PROFESSIONAL INTEGRATION: SURVEYING 1 where:

(PREPARED BY: ENGR. EDWARD J. LAFORTEZA) 𝜔 = weight per tape length (usually in kg/m or N/m)
L = measured length/length of tape
SURVEYING – has to do with the determination of the
Pactual = applied pull/tension
relative spatial location of the points on or near the
surface of the earth. It is the art of measuring horizontal 4. Normal Tension (Special Case) - the pull used to
and vertical distances between objects, of measuring compensate the correction due to sag.
angles between lines, of determining the direction of
lines, and of establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurement. 5. Correction due to Slope (subtract only)
• GEODETIC SURVEYING – the type of surveying
which takes into account the true shape of the
earth. Surveys employing the principles of
geodesy are of high precision and generally where:
extended over large areas. H = Horizontal Distance or Corrected Distance
• PLANE SURVEYING – the type of surveying in S = Inclined Distance
which the mean surface of the earth is Note: You could also use trigonometry for corrections
considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal due to slope.
shape is neglected. 6. Sea Level Correction
CORRECTIONS APPLIED IN DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

1. Correction due to Temperature (add or subtract)

Problem 1: A 50 m steel tape (α = 0.0000116/°C,

where: standard temperature = 27 °C) was used to measure the
𝛼 = coefficient of thermal expansion distance between two points. A length of 820 m was
= use 0.0000116/ ℃ if not given measured at a temperature of 37 °C. Find the corrected
L = measured length/length of tape distance between the two points.
∆T = T – To Problem 2: Distance AB has a measured length of 405 m.
T = temperature during the measurement The steel tape used has the standard pull of 5.5 kg with a
To = standard temperature cross-sectional area of 0.000005 m2. The modulus of
2. Correction due to Pull (add or subtract) elasticity of the tape is 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2. Find the
corrected distance if the pull used during the
measurement is 9 kg.

Problem 3: A 50 m tape was used to measure a length of

170 m. During measurement, the tape is supported only
where:
at the ends and under a steady pull of 7 kg. If the tape
∆P = P – Po
weighs 0.90 kg, find the corrected length.
P = applied pull/tension
Po = standard pull/tension Problem 4: A sloping distance between two points
L = measured length/length of tape measures 200 m. The difference in elevation between
A = cross-sectional area of tape the points is 5 m. Find the horizontal distance between
E = elastic modulus of steel the two points.
3. Correction due to Sag (subtract only) Problem 5: A line measures 7.5 km at an average
elevation of 720 m. Find the equivalent sea-level length.
The average radius of curvature of the area is 6400 km.
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING Problem 8: Using an engineer’s level, the reading on a
Problem 6: From the given data of a differential leveling rod 70m away was observed to be 2.55 m. The bubble
was leveled thru 3 spaces on the level tube and the rod
reading increased to 2.60 m.
1. Determine the angle that the bubble tube was
deviated due to an increase in the rod in seconds of arc.

2. Determine the angular value of one space of the tube

in seconds of arc.

EFFECT OF EARTH’S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION

as shown in the tabulation:

1. Find the elevation of Station 2.

2. Find the difference in elevation of Sta. 1 and Sta. 7.
where: HC is in meters, k is in kilometers
TWO PEG TESTS
Problem 7: In a two-peg test, the following observations
were taken.
where: HR is in meters, k is in kilometers

1. Find the true difference in elevation between two Problem 9: Yi Sun Shin’s eyes, 1.75m above sea level, can
points. barely see the top of the tower 20km away from him.
2. Find the error in the line of sight? What is the elevation of the top of the lighthouse above
sea level?
SENSITIVITY OF LEVEL TUBE
COMPASS SURVEYING
Bubble Sensitivity – Angular value of one space of the
level tube. Compass Surveying – is a branch of surveying in which
the position of an object is located using angular
Upright Position:
measurements determined by the compass and linear
measurements using a chain or tape.

Angle Measurement:

▪ Bearing – an angle less than 90° within a quadrant

defined by the cardinal directions.

▪ Azimuth – an angle between 0° and 360° measured

clockwise from South.

Problem 10: The magnetic bearing of a line was N 48°18’

Tilted Position: E in 1910 when the magnetic declination in the locality
was 1°10’ W. In 1989, the magnetic declination in the
same locality is 2°45’E.

1. Compute the true bearing of the line in 1910.

2. Compute the magnetic azimuth of the line in 1989.
TRAVERSE SURVEYING

It is a method in the field of surveying to establish control Problem 12: Given the latitude and departure of the
networks. closed traverse:

1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using

compass rule.

2. Determine the corrected departure of line 3-4 using

compass rule.

3. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-1 using

transit rule.
▪ Latitude – projection of north and south line.
4. Determine the corrected departure of line 4-1 using
▪ Departure – projection of the east and west line. transit rule.

Sign Conventions: AREA COMPUTATION

to North and to East, use positive.
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
to South and to West, use negative.
Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the
Note: For a closed traverse, the sum of the latitudes and departure of the course.
departures should be equal to zero.
Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of
the preceding course, plus the departure of the
preceding course, plus the departure of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal
to the departure of that course, but with the opposite
Problem 11: From the data below: sign.

Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:

Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude
of the course.
1. Determine the linear error of closure
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the
2. Determine the relative error. preceding course, plus the latitude of the preceding
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING A SURVEY course, plus the latitude of the course itself.

Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to
the latitude of that course, but with the opposite sign.
latitude or departure of any course is to the total
correction in latitude or departure as the length of the
course to the length of traverse.
Problem 13. Given the traverse, determine the area of
Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude the lot using DMD.
or departure of any course is to the total correction in
latitude or departure as the latitude or departure of that
course is to the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes or
departures in the traverse without regards to sign.
PROFESSIONAL INTEGRATION: SURVEYING 2
(PREPARED BY: ENGR. EDWARD J. LAFORTEZA)
Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING A SURVEY
Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude
Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the of the course.
latitude or departure of any course is to the total Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the
correction in latitude or departure as the length of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the preceding
course to the length of traverse. course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to
the latitude of that course, but with the opposite sign.

Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude

or departure of any course is to the total correction in Problem 13: Given the traverse, determine the area of
latitude or departure as the latitude or departure of that the lot using DMD.
course is to the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes or
departures in the traverse without regards to sign.

Problem 12: Given the latitude and departure of the ROUTE SURVEYING: GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
CURVES
closed traverse:
HORIZONTAL CURVES

A. SIMPLE CURVE

Problem 14: A simple curve has a degree of 4° and angle

1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using of intersection of 36°.
compass rule. 1. What is the radius of the curve?
2. Determine the corrected departure of line 3-4 using 2. What is the length of the curve?
compass rule.
3. What is the length of the tangent?
3. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-1 using
transit rule. 4. What is the external distance?

4. Determine the corrected departure of line 4-1 using 5. What is the length of the long chord?
transit rule. 6. What is the length of the middle ordinate?
AREA COMPUTATION Problem 15: A simple curve has a degree of 6° and
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method: angle of intersection of 50°.

Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the 1. Calculate the distance from the midpoint of the curve
departure of the course. to the point of intersection of the tangents.

Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of 2. Calculate the distance from the midpoint of the curve
the preceding course, plus the departure of the to the midpoint of the long chord.
preceding course, plus the departure of the course itself.
3. If the stationing of PC is 50+160, determine the
Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal stationing at the Point of Tangency.
to the departure of that course, but with the opposite
sign.
4. If the stationing of PC is 50+160, determine the
stationing at a point on the curve which intersects with
the line making deflection angle of 8° with the tangent
through PC.

5. If the stationing of PI is 52+260, determine the

stationing at the Point of Tangency.

6. Compute the radius of curvature using chord-basis.

B. COMPOUND CURVE

Problem 16: A compound curve has the following

elements: I1 = 30°; I2 = 24°; D1 = 5°; D2 = 4°

If the stationing of the vertex is 4+620, find the

following:

1. Determine the stationing of PC.

2. Find the stationing of PCC.

3. Determine the stationing of PT.

C. REVERSE CURVE

Problem 17: the perpendicular distance between two

parallel tangents of the reverse curve is 35m. The
intersection angles of the curves are equal to 30°. The
first radius of the curve is 160m and the stationing of
PRC is 2+578. Determine the following:

1. Radius of the second curve.

2. Stationing of PC.

3. Stationing of PT.

D. SPIRAL CURVE

Problem 18: A spiral curve having a length of 100m is to

be laid out in a certain portion of road. The degree of
the central curve is 6°.

1. Find the offset distance at the first quarter point of

the spiral.

2. Determine the spiral angle in degrees at the third

quarter point of the spiral.

3. Compute the maximum speed of the car that could

pass through the spiral without skidding.

Problem 19: A spiral easement curve has a spiral angle

at SC of 12° and an offset distance at SC equal to 3.4m.
Distance along tangent up to SC is 79.62m. What is the
length of the short tangent, long tangent, and the
length of throw?