AU/PHY/AUTUMN/2021/SEM(IX)/25
Autumn Semester Examination - 2021-22
Course Code: PH 501
Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-IV
Department of Appearing Students: Physics, IX SEM, 5th Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2.00 hrs
All notations bear conventional meaning
Answer any FOUR questions. Each question carries 10 marks.
1. a) Obtain the Schroedinger equation as the proper non-relativistic limit of the Klein-Gordon
equation.
b) Starting from free Dirac equation, show the following consistency conditions for the Dirac
matrices α and β
i) αi2 = β 2 = 1 for i = 1, 2, 3
ii) {αi , αj } = 0 for i 6= j
iii) trace(αi ) = 0 = trace(β)
6+4
2. Consider a relativistic electron of mass m and charge e in an uniform and constant magnetic field
given by the choice of gauge: A0 = A1 = A3 = 0, A2 = B0 x, where B0 is a constant with appro-
priate dimension. Determine the positive energy eigenvalues that result from the Dirac equation.
b) Find the probability density corresponding to the Klein-Gordon equation. What are the correct
#»
interpretations of P (x, t) and j (x, t)?
7+3
3. a) Derive the form of the Dirac matrices α and β using the hermitian, traceless and other anti-
commutator conditions.
b) The Lorentz transformation of a 4-vector is given by x0µ = Λµν xν . If a spinor transforms under
Lorentz transformation as ψ 0 (x0 ) = U (Λ)ψ(x), then show that the Dirac equation remains form
invariant provided U (Λ) satisfies the condition U −1 (Λ) γ ν U (Λ) = Λνµ γ µ .
6+4
1
4. a) Consider an electron at rest whose spin is along the positive z-direction.
1
0
2
ψ(x) =N e−imc t/~
0
0
Derive the form of the wave function in a frame rotated about y-axis by an angle 90°.
b) Write down the Lorentz transformation matrix Λµν corresponding to the boost along the y-
direction. Show that it is a proper orthochronous transformation.
#». #θ»
c) Show that ei σ 2 = cos
θ
2
+ i #»
σ . #»
n sin 2θ ; where σ are Pauli matrices and #»
n is an unit vector.
5+3+2
5. a) Determine the conditions for proper, orthochronous Lorentz transformation.
b) Elucidate Dirac’s proposition of Hole theory in order to explain negative energy states.
c) Show that the field Φ which satisfies the following equation:
∂Φ
= ( #»
σ .∇)Φ
∂t
also satisfies Klein-Gordon equation for a massless particle.
5+3+2
6. Derive the Pauli equation for a spinor starting from the Dirac equation in presence of an external
electromagnetic field after taking proper non-relativistic limit.
10
2
AU/Phy/Odd/PH-503/Atomic Phys-II/48
Autumn (Odd) Semester Examination-2021
Course Code: PH 503 Course Title:Atomic Physics-II
Department of Appearing Students: PHYSICS, IX SEM, 5th Year/ III SEM, 2nd Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2hrs
Answer Question no. 1 and Any Three from the rest
1. a) The terms of four equivalent p-electrons (np4) are 1S0, 1D2, 3P0, 3P1, 3P2. Arrange these terms in
accordance with increasing energy (from ground state term) and mention the reasons.
b) Find the terms of two non-equivalent electrons (2s13s1) and two equivalent electrons (3s2). Compare
the results.
c) Write down a suitable wave function of an atom containing N-electrons so that the wave function is
completely anti-symmetric and satisfies Pauli’s principle.
d) If the fine structure splitting between 2 2P3/2 and 2 2P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom is 0.4 cm-1, find
the corresponding splitting in Li2+ ion. 3+3+2+2=10
2. a) Find the perturbed Hamiltonian and then first-order energy correction to Bohr energy due to
relativistic effect on the kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
b) Three energy levels in an atom whose nuclear spin is I = 3/2, have the designations 52S1/2, 52P1/2 and
52D3/2. Find the hyperfine structure terms for each fine state and then draw all allowed hyperfine
transitions for the fine structure transitions 52S1/2 52P1/2 52D3/2. (5+5)
3. a) Using Breit’s scheme, find the terms of eight equivalent d-electrons (nd8) under L-S coupling.
b) Briefly explain for which atoms we have to consider j-j coupling instead of L-S coupling.
c) Given terms of 4p4electrons are 1S, 1D, 3P. Now if we have an electron configuration (4p4 6s), then
calculate the terms of the electrons (4p4 6s) under L-S scheme. (5+2+3)
4. a) Write the total Hamiltonian of the He atom (excluding spin-orbit, spin-spin, etc interactions). Using
the perturbation method, calculate the minimum energy required to remove both electrons from the He
atom in its ground state.
b) Write the form of total wave functions of ortho and para helium (use both space and spin wave
functions).
c) In the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, for l=0, write the energy expressions for spin-orbit and
Darwin corrections. What is the Lamb shift in the fine structure of the hydrogen atom? (5+2+3)
5. a) Write the Schrodinger equation for a multi-electron (i =1 to N) atom and clearly mention each term.
Why the central field approximation (CFA) is required for a multi-electron atomic system? What is the
basis of CFA? Discuss briefly the effective/net central field potential Vi (ri) for a multi-electron atom
under CFA.
b) Write the normalized wave function of a system of two Bose particles in the same quantum state.
c) What is the origin of the hyperfine structure of an atom? (7+1.5+1.5)
____________
Page 1 of 1
AU/PHY/AUTUMN/2021/SEM (IX)/45
Autumn Semester Examination-2021
Course Code: PH-505 Course Title: Molecular Physics-II
th
Department of Appearing Students: PHYSICS, IX SEM, 5 Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2 hrs
ANSWER ANY FOUR QUESTIONS
1. (a) Write down the Schrödinger equation for the total wavefunction of the hydrogen molecule–ion (𝐻2+ ).
Within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, write down the Schrödinger equations for the electronic and
nuclear wave functions. (b) Plot the variation of the molecular integrals (coulomb, exchange and overlap) with
internuclear distance, R. (c) Hence plot the energy values associated with bonding and anti-bonding states
against R and identify the equilibrium bond length, the dissociation energy of the 𝐻2+ . (d) Evaluate the
electron's probability density in 𝐻2+ at the mid-point of the bond, and plot it as a function of R.
(1+2) +2+(1+1) +3
2. (a) What is the band progression in the electronic transition of a diatomic molecule? Deduce the positions of
first four members of the 𝑣 ′′ −progression with 𝑣 ′ =1 (b) What is Franck-Condon Principle in electronic
absorption spectra? Outline its quantum mechanical formulation briefly. (2+2) +(2+4)
3. (a) Discuss the fine structure of infra-red bands of diatomic molecules. What are the P and R brunches in the
vibrating-rotator and discuss their origin? (b) How would you obtain approximately (ignoring the interaction
between vibration and rotation) the rotational constant B from the separation of the band maxima of the P and
R branches if the temperature is known. (2+5) +3
4. (a) If the leading anharmonic correction to the energy of n-th vibrational level of a diatomic molecule is
1 2
-𝜔𝑒 𝑥𝑒 (𝑛 + ) with 𝑥𝑒 = 0.001,
2
find (i) the total number of possible energy levels, (ii) the separation between the successive energy levels,
and (iii) find also the dissociation energy of the molecules. (b) A diatomic molecule has vibrational states with
1
energies 𝐸𝑣 = 𝜔𝑒 (𝑣 + ) cm-1 and rotational states with energies 𝐹 (𝐽) = 𝐵𝐽(𝐽 + 1) cm-1, where 𝑣 and 𝐽 are
2
non-negative integers. Consider the transitions in which both the initial and final states are restricted to 𝑣 ≤1
and 𝐽 ≤ 2 and subject to the selection rules Δ 𝑣 = ±1 and Δ 𝐽 = ±1. Calculate the largest allowed spectral line
positions. (3+2+2)+3
5. (a) What is the basic requirement for a molecule to be Raman active? Briefly explain with an example. Explain
why symmetric stretching of CO2 molecule is Raman active but infrared inactive. (b) Find the positions of
Stokes and Anti-Stokes lines in the Raman spectrum of a diatomic molecule which simultaneously execute
rotation and vibration in harmonic potential. Calculate the Raman shift in this case. (c) In the rotational Raman
spectrum of HCl the displacements from the excited line are represented by
∆𝑣 = ±(62.4 + 41.6 J) 𝑐𝑚−1 .
Calculate the rotational constant. (1+2+2)+3+2
AU/PHY/AUTUMN/2021/SEM(IX)/30
Autumn Semester Examination -2021
Course Code: PH 507
Course Title: Nuclear and Particle Physics-II
Department of Appearing Students: PHYSICS, SEM-IX, 5th Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2.00 hrs
Answer Question No 1 and any three from the rest 10×4=40
1. (a) State the physical significance of positive and negative scattering lengths.
b) Prove that the ground state of the deuteron is a mixture of 3S1 and 3D1 states.
c) Show that nuclear matter density is independent of the mass of a nucleus.
d) Scattering without reaction is possible but reaction without scattering is not possible-Explain.
[2+3+2+3=10]
2. (a) State and explain compound nucleus hypothesis. Derive Breit-Wigner one-level formula for
resonance scattering cross-section. [4+6=10]
3. (a) Assuming an attractive square well potential of depth U 0 and range R0 write down the Schrödinger
equation for deuteron. Solve it by applying appropriate boundary conditions. Obtain the criteria for
getting ground and excited states of the deuteron.
(b) Estimate the minimum depth of the nuclear potential well of a width of 2.0 fm supporting the ground
state binding energy of 2.0 MeV, for deuteron. [7+3=10]
4. A particle of mass m, charge +z, and energy E is trapped in the well-barrier region of an attractive
square-well potential of depth U followed by the mutual Coulomb barrier produced by the nucleus of
mass M, radius R and charge +Z. Obtain the decay probability and life-time of the parent nucleus. Can you
use the above result to explain alpha decay? [(2+3)+5 =10]
5. Define differential and total scattering cross-section. By the method of partial waves, obtain
expressions for the scattering amplitude, differential scattering cross-section, and total scattering cross-
section when a projectile represented by a plane wave interacts with a scattering centre.
[2+5+3=10]
Aliah University
Department of Physics
Laboratory Examination (Odd Semester)-2021
Course Title: Physics Lab-VIII Course Code: PH-591
Year & Semester: 5th Year, IXth Sem
_______________________________________________________
PRACTICAL-1
Answer all questions
1. Write down the theory to calculate the magnetic susceptibility of a given magnetic
substance aluminum (Al) using Gouy’s method.
2. Discuss the functions of ‘Gouy’s Balance’ and the ‘Electromagnet’, mentioning their
different constituent parts.
3. Draw a graph of the apparent change in weight of the sample as a function of the square
of the magnetic field intensity, H, for the given set of data:
Sl. No. Magnetic field, H2, in (KG)2 Change in weight in ‘mg’
01 0.00 0.00
02 5.50 1.5
03 13.00 2.0
04 22.25 3.5
05 35.50 5.5
06 50.25 7.5
07 65.50 10.5
4. Calculate the value of the desired magnetic susceptibility and molar susceptibility of Al,
using the above graph and the required working formula for susceptibility, where the
cross-sectional area of the sample is 0.2 cm2, and the other parameters have their usual
significance.
5. What precautions you need to take care of while performing laboratory work?
6+(3+3)+5+5+3=25
PRACTICAL-2
Answer all questions
1. Write down the theory for Microwave Optics Reflection, Double-Slit Interference, and
Polarization phenomena with required diagrams.
2. Draw the graph of the Intensity as a function of SinΘ to verify Microwave Optics
Double-Slit Interference phenomenon for the given set of data:
Sl. No. Angle of the SinΘ Intensity in mV
detector in Degree
01 0 0.000 145
02 5 0.087 95
03 10 0.174 33
04 15 0.259 35
05 25 0.422 260
06 35 0.573 80
07 40 0.642 40
08 45 0.707 60
09 50 0.766 85
10 55 0.819 90
11 60 0.866 70
12 65 0.906 50
3. Explain the interference patterns from the graph and calculate the wavelength of the
microwave corresponds to the 2nd maximum from the graph drawn in question number 2
where the distance between the slits is 6.5 cm.
4. How do you explain the Microwave Optics Polarization phenomenon with essential
diagram mentioning the different apparatus being used?
5. Write the range of wavelength of microwave in nm. Further explain why the microwave
is used in telecommunication system?
6+5+6+4+4=25
PRACTICAL-3
Answer all questions
1. Write down the theory to verify Malus law in order to study the polarization phenomenon
of the given source of light with essential diagram.
2. Explain the polarization phenomenon of light in the context of the given experimental
set-up.
3. Draw the graph of the intensity of the transmitted light from the second Polaroid as a
function of the angle of polarization for the given set of data:
Sl. No. Angle of polarization (θ) Intensity (µA)
01 75 6.0
02 85 1.8
03 95 0.05
04 115 4.2
05 135 14.5
06 155 18.0
07 175 18.5
08 185 19.0
09 195 18.5
10 210 18.2
11 230 15.5
12 250 6.20
13 270 0.15
14 280 0.5
15 290 3.5
16 300 8.5
17 320 16.5
4. Find out the angles at which the transmitted light will have maximas for a complete
cycle.
5. Write two salient features of LASER light and discuss about the detection of light
intensity in the given setup.
6+4+6+4+5=25
