BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Nelidiza R. Arceta, MBA, CGSP

Cristine Abigail P. Ayran, RL
Melody T. Sanchez
Lea Rose Vizcarra, MSHTM

SBT 301 Course Module

S.Y. 1st Semester 2020-2021
 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Course Syllabus………………………………………………iv
Introduction………………………………………………….xiv
……
Lesson 1 Sustainable Tourism

Introduction…………………………………………….1

Pretest………………………………………………….2
Course Methodology
The Goal of Sustainable Tourism -
Principles of SustainableTourism……..8
Requisites of Sustainable Tourism……9
History of Sustainable Tourism ……11
Reflection
Posttest…………………………………………15

Lesson 2 Impacts of Tourism, Determinants, Dimension

and Definition

Introduction\……………………………………………16
Pretest
Course Methodology
Definition of Tourism Impact…………17
Dimensions of Tourism Impact………18
Determinants of Tourism Impact……20
Activity…………………………………………23

Lesson 3 Environmental Impact

Introduction……………………………………………24
Pretest
Course Methodology
Environmental Impacts
Negative Impact………………………25
Philippines Endangered / Endemic Species………26
Positive Impacts ……………………..28
Protect and Preserve Environment
Posttest ………………………………………29
Reflection …………………………………… 30

Lesson 4 Economic Impact

Introduction……………………………………………31
Pretest
Course Methodology
Employment Generated by Tourism
Positive Impact…………………………32
Negative Economic Impact
Posttest
Activity ……………………………35

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Lesson 5 Culture and Society

Introduction……………………………………………36
Pretest
Course Methodology
Culture…………………………………37
Intangible Culture Heritage
Social Impacts ………………………38
Cultural Impacts
Cultural Convergence………………..39
Economic ImpacT
Postte s……………………………………………41
Reflections…………………..…………………………42

Lesson 6 Assessment on the Impact of Tourism

Introduction……………………………………………43
Pretest
Course Methodology
Tourism Impact
Assessment…………………………..44
Tourism Impact Assessment Tool ….46
Types of carrying Capacity…………47
Reflection
Posttest………………………………………48

Lesson 7 Responsible Sustainable Tourism

Introduction………………………………….50
Pretest
Course Methodology
Responsible Tourism ………………51
Green Tourism………………………52
Importance of Fair Trade
Refection ……………………………………52
Posttest ……………………………………..54

Lesson 8 Carrying Capacity and Visitors Management

Introduction………………………………………….56
Pretest
Course Methodology
Visitor Management ……………….57
Visitor Management
Flowchart……………………………59
Visitor Safety Group ……………… .60
Reflection……………………………………61
Posttest ……………………………………..62

Lesson 9 Mitigation of Tourism Impacts

Introduction…………………………………………64
Pretest
Course Methodology
Mitigation……………………………65
CarbonFootprint
Air Pollution
Waste Water-saving

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Solid Waste Reduction

Sustainable……………………………………………66
Mitigation
Posttest

Requirement…………………………………………..67

Lesson 10 Designs for Sustainable Tourism

Introduction…………………………………………..638
Pretest
Course Methodology
Design Principles …………………..69
Tourism Sites
Sustainable Tourism Design
Facility Design
Safety Consideration…………………70
Culture Sensitivity
Gender Sensitivity
Tourism Facilities
Posttest
Requirement………………………………….72

Lesson 11 Community Involvement for Tourism

Sustainability
Introduction ………………………………………..73
Pretest
Course Methodology
Community…………………………...74
Stakeholders…………………………76
Posttest………………………………………77

References………………………………………………….79

Key to Correction…………………………………………81

Glossary……………………………………………………..83

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COURSE SYLLABUS
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
ST
1 Semester, AY 2020-2021

COLLEGE: SARMIENTO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT: HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM
MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE: SBT 301
COURSE TITLE: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
CREDIT UNITS: 3 UNITS
PRE-REQUISITE: MAP 102
FACULTY: NELIDIZA R. ARCETA, MBA, CGSP
CONSULTATION HOURS: TBA

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

Student will have a broad understanding of

environmental issues and their impacts upon the tourism
industry, therefore subjects areas such as pollution, waste
management and biodiversity will be a primary focus.
Awareness and the understanding of the implications of
tourism impacts, especially on socio-cultural and
environmental aspects, are critical to properly guided
sustainable tourism planning and development. The natural
and cultural environments of communities and global
destination will be explored to enable students to critically
interpret tourism independency, and the changes and
development of domestic and international tourism policy.
The course critically examines tourism planning as a process
and as a set of techniques for sustainable tourism
development. it focuses on the physical environment of
tourism planning, and the social, cultural and political
realities of planning and policy making.

University Vision

Bulacan State University is a progressive knowledge-

generating institution, globally-recognized for excellent
instruction, pioneering research, and responsive community
engagements.

University Mission

Bulacan State University exists to produce highly

competent, ethical and service-oriented professionals that
contribute to the sustainable socio-economic growth and
development of the nation

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Core Values: SOAR BulSU!

Service to God and Community

Order and Peace
Assurance of Quality and Accountability
Respect and Responsibility
The BulSU Ideal Graduates Attributes (BIG A) reflect the
graduate’s capacity as:
a. highly and globally competent;
b. ethical and service-oriented citizen;
c. analytical and critical thinker; and
d. reflective life-long learner.

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

Program University Mission

Educational
Objectives
AIG-a AIG-b AIG-c AIG-d
(PEO)

PEO1.
Demonstrate
knowledge of
tourism
  
industry , local
tourism
products and
services;
POE2.
Interpret and
apply relevant
   
laws related to
tourism
industry;
POE3. Utilize
information
technology
   
applications for
tourism and
hospitality;
POE4.
Manage and
market a
  
service
oriented
organization;
POE5.
Demonstrate
administrative
   
and
managerial
skills in a

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service
oriented
business
organization;
POE6. Utilize
various
communicating
channels
   
proficiently in
dealing with
guest and
colleagues.

Program Outcomes (PO)

On completion of the course, the student is expected to be
able to do the following:

PROGRAM Program Educational

OUTCOME Objectives
S PEO1 PEO2 PEO3 PEO4 PEO5 PEO6
(PO can
be found
at your
respecti
ve
course/p
rogram
CMO or
PSG)
PO1.   
Plan,
impleme
nt and

monitor
tours and
sales
activities;
PO2.   
Research
, plan
and
conduct   
various
tour
guiding
activities;
PO3.   
Develop
appropria
 
te
programs
and

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arrange
the
required
travel
services;
PO4.   
Plan/Org
anize,
impleme
 
nt and
evaluate
MICE
activities;
PO5.   
Plan,
develop
and
evaluate 
tourism
sites and
attraction
s.

Course Outcomes and Relationship to Program Outcomes

Course Outcomes Program Outcomes

After completing this course

1 2 3 4 5
the student must be able to:

LO1. Point out important 

milestones in the history of
  
sustainable tourism
concept;
LO2. Discuss the evolution    
of tourism development
paradigm in the Philippines ;

LO3. Enumerate and     

Discuss the various
dimensions of tourism
impacts;
LO4. Enumerate and     
Discuss the various
determinants of tourism
impacts;
LO5. Enumerate the     
positive and negative
impacts of tourism on the
environment, the economy
and society;

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LO6. Enumerate the     

positive and negative
impacts of tourism on
culture and society and its
determinants;
LO7. Apply assessment     
frameworks in analyzing the
potential impacts of tourism
to a given destination and
its indicators;
LO8. Identify the general    
categories of sustainable
tourism practices at various
level governance;
LO9. Explain what     
indicators are and their
value for monitoring tourism
and sustainability;
LO10. Enumerate the     
design criteria for tourism
site, which includes
environmental sensitivity,
inclusivity, cultural
sensitivity, safety, tropical
design and gender
sensitivity;
LO11. Explain the ways by    
which the tourism industry
contributes to environmental
degradation.
Note: (I) Introductory Course to an Outcome (E) Enabling Course to an Outcome
(D) Demonstrative Course to an Outcome

LEARNING EPISODES:

Learning
Wee Learning
Outcome Topics
k Activities
s
 Discuss
ion
 University Vision,
 Checki
Mission, Student right,
ng of
Duties and Wee
LO1, LO2 COR
Responsibilities. k1
 Partici
 Course Orientation and
pative
Introductory Lecture
Discuss
ions

 Definition, Dimension,  Partici

and Determinants of pative
LO3, LO4, Wee
Tourism Discuss
LO5 k3
- Definition Of ion
Tourism Impacts  Case

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- Dimentions Of Analysi
Tourism Impacts s
- Determinants Of  Video
Tourism Impacts Presen
tation
 Assign
ment
 Quizze
s
 Tourism Impacts on
the Environment  Partici
Environmental Impacts
pative
- Land Degradation Discuss
- Waste Depletion ion
- Pollution
 Case
- Climate Change
Analysi
- Water Wee
LO4, LO5, s
- Habitat k4&
LO6, LO7,  Video
Fragmentation 5
Presen
- Philippines
tation
Endangered
 Assign
Species, Animal
ment
Species Extinction
 Quizze
- Positive Impacts Of
s
Tourism On The
Environment

WRITT
EN
Wee
MIDTERM EXAMINATION EXAMI
k8
NATIO
N
 Partici
 Tourism Impact pative
Assessment Discuss
- Definition Of TIA ion
- Its Importance And  Case
Advantages Analysi
- Basic Consideration In Wee s
LO7, LO8
Tia k9  Video
- Steps In Tia Presen
- Tia Tools tation
- Types Of Carrying  Assign
Capacity Assessment ment
 Quizze
s
 Responsible Tourism  Partici
LO8, LO9, - Definition Of Wee pative
LO10 Responsible Tourism k 10 Discuss
- Green Tourism ion

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 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

- Green Washing  Case

- Tourism Concern Analysi
- Importance Of Fair s
Trade  Video
- Principles For Presen
Sustainable Tourism tation
 Assign
ment
 Quizze
s
 Partici
pative
Discuss
 Visitor Management ion
- Definition Of VM  Case
- Strategic Approach Analysi
LO8, LO9, - 4 Approaches Of VM Wee s
LO10 - VM Flowchart k 11  Video
- Guiding Principles Presen
- VSG tation
 Assign
ment
 Quizze
s
 Tourism Impact
Mitigation
- Definition Of
Mitigation
 Partici
- Minimizing Carbon pative
Footprints
Discuss
- Air Pollution ion
Mitigation
 Case
- Wastewater-Saving
Analysi
LO8, LO9, Technologies
Wee s
LO10, LO - Solid Waste
k 12  Video
11 Reduction
Presen
- Sustainable Building
tation
Design
 Assign
- Mitigation
ment
Measures To
 Quizze
Reduce Impacts On
s
Aesthetics
- Mitigation
Measures To
Reduce Noise
LO8, LO9,  Sustainable Design  Partici
LO10, LO - Good Design pative
11 Principles Discuss
- Choosing A Tourism Wee ion
Site k 13  Case
- Sustainable Building Analysi
Design s
- Facility Design  Video
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- Safety Presen
Consideration tation
- Cultural Sensitivity  Assign
- Gender Sensitivity ment
- Tropical Design  Quizze
- Tourism Facilities s
- Philippine
Guidelines
 Community  Partici
Participation for
pative
Sustainable Tourism Discuss
- Importance Of ion
Community
 Case
Participation
Analysi
LO8, LO9, - Stakeholder Theory
Wee s
LO10, LO - Stakeholders
k 14  Video
11 - Stakes In Tourism
Presen
- Challenges In
tation
Getting Stakeholder
 Assign
Participation
ment
- Effective
 Quizze
Participation
s
Techniques
WRITTEN
Wee
FINAL EXAMINATION EXAMINATIO
k 15
N

FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:

The student will choose at least one existing attraction

in the Philippines and come up with a plan based on the
knowledge gain from the topics and present the actual
demonstration on the local attraction or destination in the
class.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:

 Weekly Quiz/ Chapter Test

 Term Examination
 Recitation
 Assignments
 Project/Research Work
 Quiz Notebook
Active Class Participation

the learner are required to attend the regularly and

on-time; three collective absences may be
considered/ground for unofficial droop, unless, otherwise a
valid excuse thereof was presented. Three consecutive
late/tardiness may be a ground for student reprimand before
the office of students’ affairs. Learners shall not be a mere

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listeners and sitters inside the classroom; instead, learners

are expected to be very active in the class participation and
class interaction. Finally, learners are allowed to ask the
instructor in the form of query or clarificatory questions, and,
learners are encouraged to provide supplemental
information to enhance the quality of education.

GRADING SYSTEM:
Term Examinations 30%
Quizzes/Activities 20%
Project 30%
Participation/Recitation 10%
Attendance/ Promptness 10%
TOTAL 100%

Final Grade = Midterm Grade + Tentative Final

Grade Period
2

Range Grade
97-100 1.00
94 – 96 1.25
91 – 93 1.50
88 – 90 1.75
85 – 87 2.00
82 – 84 2.25
79 – 81 2.50
76 – 78 2.75
75 3.00
74 and 5.00
below

References:

Sustainable Tourism, Reil g. Cruz, PhD. First Edition 2019

Rajput, Y. (2018). Global Tourism Sustainable Tourism and

Eco-Tourism. New Delhi: Random PUblications.

Ricaforte, B. R. (2016). Ecotourism An Inquiry-Based

Learning Approach. Mandaluyong: Anvil Publishing.

Ecotourism, Reil G. Cruz, First Edition, 2017

CLASSROOM POLICIES:

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1. All students must attend classes promptly and regularly.

Only students enrolled in the course are allowed to attend
the sessions, sit-ins may be allowed depending on the
instructor’s approval. A student shall be marked tardy 15
minutes after the set time and absent after 20 minutes of
the scheduled time, unless the instructor have prior notice of
his/her absence or tardiness. Lastly, unless the subject
instructor concerned gave prior notice, the students may
leave their assigned room 15 minutes after the start of the
scheduled time. (see F. Attendance, BulSU Student
Handbook)

2. Students must be in the prescribed uniform for the day.

(Monday, Tuesday and Thursday in university uniform,
W- washday sleeveless, shorts, rip jeans are not
allowed, and F- organization shirt day only English Org
Shirt is allowed). Furthermore, male students must sport a
haircut that does not exceed the collar line and does not
cover the ears. Wearing of earrings for the male is prohibited
and for female students excessive jewelries’ and make-up as
well. (see Responsibility, BulSU Student Handbook)

3. During written examinations, class presentations, laboratory

activities and term examinations the students must be in the
prescribed uniform or the instructor may refuse to give the
student the written or practical activities. Students must
refrain from talking to their seatmates, answering phone calls
and text messages and listening to music through their
earphones while taking the written exam or laboratory
activities. No students can use the restroom/lavatory unless
necessary during the examination.

4. During classroom discussions, the student must refrain from

making too much noise, the use of electronic gadgets like
cellphones, laptops, tablets are not allowed and are
encouraged to observe courtesy and cooperation, listen
attentively and participate actively in all class activities.

5. Students are not allowed to stay earlier than 15 minutes and

later than 15 minutes before and after their class schedule.

6. For unavailable circumstances such as sickness or death of

an immediate family, a medical certificate authorized by a
physician or an excuse letter with photocopy of parents’
identification card should be passed on the day of return to
school, hence, students who are absent will not be given
special long tests or experiments. However, major exams
(Midterm and Finals) will be given only to those who were
able to present valid excuse slip signed by their parents,
guardians, and/or physicians.

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Prepared by:

NELIDIZA R. ARCETA, MBA, CGSP

Faculty

Checked by:

JOHN RONALD SMITH C. ESPINA

Program Chair, HTM

DR. JOFREY R. CAMPOS

Department Head, BA

Noted by:

PROF. ELENITA CAPARINO

Campus Secretary, BULSU - Sarmiento Campus

Approved by:

PROF. LORELEI D. CONSUELO

Dean, BULSU - Sarmiento Campus

Declaration
I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this course I agree to
the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies and my responsibilities, and I have
discussed everything unclear to me with the instructor.

I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow students and my
teacher with due respect.

I understand that this syllabus can be modified or overruled by announcements of the instructor
in class or on any social media site at any time

______________________________________ ____________________ _______________

Student’s Printed name Signature Date

______________________________________ ____________________ _______________

Parent’s Printed name Signature Date

Student’s Copy

-------------------------------------------------------Cut here----------------------------------------------------------

Declaration

I have read and understood the above syllabus in full and in participating in this course I agree to
the above rules. I have a clear understanding of the policies and my responsibilities, and I have
discussed everything unclear to me with the instructor.

I will adhere to the academic integrity and policy and I will treat my fellow students and my
teacher with due respect.

I understand that this syllabus can be modified or overruled by announcements of the instructor
in class or on any social media site at any time

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INTRODUCTION

Nature lover travellers and tourist visit attraction and

often looking for a stress free location, wherein in they can
spend their time in a quiet and peaceful environment.
However, some of the travellers overuse the destination.
Community and stakeholders in tourism and hospitality
industry has an important role for the sustainable tourism
destination to meet the needs and exceed the expectations
of the travellers and as well as for future generations.

This module will discuss more about the different

ways on how to sustain the tourism destinations, the
different impacts of tourism to: culture, society, economy and
environment, on how to manage the number of visitors and
the importance of participation of community and the
shareholders to the destination.

Tourism Management students will be able to

appreciate and apply the different ways and strategies to
sustain the beauty of the destination. They will be able to
contribute in their simple way to obtain the common goal of
the stakeholders and the host community.

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LESSON 1 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE

Week 2 (3 Hours) TOURISM

INTRODUCTION

The paradigm of sustainable tourism emerged, and is

still evolving, as a result of developments both internal and
external to the tourism sector over the past half-century. The
primary purpose of this unit is to explain the concept of
sustainable tourism as a particular variety of tourism and as
an overriding approach to tourism development and
management applicable to all the segments of the tourism
industry. It clearly responds to the unavoidable need to
include the principles of sustainability in all study areas, but
especially in tourism, which has become one of the main
social and economic phenomena of our times.
Learning outcomes and key points are outlined at the
beginning of this unit, serving as a guide that you build on as
you read through. Throughout the unit, you will be doing
exercises/activities called ecochallenges, which offer a
chance to consider and understand sustainable tourism
concepts within the context of your personal values and
beliefs. These exercises offer a few questions that call for a
short written reflection and also challenge you to search the
Internet to read and comprehend to some articles in the
sustainable tourism industry. A list of helpful web links for
further learning about sustainable tourism is also provided.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

 Enumerate the goals of sustainable tourism;

 Discuss the concepts and principles of sustainable
tourism;
 Point out important milestones in the history of
sustainable tourism explain why sustainable tourism has
become institutionalized;
 Recognize the goals for sustainable tourism in line with
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals;
 Discuss the evolution of tourism development paradigm
in the Philippines;
 Understand the need to make the tourism industry
sustainable; and
 Explain several trends contributing to the growth of
sustainable tourism.

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PRETEST

We are at a pivotal moment in the tourism industry

where economic growth and development obviously involve
changes in the physical ecosystem and the key to
understand the environmental problems that we encounter
today is to learn about our ecosystem and how are we going
to promote responsible tourism.

Here are the basic environmental principles, varied

types of ecosystem, current environmental issues,
anthropogenic activities that threat the environment. Read
and articulate each principle on a sheet of paper.

NINE ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURE

1. Nature knows best.

2. All forms of life are important.
3. Everything is connected to everything else.
4. Everything changes.
5. Everything must go somewhere.
6. Ours is a finite earth.
7. The amount of life that nature can support is limited.
8. Human progress must consider its effect on nature.
9. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation.

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. The Goal Of Sustainable Tourism

The world is transforming and as well as our notions

of sustainability, sustainable development, and sustainable
tourism.
Sustainability plays a vital role in society by improving
long-term quality of life, including future generations, seeking
harmony between economic growth, social development,
and protecting the environment. (Escoto, et al. 2019)

Sustainable tourism aims to achieve the following

goals:

1. Economic prosperity;
2. Social Equity; and
3. Environmental conservation.

According to the World Tourism Organization,

sustainable tourism development guidelines and

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management practices apply to all tourism forms in all types

of destinations, including mass tourism and the various niche
tourism segments. Sustainability principles refer to the
environmental, economic, and sociocultural aspects of
tourism development. A suitable balance must be
established between these three dimensions to guarantee its
long-term sustainability.

Thus, sustainable tourism should therefore:

1. Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute

a crucial element in tourism development, maintain essential
ecological processes, and conserve natural heritage and
biodiversity.
2. Respect the host communities' socio-cultural identity,
preserve their developed and living cultural heritage and
traditional values and contribute to intercultural
understanding and tolerance.
3. Ensure sustainable, long-term economic operations, provide
socio-economic benefits to all equally distributed
stakeholders, including secure jobs and income-earning
opportunities and social services to local communities, and
contribute to alleviating poverty.

Sustainable development of tourism requires participation

by all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political
leadership to ensure broad participation and build
consensus. Obtaining sustainable tourism is a continuous
process and requires constant monitoring of impacts, where
appropriate implementing the required preventive and/or
corrective steps.
Sustainable tourism should ensure a high level of tourist
satisfaction and to provide tourists with meaningful
experience, boost awareness of issues of sustainability and
promote sustainable tourism practices among them.

Tourism In The 2030 Agenda

The year 2015 was a landmark for global growth, as

governments and the Sustainable Development Goals (
SDGs) embraced the 2030 Agenda. The ambitious plan sets
a global vision for reducing extreme poverty, fighting
inequality and injustice and addressing climate change by
2030. Based on the historic MDGs, the ambitious set of 17
Sustainable.

Development goals and 169 related goals are people-

centered, creative, holistic and integrated. Tourism can
directly or indirectly contribute to all of the goals. It has been
included as objectives in Objectives 8, 12 and 14 on

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balanced and sustainable economic development,

sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and the
sustainable use of oceans and marine resources.

Sustainable tourism is firmly set on the Agenda 2030.

However, achieving the agenda requires a consistent
framework for implementation, enough support and
investment in technology, infrastructure and human capital.

GOAL No. 1 - No Poverty

As one of the leading and fastest-growing economic sectors,

tourism has been well-positioned to promote economic
development at all levels and create revenue by creating
jobs. Sustainable development of tourism, and its effects at
community level, can be linked to national poverty reduction
goals, those related to fostering entrepreneurship and small
businesses, and empowering less-favored groups, especially
young people and women.

GOAL No. 2 - Zero Hunger

By promoting the cultivation, use, and selling of local

produce in tourist destinations and its complete incorporation
into the tourism value chain, tourism can boost agricultural
productivity Furthermore, agro-tourism, a growing segment
of tourism, will supplement conventional farming activities.
The resulting increase in income in local communities will
contribute to more sustainable agriculture and at the same
time promoting the value of tourism experience.

GOAL No. 3 - Good Health And Well-Being

The endowment of travel and tourism to economic

development and growth development may also have a
knock-on impact on health and well-being. International
earnings and tax revenue from tourism can be reinvested in
health care and education to target, among others, at

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enhancing maternal health, reducing infant mortality, and

disease prevention.

GOAL No. 4 - Quality Education

A well-trained and skillful workforce is key to the

growth of tourism. The sector can provide incentives to
invest in education and vocational training and assist labor
mobility through cross-border skills, qualifications, and
certification agreements. Young people, women, the elderly,
indigenous peoples, and those with special needs should
benefit from educational means, where tourism can foster
inclusiveness, the ideals of a multicultural society, harmony
and non-violence, and other facets of global trade and
citizenship.

GOAL No. 5 - Gender Equality

Tourism can empower women in many ways, in

particular through job creation and income-generating
opportunities in small and large-scale enterprises related to
tourism and hospitality. As one of the sectors with most
proportion of working women and entrepreneurs, tourism
can be a catalyst for women to unlock their potential,
allowing them to become completely active and lead in every
field.

GOAL No. 6 - Clean Water And Sanitation

Tourism can play a crucial role in achieving access to

water and safety, as well as hygiene and sanitation for all.
Effective use of water in the tourism industry, combined with
sufficient protection, wastewater management, pollution
prevention, and innovation in technology can be vital to
safeguarding our most important resources.

GOAL No. 7 - Affordable And Clean Energy

As an industry requiring considerable energy

production, tourism can accelerate the change toward
renewable energy and increase its share of global energy
production. Thus, by encouraging sound and long-term
investments in renewable energy sources, tourism will help
minimize greenhouse gas emissions, combat climate change
and contribute to innovative and creative energy solutions in
the urban, regional and remote areas.

GOAL No. 8 - Decent Work And Economic Growth

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Tourism is one of the mainstays of global economic

development and generates 1 in 11 jobs worldwide at
present. Society – especially young people and women – will
benefit from increased skills and professional development
by giving access to decent employment opportunities in the
tourism sector. The contribution of the sector to job
development is recognized in Aim 8.9 "By 2030, designing
and implementing sustainable tourism policies that create
jobs and promote local culture and products."

GOAL No. 9 - Industry, Innovation And Infrastructure

Development of tourism is dependent on good public

and private infrastructure, and a creative climate. The
industry may also enable national governments to develop
their infrastructure and develop their industries, making them
more competitive, resource-efficient and safe as a way of
attracting visitors and other foreign investment sources.
Further sustainable industrialization, required for economic
growth, sustainability and innovation, should be encouraged.

GOAL No. 10 - Reduced Inequalities

If it includes local communities and all key

stakeholders in its growth, tourism can be a powerful tool for
community development and reduction of inequalities.
Tourism may contribute to urban regeneration and rural
growth and minimize regional imbalances by creating
opportunities for communities to flourish in their home.
Tourism is also an important tool for the inclusion of
developed countries in the global economy.

GOAL No. 11 Sustainable Cities And Communities

A town that is not good to its people is not good for

visitors. Sustainable tourism can advance urban
development and universal accessibility, encourage
declining area regeneration and conserve cultural and
natural resources, assets that rely on tourism. Greater
investment in green infrastructure (more efficient
transportation facilities, reduced air pollution, protection of
heritage sites and open spaces, etc.) can result in smarter
and greener cities which can help not only residents but also
visitors.

GOAL No. 12 - Responsible Consumption And

Production

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A tourism sector that adopts sustainable practices in

consumption and development (SCP) will play an important
role in accelerating the global shift to sustainability. The 10-
year System of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and
Development Patterns (10YFP) Sustainable Tourism
Program (STP) aims to improve some SCP activities,
including resource-efficient measures that result in enhanced
economic, social and environmental outcomes.

GOAL No. 13 - Climate Action

Tourism leads to climate change and is greatly

affected by it. Therefore, it is in the interest of the sector
itself to play a leading role in the global response to climate
change. Tourism can help gear one of our time's most
pressing challenges by lowering energy consumption and
moving to renewable energy sources, especially in the
transport and housing sector.

GOAL No. 14 - Life Below Water

Coastal and maritime tourism, the largest segments of

tourism, particularly for the Small Island Developing States
(SIDS), rely on healthy marine ecosystems. The creation of
tourism must be part of Integrated Coastal Zone
Management to help protect and sustain fragile marine
habitats and to serve as a tool for the promotion of a blue
economy according to Target 14.7: "Increase the economic
benefits of sustainable use of marine resources for SIDS and
LDCs by 2030 including sustainable management of
fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.‖

GOAL No. 15 - Life On Land

Majestic scenery, lush forests, plentiful biodiversity

and natural heritage sites are also the main reasons visitors
visit an attraction. Sustainable tourism can play a significant
role, not only in the protection and restoration of biodiversity
but also in the respect of terrestrial ecosystems due to its
efforts to minimize waste and use, conserve native flora and
fauna and its awareness-raising activities.

GOAL No. 16 - Peace And Justice

As tourism varies around billions of experiences

between people of diverse cultural backgrounds, the sector
will promote tolerance and understanding of multicultural and

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interfaith cultures, laying the foundation for more peaceful

societies. Sustainable tourism, which benefits and includes
local communities, can also provide a source of livelihood,
reinforce cultural identities and promote entrepreneurial
activities, thus helping to avoid violence and conflict in post-
conflict societies to take root and sustain the peace.

GOAL No. 17 - Partnerships For The Goals

Because of its cross-sectoral, nature tourism has the

potential to improve private/public collaborations and involve
multiple stakeholders – international, national, regional, and
local – to achieve the SDGs and other shared objectives.
Public / public collaboration and public / private
collaborations are both an essential and core basis for the
growth of tourism, as is increased understanding of the role
of tourism in delivering on the post-2015 development
agenda.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Tourism in the 2030 Agenda. Retrieved from
https://www.unwto.org/tourism-in-2030-agenda..

B. Principles Of Sustainable Tourism

According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (n.d.) the principles of sustainable
tourism are the following:
1. Enhances the well-being of the communities in which
tourism takes place;
2. Supports the protection and enhancement of the natural
and cultural resources of the destination;
3. Recognizes the importance of product quality (physical
products, hospitality, and services) and tourist
satisfaction as key factors for the economic success of
tourism; and
4. Adopts adequate management and monitoring
measures.

Respect current legislation

Tourism shall obey, at all times, the laws in place of the

country and the international agreements where the country
is a member state.

Guarantee local people's rights.

Tourism shall pursue and encourage structures and

acts of social and environmental accountability and
economic equality, including the protection of human rights,
responsible land use, energy, materials and services use,

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the preservation or enhancement of the dignity of the

workers and the well-being of the communities concerned.

Conserve the ecosystem and the biodiversity therein.

Tourism shall follow practices with minimal impact on

the natural environment at all stages of implementation and
activity, monitoring and effectively mitigating any impact and
thus contributing to preserving the natural dynamics and
processes of its physical, biological, and landscape aspects,
considering current social and environmental factors and
economic context.

Consider the heritage of culture, and local traditions.

Tourism shall appreciate and acknowledge the

historical-cultural heritage of the regions visited and shall be
prepared, introduced and managed in accordance with the
cultural values and traditions and shall work towards their
development.

Stimulate tourist destinations' social and economic

growth.

Tourism would contribute to improving the local

economy, rising skill levels, growing employment, work and
income generation, and fostering local potential for tourism
business growth.

Guarantee product consistency, procedures and

attitudes.

Tourism shall assess tourist satisfaction and verify the

adoption of proven, registered, advertised, and recognized
hygiene standards, safety, information, environmental
education and service.
Establish responsible management and planning;
Tourism shall create ethical business practices aimed
at embracing the social, economic and environmental
accountability of all those engaged in the operation, the
engagement of their employees, suppliers and visitors with
regard to sustainability, project growth, priorities, policies,
objectives, plans and processes of management.

C. Requisites Of Sustainable Tourism

Sustainability simply means being able to continue for an

indefinite period of time. Many tourism projects suffer from
the ―ningas cogon‖ syndrome wherein they tend to
experience a rapid boom and bust cycle. They become hot
destinations for a few years, then decline rapidly for lack of
maintenance, funding or demand from the target market. To
increase the chances of success of tourism sites, a few
questions need to be addressed first (DOT et.al. 2014)

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1. Is the area safe?

Safety and security are of uppermost important to
potential visitors against man-made and natural hazards
(e.g. crime, insurgency, war, terrorism, diseases and
epidemics, earthquakes, landslides, erosion, storm surge,
flooding and tsunami.)

2. Are the attractions unique?

Attraction should offer outstanding and unique appeal to
draw tourists to the area. An attraction’s indicator of its
importance and uniqueness is the recognition from UNESCO
World Heritage site as it plays a vital role in the country’s
history. Here in Philippines, we have our baroque churches
all over the country, the Tubbataha Reefs and the Palawan’s
beaches and underground river that recently reclaimed its
rightful place in the World’s Best Award.

3. Do the attractions have social and cultural value?

An attraction should have its social and cultural value
because we draw our history and identity from there.
Tourism attractions with social and cultural value also tends
to attract high-yield tourists. Travelers usually enjoyed their
trips and are more memorable to them than their
conventional holiday trips since they learned a lot from the
history and culture of the site.

4. Is it accessible?
An attraction or site has to be accessible using sorts
of private or public transportation for people who travel from
one place to another. Accessibility involves the presence of
whether an airplane, ship, train, van, jeepneys, buses, boat,
tricycle and motorcycle (habal-habal) that will not consume
so much of the traveler’s time. Preferably, such
transportation should be available on scheduled basis
instead of having to negotiate for special rates every time.
Infrastructures such as roads, bridges and ports must also
be present to allow movements to and from the site.

5. Is there political support?

Another consideration is political support. Without the
backing of local government, a tourism project and
development may not be able to take off. The presence of
national and local government support is integral for the
proper planning, implementation, monitoring and further
tourism development. They are the ones to provide the
necessary funding, protection, policies and laws, human
capital and other support mechanisms to ensure that tourism
is yielding meaningful returns for the community as an
economic activity.

6. Is the community supportive of the project?

The community should also be supportive and should
have the opportunity of employment, establish partnerships
and collaboration to existing groups and organizations. To

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encourage this, the stakeholders especially the locals must

be involved in planning the development of the area or site
that they may be of help in providing data and information
which only the local residents are familiar with and as they
experience first-hand its sociocultural impacts. Their support
and high involvement is pivotal in the execution of plans and
projects.

7. Are there sources of funds for the project?

Funding is the fuel that powers a project
development. Funds can be acquired through the support
from the local governments, government agencies, NGOs
and others who have interest in supporting the project
development. If funding is fully available at the beginning
planning process, then this project development will be
processed.

8. Are there available utilities and infrastructure?

Availability of utilities such as safe water, electricity
and infrastructure such as roads and bridges should also be
assessed. Moreover, tourists nowadays seek and prefer
places with strong internet connection, convenience stores
and Automated Teller Machine.

9. Are there onsite facilities?

Depending on the type of attraction and market
segment it caters to, the availability of onsite facilities and
amenities such as accommodations, clean restrooms,
parking spaces, sports and leisure areas, dining halls, bar,
restaurants and food service, ensure that the tourists needs
are met paving the way for a more memorable time and
experience.

10. Is the area open for tourism development?

The area for which tourism activities will be performed
must be open that is not subject to stringent local and
national government restrictions. Except for attractions in
danger of extinction that should be protected at all cost, too
much protectionism makes it difficult for operators to freely
conduct their business thereby affecting the overall
enjoyment and satisfaction of visitors.

11. Is the quality of the area conducive for tourism

development?
Upon proper evaluation, the overall profile of the micro
and macro environment where tourism development shall be
implemented must favorable such that:
1. Tourism resources (e.g. human and financial) are
available.
2. Cooperation is present between governments, locals and
other institutions.
3. Operational requirements (e.g. infrastructure, utilities,
facilities and amenities) standards can be met/satisfied.
4. Peace and order and other safety mechanisms are in
place to ensure visitor’s safety.
5. Site is unique, has socio-cultural value and potential for
expansion and growth.

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D. History Of Sustainable Tourism

Tourism is a complex field that encompasses hotels,

airlines, attractions, and natural areas, among other sectors.
Because of its size, the tourism industry has environmental
impacts. With good planning and policies, these impacts can
be mitigated. To develop the skills to make tourism
sustainable, you need to understand the relatively short
history of sustainable tourism and the terms used by travel
professionals so you have an understanding of problem
solving. Here is the timetable of sustainable tourism.

1950 UN World
Tourism
Organization
statistics begin
(25 million
international
tourists
recorded).
1970 Sept. 27
declared as
World Tourism
Day.
1976 World Tourism
Organization
becomes an
executing
agency of the
United Nations
Development
Program.
1980 International
Union for
Conservation
of Nature
issues World
Conservation
Strategy
1983 Héctor
Ceballos-
Lascuráin
popularizes the
term
ecotourism.
1987 Brundtland
Report, Our
Common
Future, issued
by World
Commission
on
Environment

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and
Development,
defines
sustainable
development.
1990 The
International
Ecotourism
Society is
founded
1992 Earth Summit
in Rio de
Janeiro led to
release of
Agenda 21, the
Rio Declaration
on
Environment
and
Development;
sustainable
development
goal was
agreed to by
world nations.
1994 World Travel
and Tourism
Council
launches
voluntary
Green Globe
certification
program.
2000 United Nation
initiative results
in
establishment
of Millennium
Development
Goals
2002 International
Year of
Ecotourism is
declared. 2003
UNWTO
becomes the
United Nation’s
specialized
agency for
tourism.
2003 First
International
Conference on
Climate
Change and
Tourism held in

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Djerba,
Tunisia.
2007 Coalition of 27
organizations
come together
under UN
umbrella to
develop Global
Sustainable
Tourism
Council
Criteria.
Davos
Declaration on
sustainable
tourism actions
to combat
climate change
comes from
second
International
Conference on
Climate
Change and
Tourism.
2011 United Nations
releases
Towards a
Green
Economy:
Pathways to
Sustainable
Development
and Poverty
Eradication
(known as the
Green
Economy
Report).
2012 GSTC
launches
sustainable
tourism criteria
for
destinations.
Table 1.1 Timeline of Sustainable Tourism

REFLECTION/LEARNING INSIGHTS

How can tourism benefit communities whose living at the

destination?
Consider a potential tourist destination you know well,
your own country or where you have been traveling, and
discuss how the tourist industry may be developed,
marketed and supported from a policy perspective to

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increase the job opportunities and economic benefits to the

communities living at the destination. Discuss your answer to
the class.

POST-TEST

The 5-4-3-2-1 Ecochallenge

Instructions: Supply the needs of each following questions.

Give 5 Environmental Principles of Nature

Give 4 UN Sustainable Development Goals and explain how
tourism can be of help to each goal.
Give 3 Principles of Sustainable Tourism.
Give 2 Requisites of Sustainable Tourism and explain how
each requisite will work.
Give 1 reason why tourism should be sustainable.

ACTIVITY

Choose one existing attraction near your area and

come up with a plan based on the knowledge gain from the
topics and present the actual demonstration on the local
attraction or destination in the class.

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LESSON 2 DEFINITION, DIMENSION

Week 3 (3 Hours) AND
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INTRODUCTION

Sustainable tourism is about reducing negative

impacts and maximizing positive results. To develop tourism
in a sustainable manner requires an understanding of the
possible impacts of tourism. These impacts occur at the
economic, environmental, and social dimensions, and are
influenced by several factors. With international tourism
arrivals breaking 1 billion and many more people traveling
domestically, tourism is a large industry with significant
social, economic, and environmental impacts. Some of those
impacts, such as increasing understanding across cultures,
are positive, but others, such as pollution or overuse of
sensitive environments, harm the things travelers go to see
or experience.
In this unit, learning outcomes and key points are
outlined, serving as a guide that you build on as you read
through. Throughout the unit, you will be doing
exercises/activities called ecochallenges, which offer a
chance to consider and understand sustainable tourism
concepts within the context of your personal values and
beliefs. A video case study that points you to the web
resource, where you may view to further understand a topic
relevant to the unit and answer reflection and discussion
questions on your own.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

1. Define what tourism impact is;

2. Enumerate and discuss the various dimensions of tourism
impacts; and
3. Enumerate and discuss the various determinants of tourism
impacts.

PRETEST

Eco-challenge
Fun in the Sun or a Clear Conscience?

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Traveling and discovering the world can be one of the

most exciting and exhilarating experiences. Every year,
millions of travelers pack their bags and jump onto aircraft to
visit new places, meet new people, and experience firsthand
the earth's natural beauty. All that riding, however, also has
a drawback. As travelers embark on their journeys, they
leave a large carbon footprint in their route, making tourism a
major contributor to global CO2 emissions and climate
change.
What are you going to do to be a responsible tourist? Here
are 10 guides you can do to make sure, the only footprints
you leave, are in the sand. Read and discuss your
understanding for each statement in the class.

1. Place yourself in the shoes of locals, animals and people

alike and empathize.
2. Learn and adapt according to your new climate.
3. Try, for example, to have a positive influence by fair trade.
4. Respect local traditions and proper public wear.
5. Display patience and sensitivity in situations which are
challenging or surprising.
6.Recognized the importance of dignity.
7.Save resources – think environmentally!
8. Help protect local eco-systems.
9. Be a good example to locals of a conscientious traveler.
10. Purchase only legal items that don’t damage the
environment..

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. Definition Of Tourism Impacts

Hall and Lew (2009, 54) defined impact as ―a change

in a given state over time as the result of an external
stimulus.‖ For our purposes, external stimulus is referred to
as tourism. Tourism impact may be defined as effect brought
about directly and indirectly by tourism policies, tourism-
related establishments and infrastructure, and tourist
behavior.
Dictionaries define impact as:
 Influence
 Effect
 Outcome
 Result
 Consequence
 Aftermath
 Upshot

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Sustainable tourism is created and managed in a

manner that meets the current needs of travelers and host
communities, without sacrificing future generations'
requirements involving:

 Mitigate the negative effects of travel on the climate and

on culture;
 Optimizing the effect on host populations;
 Offering a positive traveler experience with educational
opportunities or opportunities for interacting with locals;
and
 The role of local communities in tourism planning.

B. Dimensions Of Tourism Impacts

Tourism impacts maybe categorized in terms of their scope,

the direction of change and types of impact, and the scale,
distribution, and duration of the effects.

The scope of tourism impact may be:

 Economic
 Environmental
 Social
 Cultural
 Political

Economic

– e.g. inflation, opportunity costs and over-dependence on

tourism
Inflation is linked to the rising prices of property,
homes, and even food that can emerge due to tourism. Fees
for such commodities can rise when tourists place additional
demands on local services at a tourist destination.
Opportunity costs apply to tourism costs rather than another
type of economic operation. In a coastal region, for example,
with a mostly rural hinterland, this may be the cost of
investing in tourism rather than in agriculture, market
gardening or fishing. Over-dependence on tourism, for
instance, can result in low states where government views
tourism as the best method of growth.

Environmental

There positive and negative environmental effects caused by

tourism. The following may conventionally be viewed as
beneficial impacts:

 Tourism can stimulate environmental and/or conservation

initiatives of countryside and/or wildlife;
 Tourism can help to promote the development of national
parks and /
or Fauna Reserves;

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 Tourism will help to conserve the buildings / monuments

(this includes World Heritage Sites, for example, at
UNESCO);
 Tourism can provide the money through, for example,
admission fees, that maintain historic buildings, wildlife
and heritage sites.

Conventionally, the following have been regarded as

negative environmental impacts:

 tourists are likely to drop litter;

 tourism can contribute to congestion in terms of
overcrowding of people as well as traffic congestion;
 tourism can contribute to the pollution of water courses
and beaches;
 tourism may result in footpath erosion;
 tourism can lead to the creation of unsightly human
structures such as buildings (e.g. hotels) that do not fit in
with vernacular architecture;
tourism may lead to damage and/or disturbance to wildlife
habitats.

Social

Long-term residents, or those who are indigenous

people, tend to be more mindful of tourism's social impacts
and view immigration as a challenge to their culture. The
attitude of the native people towards tourism goes through
four phases, as described by Doxley (quoted by Fennel
2007:47-48):

Euphoria – the group invites visitors, without any supervision

or planning;

Apathy – tourists are regarded by the culture, and tourists –

the relationship with the locals becomes formal and
commercial;

Inconvenience – getting flooded with tourism industry, the

city is beginning to shift its attitude towards tourism.
Decision-makers are expanding infrastructure further, rather
than restricting growth;

Antagonism – Locals are displaying their tourist and visitor's

frustration.
Planning can be the solution, but to improve the declining
image and credibility of the town, an increased advertising
effort is contract.

Cultural

According to Mason 2007, tourism can revitalize a

community's cultural life, as art and traditions are an
attraction for foreign visitors. The interaction between
cultures, lifestyles, values and practices has also been

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correlated with tourism. Tourism is considered an

environment through which hosts and visitors, through direct
contact, can learn more from one another. Tourism will
certainly have an influence on the handicrafts, language,
customs, gastronomy, art and music of the locals, area
history / including visual reminders, styles of resident jobs,
architecture , religion (including obvious manifestations),
education systems, dress and recreation activities.

Political
Political factors have always had a great impact on
the demand for travel and as a general observation, tourism
is a fairly fragile industry, vulnerable to all different kinds of
internal and external impacts, including political issues.
Every government plans and decisions merely affect the
tourism industry. It can either increase or decrease a
country's attractiveness for tourism, depending on what the
government’s changes and plans.

C. Determinants Of Tourism Impacts

Several factors that determine the direction, scale,

duration and distribution of tourism impacts could be
deduced. Some of these are the level of economic
development of the destination; the strength of linkages
between the tourism industry and other economic sectors;
capacity of the stakeholders, tourism policy, tourism laws,
tourism development criteria, and weighs; proximity to the
tourism core; location of development; technology and
design; physical and social carrying capacities; volume of
tourism and residents-tourist’s ratio; and tourist market
served.

STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOURISM

INDUSTRY

The further developed the tourism market, the more

economically the destination would benefit from tourism. The
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) of the
World Economic Forum is a measure of the level of tourism
development in a country. The TTCI is based on four broad
sub-indices, with a total of 14 pillar components. One
assumption is that countries which score highly on the TTCI
are also likely to attract more tourists and thus gain
economic benefits.

A similar framework for assessing a place’s potential for

tourism is the ―As‖ framework suggested by Cruz (2009).
 Access
 Accommodation
 Activities

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 Attractions
 Amenities
 Atmosphere
 Attitude
 Administration
 Assistance
 Awareness

Economic Strength And Linkages

Tourism 's net economic effect depends on the

proportion of revenue held in local economy. Leakage-arises
when we import goods or pay for administrative advice from
expatriates. How are we reducing yields? Buy management
resources and local goods.

Stakeholder’s Power And Capacity

One of the main problems in tourism growth is the degree

to which the stakeholders share the benefits and
opportunities.

 Social representation-relates to how people construct

tourism awareness and its impacts.
 The theory of social representations – notes that "where
there is insufficient knowledge of tourism, a group of
destinations must either create its own social
representation of tourism or adopt an established one."
 Environmental discrimination – is the outcome and
mechanism by which environmental policies produce
intended or unintended effects, particularly those that
have unequal impacts on individuals, populations or
societies, ethnic or racial populations, women and lower-
income groups;
 Environmental discrimination – is the outcome and
mechanism by which environmental policies produce
intended or unintended effects, particularly those that
have unequal impacts on individuals, populations or
societies, ethnic or racial populations, women and lower-
income groups;

Tourism Policy

Tourism policy as expressed in actions of the

government, presidential decrees or municipal legislation. It
describes the country's prioritization of tourism in relation to
the overall growth plan and outlines the tourism development
objects and key strategies to achieve them.

TOURISM VOLUME, DENSITY, OR RATIO

 Density of tourism refers to the number of visitors at a

given time in relation to the destination location.
 Tourism ratio refers to the volume of tourists in relation to
the local population.

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TOURIST MARKETS SERVED

The tourist markets served determine the kind of

impacts that are exerted on the host destination as well as
those experience by the tourists themselves.
 Institutionalized Tourists
 Organized mass tourist
 Individual mass tourist
 Non-institutionalized Tourists
 Explorers
 Drifters

Tourist Markets Served

The Canadian Tourism Commission categorizes

people by their explorer quotient (EQ). We can surmise that
institutionalized tourist exert more cultural influence on the
residents of a destination mainly through demonstration
effect. Demonstration effect is how the behavior of people is
influenced by observing, and imitating the actions of tourists.

Technology

With the introduction of the latest generation of

aircraft, noise and greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft,
which is the mode of long-haul travel, have been reduced
considerably. Installing wastewater treatment plant will
minimize water pollution. Tourist resorts may have solar
panels installed to reduce their dependency on commercial
electricity.

Tourism Carrying Capacity

The amount of human activity that an area can tolerate

without degrading the environment, adversely affecting the
local community, or decreasing the quality of visitor
experience. (Hawkins & Middleton 1998). The largest
number of people who can visit a tourist destination at the
same time, without causing the physical, economic , socio-
cultural environment to be ruined, and an undesirable
reduction in the level of visitor satisfaction. (WTO)

REFLECTION/LEARNING INSIGHTS

The concept of sustainability is prominent in the news;

every day there is a story that touches on the issues of
climate change, loss of traditions, increased pollution, or
habitat destruction, among others. As one of the largest
industries in the world, tourism cannot stand apart from
efforts to incorporate sustainable principles into all facets of
development and operation. As consumers of travel products
and services, tourists must participate in the change. Some

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travelers actively seek companies demonstrating good

sustainable practices; others may assume sustainability is
the responsibility of business. As a future employee in this
field, you need the skills to lead and manage sustainability
initiatives in your organization.
In your opinion, what barriers prevent organizations
from using sustainable tourism practices? What barriers
exist for travelers wanting to reduce their impact while on the
road? Discuss your answer in the class.

ACTIVITY

Video Case Study

Visit the web resource and watch the One Shot

Adventure’s review on the rehabilitation of Boracay,
Philippines and answer the following questions:
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SHl2B6Nhn0
1. What is the main reason of the Boracay island closure?
2. What are the environmental issues have been hounding
Boracay?
3. What do you think are the negative and positive impacts
of Boracay’s rehabilitation in terms of Economic,
Environmental, Social, Cultural and Political?
.

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TOURISM IMPACTS
LESSON 3
Week 4 & 5 (6 Hours) ON THE ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth of tourism has produced both

problems for destination countries. Tourism has created
environmental awareness in two ways. First, contact with
scenic areas has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s
beauty and made easier for him to see and enjoy it with
minimum damage. Second, environment awareness has
been heightened by mass tourism which directly or indirectly
has caused destruction

OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the effects of modern tourism in the destination’s

environment;
2. Analyze the positive and negative impacts of tourism;
3. Appreciate the beauty of nature in ways on how to protect
and save the environment; and
4. Execute student centered activity that will give the
students to express their opinion in environmental concern in
tourism.

PRETEST

1. What is your own definition of Environment?

2. Enumerate simple ways on how will you able to protect
and save our environment?
3. What is the importance of environmental awareness?
4. Who among you are members of any Environmental
organization /club?
5. What are your organization objectives?
6. Tell us an example of your environmental campaign.

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. Environmental Impacts

The term ―ENVIRONMENT ― connotes both human and

physical characteristics. Tourism has created environmental
awareness in two ways. First, contact with scenic areas has

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raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty and made

easier for him to
see and enjoy it with minimum damage. Second,
environment awareness has been heightened by mass
tourism which directly or indirectly has caused destruction.

B. Negative Impacts

1. Land Degradation
Any change that decreases the productivity of the
land. It causes by land clearing and poor land practices and
management.

Other causes of land degradation

- Deforestation
- Soil Erosion by wind or water
- Mining
- Industrialization
- Unsustainable agricultural practices
- Urban Expansion

2. Waste Depletion

The consumption of resource faster that it can be

replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided
between renewable and non- renewable resources. Use of
these forms of resources beyond the rate of replacement is
considered to be resource or waste depletion.

3. Climate Change

a change of climate which is attributed directly or

indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.

Some effects of Climate Change

- Rising Sea Levels
- More Heat related illness
- More animal extinctions
- Rising temperature
- More worst droughts
- More worst storms

4. Environmental Conflict-Pollution

- Water ,Air, Noise and Visual pollution

- Solid waste
- Destruction of wildlife
- Destruction of vegetation

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5. Habitat Fragmentation
It describes the emergence of discontinuities in an
organism’s preferred environment, causing population
fragmentation and ecosystem decay. It is the conversion of
landscape to small fractions of its former area.

6. Congestion

- Traffic
- Difficult in space
- Long queues
- Over crowding

7.Animal Species Extinction

Extinction occurs when species are diminished

because of environmental forces. Spei extinction is the
permanent loss of the species to the planet.

C. Philippines Endangered / Endemic Species

PHILIPPINE EAGLE

PHILIPPINE
TARSIER

MUSANG

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PILANDOK

KALANGAY

PHILIPPINE
TAMARAW

BUTANDING

PHILIPPINE
CROCODILE

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BATANES WHITE
VIPER

VISAYAN WARTY
PIG

D. Positive Impacts

1. Conservation Of Resources Both Natural And Man-Made.

It is concerned with the natural resources for the future use
and man made resources such as old churches, historic
buildings, sites, work of art, and cultural artifacts.

1.Natural resources
2. Man Made resources

Tourism has provided a reason for preservation of historical

buildings and creation of museums, national parks,
monuments , cultural and recreational resources. At present,
many developing nations are realizing that the monuments
means tourists and income.
Tourism has created appreciation of the environment by
bringing scenic attractions to attention of the public.

2. Awareness And Observance Of Green Practices

Natural resources are irreplaceable like soils, mountains, or
beaches.
-Tourism promotes clean and green environment.

3. Protection Of Flora And Fauna And The Communities

 The species of wildlife are save from extinction and illegal
trade.
 Protect indigenous communities that are prone to abuse
and exploitation by lowlanders.
 Protections of wildlife

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 logical resistance is based on disagreement with facts,

rational reasoning, logic and science

4. Creation Of Guidelines And Codes On Responsible

Tourism
 It is very important for communities and the government
to respond to the challenge of protecting and preserving
the environment.
 Guidelines and codes have been formulated by
international bodies. It is now up to the stakeholders to
implement.
 Create different organizations that protects and preserves
natural and man-made
Attractions

E. Ways To Protect And Preserve Our Environment

1. Volunteer
2. Partnership
3. Travel
4. Spread Awareness
5. Donate

POST TEST

1. Why environment define as physical and human

characteristics?
2.
3. Enumerate the positive Impacts of Tourism in the
Environment.
4.

Choose 1 and explain.

3. Enumerate the negative Impacts of Tourism in the
Environment. Choose 2 and explain.

ACTIVITY

Group Activity:

The group will have brainstorming in choosing 1

domestic destination and create 10 Environmental
Rules/Guidelines before entering and leaving the
destinations. They will have 15 minutes of discussion among
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their members and execute it in front of the class for

maximum of 10 minutes.

REFLECTIONS

Write down below the learnings or insights that you have

gained from todays lesson.

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IMPACTS OF TOURISM
LESSON 4
Week 6 (3 Hours) IN THE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

The tourism industry generates income to one’s economy.

Benefits both the host countries and tourist’s home
countries. The developing countries promote itself as a
tourism destination and expected economic improvement.
But, Economic development give both benefits and
problems.
The rapid growth of tourism has produced both
problems for destination countries.

OBJECTIVES

1. Appreciate the important contribution of tourism in

employment generation;
2. List down the positive and negative impacts of tourism in
the destination’s country; and
3. Evaluate the impacts of tourism in the economy.

PRETEST

1. Why Tourism is considered as a Labor Intensive

Industry?
2. How Tourism can give both White and Blue Collar
job?
3. Enumerate Investment related to tourism industry.

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A.Types Of Employment Generated By Tourism

1. Direct Employment – is which is generated as a result in

providing goods and services directly to the tourist.
 Hotel employees
 Flight attendants
 Ground attendants
 Travel agency

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 Transportation Industry

2. Indrect Employment -It lend support to the direct

employment.
 Food suppliers
 Tour wholesaler
 Contract food services
 Travel Publications

3. Induced Employment - Refers to the people working in

positions only peripherally related to tourism but generated
because of it.
 Construction workers
 Merchants
 Professionals (Engineer, Architect, Doctor)
 Real State agents etc.

B. Positive Impacts

a. Foreign Exchange
 Generates income in once destination or country.
 Expenditure of tourists worldwide are the major sources
of income in economies.
 Earn much needed dollars
 Invisible export ( services, products, and experience )

b. Investment

Tourism can bring investment that can stimulate the

local economy. Investment serve as catalysts that encourage
spending not only from the private sector but also public
sectors.
. Capital Invesment – refers to tangible elements of
tourism industry that include facilities, equipment and
infrastructure.
Investment Related To Tourism Industry
 Restaurant
 Hotel
 Resort
 Travel Agencies
 Other Capital investment
 Infrastructure
 Roads/ Bridges
 Communications
 Terminals/ Airport
 Water system
 Sewerage system

c. Jobs And Employment Generation

 Tourism means job
 Tourism is a labor intensive industry
 Tourism promotes job

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C. Three Types Of Employment Generated By Tourism

1. Direct Employment – is which is generated as a result in

providing goods and services directly to the tourist.
 Hotel employees
 Flight attendants
 Ground attendants
 Travel agency
 Transportation industry

Hotel Employees
Front Office Department
Front office manager, Front desk agent, Night auditor,
receptionist, uniform services ( Door man, Bell boy, valet
parking attendant ) and Concierge.
Food And Beverage Dept
Food and Beverage manager
Banquet and catering manager
Food server, bartender, busboy, bar attendant,
receptionist , Barista
Kitchen personnel ( Executive chef, cooks,
food stylish, station chef etc.)

Housekeeping Department
Executive housekeeper
Housekeeper
Linen and laundry attendant
Grounds and garden maintenance

Tourism Employment
Flight attendant
Ship steward
Cabin crew
Pilot
Ambassador/ Ambassadress
Travel agent (retail/ Whole sale )
Tourist guide
Tour organizer
Tour Arranger etc.

2. Indirect Employment - It lend support to the direct

employment.
 Food suppliers
 Tour wholesaler
 Contract food services
 Travel Publications
3. Induced Employment
Refers to the people working in positions only peripherally
related to tourism but generated because of it.
 Construction workers
 Merchants
 Professionals ( Engineer, Architect, Doctor )
 Real State agents etc.

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d. Taxes and Employment

o Tourism revenue comes in the form of taxes and fees.
o Profits earned by businesses and salaries paid to the
employees are taxed by the government.
o Fees are also collected by government offices for
licenses and permits.
o Travel taxes
o Taxes of incoming tourist
o Taxes from tourist products
o Indirect and direct taxes
o Taxes from the employees of tourism industry
o Business tax ( Hospitality industry )

e. Multiplier Effects
o Tourism is one of the best industries that generates a
multiplier effect. It happens when a tourist pay for the
hotel bill, and the hotel pay it’s employees, and the
employee pay his rent, and the landlord buy another
thing.

D. Negative Economic Impacts

1. Inflation
Is the increase in the prices of commodities at
a general level.
Inflation in our economy could be:
1. Temporary
2. Selective
3. Permanent

2. Leakages
 Leakage happen when an income generated by a
business is not used within local economy but is salted
away in, is remitted to the other country.
 Leakage takes the form of payments, compensations, or
plain transmittal.

3. Overdependence To Tourism Industry

Over dependence to tourism. When communities start to be
dependent on one industry, the tendency is to neglect the
other elements or components of society.
Dependence can also lead to a shift in the traditional ways
and lifestyles of people.
it can bring undesirable change in the attitude of the
local residence.

4. Higher Land Value

The land values that are near at the tourist

destinations became high in price. People were discouraged
to put their business because of the increase price of the
land and even commodities

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POST TEST

1. What are 3 types of employment generated by

tourism?
2. What are economic benefits from Tourism
Industry?
3. What is the economic problems cause by the
Tourism Industry?
4. What is the difference between Investment and
Capital Investment?

ACTIVITY

Activity: Role Play/ Groupings

Topic: Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

choose 3 kinds of employment generated by Tourism
The students have 20 minutes to discuss with the group and
5-10 minutes to execute the role play in front of the class.

REFLECTIONS

Write down below the learnings or insights that you have

gained from todays lesson.

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IMPACTS OF TOURISM
LESSON 5
Week 7 (3 Hours) IN SOCIO-CULTURE

INTRODUCTION

Culture and traditions are continuously changing

through new lifestyle, inventions and ideas. The spread of
culture is called diffusion. You can say that they are
assimilating into the new culture by dressing, eating and
participating in daily activities. The world’s first civilizations
arose in culture soul that emerged from farming settlements.
Surplus food allowed early civilizations to focus on trading
that lead into the development. People travel for trading.
Today technology has increased cultural contact and
promoted multi -cultural change and understanding.

OBJECTIVES

1. Appreciate the importance of the past to the present;

2. Highlights Pilipino traits, rituals, religion, folklores, food
and drinks etc.;
3. Enumerate the positive impacts of tourism in socio-
culture; and
4. Emphasize the negative impacts of tourism in socio-
culture and give some measurement and control.

PRETEST

1. What Pinoy traits or traditions you learned from your

family?
2. Enumerate Traditional games or larong pinoy
3. What do you think is the difference between rituals and
Traditions?
Give an example.

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COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. What Is Culture?

Refers to the beliefs, values, behavior and material

objects that, together, form a people way of life. It includes
traditions and beliefs we inherit and pass on the next
generations. This is the totality of our shared language,
knowledge, material objects and behavior.

Cultural Components
 Symbols
 Language
 Values
 Norms
 Folkways
 Norms
 Laws

Cultural Tourism

Traditions, customs, religions, ceremonies, rituals, the

arts,crafts, language,food, dress, architecture, landscaping
are all elements of what we called ― Cultural Tourism‖.

B. The Intangible Cultural Heritage

Is the practice, representation, expression,

knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO ( United Nation
Educational Scientific Cultural Organization ) to be part of
the place’s cultural heritage, buildings, historic places,
monuments, and artifacts are physically intellectual wealth.

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C. Social Impacts

Refers to changes in the lives of people who live at the

destination communities, and are associated more with
direct contact between residents and tourist.

D. Cultural Impacts

Refers to changes in arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and

architecture of people, and are longer term changes which
result more from tourism development.

Positive Impacts
1. Preservation And Restoration Of Cultural Heritage
 The tourism industry has come up with measures and
activities that hasten the preservation and restoration of
culture. A well preserved or revived culture perpetuates
the traditional way of life, natural arts and crafts and folk
culture in general.
 Cultural Heritage
o It means to gain appreciation of the past or something we
got a legacy.
o The oldest form of tourism
o Traditions, customs, rituals etc.
o Traditional art form
o Traditional songs and dances
o Model culture villages ( living museums )
2. Cross-Cultural Understanding
o The tourist and the host communities can learn from each
other.
o Exchange of ideas
o Social interaction
o Multi-cultural understanding
o Root and ethics
o Renaissance of native culture

Negative Impacts
1. Commercialization

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o In tourism, all things that is true and natural are made

available for fees. Human relationship becomes
superficial because the host communities orientation.
o Shift compensation for services rather than true
appreciation.
o Communization occurs when things or events that has
previously been given monetary or economic value are
transformed into commodities.

2. Conflicts and mis understanding Among Tourists,

Visitors, And Business Operators
o The visitor and host community get exposed to different
cultures, have their own set of values, when two cultures
meet, there is a strong possibility that conflicts will arise.
o some possible causes of conflicts are the differences in
the culture and traditions of the people of the world.

3. Acculturation
o Acculturation theory states that when too culture meet,
the stronger may influence and shape the weaker
culture.
o In the encounter or clash of cultures, the values or
behavior of the community may change.

Acculturation Demonstrative Effects

CREATING NEW DEMANDS

AND

EXPECTATIONS

4 STRUCTURES
DISTRUPTIONS OF AUTHORITY

ASSIMILATIONS OF COUNTRY’S CULTURE

ALTERED SOCIAL VALUES

E. Cultural Convergence

o Is the tendency of world culture to become alike?

o A very good example of this is the adoption of many
European ways by people of less developed countries
 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

because of their exposure to European culture and

technology.

Impacts Control Measures

Negative Impacts Of Tourism In Environment:

1. Environmental Conflicts
2. Congestion
3. Exploitation and exhaustion of natural and
manmade resources.

Impacts Control Measures

Two measures have been identified to reduce the negative

impact of tourism, thus, create a quality environment for both
the residents and the tourists.
1. General Control Measures– designed to protect
various aspects of the environment- endangered animals
and plants, beaches and forest. The creation of natural parks
and wilderness areas.
the man made environment is included in the conservation
and restoration of historical or archaeological monuments,
valuable buildings and neighborhoods.
2. Regulation And Control – refers to zoning and land
use, specifications on the facilities being built as to height,
appearance, open space, overall design among other things.

F. Negative Economic Impacts

1. Inflation
2. Leakages
3. Over dependence to tourism

Impact Control Measures

1. Develop tourism gradually so that the local residents can
have sufficient time to adapt and understand it.
2. Provide incentives to local ownership, management
and operations.
3. Develop strong linkages between economic and tourism
activities in the industry.
4. Plan, develop, and organize tourism.
5. Educate the host community to work efficiently n all levels
of tourism, including managerial and technical positions.

G. Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts

1. Commercialization
2. Conflicts and mis understanding among tourist, visitors,
and business operators
3. Acculturation
Impact Control Measures

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1. Develop programs which enhance tourism’s contribution

to intercultural communication and interaction.
2. Incorporate local indigenous features within western- style
structures.
3. Proper training of local residents about visitors- host
interaction.

POST TEST

Identifications:
___________1. It refers to changes in arts, artifacts,
customs, rituals and architecture of people, and are longer
term changes which result more from tourism development.
___________2. Is a shift compensation for services rather
than true appreciation?
___________3. It is a the process of social adaption of a
group or individual.
___________4. It means to gain appreciation of the past or
something we got as a legacy.
___________5. Is the tendency of world culture to become
alike?
___________6. A joyful celebration or occasion or when
cultural works are performed.
___________7. It refers to changes in the lives of people lives
at the destination and associated more with direct contact
between the residents and tourist.
___________8. Theory states that when too culture meets,
the stronger may influence and shape the weaker culture.
___________9. It occurs when things or events that have
previously been given monetary or economic value are
transformed into commodities.
___________10. It is a living museum?

ACTIVITY

The student will choose at least one existing attraction

in the Philippines and come up with a plan based on the
knowledge gain from the topics and present the actual
demonstration on the local attraction or destination in the
class.

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REFERENCES

Mowforth Martin, Munt Ian (2015 ) Tourism and

Sustainability 3rd edition

Wall Geofrey, Alister Mathieson ( 2015 ) Tourism change,

impacts, and opportunities

Weaver David, (2010) Ecotourism second edition

JOURNAL/MAGAZINES

1. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource

2. Cornell Tourism Administration

ONLINE RESOURCES:
http://www.vm.cfsan/fda.gov’t/dsm/hrel-3html

REFLECTIONS

Write down below the learnings or insights that you have

gained from todays lesson.

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TOURISM IMPACTS
LESSON 6
Week 9 (3 Hours)
ASSESSMENT

NTRODUCTION

Have you visited La Mesa Eco Park? Do you know

where it is situated? What is the essence of this Eco Park?
Do you know other Eco Parks? Do you have one near your
residence?
It was a tour guiding class when I visited La Mesa Eco
Park. I felt so surprised, amazed and fascinated. It is like a
forest in the heart of Metro Manila. A nature inside the traffic
jam and bustling busy streets of the National Capital Region.
It is part of the La Mesa Nature Reserve, which protects La
Mesa Dam, where it is the water reservoir of the
metropolitan region.
Now what’s the connection of this featured park to our
lesson. Let’s find out. How come that a congested city can
be able to have a nature park?

OBJECTIVES

1. Enumerate and Discuss the various dimensions

determinants of tourism impacts; and
2. Apply assessment frameworks in analyzing the potential
impact of tourism to a given destination and its indicators.

What do we have?
- Definition of TIA
- Its importance and advantages
- Basic consideration in TIA
- Steps in TIA
- TIA Tools
- Types of carrying capacity assessment

ACTIVITY

Supply the positive and negative impacts of the pictures below.

Write your answer in the provided table.

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Photo by Henrico.US Photo by NPS photo/Dave Bieri

Picture Positive Impact Negative Impact

Photo by
Henrico.US

Photo by NPS
photo/Dave
Bieri

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. What is Tourism Impact Assessment

● It refers to the methods used for evaluating the

environmental impact of touristic activities to preserve
Natural Protected Areas. It is a practical tool to assess,
monitor and prevent negative impacts to reach
1
sustainable tourism management.
Importance of tourism impact assessment

1. It anticipates the bad or wrong possibility effects

2. It gives necessary precautions when bad consequences
happened

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3. It suggests consultative process before implementation

4. It enables the planners/developers to prevent or mitigate
impacts

5 Main Advantages of Tourism Impact Assessment:

1. The application of the TIA does not require an expert - it

can be done by locals, government entities and private
organizations.
2. Can measure occurred impacts - it can assess the
potential and future impacts.
3. Based on local experts - where they are the actual
persons involved in the environmental activities
4. It prioritize the environmental conditions - what is needed
will be supplied
5. It is a practical tool - where irreversible deterioration can
be avoided

Basic considerations in tourism impact assessment

1. Constitution and Existing Laws

2. Land Use Plans and Spatial Planning
3. Zoning Laws, Zones of tourism value
4. Regulations on Tourism Investments, Tourism Enterprise
Zones, and Tourism Enterprises
5. Building Code ( various permits, standards for various
types of structures)
6. Business Registration Requirements
7. Requirements for public consultation
8. Foreign Equity Laws
9. Protected Area Laws
10. Indigenous People’s Rights, Including their rights to
ancestral domains
11. Gender and Development Provision
12. Minimum Wage Laws
13. Labor Laws
14. Environmental Laws
15. Tourism Policy Act

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16. Critical Habitat Areas

17. Buffer Zones

The 4 Steps of Tourism Impact Assessment

1. Identification of touristic activity pressures -

determine all present activities for tourism. For instance
are the water activities like diving, snorkelling and
motorized boating. For land, hiking, biking and many
more.

2. Selection of ecological components - choose the

component that has direct pressure to tourism. Soil,
water, forest, biodiversity are good examples.

3. Identification and description of impacts - identify

impacts on each pressure and its component with the
experts consultation. After the steps 1 and 2, analyzing
the gathered information and getting the experts opinion
is necessary for the context of the assessment. It will
serve as a measure to check its validity.

4. Establishment of criteria to evaluate the magnitude

of the impacts - determine the impact by integrating the
pressure severity, the component's vulnerability and the
management capacity of the protected area

B. Tourism Impact Assessment Tools

1. Triple Bottom Line Approach – Encompasses with

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, and ENVIRONMENTAL impacts of
tourism.

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Photo by
commons.wikimedia.org

2. Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment – used to

identify and implement limits to the number of visitors to
specific destinations or attractions.

C. Types of Carrying Capacity Assessment According

to Lundberg

1. Physical CC- determines the level of physical impacts that

are acceptable at a destination.
2. Perceptual CC – look at the situation from the tourists’
point of view, related to how they perceived the quality of the
destination.
3. Social or Sociocultural CC – focuses on the social and
cultural changes due to tourism increase.
4. Economic CC – the destination’s possibility to cater the
demand without crowding out other local economic activities.
5. Political or Administrative CC – concerned with how the
local, political, and administrative bodies can cope with
tourism and to what extent it is needed to put limits on
tourism inflow.

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REQUIREMENT

The student will choose at least one existing attraction

in the Philippines and assess the tourism impact to the
industry.

REFLECTION

Can you create a simple tourism impact assessment of your

hometown? Or any place that you want to explore its impact
towards the environment? Ready your proofs.

POST TEST

1. It is a TIA tool that covers the economic, social and

environmental impact of tourism.
a. Triple bottom line approach
b. Triple line approach
c. Tourism carrying capacity assessment
d. Tourism Impact Assessment
2. It is a methodology in assessing the environmental
impact and preserving Natural Protected Areas.
a. Triple bottom line approach
b. Triple line approach
c. Tourism carrying capacity assessment
d. Tourism Impact Assessment
3. It is the basic consideration in TIA.
a. Building code
b. Labor laws
c. Environmental laws
d. All of the above
4. Ecological components are:
a. Soil
b. Water
c. Forest
d. All of the above

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5. It determines the local, political and administrative

entities in coping with tourism inflow.
a. Physical carrying capacity
b. Social carrying capacity
c. Economic carrying capacity
d. Political/administrative carrying capacity

REFERENCES

"(PDF) Tourism impact assessment: A tool to evaluate the

...." 5 Oct. 2018,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328002231_Touris
m_impact_assessment_A_tool_to_evaluate_the_environme
ntal_impacts_of_touristic_activities_in_Natural_Protected_Ar
eas. Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
LESSON 7
Week 10 (3 Hours)

INTRODUCTION

According to Harold Goodwin, Responsible Tourism

is about "making better places for people to live in and better
places for people to visit." Responsible Tourism requires that
operators, hoteliers, governments, local people and tourists
take responsibility, take action to make tourism more
sustainable.2
Responsible tourism by definition is tourism that
minimizes negative social, economic and environmental
impacts and generates greater economic benefits for local
people.

OBJECTIVES

You will learn the following:

1. Enumerate the positive and negative impacts of tourism

on the environment, the economy and society;
2. Identify the general categories of sustainable tourism
practices at various level governance; and
3. Explain the ways by which the tourism industry
contributes to environmental degradation.

What do we have?
- Definition of Responsible Tourism
- Green Tourism
- Tourism concern
- Fair trade

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PRETEST

Activity:
Look for a logo that will signify that you are a responsible
tourist. Add a short caption to emphasize your objective.

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. Responsible Tourism

https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/what-is-
responsible-tourism/.
Accessed 27 Aug. 2020.

B. Responsible Tourism Occurs Where Tourism

Development

 Can minimize the economic, environmental, and socio-

cultural negative impacts
 May improve quality of lives through economic benefits
for the locals
 Suggest the conservation of cultural heritage, and its
natural condition
 Encourage courtesy and respect to tourists and locals

Green Tourism - this is another term that describes

responsible tourism, usually referring to rural tourism.
C.Greenwashing
This means that an organization adopts responsible
tourism policies in order to reassure customers and gain
favorable publicity. However, these policies are often
superficial and do not fully adhere to the principles of
responsible tourism.
Golden Rule for Green Travel
1. Book for non-stop flights - it lessens carbon emission
when landing and take off
2. Use e-tickets - it uses ―no paper no waste scheme‖
3. Rent e-vehicles - it uses less carbon emission
4. Stay at local B&B - locals used less waste

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5. Bring your own toiletries - it saves single used materials

6. Opt for out of room cleaning - it minimize cleaning agents
7. Avoid using the hotels laundry service - hotels wash
guest clothes separately which entails more water usage
8. Hang up your towel - it minimize linen laundry costs
9. Think before piling up your plate - avoid leftovers
10. Skip commercial tour companies - they often pay taxes in
small percentage
11. Be mindful on wildlife encounters - avoid hands on
wildlife encounters as they are often stressed to humans
12. Volunteer in the new city - leave the destination in better
state than you arrive

D. The Importance of Fair Trade

What is fair trade? It is a social effort of promoting and

improving the social and environmental patterns of
production by the producers around the globe. This gives
extra programs for those belonging to the marginalized
sectors.
It is believed that many large companies were having
huge profits due to the cheap labor cost and production
expenses. It also touches other unfair practices such as
unfair wage distribution, unsustainable programs, unfit
workplaces, and other violations, especially about human
rights.
We can do something out of these issues. We can
quickly change our simple ways of purchasing. We can
choose an obvious fair trade store, we can check their
corporate social responsibility status, we can always have an
option and we can always adapt to ―purchasing power‖.
Tourism Concern - is a registered charity which
encourages sustainable tourism in destination countries by
working with communities and trying to find ways of reducing
the social and environmental problems connected to tourism
and increasing local benefits.
Tourism Concern’s 10 Principles for Sustainable
Tourism

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1. Using resources sustainably – the conservation and

sustainable use of resources whether natural, social or
cultural are very crucial and needs long term business sense
2. Lowering the overconsumption and over wastage – the
reduction of waste and implementation of wise consumption
can contribute to the overall quality of tourism and prevents
long term costs
3. Maintaining diversity – it means sustaining the natural,
cultural and social diversity creates a resilient industry in the
long run
4. Integrating tourism into planning – tourism development
which is integrated into a national and local strategic
planning framework undertakes environmental impact
assessments and increases the long-term viability of
tourism.
5. Advocating local economies – an industry that supports local
economies gives protection to the environment as a whole.
Taking care of local economies means taking consideration
of the whole aspects of the area.
6. Involving the locals – the local communities benefit from the
environment which in the end satisfies the tourism
experience.
7. Consulting stakeholders and the public – every sector of the
industry are essential and needs support, making them in
unison with every activity may prevent or resolve future
conflicts.
8. Empowering staff - staff training invigorates the great quality
of the tourism product.
9. Marketing tourism responsibly – providing full and
responsible information encourages protection to natural,
social and cultural environments of destination areas and
invites the customer
10. Undertaking research – conducting and monitoring research
makes data collection and analysis essential to help solve
problems and bring benefits to the whole industry including
the destination, locals, and tourists.

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REFLECTION

Think of a simple contribution you can make for

Responsible Tourism. List it down or post on your facebook
account.

POST TEST

1. It is often to be superficial in adhering the principles of

responsible tourism.
a. Golden Rule for Green Travel
b. Green tourism
c. Greenwashing
d. Responsible tourism
2. It also means responsible tourism in a rural-setting.
a. Golden Rule for Green Travel
b. Green tourism
c. Greenwashing
d. Responsible tourism
3. It is making better places for people to live in and to visit.
a. Golden Rule for Green Travel
b. Green tourism
c. Greenwashing
d. Responsible tourism
4. It is a social movement that promotes social and
environmental standards for producers.
a. Tourism Concern
b. Golden Rule for Green Travel
c. Green tourism
d. Fair trade
5. It is a registered charity which encourages sustainable
tourism in destination countries by working with the
communities.
a. Tourism Concern
b. Golden Rule for Green Travel
c. Green tourism
d. Fair trade

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REQUIREMENT

Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

discuss in the class the responsible tourism in the area.

REFERENCES

Tourism Concern." https://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/.

Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

"The Importance of Fair Trade - The Altruistic Traveller." 7

Oct. 2018, https://thealtruistictraveller.com/the-importance-
of-fair-trade/. Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

"Responsible tourism - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges."

https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVoca
tional/TravelAndTourism/ALevel/A2GCETravelAndTourism/
Resources/Freeresources/A2TTedexcelUnit7.pdf. Accessed
3 Sep. 2020.

"What is Responsible Tourism - The Altruistic Traveller." 7

Oct. 2018, https://thealtruistictraveller.com/what-is-
responsible-tourism/.

Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

"What is Responsible Tourism? - Responsible Tourism ...."
24 Sep. 2014,
https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/what-is-
responsible-tourism/. Accessed 27 Aug. 2020.

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VISITOR MANAGEMENT
LESSON 8
Week 11 (3 Hours)

INTRODUCTION

Visitor Management is the process of keeping track of

people that visits the location. It is a sort of security scheme
that varies depending on the organization’s policies, facility
type, industry, and even geographic location. Other
organizations collect visitor’s names and some have other
personal data requirements such as badges, legal
documents, and more.
Visitor management systems are tools that make
organization policies effective as well as security details. Its
value marks on the need to upgrade and adapt to innovative
changes that satisfy the customers both internal and
external.

OBJECTIVES

1. Explain what indicators are and their value for monitoring

tourism sustainability
a. enumerate the design criteria for tourism site, which
includes environmental sensitivity, inclusivity, cultural
sensitivity, safety, tropical design and gender sensitivity

What do we have?
- Definition of VM
- Key features of VM
- 4 Approaches of VM
- VM flowchart
- VSG

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PRETEST

Create a quotation or words of wisdom about visitors.

It should be original and sounds catchy. Try to post it on your
story via Facebook or Messenger.

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. To Manage Visitors

Key Features:
 Simple sign-in process – means customizing questions
and fields by using the digital sign in systems
 Digital visitor log – is a recordkeeping system that can be
easily accessed
 Host notifications – alerts the property for incoming
visitors and decreases visitors queuing time
 Digital legal documents – enables the digital sign in using
the clients submitted documents
 Badge printing – allows easy enforcement of badge
policies
 Visitor photos – captures visitors appearance as a
security feature
 Custom branding – gives the impression of professional
touch of own logo
 Pre-registration – informs everyone who would be
arriving
 Integration – combines the new system and existing
workflows
Why Do We Have To Manage Visitors?

1. Visitors can negatively use or affect vegetation, soil, water,

and wildlife resources as well as the other visitor’s overall
experiences.

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2. Crowding of Visitors and conflict can reduce the quality of

the visitor’s total experiences.
3. Environmental attributes such as vegetation and soil
resistance and resiliency depend on the visitor’s resource
impacts.
4. The Decision-making framework provides a flexible and
efficient means of managing visitor impacts responsively.
5. It can make or break the branding and image of the
organization

B.The 4 strategic approaches

1. Administer the supply of tourism or visitor opportunities,

like increasing the spaces allotment or the time availability to
accommodate more use;
2. Control the demand for visitation through limitations on the
length of stay, the used total numbers, or type of utilities.
3. Supervise the resource capabilities to handle use, for
instance hardening the areas or specific locations, or
developing facilities; and
4. Manage the impact of use by reducing the negative
impacts by modifying the type of use

Visitor

Management Flowchart

Photo courtesy of http://www.visitlog.se/en/

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Visitlog is a modern VMS that streamlines the process of

maintaining the record of each visitor in a secured manner.It
is user-friendly as well as easily accessible.

Basic Steps in receiving Visitors:

1. Registration - visitors will give their personal information

through a form.

2. After filling up the form is the printing of

badge/wifi/parking permit as a security measure.

3. The visitor host will be receiving a text message or mail

as a signal that a visitor is on their way.

4. Visitors will be receiving an emergency list for added

safety measures.

5. As the visitors depart, the check out process will happen

as well as the recording and reporting takes place.

VSG

The Visitor Safety Group (originally called Visitor

Safety in the Countryside Group) was established in May
1997. Through the years the group has been meeting
regularly to exchange information and develop ideas in
enhancing their philosophy. Specifically, they have prioritized
the creation of safe access to the countryside in ways that
do not spoil nor have an impact on the landscape and
heritage, or reduce the visitor’s sense of exploration and
adventure implications.
The VSG owns extensive lands and properties to
encourage public access in ensuring that all people, whether
members or tourists are committed to protecting and
enhancing the environment. The management group has
day to day experience of visitor management and includes
specialist safety advisers.
C. Guiding Principles

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The principles apply to individuals and groups visiting

land, water, buildings and other structures. They are relevant
to parks, gardens, country parks, historic houses and
monuments, canals and rivers in urban and rural areas, as
well as open countryside, nature reserves and forests.
Visitors include people engaged in informal recreation as
well as participants in various sports and activities. The
principles are not intended to cover employee safety or the
work of contractors. They are grouped under five main
headings.
1. Fundamentals
● Take account of conservation, heritage, recreation,
cultural and landscape objectives
● Respect the people’s sense of freedom and adventure
● Avoid restrictions on accessibilities
2. Awareness
● Advise the visitors on potentials hazards along the way
● Initiate to Inform and educate your visitors about the
nature and extent of hazards
● Provide the risk control measures in place and the
necessary precautions visible
3. Partnership
● Anticipate and prepare for people that have different
levels of risk acceptance
● Beware on the risk control measures for one visitor
group that may create risks to others
● Work with visitor groups to promote understanding and
resolve conflict
● Work with visitor groups to promote understanding and
resolve conflict
→ Further detail on Guiding Principles – Partnership
4. Responsibility
● It is important to strike a balance between user self-
reliance and management intervention (See Risk Control
Matrix – NB large image)
● It is reasonable to expect visitors to exercise
responsibility for themselves
● It is reasonable to expect visitors not to put others at risk

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● It is reasonable to expect parents, guardians and leaders

to supervise people in their care
→ Further detail on Guiding Principles – Responsibility
5. Risk control
● Assess risks and develop safety plans for individual sites
● Risk control measures should be consistent
● Risk control measures should take account of wider
benefits to society
● Monitor the behaviour and experience of visitors to
review visitor safety plans
● Make sure that your work activities do not expose visitors
to risk

REFLECTION

Who is your favorite visitor and why?

POST TEST

1. It is a process that organizes and tracks the people that

visit their location.
a. VSG
b. Visitlog
c. Visitor Management
d. Visitor
2. It is a modern Visitor Management System that
streamline the process of maintaining the record of each
visitor in a secured manner.
a. VSG
b. Visitlog
c. Visitor Management
d. Visitor
3. They are committed in protecting and enhancing the
environment through specialist safety advisers.
a. VSG

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b. Visitlog
c. Visitor Management
d. Visitor
4. The guiding principles of VSG are, except:
a. Fundamental
b. Awareness
c. Collaboration
d. Responsibility
5. The basic steps in receiving visitors are, except:
a. Registration
b. Check out
c. Printing of badge
d. Request

REQUIREMENT

Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

discuss the visitor management on the chosen area.

REFERENCES

What is Visitor Management? | Envoy."

https://envoy.com/what-is-visitor-management/. Accessed 27
Aug. 2020.

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TOURISM
LESSON 9
Week 12 (3 Hours)
IMPACT MITIGATION

INTRODUCTION

Tourism impacts greatly affect the environment both

flora and fauna. Air pollution, water pollution; carbon
emissions and the water waste are some of the problems
that tourism industry contributed to the environment.

The topic will discuss the different strategies and

practices for sustainable tourism development. Impact
mitigation is important in tourism industry. Hence, the
environment both natural are man-made are one of the
major contributor in the economic development of the
country. Furthermore, mitigation helps sustain the aesthetic
of the environment and can be used for future generation.

OBJECTIVES

1. Distinguish and appreciate the importance of the

concepts of tourism impacts mitigation;
2. Identify which are the factors and practices of tourism
industry that causes or contribute to environmental
degradation; and
3. Apply the different strategies and practices mentioned in
the topic for sustainable tourism.

PRETEST

1. What is tourism impact mitigation?

2. What do you think are the factors that contribute to the
environmental degradation?
3. What is the importance of the concepts of tourism impact
mitigation?

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COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. Mitigation

 ―USAID (2018) defined

mitigation as ―the
implementation of measures
designed to reduce the
undesirable effects of a
proposed action on the
environment.‖
 USAID, Three categories:
 Prevention and control measures
 Compensatory measures
 remediation measures

B. Minimizing Carbon Footprint

 According to study by the TUI Group, the tourism

contributes about 5% of
global emissions.
 Global emissions
caused by the aviation
sector.
C. Air Pollution Mitigation
 Increase the number of
tourist arrivals in the
destination increase
also the vehicular traffic
that cause air pollution.
 Two ways to solve the problems:
 Plant trees, by this it will block the noise coming from the
vehicle and also it will serves as a buffer.
 Far back tourism and hospitality facilities from the road.

D. Wastewater-saving Technologies

 Wastewater-saving can also help and used as fertilizers

for agricultural purposes. Tourism establishments in the
industry should observed and used technologies for the

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 purpose of recycling this water waste to preserve the

environment.

E. Solid Waste Reduction

o According to the UNEP

and GTZ (2003),
accommodation
establishments generate
types of solid waste:
 Newspaper and magazine
 Cleansing agent
containers
 Flower in guestrooms
 plastic shampoo
 Cosmetic bottles
 Old towels, linens, bed sheets
 etc.
 A preventive measure by production reduces the solid
waste.

F. Sustainable Building Design

 The Whole Building Design Guide (2014), Six

Fundamental Principles in Sustainable Building Design:
 Optimized site potential
 Optimized energy used
 Protection and conservation of water
 Optimized building spaces and material use
 Enhanced indoor environmental quality
 Optimized operational and maintenance practices

G. Mitigation Measures to Reduce Impacts on

Aesthetics Visual Quality, and Light and Glare

H. Mitigation Measures to Reduce Noise

 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ambient

sound levels should not exceed 30 dBA for sound sleep.
However, in places close to airports, the noise from aircraft
taking off and landing exceeds 100 dBA.
 To minimize the noise of the roads the best solution is to use
asphalt with rubberized pavement.

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POST-TEST:

Essay:
1. Identify and discuss the best practices and strategies to
minimize or reduce the impact of tourism industry to the
environment?
2. Site five tourism industry advantages and disadvantages
that impact the area of destination near to your place?

REFLECTION

Write down your insights and learning about the

lesson today.

REQUIREMENT

Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

discuss the tourism impact mitigation on the chosen area.

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EFERENCES

Ecotourism First Edition, Reil G. Cruz, 2017

Ecotourism Second Edition, David Weaver, 2012

SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES

http://sustainabledepaul.blogspot.com/p/sustainability-
frameworks.html
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4
099Presentation%200.1%20Kelly%20Bricker%20-
%20full%20presentation.pdf
https://aqmauditing.com/iso-14001-
consulting/environmental-benefits-of-conservation/

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SUSTAINABLE
LESSON 10
Week 13 (3 Hours)
DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Tourism sustainable design is important to be able to

satisfy the travellers and tourist. It will become an enjoyable
place for them. The design of sustainable tourism promotes
cultural sensitivity and environmental conservation.

The students of Tourism Management will be able to

appreciate and understand the importance of tourism
sustainable design. They will apply the knowledge learned in
the future.

OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the concept of good design;

2. Identify the tourism destination area: and
3. Discuss the concept of sustainable design.

PRETEST

1. What is sustainable tourism design?

2. What is a good design of sustainable tourism?
3. How to choose tourism site?
4. What is facility design?
5. Give example of facility in tourism industry that needs to
be designed?

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COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. Good Design Principles

 ―Rawsthorn(2008), something is well designed if it fulfills

its function efficiently but is also beautiful. Well- designed
product is easy to use, technologically, innovative,
ethically made, and environmental friendly.‖
 Mostly well designed attraction is safe to use and operate
because it is well studded.
B. Choosing a Tourism Site

 Prof. Felipe
De Leon,
UNESCO,
the cultural
heritage has
the source of
value:
 Originality
 Indigenous
 Authenticity
 Uniqueness
 Historicity
 Magnitude
 Excellence
 In choosing tourism sites the accessibility of the location
most also be considered.

C. Sustainable Tourism Design

 Fisher (1992 in soliman and El-Din Rashed 2020), list

five major
principles of
environmentally
sustainable
building design:
 Healthful interior
environments
 Energy efficiency
 Environmental form
 Use of ecological
materials
 Good design

D. Facility Design

 The design of the

tourism attraction
should compatible
or match to the
local condition and
landscape of the
area.

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 Byahut (2004) and Canadian Heritage Parks Canada, on

accessible outdoor facilities specially for Person with
Disability PWD:
 Minimum of 2 wheelchairs
 Comply with the necessary and accessible dimensions
for wheelchair
 2,000 mm minimum clear head room for hallways
 Universal color should be followed
 Accessible routes and spaces like ground and floors
 protective railing, walls and curbs should be placed at the
edge of the pool for example
 Accessible parking spaces must be observed

E. Safety Consideration

 Calanog (2012), hazards of tourism industry must clearly

mark.
 Covered structured, roof cottages should withstand with
the wind with 150kph
 Tourism industry is vulnerable with hazards example of
this are natural and man-made hazards.
 Man-made hazards are crime, rubbery and war.
 Natural hazards evolve typhoon, floods, landslide,
earthquake, storm surge and volcanic eruption.

F. Cultural Sensitivity

 Cultural sensitivity is also one consideration in designing

tourism facilities. It
promotes the
culture of the host
community and it
may also attracts
foreign traveller to
visit the attraction
to experience and
observed

G. Gender Sensitivity

 In designing tourism facilities it is also to consider the

LGBTQ (Lesbian, gay, Bisexual, Transgender and
Questioning of (Queer) especially when it comes to their
comforts.
 Some establishments offer for example a s eparate
comfort rooms to cater LGBTQ.

H. Tourism Facilities

 Parking Lot
o Safe and secure parking lot is important
 Visitor Center
o Alternative desk for the guest apart from the front desk
 Blinds and Observation Platforms
o Oberbiling (2002), defined as a structure that conceals
viewers and photographs from birds or other wildlife.

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 Trailhead
o It is the marks or starting point of the travellers who go for
hiking and other off road vehicles
 Trails
o DENR (2009), trail must be designed for safe and
convenient access and as a means for interpretation and
recreation
 Boardwalks
o It is designed for the travellers and guest to protect them
from accident
 Ecolodge
o It is a type of accommodation in which economical,
natured based types that protects the environment and at
the same time the host community
 Glass Viewing Platforms
 Zip lines
 Composting Toilets
o This is ideal especially in a remote area for example
island or undiscovered attraction that do not offer a
tourism facility yet.
 Shower rooms
 Facilities for animals

I. Philippine Guidelines

 Signs
o Defined by DENR as ― any letter, word, numerical or
pictorial presentation, illustration, decoration, emblem,
device, symbol or trademarks, flag, banner or advertise
that is visible to the public.

 Classification of Signs
o Administrative sign – written the protected areas, facilities
and boundaries information
o Directional sign – written the direction and location in
symbolic way
o Interpretive sign – written in an interactive way
o Restriction sign – written on the sign the limitation of the
area.
a. Specification for sign
b. Information board
c. Boundary marker
d. Bouys

POST-TEST

Essay:
1. Provide an example of a tourism attraction in your area
you had visited last year and discuss the good design
principles?
2. Choose two tourism attraction that you have visited in the
last 2 years and discuss the principles of sustainable
tourism development?

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REFLECTION

Write down your insights and learning about the

lesson today.

REQUIREMENT

Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

discuss the tourism sustainable design on the chosen area.

REFERENCES

Ecotourism First Edition, Reil G. Cruz, 2017

Ecotourism Second Edition, David Weaver, 2012

SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES

http://sustainabledepaul.blogspot.com/p/sustainability-
frameworks.html

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4
099Presentation%200.1%20Kelly%20Bricker%20-
%20full%20presentation.pdf
https://aqmauditing.com/iso-14001-
consulting/environmental-benefits-of-conservation/

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COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
LESSON 11
Week 14 (3 Hours) FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

INTRODUCTION

Community participation is very important factor in a

destination area. Community is composed of the following
group of stakeholders: conservation group or the
environmentalist, non-government organization, developers,
government agencies, workers, local communities,
indigenous people and of course tourist. Each of the group
has its own interest and reasons why they participated.

Through community participation for sustainable

tourism, students of tourism management will appreciate and
aware of the importance of the group of stakeholder in the
destination specially the host community. In addition to this,
empowering the local and the women to participate for
sustainable development tourism and respect the cultural
integrity of the area.

OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the importance of community participation;

2. Understand the theory of stakeholders;
3. Appreciate the benefits of stakeholder participation;
4. Cite the important groups of stakeholders in tourism; and
5. Discuss the planning techniques in community
participation for sustainable tourism.

PRETEST

1. What is community participation?

2. What is the different stakeholders group?
3. What is the importance of community participation?

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4. What is a stakeholder in tourism sustainable

development?
5. What are the challenges of community or stakeholders
participation to the sustainable development of tourism
destination?

COURSE METHODOLOGY

A. THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

According to UN Agenda 21, a community-driven

approach to sustainability would involve the following:
1. Empowering women through full participation in decision-
making;
2. Respecting the rights of indigenous people of their
communities and their cultural integrity;
3. Promote mechanism to allow sharingof knowledge and
experience between communities;
4. Participation of the host communities in protection of the
natural resources and sustainable management to
enhance the productive capacity; and
5. Establishing a network of community-based learning
centers for capacity-building and sustainable
development.

Reil G. Cruz, Ph.D. states that Stakeholder’s tourism

industry stated principles of for sustainable development it
includes the following:
 Creating positive experience for both visitors and hosts;
 Financial benefits
for local people and
private industry;
 Recognition of the
rights and beliefs of
indigenous
peoples;
 Support for human
rights and
democratic
movement;
 Partnership between specialized tour operators and
service provider partners at the destination;
 Promotion of well-being;
 Community development;
 Community participation in management and ethics;
 Inclusion of local community and indigenous people in
development; and
 Gender equality.

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According to Toson and Timothy 2003, Bhartiya and Masoud

2015, in Sustainable tourism development the community
participation is very important for the following reasons:
o Vital elements in the strategies in implementation of
tourism plans;
o Tourist satisfaction increases;
o Equal distribution of benefits and costs among the
members of community;
o Better tourism plans through tourism professional design;
and \
o Helps the local community.

Pederson (2002), the process of getting stakeholders

involved in planning and managing tourism offers several
advantages.
 It saves time and money in the long term by avoiding the
project getting locked by groups that were disgruntled or
ignored.
 One of the most frustrating things that could happen is to
finish a tourism plan document but fail to get public
approval because some politicians felt bad that they had
not been consulted.

B. Stakeholders Theory

Freeman’s stakeholder’s theory (2001) is essential for

management to consider the interests of all stakeholders
and maintain balance among the interest.

Six principles for genuine participation by Freeman (2001),

these are the following:
1. Principles of entry and exit
 Stakeholders in tourism must be able to negotiate
contract, enter and exit. They have option to be part or an
option out of it.
2. Principle of governance
 Unanimous consent upon agreeing the procedures for
changing rules for sustainable tourism.
3. Principles of externalities
 If the contract between stakeholders A and B impose a
cost on C, then C should have the option to become a
party to the contract, to have a say in how tourism should
be conducted.
4. Principle of contracting cost
 Share the cost of contract by all parties involved.
5. Agency principle

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 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Serve the interest of not just one stakeholder group but

the interest of all stakeholders.
6. Principle of limited immorality
 Continue to serve the interest of all stakeholders for the
survival of sustainable tourism destination.

Stakeholders

Freeman (2001) defines stakeholders in two different

definition, Groups or individuals who benefit from or are
harmed by, and whose rights are violated by or respected by
tourism.
1. The narrow definition includes only groups or individuals
who are vital to the survival and success of tourism
development.
2. The wide definition includes individual or groups who can
affect or is affected by tourism development.

United Nations (1992) recognizes the development roles of

the following major groups:
1. Women,
2. Children and youth,
3. Indigenous people and their communities,
4. Non-government organizations,
5. Local government authorities,
6. Workers and their trade unions,
7. Business and industry,
8. Scientific and technological community.

Stakes in Tourism

The participation of the stakeholder in the

presentation of tourism council, election, public consultation,
process and enable all the stakeholders in different groups
to achieve their own interest while enabling other groups to
satisfy their own.

Challenges in Getting Stakeholder Participation, Reil G.

Cruz, Ph.d. (2019)
1. Influence the attitudes and approaches to participation
due to the perception that one in inferior or superior to
others.
2. Some stakeholders experienced superficial nature
of participation.
3. Legal provisions
4. Culturally defined roles of women and men which
affect participation level.
5. Fatigue from participating in consultation that do not
translate to actual benefits.
6. Incapacity to participate due to lack of skills and
financial capital.

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 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

7. Apathy from community members.

8. Lack of confidence in their respective.

Effective Participation Techniques

Calanog et al. (2012) explain the different techniques

that encourage all stakeholders to participate in the
sustainable tourism development.

1. Participatory Environment mapping Techniques

 It involves asking the local people in the community to
plan a mapping for tourism development. All stakeholders
the participants are asked to draw a map in their
barangay.
2. Meeting
 The importance of the meeting is to have a good
relationship between all the stakeholders.
3. Nominal Group Techniques
 Forming discussion between eight to 10 people with the
gain insights. Discuss issues and techniques and be able
to present the recommendation for sustainable tourism.

POST-TEST

1. Identify at least five advantages to community

participation in your area?
2. Identify at least five disadvantages to community
participation in your area?

LESSON ACTIVITY

Observe and analyze an attraction nearest to your

place. As a tourism and hospitality management student,
what are your insights about sustainable tourism
development in your area?

REQUIREMENT

Choose one existing attraction in the Philippines and

discuss the community participation to tourism on the
chosen area.

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REFERENCES

Ecotourism First Edition, Reil G. Cruz, 2017

Ecotourism Second Edition, David Weaver, 2012

SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES

http://sustainabledepaul.blogspot.com/p/sustainability-
frameworks.html

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4
099Presentation%200.1%20Kelly%20Bricker%20-
%20full%20presentation.pdf
https://aqmauditing.com/iso-14001-
consulting/environmental-benefits-of-conservation/

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REFERENCES

Ecotourism First Edition, Reil G. Cruz, 2017

Ecotourism Second Edition, David Weaver, 2012

Wall Geofrey, Alister Mathieson ( 2015 ) Tourism change,

impacts, and opportunities

Weaver David, (2010) Ecotourism second edition

JOURNAL/MAGAZINES

1. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource

2. Cornell Tourism Administration

ONLINE RESOURCES:

http://www.vm.cfsan/fda.gov’t/dsm/hrel-3html

"(PDF) Tourism impact assessment: A tool to evaluate the

...." 5 Oct. 2018,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328002231_Touris
m_impact_assessment_A_tool_to_evaluate_the_environme
ntal_impacts_of_touristic_activities_in_Natural_Protected_Ar
eas. Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

http://sustainabledepaul.blogspot.com/p/sustainability-
frameworks.html

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4
099Presentation%200.1%20Kelly%20Bricker%20-
%20full%20presentation.pdf

https://aqmauditing.com/iso-14001-
consulting/environmental-benefits-of-conservation/
Tourism Concern." https://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/.
Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

"The Importance of Fair Trade - The Altruistic Traveller." 7

Oct. 2018, https://thealtruistictraveller.com/the-importance-
of-fair-trade/. Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

Responsible tourism - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges."

https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVoca
tional/TravelAndTourism/ALevel/A2GCETravelAndTourism/
Resources/Freeresources/A2TTedexcelUnit7.pdf. Accessed
3 Sep. 2020.

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 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

"What is Responsible Tourism - The Altruistic Traveller." 7

Oct. 2018, https://thealtruistictraveller.com/what-is-
responsible-tourism/. Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

"What is Responsible Tourism? - Responsible Tourism ...."

24 Sep. 2014,
https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/what-is-
responsible-tourism/. Accessed 27 Aug. 2020.

What is Visitor Management? | Envoy."

https://envoy.com/what-is-visitor-management/. Accessed 27
Aug. 2020

https://oureducare.com/tourism/what-is-carrying-capacity/

https://www.ijern.com/journal/July-2014/45.pdf

https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/fair-
trade-definition-meaning/

https://visitcairngorms.com/

https://gogreentravelgreen.com/what-is-green-travel-
definition/

https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/ot
her/greenwashing/

https://biodiversitya-z.org/content/protected-areas

https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/what-is-
responsible-tourism/

https://www.greetly.com/blog/what-is-visitor-management

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KEY TO CORRECTION

LESSON 1 POST-TEST
1. Give 5 Environmental Principles of Nature
1. Nature knows best.
2. All forms of life are important.
3. Everything is connected to everything else.
4. Everything changes.
5. Everything must go somewhere.
(Refer to 9 Environmental Principles of Nature)
2. Give 4 UN Sustainable Development Goals and explain
how tourism can be of help to each goal.
GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
(Refer to 17 UN SGD Goals)
3. Give 3 Principles of Sustainable Tourism.
 enhances the well-being of the communities in which
tourism takes place;
 supports the protection and enhancement of the natural
and cultural resources of the destination;
 recognizes the importance of product quality (physical
products, hospitality, and services) and tourist satisfaction
as key factors for the economic success of tourism; and
(Refer to Principles of Sustainable Tourism)
4. Give 2 Requisites of Sustainable Tourism and explain
how each requisite will work.
1. Is the area safe?
2. Are the attractions unique?
(Refer to Principles of Tourism)

LESSON 2 POST-TEST (CASE STUDY)

LESSON 3 POST-TEST ( ESSAY)

LESSON 4 POST-TEST (ESSAY)

LESSON 5 POST-TEST
1. CULTURAL IMPACTS
2. COMMERCIALIZATION
3. ACCULTURATION
4. CULTURAL HERITAGE
5. CULTURAL CONVERGE
6. FESTIVALS/ FIESTA ( not included in module but very
basic example of pinoy tradition)
7. SOCIAL IMPACTS
8. ACCULTURATION

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9. COMMERCIALIZATION
10. MODEL CULTURE VILLAGE

LESSON 6 POST-TEST
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. D
LESSON 7 POST-TEST
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. A
LESSON 8 POST-TEST
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D
LESSON 9 POST-TEST (ESSAY)

LESSON 10 POST-TEST (ESSAY)

LESSON 11 POST-TEST (ESSAY)

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GLOSSARY

ACCULTURATION – assimilation to a different culture,

typically the dominant one.

BIODIVERSITY – It is
the number and types of plants and animals that exist in
a particular area or in the world generally, or
the problem of protecting this.
CAPITAL INVESTMENT – the sum of cash acquired by a
company to pursue it’s objectives, such as a sum of cash
acquired by a company to pursue its objectives, such as
continuing or growing operations.

CARRYING CAPACITY – in the travel industry is the most

extreme number of individuals who can utilize a site without
an unsatisfactory change in the physical condition and an
inadmissible decrease in the nature of the experience picked
up by guests (Wall and Mathieson 2006). It is to forestall the
over-use of the objective by recognizing the greatest number
of individuals who can visit an area.
CONCIERGE – is an employee of a multi-tenant building,
such as hotel or apartment building, who receives guest.

CONGESTION- overcrowding, clogging, serve traffic

COMMERCIALIZATION – the process of managing or

running something principally for financial gain.

CLASH OF CULTURE – a conflict arising from the

interaction of people with different cultural values.

CLIMATE CHANGE – the weather conditions prevailing in

an area in general or over a long period of time.

CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING- it means learning

to value other cultures and respect their views.

CULTURAL CONVERGE – a theory of two cultures will be

more and more like each other as their interactions increase.

CULTURAL HERITAGE- a legacy of physical artifacts and

intangible attributes group or society that is inherited from
past generation.

ECO PARK – are huge, connected scenes with high nature

preservation and ecological assurance aspirations. They are
parks which utilize natural scene highlights to diminish

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watering upkeep while upgrading untamed life and human

qualities.

ECOTOURISM-tourism directed toward exotic, often

threatened, natural eniroonments, intended to support
conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

ECOSYSTEM – this refers to all the living things in

an area and the way they affect each other and
the environment.
ENVIRONMENT- the surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal, and plants lives or operates.

FAIR TRADE – can mean a social development which plans

to get created countries to pay a 'reasonable cost' for
merchandise delivered in creating nations. It likewise alludes
to just buying imports from places where representatives are
working in a protected and agreeable condition, and get paid
sensible wages.
FOLKWAYS – a traditional or way of life of a particular
community or group of people.

GREEN PRACTICES – environmental friendly actions,

which can help to environment protection and sustainability
development.

GREEN TOURISM – is Sustainable Tourism - the travel

industry which considers the requirements of the earth,
neighborhood inhabitants, organizations, and guests;
presently and later on. It is pertinent to any tourism business,
enormous or little, provincial or metropolitan, regardless of
whether zeroed in on ecotourism, business the travel
industry or some other the travel industry specialty market.
Green the travel industry organizations are those effectively
occupied with decreasing the negative natural and social
effects of their travel industry tasks.
GREEN TRAVEL- Thinking about your effect on nature
(both the physical and social condition) when you travel.
Doing your part to limit your effect on the earth — with the
goal that travel industry in your objective can be kept up over
the long run. Understanding eco-friendly decisions you can
make.
GREENWASHING – is the place a firm invests energy and
cash promoting and showcasing that their products or

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services are earth inviting when, truth be told, they are most
certainly not. In other words, greenwashing is the
demonstration of making false or deceiving claims about the
ecological advantages of an item, administration, innovation,
and so forth.
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION- describes the emergence of
discontinuities in an organism’s preffered environment,
causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay.

HERITAGE- something that is handed from the past, as a

tradition: a national heritage of honor, pride and courage.

INDUCED EMPLOYMENT – refers to jobs generated in the

local economy as a result of spending wages and incomes
and earned from employments.

INVESTMENT - is an asset or item acquired with goal of

generating income or appreciation.

LAND DEGRATION – is a natural or human –induced

process that negatively affects the land.

LEAKAGE - refers to the capital or income that diverges

from some kind of iterative system. Within this depiction,
leakages are the non- consumption uses of income,
including saving, taxes or import.

MITIGATION – “USAID (2018) defined mitigation as ―the

implementation of measures designed to reduce the
undesirable effects of a proposed action on the
environment.‖

MULTIPLIER EFFECTS- a phenomenon whereby a given

change in an output , such as government spending, causes
a larger change in an output, such as gross domestic
products.

MULTI-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING - involves a greater

understanding, sensitivity, and appreciation of history, values
,experiences, and lifestyles of groups that include, but not
limited.

NATURAL PROTECTED AREA An unmistakably

characterized geological space, perceived, committed and
oversaw, through lawful or other compelling methods, to
accomplish the drawn out preservation of nature with related
biological system administrations and social qualities.
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM – is tied in with "improving spots
for individuals to live in and better places for individuals to
visit." Responsible Tourism necessitates that administrators,

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hoteliers, governments, nearby individuals and vacationers

assume liability, make a move to make the travel industry
more feasible.
REQUISITES – this means it is necessary or needed for
a particular purpose.
SOCIAL IMPACTS – is the effect on people and
communities that happens as result of action or inaction, an
activity, project, program or policy.
STAKEHOLDER - It is either an individual, group or
organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project.
They have an interest in the success of the project, and can
be within or outside the organization that is sponsoring the
project.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL - are the blueprint
to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They
address the global challenges we face, including poverty,
inequality, climate change, environmental degradation,
peace and justice.
VISITOR MANAGEMENT – is an arrangement and cycles
you have set up to welcome visitors; advise their host (the
worker they are meeting); handle conveyances; help visitors
in getting to their objective; and keep your area secure for
both visitors and employees.
WASTEWATER-SAVING – Is used as fertilizers for
agricultural purposes. Tourism establishments in the industry
should observed and used technologies for the purpose of
recycling this water waste to preserve the environment.
WASTE DEPLETION –is the consumption of resources
faster than it can be replenished.

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