resistant to pests and diseases. GMOs are stronger than natural ones
and contain chemicals that can cope with pests or resist diseases that easily affect natural plants. Moreover,
genetically modified organisms require using less pesticides because they already have some chemical ele-
ments in their structure which ensure their growth. The most important advantage of GMOs is that they
easily adapt to various climates and conditions; therefore, they can easily survive in adverse weather condi-
tions such as heat or frost and grow in an unfertile and barren land. Thus, resistance to pests, diseasets and
extreme weather conditions constitute the most important benefits of genetically modified foods.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 39 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 However, even though genetic modification may look appealing, there are many disadvantages that it
may bring. One serious drawback is that GMOs may cause allergies. Proteins from an organism that a person
is allergic to may be added to a product that is safe otherwise and thus cause an allergic reaction. Another
disadvantage of GMOs is that genetically modified organisms are resistant to antibiotics. Some GMOs have
antibiotics added to their systems so that they would be resistant to diseases and viruses. When people eat
such food, their bodies develop resistance to antibiotics which, in case of a serious illness, makes antibiotic
medication less effective. A major disadvantage of GMOs is that they can cause cancer. Scientists claim that
there is a link between genetically engineered food and cancer.
Thus, despite the fact that genetically modified organisms may be useful because of several factors,
many people still have doubts about the safety of GMOs, which still has to be verified. While some people
emphasize the advantages of GMOs, such as the resistance to diseases and pests, better crops and tolerance
of bad weather conditions, others hold the opinion that genetically modified food is harmful because it
may cause new allergies, resistance to antibiotics and, what is most dangerous, it could cause the growth of
malignant tumours.

6–7
Answers will vary.

8
The pattern of organization of the essay is point-by-point.

9
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: Technologies have developed so much over the years that nowadays people cannot
imagine their lives without the advantages that come with them: a better medical diagnosis and treatment,
accessibility to information and faster ways of communication.
BODY
Topic sentence 1 (Advantage 1) (Advancement in medicine): Firstly, technologies play an important role in
providing a better medical treatment than it used to be years ago.
Support 1: medical technology
Support 2: new medication/cures
Topic sentence 2 (Advantage 2) (Access to information/information resources):
In addition to the advances in the medical field, another advantage of technology is that it enables an easy
access to information.
Support 1: the Internet
Support 2: audiobooks
Topic sentence 3 (Advantage 3) (Faster communication): A further advantage of technology is that it
enables faster ways of communication.
Support 1: mobile phones
Support 2: social network
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: restatement of the thesis


1 Yes, the introductiones gives the reader a clear idea of what to expect.
2 Yes, it does.
3 Implicit.
4 Yes, but there could be more examples.

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40 Į turinį
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5 Yes, the examples are arranged logically.
6 Yes.
7 Yes.
8 Yes. The use of transitional words and expressions, the use of verbal bridges and a clear method of
organization.
9 Yes, they do.
 Yes.


1 No. This title indicates opinion or persuasive essay type.
2 No. It would be a good idea to indicate clearly in the thesis statement that the advantages and disadvantages
of changing the location of schools from the city centre to the outskirts will be discussed in the essay.
3 Yes.
4 No.
5 No. To that extent (body paragraph 1) is inappropriate.


1 Suggested title of the essay: Advantages and Disadvantages of Moving Schools to the Outskirts.
2 Suggested thesis statement: This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of moving the location
of schools from the city centre to the outskirts.
3 To that extent For this reason.
4 Suggested topic sentence 2: Despite the fact that moving schools to outskirts may be expensive and time
consuming, there are many advantages to it.
5 Transitional words and expressions for the advantages-disadvantages essay are written in italics in the
essay below.
Schools Should be Moved to the Outskirts of the City
These days such important buildings as schools, museums or banks are mainly situated in city centres. It
is convenient because people are able to go to school or work and do other errands in one place. However,
authorities have an idea for removing educational institutions from city centres to the outskirts. This essay
will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of changing the location of schools. This essay will discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of moving the location of schools from the city centre to the outskirts.
There are some arguments against moving schools to the outskirts of the city. Some people argue that
it is uncomfortable and impractical for students to go to the outskirts in order to go to school. For instance,
if a student lives in the centre of the city, every day he or she has to take a bus or even change the means of
transportation, which may be quite expensive and time consuming. Thus, because of this reason, travelling
to school becomes not only a waste of money but also a waste of time. Finally, moving the already existing
educational institutions to the outskirts would entail huge governmental expenses. To that extent For this
reason, the country would get into a big debt which might cause some businesses to close down making
many people unemployed. Therefore, in addition to travelling expenses and the waste of time, huge govern-
mental expenses of moving educational institutions to the outskirts make it impractical and unwise.
It must be remembered that in the outskirts the air pollution is less than in the city centre. Despite the
fact that moving schools to outskirts may be expensive and time consuming, there are many advantages to it. One
major advantage of it is that in the outskirts the air pollution is less than in the city centre. Consequently,
being in fresh air benefits students’ health. Moreover, the quiet and calm atmosphere of the outskirts creates
very good conditions for the students to concentrate on their studies. A further advantage of studying far
from the city centre is that students have no motivation to skip classes. It is because there are no shopping
malls or cafés there, which usually serve as student distractions from school. Accordingly, students become
responsible and motivated and start getting good grades. Thus, fresh air and good conditions for studying
are the aspects in favour of transferring schools out of city centres.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 41 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 To my mind, educational institutions should be moved from city centres to the outskirts. It would create
favourable conditions for studying, such as a healthy, safe and pleasant environment, which, in turn, would
help students concentrate on their studies and learn to the best of their abilities.


Activity 2: scientists, many people
Activity 8: most people, every person’s life
Activity 13: he or she

–
Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
1 Students must submit their essays ...
2 One of the administrative assistants... while other administrative assistants...
3 A child is strongly influenced by his or her family values.
4 The president/chairperson...
5 The manager’s assistant will answer customers’ questions.

Note: The following are some examples of gender-neutral language (underlined) found in the essay
“Genetically Modified Organisms: Advantages and Disadvantages”:

Scientists state that in order to prevent food shortage it is important to create species of plants that would
produce bigger crops.
Despite many unanswered questions about the safety of genetically modified products, many people are
convinced that such products provide a variety of benefits.

2
Suggested answers.
1 The average man/man in the street the average person/individual/people in general
2 Headmaster/headmistress director, principal
3 Cleaning lady office/house cleaner
4 Mailman mail carrier, letter carrier
5 Forefathers ancestors

3
1 “Harold and Mode“ is a play written by Harold Pinter about a strange love affair.
2 James Bond looked at the woman with blond hair standing at the window.
3 I saw a big hairy spider crawling across the wall of my bedroom.
4 Sitting at the computer desk, I ate an ice cream.
5 Frightened by the explosion of the fireworks, the dog knocked down a chair.

4
1 I found my school jacket hanging by the sleeve from the chest of drawers.
2 Correct.
3 Standing for a long time, I felt that my back began to hurt.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 42 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
4 Walking in the park, we fed the swans.
5 Prepared carefully, I was not afraid of the job interview any more.
6 Correct.
7 Knowing the grammar rule, I easily completed the task.
8 Correct.
9 Correct.
 Walking to school, we got completely drenched by rain.

5
1 Learning to skate, Ann broke her arm.
2 Leaving the school, the students noticed their fiends playing football in the yard.
3 Scared of spiders, my little sister never touches them.
4 Visiting my grandmother, I learned how to cook a delicious apple pie.
5 Written overnight, the essay got a low evaluation.
6 Walking to school, I saw an accident.
7 Confused by the loud sound of the fireworks, the dog became started to run around the room.
8 Watching TV on Saturday evening, we heard the news about the Academy Award winners.
9 Walking in the park, Alice and Jane noticed nice chalk art on the pavement.
 Watering the flowers, I spilt water on the floor.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
Owen, H. Writing an Advantages and Disadvantages Essay (5:47)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZo4A1u8RbE
IELTS Writing Lesson 9 - Task 2 Advantages and Disadvantages Essay (9:34)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuRxQeBjEWQ
Vocabulary: Speaking English - Discussing Advantages & Disadvantages (5:11)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAINtj8n7vc&list=PLCWtno5o-
FOqO3wZEhXeTYAPUdo5b8AhQ
ESSAY WRITING. Essays on Advantages and Disadvantages
http://e-edu.nbu.bg/mod/resource/view.php?id=274620
Unit 9 Writing Task: Write about Advantages and Disadvantages. Headway Plus PRE-
INTERMEDIATE Writing Guide, 2011-12
www.kau.edu.sa/GetFile.aspx?id=148447&fn...Writing...unit_9.pdf

For Language Practice

Gender-inclusive Language – How to Avoid Sexism, engVid. Free English Video Lessons (11:51)
http://www.engvid.com/gender-inclusive-language/
Improving Your Writing: Gender–Neutral Language Exercise. Student Learning Service, University of
Aberdeen
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/sls/academicwriting/gender_neut.shtml
Macleod, S. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y088_oOZwCo (Part 1) (4:24)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsKJ_is_cjw (Part 2) (3:20)
Writing – Misplaced Modifiers. engVid. Free English Video Lessons (9:40)
http://www.engvid.com/writing-misplaced-modifiers/
Benner, M. L. Self Teaching Unit: Avoiding Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Online Writing Support.
Towson University
http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleDangling.htm

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
43 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 9 ‘For and Against’ Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
b More focused; a clear divided thesis statement.

3
1 Yes. Arguments for censoring of press are provided.
2 Uncensored press can have negative effects on different groups of people. Effects on two groups are
considered:
Young adults
Celebrities.
3 Arguments against censoring of press are provided.
Exclusion of negative information from print media, in effect, would provide an incomplete picture
of reality.
People can decide what information is important for them and what they need to avoid.
4 Yes.
5 Body paragraph 1 ends with a concluding sentence which summarizes the points discussed in the
paragraph. Body paragraph 2 ends with a quotation.
6 The concluding paragraph of the essay states the writer’s opinion directly.
7 Yes.

4
a One argument in favour of
b A further common criticism
c As an illustration
d To conclude

Other transitional words and phrases Their function

Specifically x 2 Example, support, emphasis
Thus Cause and effect
Also Additional support or evidence
Then Conclusion, summary signal
In effect Effect, consequence, result
In addition Additional support or evidence
For example Example
Lastly Sequence, order
In conclusion Conclusion, summary signal

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 44 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
6
Repetition of a key term
Use of synonyms Use of pronouns Use of conjunctions
or phrase
censoring of press newspapers and E.g. Coordinating conjunction
magazines, print opponents they not only … but also is
media, media especially important for
factors which
adolescents, the under- coherence.
aged, young readers

7
a directly
b a balanced consideration of the topic
c indirectly

8
Since the provided sample essay states the writer’s position directly, the alternative conclusions can be the
following: (a) to state the writer’s position indirectly; (b) to express a balanced consideration of the topic.

9–
Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
1 He became fascinated by the beautiful landscape.
2 The essay will describe a visit to a remote place, not frequently visited by tourists.
3 The idea to move schools to peripheries of cities looks unrealistic now.
4 Finally, the project will succeed.
5 This programme can be especially useful to people who barely have money for essential needs.

2
1 We visited an ancient town which is very far from my home country.
2 The company is looking for a translator who must have excellent English skills.
3 I met a famous artist yesterday whose exhibition is being held at the National Gallery.
4 I like travel literature that provides me with new knowledge about foreign countries.
5 She remembers the teacher who taught her in primary school very well.

3
1 Susan showed me the woman who is the author of the bestseller of the month. N
2 Arthur goes jogging every morning, which is very healthy. EI
3 The place where we spent our holidays is amazing. N
4 My best friend has been admitted to a prestigious university, a fact which I find both inspiring and
encouraging. EI
5 My neighbour, who is an author of bestselling books, grows beautiful flowers. N

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
45 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
4
1 There is the man who stole my bicycle. Defining
2 The book which she read last week was compelling. Defining
3 The celebrity, whose beloved puppy had been missing for five days, gave a fabulous speech at the awards
ceremony. Non-defining
4 This is the pipe that my father bought in Malaysia. Defining
5 The writer, who was a son of a shoemaker, wrote 47 novels. Non-defining

5
Suggested answers.
1 John is a hard worker, a skill/habit which I admire.
2 The student failed the test, a fact which disappointed his friends and family.
3 She can type extremely fast, a skill which is difficult to acquire.
4 My brother will probably start working, in which case he may move out of home.
5 Nobody understands me, a situation which makes me feel sad.

6
The impact of knowledge about psychology on human communication is an important issue, and there
exist strong feelings on both sides of the argument. While many people claim that knowledge of psychology
is crucial to effective communication, there are other views (1) which are just as important. Those (2) who
(3) are in favour of studying psychology as a means to improve communication skills argue that knowledge
about typical human reactions to situations can help to avoid conflicts. This, in turn, can help to win trust
and respect of other people, (4) in which case a person can become successful in all aspects of life. Those
(5) who (6) disagree with the importance of knowledge of psychology for human communication claim that
intuition is the most important factor which/that (7) can ensure successful communication. They claim that
knowledge of psychology interferes with natural reactions to communicative situations, (8) a fact which
often causes misunderstandings. On balance, I think that it is unreasonable to ignore the benefits provided
by the science of psychology (9) which is actually a study of communication with others.*

*In this context, the information in the relative clause which is actually a study of communication with
others is regarded as essential.

7
They are interested in a broad range of events happening all over the world, a habit which can be both
beneficial and harmful.

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
For and against essay (4:37)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkqox-pz7II
IELTS writing task 2 band 7.5 essay (6:13)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8o3SbHFTJ4
CC7106 How to Write an Essay: Pro and Con T-Chart Mini (0:27)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yimDWPyQpkY
ProCon Essay Outlining (14:37)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TRZxb14Zd8
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 46 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
For Language Practice
Goldberg, J.T. How to Write Better- Writing Tips on Voice, Tense, Perspective, Cliché and Wordiness
(9:30)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIVwFRco28Y
Avoiding Cliches in Writing. Writer’s Web: Clarity and Style. University of Richmond Writing Center
http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/cliche.html
Writing - Relative Clauses overview (10:51)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ht_Lb2djZ4o
Relative Clauses
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm
Relative Clauses
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-relative-clauses.php

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 47 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 10 Opinion Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
Thesis statement: 2 In my opinion, students should not have to wear uniforms to school for the following
reasons.

3
1-e Albert Einstein once said that ‘Creativity is intelligence having fun.’
2-c Therefore, it is important to enhance creativity and a sense of individuality of young children while their
personalities are still unfolding.
3-d This may have a negative impact on his or her emotional well-being and school performance.
4-a A uniform is worn only in a limited number of professions whereas more and more jobs offer a much
more relaxed approach to what their employees wear.
5-b I would say that it is better to leave this tradition behind because it limits students’ creativity and self-
expression which are the key qualities to future success.

4
INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: In my opinion, students should not have to wear uniforms to school for the following
reasons.
BODY
Topic sentence 1: Firstly, school uniforms suppress students’ creativity and individuality.
Support 1: importance of creativity for successful career
Support 2: creativity as driving force of progress in science and society at large
Support 3: negative effects of the school uniform as a restrictive means
Topic sentence 2: Another reason why school uniforms should not be required is that they are quite costly.
Support 1: cost of school uniform as burden low-budget families
Support 2: negative effects of cheap or second-hand uniforms on students
Topic sentence 3: The final reason why school uniforms should be discarded is that the contemporary world
has become more flexible as regards the dress code as such.
Support 1: limited use of the use of uniforms in professions
Support 2: uniform and working from home
Support 3: sameness and uniformity vs. originality and individuality as contemporary values
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: restatement of the thesis; summary of the main points

a To express opinion b To move the argument along

In my opinion, Firstly,
Personally, I think Furthermore,
From my point of view, Therefore,
I would say that Another reason why
I also believe Moreover,

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 48 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 a To express opinion b To move the argument along
Ultimately,
The final reason why,
What is more,
Thus viewed,
Taken together,
However,
On the whole,

6
All answers are positive.

7–
Answers will vary.

Language Focus
1
1 Shift in subject: John likes basketball, but he also enjoys football.
2 Shift in number: …. towards his or her …
3 Shift in person: Students / they won’t need …
4 Shift in number: … people maintain …
5 Shift in subject: The teaching staff not only anticipate major improvements in a new academic year but also
expect a lower salary.

2
1 We wanted to know who will be elected the student representatives at the School Council. (object)
2 What Jim is saying is most unpleasant. (subject)
3 I do not remember when the book was published. (object)
4 You can do whatever you like. (object)
5 Whoever lets out the secret will be punished. (subject)

3
Thus viewed, it is essential that the status of the uniform in real life should be reconsidered.

4
Answers will vary.

5
1 It is important that she study before tests.
2 It is vital that he not procrastinate.
3 We advised that they follow in their parents’ footsteps.
4 She suggested that we should buy a new edition of this book.
5 The students proposed that the class start earlier.

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6
1 Correct.
2 It is vital that you help him. (no comma before that)
3 It is a pity that she will be late for the party. (no comma before that)
4 Correct.
5 It is important that this information reach her in time. (no comma before that)

Useful Online Sources

For Essay Practice
How to Express Your Opinion in English (3:57)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnzXc66n0T0
IELTS & TOEFL - How to give Your Opinion (14:54)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kxi4v9w299I
Macleod, S. Opinion Essay or Persuasive Essay (5:41)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqwzYoThUpg
Personal Opinions in IELTS Essays
http://www.dcielts.com/ielts-vocabulary/personal-opinions-in-ielts-essays/
Amaro, C. L.P. How to Write an Opinion Essay. Essays. Writing. Intermediate Level 1, Carmen Luisa’s
ESL Site, 2002-2014
http://www.carmenlu.com/third/writing/essay3.html

For Language Practice

Noun Clauses (10:48)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Hn-iv-s3Ak
English Grammar - The Subjunctive (4:56)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt5Dbng7jpQ
Illogical Shifts. Online Writing Center, Darton State College
http://www.darton.edu/programs/Humanities/writing/pdfs/OWC/Grammar/GrammarErrors/
Illogical_Shifts.pdf
Shifts. SRJC English Department. Online Writing Lab, Santa Rosa Junior College, 2007
http://srjcwritingcenter.com/clearsentcs/shifts/shifts.html
Avoiding Shifts. Online Writing Support, Towson University
http://www.towson.edu/ows/shifts.htm

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015 50 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
 Unit 11 Argumentative Essays Answer Key

Essay Focus
2
Arguments or ‘pros’ Counterarguments or ‘cons’
Refutation/rebuttal
(writer’s position) (opposing position)
P.E. classes are beneficial to Sports take up time which could be Physical activity helps students to
students’ mental health and spent on other subjects concentrate and stay focused
academic performance
Physical activity reduces depression
and anxiety
Physical Education has a Compulsory P.E. classes restrict Regular exercise increases heart’s
tremendous positive effect on students’ freedom of choice and are working capacity
students’ physical well-being not as important as other subjects
Physical activity enhances muscle
strength and flexibility, and
promotes bone formation
Physical activity helps to control the
widespread problem of inactivity
and obesity

3
1 Physical Education should be compulsory in school curriculum.
2 The audience of the argument is school administration, teaching staff and fellow students.
3 Yes.
4 Yes, the writer’s position is explained in the thesis statement. No, the writer does not propose a course of
action.
5 The writer’s arguments are that P.E. classes are beneficial to students’ mental health and academic
performance. Yes, they are.
6 Answers will vary.
7 The argument is supported by referring to authority (As shown by several studies,…) As support, the
writer uses expert opinion.
8 Yes. The writer refutes the opposing arguments by providing the following arguments:
physical activity helps students to concentrate and stay focused
physical activity reduces depression and anxiety
regular exercise increases heart’s working capacity
physical activity enhances muscle strength and flexibility and promotes bone formation
physical activity helps to control the widespread problem of inactivity and obesity
9 Answers will vary.
 Yes, it is. Ending with a quotation closes the discussion without closing it off and gives food for thought.
The phrase ‘a sound mind in a sound body’ is a translation of a Latin aphorism ‘Mens sana in corpore
sano’. It comes from Satire X by the Roman poet Juvenal.3

4
Pattern of organization: point-by-point

3
Bailey, R. Healthy Body and a Sound Mind? Psychology Today, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/smart-moves/201407/healthy-body-
and-sound-mind

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

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© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
51 Į turinį
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INTRODUCTION
Thesis statement: As more and more young people lead a sedentary lifestyle and have poor eating habits,
Physical Education should be compulsory because it improves students’ mental and physical well-being and
helps to counter rising obesity and inactivity levels among students.

BODY
Topic sentence 1 (Argument 1): Physical Education has numerous benefits for mental health and academic
performance.
Counterargument: sports take up time which could be spent on other subjects
Refutation:
physical activity helps students concentrate and stay focused
physical activity reduces depression and anxiety
Concluding sentence 1: Therefore, there is little room for doubt when discussing the importance of Physical
Education; it is beneficial to students’ psychological well-being and enhances academic achievements.

Topic sentence 2 (Argument 2): Physical Education has a tremendous positive effect on students’ physical
well-being.
Counterargument: compulsory P.E. classes restrict students’ freedom of choice and are not as important
as other subjects
Refutation:
regular exercise increases heart’s working capacity
physical activity enhances muscle strength and flexibility, and
promotes bone formation
physical activity helps to control the widespread problem of
inactivity and obesity
Concluding sentence 2: Taking this information into account, it may be argued that it is crucial to keep
Physical Education obligatory if we wish schoolchildren to stay healthy.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion type: restatement of the thesis and summary of the main arguments

5
1 Repetition of key words: Physical Education, mental and physical well-being, compulsory.
2 Use of synonyms: Physical Education – physical activity, sports, athletics; compulsory – obligatory; students –
young people, schoolchildren, children
3 Use of pronouns: P.E. – it; Physical Education – it, subject – it.
4 Use of coordinating conjunction and:
Those who allude to lack of freedom of choice regarding P.E. and believe that it is trivial in its importance
in comparison to other subjects usually ignore that school may be the only place where contemporary
children get to exercise, and the benefits of physical activity cannot be denied.
5 Use of correlative conjunction not only…but also:
Physical Education should be a compulsory subject at school as it not only makes students be physically
active but also increases health awareness among young people.
6 Use of subordinating conjunctions in complex sentences:
a Some people claim that sports should be practised in schools while others argue that compulsory P.E.
should be abandoned in favour of other academic subjects and state that in schools athletics should be
optional.
b As more and more young people lead a sedentary lifestyle and have poor eating habits, Physical Education
should be compulsory because it improves students’ mental and physical well-being and helps to counter
rising obesity and inactivity levels among students.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
52 Į turinį
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 c To sum up, Physical Education should be compulsory because it helps to maintain a sound mind and a
healthy body and prevents obesity.
d While it may seem that compulsory P.E. imposes on freedom of choice and takes hours from scholarly

subjects, the benefits of it far outweigh the shortcomings.
7 Use of transitional words and phrases: however, therefore, in addition to, first of all, secondly, moreover, to
sum up, therefore.

6
Answers will vary.

7
Argumentation is organized as follows:
Opposing position (counterarguments):
school grades are important in evaluating students’ academic achievement
marks bring motivation

Refutation:
students compete with one another
students who often receive low grades start losing motivation to study
students get stressed while taking tests and do not reveal their real knowledge and skills

8–9
Answers will vary.


1 Women are terrible drivers. That one just cut right in front of me without looking.
Method of persuasion: providing example
Invalid because: overly general
2 Many people have become vegetarians during the last ten years, but such people are stupid.
Method of persuasion: fact
Invalid because: illogical and biased
3 Studying does not influence the grades you get. My sister never studies, but her evaluation is “very good”
or “excellent” all the time.
Method of persuasion: providing examples
Invalid because: overly general
4 Yesterday my little brother, who attends a kindergarten, got a stomach flu. The group supervisor did not
take a proper care of him.
Method of persuasion: fact
Invalid because: illogical
5 You will lose weight if you stop eating meat.
Method of persuasion: predicting consequences
Invalid because: biased

-
Answers will vary.

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
53 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Language Focus
1
1 Shift in voice: …, I discovered that all the students …
2 Shift in discourse: … said, ‘When you value someone, he or she considers moving on.’
3 Shift in tense: …, but he faces …
4 Shift in voice: …, but they should overcome many obstacles … .
5 Shift in discourse: … what they should do after … .

2
Suggested answers.

Yesterday I wrote a letter to my friend in London.

1 It was I who wrote…

2 It was my friend in London that I wrote a letter to.
3 It was a letter that I wrote to my friend…
4 It was yesterday that I wrote a letter…
5 What I did was to write a letter to my friend in London.

On Monday, my friend was late for the Essay Writing class.

1 It was on Monday that my friend was late….

2 It was my friend who was late for the Essay Writing class on Monday.
3 It was the Essay Writing class that my friend was late to on Monday.
4 What my friend did on Monday was to be late for the Essay Writing class.
5 –

3
Answers will vary.

4
The underlined titles below should be italicized if typed.
1 Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein was made into a horror monster film Frankenstein in 1931.
2 Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind is my mother’s favourite book.
3 I like Czeslaw Milosz’s, Jaroslav Seifert’s and Wislawa Szymborska’s, 1980, 1984, and 1996 Nobel Prize for
Literature winners’, poetry, especially their poems “So Little”, “To Be a Poet” and “Utopia”.
4 In September and October of 2014, Sam Smith’s album In the Lonely Hour was on the Official UK Top
40 Albums Chart.
5 Some people claim that the word “robot” was first used by Josef Čapek in his short story “Opilec” (“The
Drunkard”) in 1917, but others argue that the word was coined by his younger brother, a famous Czech
writer Karel Čapek, in his play R.U.R. in 1920.
6 I received an award in an annual essay contest for my essay “Life in Fifty Years from Now.”
7 Such social networks as Twitter, Facebook, Myspace and others enable people of all ages to get in touch
with friends, observe events unfold and exchange information.
8 For our English class, we were assigned to read Joyce Carol Thomas’ short story “A Family Illness: A
Mom-Son Conversation” from a collection of short stories Necessary Noise: Stories About Our Families
as They Really Are.
9 Written by Paul McCartney, “Yesterday” is one of the most covered songs originally recorded by the
Beatles in 1965.
 The episode “Land of the Maori” from the TV show Man vs. Wild was one of the most impressive this
season.
© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015
© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
54 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015
Useful Online Sources
For Essay Practice
deLaplante, K. How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Logical Structure (9:50)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAmgEa1B1vI&list=PLDF3C877967DFDEC6&index=
Stieglitz, G. Argumentative Essay Example (13:59)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPvDacRLUHU
Strengthen Argumentative Writing by Identifying an Opposing Claim - Lesson 2 of 6, Common Core Standard,
2012 (4:39)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h35jfS7jnpc
IELTS How to Write an Argument Essay Outline (part 1 of 2), 2007 (9:50)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3IngQDdYv4
IELTS Argument Essay Writing 1 (1 of 4) (9:15)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpZa7bah4_c

For Language Practice

Illogical Shifts. Online Writing Center, Darton College
http://www.darton.edu/programs/Humanities/writing/pdfs/OWC/Grammar/GrammarErrors/
Illogical_Shifts.pdf
Shifts. SRJC English Department. Online Writing Lab, Santa Rosa Junior College, 2007
http://srjcwritingcenter.com/clearsentcs/shifts/shifts.html
Fernandes, K. Cleft Sentences. 2014 (4:20)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vYHSd8qYFQ
Quotes or Italics? How to Punctuate Titles in your Essay (3:07)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qktsNxxEGA
McNeill, L. Punctuating Titles 2_081414-1128 (6:34)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th1l_Jy5_Tg

© Audronė Raškauskienė, 2015

© Irena Ragaišienė, 2015
© Ramutė Žemaitienė, 2015
55 Į turinį
© Leidykla „Šviesa“, 2015