ASK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim:
To study the process of ASK modulation & demodulation and study various
Data formatting modulation and demodulation techniques.

Apparatus:

1. ASK MODULATION & DEMODULATION Trainer kit.

2. CRO 30 MHz Dual Channel.
3. Patch Chords.

Theory:

Modulation also allows different data streams to be transmitted over the same
channel. This process is called as ‘Multiplexing’ & result in a considerable saving
inbandwidthnoofchannelstobeused.Alsoitincreasesthechannelefficiency.
The variation of particular parameter variation of the carrier wave give rise
tovariousmodulationtechniques.Someofthebasicmodulationtechniquesaredescribedas
under.

ASK:-

In this modulation involves the variation of the amplitude of the carrier waves
in accordance with the data stream. The simplest method of modulating a carrier with
a data stream is to change the amplitude of the carrier wave every time the data
changes. This modulation technique is known as amplitude shift keying.

The simplest way of achieving amplitude shift keying is ‘ON’ the carrier
whenever the data bit is ‘HIGH’ & switching ‘OFF’ when the data bit is low i.e. the
transmitter outputs the carrier for HIGH & totally suppresses the carrier for low. This
technique is known as ON-OFF keying Fig. illustrates the amplitude shift keying for
the given data stream.
Thus,
DATA = HIGH CARRIER
TRANSMITTEDDATA= LOW
CARRIERSUPPRESSED
The ASK waveform is generated by a balanced modulator circuit, also known
as a linear multiplier, As the name suggests, the device multiplies the instantaneous
signal at its two inputs, the output voltage being product of the two input voltages at
any instance of time. One of the input is a/c coupled ‘carrier’ wave of high frequency.
Generally the carrier wave is a sinewave since any other waveform would increase the
band width imparting any advantages requirement without improving or to it. The
other I/p which is the information signal to be transmitted, is D.C. coupled. It is
known as modulating signal.

In order to generate ASK waveform it is necessary to apply a sine wave at

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carrier input & the digital stream at modulation input. The double balanced modulator
is shown in fig.

Block Diagram:

The data stream applied is unipolar i.e. 0Volt at logic LOW & +4.5Volts at
logic HIGH. The output of balanced modulator is a sinewave, unchanged in phase
when a data bit ‘HIGH’ is applied to it. In this case the carrier is multiplied with a
positive constant voltage when the data bit LOW is applied, the carrier is multiplied
by 0 Volts, giving rise to 0 Volt signal at modulator’s o/p.

The ASK modulation results in a great simplicity at the receiver. The method
to demodulate the ASK waveform is to rectify it, pass it through the filter &’square
up’ the resulting waveform. The o/p is the original digital data stream. Fig. shows the

Circuit Description:-

Carrier Generation:-

The function of the carrier is to generate a stable sine wave signal at the rest
frequency, when no modulation is applied. It must be able to linearly change
frequency when fully modulated, with no measurable change in amplitude.

Sine wave is generated by using the culprits Oscillator. 500 KHz and 1 MHz
frequencies are selected.
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Modulation Generation:-

The square wave generated by 555 and is given to 74121. The o/p of this multi
vibrator is used as a clock I/p to a decade counter 7490. Which generators the
modulating data outputs D1, D2, D3, D4.

Modulator:-

The ASK215 Modulator is based on U2 (LM 1496). It is configured as a linear

multiplier. At any movement of time the o/p of this U2(PIN 12) is proportional to the
instantaneous product of the CARRIER INPUT and MODULATION INPUT signals
which serves as two inputs to this U2. The CARRIER INPUT can be monitored
atTP7&The MODULATION INPUTcanbemonitoredatTP8.

The o/p voltage from U2 can be adjusted in amplitude by potentiometer P3

(5K). It is now fed to the OP-AMP U3, LF 356 at its non-inverting terminal (pin
3).The op-amp configured as a simple non inverting amplifier with the gain of 2.47.
The o/p (pin 6 is a/c coupled by capacitor C18 to appear at the o/p of OUTPUT
socket.

DC bias can be added to both CARRIER INPUT signal &

MODULATIONINPUT signals by varying the pots P1 & P2 respectively. This action
takes place prior
To signal multiplication. The DC bi as from both the signal scan be removed by careful
setting of the two potentiometers.

Demodulation:-

The ASK demodulator comprises of

1) op-amp ICU6A configured as a unity gain, non-inverting buffer, and
2) A simple half wave rectifier circuit, consisting diode D1 and resistor R72.
The incoming ASK signal can be monitored at TP12. The signal at TP12 is
then buffered by ICU6A & then rectified by half wave rectified CKT
comprising of Diode D5 & resistor R72. This removes the negative half cycle
of the wave form. The output of rectifier is available at OUTPUT socket of the
demodulator & can be monitored at TP13. Example wave forms are as shown
in the timing diagram in Fig.

Low Pass Filters:-

The low pass filter block consists of two fourth-order butter worth low pass
filter circuit. The filter is identical & i.e. is described in the section to follow.

The input signal to this block is first buffered by the op-amp ICU6B. The op-
ampissimplyconfiguredasanoninvertin, unity-gainbuffer.Thebufferoutput (TP15) is
then fed into data squaring circuit. The final o/p of the filter can bemonitoredatTP15.
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DataSquaringCircuits:-

The data squaring circuit ‘square up’ the input signal. It does this with the help
of voltage comparator. The function of comparator circuit is identical & hence only
one is described. The input is connected to the non-inverting (+vet) input (pin 5) of the
voltage comparator ICU4A whose inverting (-vet) input (pin 4) is connected to
voltage divider network of resistors R61, R60 & variable Resistor P4 through
resistorR59. The input impedance of the comparator circuit is set to 100k by resistor
R58. Hysteresis of 0.3V is set by resistor R59& R57. The slider voltage of can be
adjustedfrom2.2Vto+2.2V.

The output of the comparator is 0V when the input at inverting terminal is

more positive thentheinputatnoninvertingterminal.

Procedure:

Modulation:
1. Connectthesinewave500KHzfromthecarriergeneratorTP1tothecarrierinputofthem
odulatorTP7.
2. AndalsoconnectdataclockD1 i.e., modulationsignalTP3tothemodulationinputTP8.
3.SwitchONthepowersupply.
4. bservetheoutputat TP9.
5. By varying thegainpot P3observetheASKoutputatTP10.
6. Adjusting the carrier offsetandmodulationoffsetwecanobservetheASKoutput.
7. By changing the carrier signal 1MHz and different data clocks D2, D3, D4
observe the output.

Demodulation:

1. ConnectASKoutputTP10totherectifierinputTP12andobservethewaveform.
2. NowconnectrectifieroutputTP13tothelowpassfilterinputTP14andobservetheoutputa
tTP15.
3. CONNECTLPFoutputTP15tothedatasquaringcircuitinputTP16andobservethe
demodulationoutputwaveformatTP17.
4.Bychangingthedifferentdataclocksandobservethedemodulationoutput.

Expected Wave form

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Result:

Questions:

1. If the bitrate of an ASK signal is1200bps, what is the baud rate?

2. Is ASK highly susceptible?

3. What are the characteristics of transmission medium which effect speed

of transmission in ASK?
4. Find the minimum band width for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000bps.
The transmission made is half duplex?

5. If B.W is 5000Hz for an ASK signal, what are the baud rate?

6. What is the advantage of ON-OFF keying ( ) in ASK?

7. Given the band width of 10 KHz (1Hz to 1 KHz), Find the band width for upper
side & lower side band of carrier in full duplex ASK?

8. Forthe above problem, what are the carrier frequencies in upper & lower
side bands?

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 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
1. To generate FSK Modulation
2. ToDemodulatetheFSKsignals3.
Togenerate
NRZ (L), RZ, NRZ (M), BIPHASE (MARK), BIPHASE (MANCHESTER).

Apparatus:

1. Frequency Shift Keying kit

2. C.R.O
(30MHz)
3. Patch cords

Circuit Diagram:

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Theory:

BinaryFSKisaformofconstant-amplitudeanglemodulationandthemodulating
signal is a binary pulse stream that varies between two discrete voltage levels but not
continuous changing analog signal. In FSK, the carrier amplitude(Vic)remains
constant with modulation and the carrier radian frequency(wk.) shifts by an amount
equal to +w/2.Thefrequency shift is proportional to the amplitude and polarity of the
input binary signal. For example, a binary 1 could be +1 volt and a binary zero could
be -1 volt producing frequency shifts of +delta (w)/2 and –delta (w)/2respectively.
The rate at which the carrier frequency shifts is equal to the rate of change of the
binary input signal vm (t).thus the output carrier frequency deviates (shifts) between
wc + delta (w)/2andwc-delta (w)/2at the rate equal to fm.

Data Formatting:-

A modulation code is defined as a rule by which a serial train of binary data is

converted to a signal suitable for transmission. Some of the commonly used codes are
listed for study in this experiment. There are few others which are outside the scope of
this experiment.

In serial data transmission, a ‘symbol’ is a signal level that is held for a length
of time. The capacity of a channel is the symbol rate. Thesis the symbols per
secondorbaud.Channelcapacityhastheunitsofsymbolspersecondorbaud.Somemodulatio
n codes require several symbols per bit of data. For example self-clocking codes
require two symbols per bit of data. The various codes are described below. Relative
features of the codes are given in the table. The waveform diagram
thepatternsfortheserialtrain11001100.

Non-return to zero (NRZ):-

Thisisleveltypecodeandisonethatiswidelusedinserialdatatransmission.
A‘0’ is lowlevelanda‘1’ is a high level.

Return to Zero (RZ):-

This is an impulse type code where a ‘1’ is represented by a high level that
returns to zero. Its advantage is power conservation as transmission takes place
onlyfor‘1’.

NRZ (M):-

If the logic ‘0’ is to be transmitted the new level is inverse of the

previousleveli.e. changeinleveloccurs.If‘1’istransmittedthelevelremainsunchanged.

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Biphasic (Mark):-

This is an edge type invertible self-clocking code in which each bit cell
startswithanedgeandfora‘0’anadditionaledgeoccursduringthemiddleofthebitcell.

Biphasic (Manchester):-

This is a level type of code in which a‘1’bitcellisinitially high and then has a
high to low transition in the middle of the bit cell. A ‘0’ bit cell is initially low and
has a low to high transition in the middle of the bit cell.

Circuit Description:-

Data clock Generator:-

The bit clock generator is design around the Tim IC 555(U1) operated in a
stable mode. The 100Kohm preset P1 in conjunction with .0047microfarad capacitorin
the timing circuit facilitates the frequency to be set and at any chosen value
from300Hzto1KHz.ThisoutputisavailableatTP1.

Data Selection:-

The 8bitparallel load serial shifty 74165(U2)is usedtogenerate therequired

word pattern. A dip switch is used to setONE&ZERO pattern. The bit pattern set by
the switch is parallel loaded by controlling the logic level at pin 1. The last stage
output Q7 is coupled to the first stage input D0 in the shift register. The serial shift
clock is given at pin 2. The 8 bit data set by the switch and loaded with the register
parallel is now shifted serially right and circulated respectively. Thus the 8bit word
pattern is generated cyclically which is used as modulating signal in the
FSKmodulator. ItisavailableatTP12.

FskModulation:-

The XR-2206can be operatedwith twoseparate timingresistors,R24 andR25,

connected to the timing pin 7 and 8, respectively. Depending on the polarity ofthe
logic signal at pin 9, either one or the other of these timing resistors is activated. Ifpin
9 is open-circuited or connected to a bias voltage>2V, only R24 is activated.Similarly,
if the voltage level at pin 9 is<1v, only R25 is activated. Thus, the
outputfrequencycanbekeyedbetweentwolevels.F1andF2.
F1=1/R24C9 and f2=1/R25C9. In our circuit R24=3.9Kohm,
R25=6.8Kohm,C9= 100nf.For split-supply operation, the keying voltage at pin 9 is
referenced to V.the FSKoutputcanbemonitoredatTP8.

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Demodulation:-

SquareWaveConverter:-

The incoming FSK modulated signal can be monitored at TP9.This signal

isthen attenuated by resistor network R43,R44 then AC coupled via capacitor C12
toremove any dc component in the signal. The signal is connected to SIGIN input of
theU12. The signal is first squared up by an inbuilt comparator and is connected to
oneof the input of on chip2 input EX-OR gate. The other 5 input of the gate is
connectedtothe COMPINinputofICU12.The outputismonitoredatTP10.

PLLDetector:-

A very useful application of the 565 PLL is as a FSK demodulator. In the

565PLL the frequency shift is usually accomplished by driving a VCO with the
binarydata signal so that the two resulting frequencies correspond to the logic 0 and
logic 1states of the binary data signal. The frequencies corresponding to logic 1 and
logic 0states are commonly called the mark and space frequencies. Capacitive
coupling isused at the input to remove a dclevel. As the signal appears at the input of
the 565,the loop to the input frequency and tracksit between the two frequencies with
acorresponding dc shift at the output. Preset p2 and capacitor C15 determine the free-
running frequency of the VCO. A three-stage RC ladder filter is used to remove
thecarrier component from the output. The high cutoff frequency of the ladder filter
ischosen to be approximately halfway between the max keying rate and twice the
inputfrequency.This output signal can be made logic compatible by connecting
voltagecomparator(u11)betweentheoutputofladderfilterandpin6ofPLL.

PhaseAdjustmentCircuit:-

U17,U18 used as phase adjustmentcircuit. The output of voltage comparatoris

fed yto pin 2 of U17 which is connected as monostable mode. And the output ofU17
is again fed to U18. The output is available at pin 3 of U18 can be monitored
atTP11.Thisisserialdateofoutput.

Procedure:

Modulation:

1. SwitchONthepowersupply.
2. Setthedataselectionswitch(‘DATASELECTION’)tothedesiredcode
(say11001100).
3. Settheswitch(DATAON-OFF) ONposition.
Observethe8bitWordpatternatTP12.

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 4. Observe the data clock at TP1 and also observe the NRZ(L) at TP2,RZ
atTP3,NRZ(M) at TP4, BIPHASE(MARK) at
TP5,BIPHASE(MANCHESTER)atTP6.
5.Connect the patch cord as shown in diagram 1.Observe the
correspondingFSK output at(when data is logic ‘1’,the frequency is high and
data is logic‘0’thefrequencyislow)TP8.
6. Repeat the step 5 for other inputs.(like NRZ(M),RZ,BIPHASE) observe
thecorrespondingFSKoutputs.
7. Nowchangethedataselectionand repeat theabovesteps3to 6 andobservethe
correspondingFSKoutputs.

Demodulation:

1. Connect thepatchcordsasshownindiagram.
2. TheincomingFSKinputisobservedatTP9.
3. The output of ‘square wave converter’ is available at TP10. The serial
dataoutputisavailableatTP11.
4. Repeat the above steps 1,2,3 for other serial data inputs and observe
thecorresponding serial data outputs. These outputs are true replica of the
orginalinputs.

ExpectedWaveforms:

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Result:

Questions:

1.Explain the concept of FSK?

2.Compare ASK, FSK & PSK?

3.Drawthewaveforms ofFSK?

4. WhatisM-raysignaling?Whatisitsadvantagesover2-arysignaling?

5. Whatarethedifferentdatacodingformats&drawthewaveformswhatisadvant
agesofManchastercodingoverotherformats?

6. ExplainthedemodulationschemeofFSK?

7. WhatistheformulaforBandWidthrequiredinFSK?

8. What
is the minimum B.W for an FSK signal transmitting at
2000bps(haifduplex),ifcarriers areseparatedby3KHz?

9. IstheFSKspectrum,acombinationoftwoASKspectracenteredaroundtwofreque
ncies?

10. IstheFSKband widthismorethanASKbandwidthforagivenband rate?

11. IsitmoresusceptibletonoisethanASK?

12. WhatarethelimitingfactorsofFSK?

13. Isthebandrate&bit ratearesameforFSK?

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 PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
Study of carrier Modulation techniques by phase shift keying method.

Apparatus:

1. Psk Modulation And Demodulation Trainer.

2. 30MHzDualTraceOscilloscope.
3. Patch chords

CircuitDiagram

Theory
To transmit the digital data from one place to another, we have to choose the
transmission medium. The simplest possible method to connect the transmitter to the
receiver with a piece of wire. This works satisfactorily for short distances in some
cases. But for long distance communication & in situations like communication with
the aircraft, ship, vehicle thesis not feasible. Here we have to opt for the radio
transmission.
It is not possible to send the digital data directly over the antenna because the
antenna of practiced size works on very high frequencies, much higher than our data
transmission rate.
To able to transmit the data over antenna, we have to ‘module’ the signal i.e.,
phase, frequency or amplitude etc. is varied in accordance with the digital data.
Atreceiverweseparatethesignalfromdigitalinformationbytheprocessofdemodulation.
After this process we are left with high frequency signal which we discard & the
digital information, which we utilize.

Modulation also allows different data streams to be transmitted over the same
channel.
Thisprocessiscalledas‘multiplexing’&resultinaconsiderable
savinginbandwidthnoofchannelstobeused.Alsoitincreasesthechannelefficiency.
The variation of particular parameter variation of the carrier wave give rise to
various modulation techniques. Some of the basic modulation techniques ASK, FSK,
PSK, DPSK, and QPSK.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

The PSK is a form of angle modulated, constant amplitude digital

modulation.Digitalcommunicationsbecauseimportantwiththeexpansionoftheuseofcomp
uters and data processing, and have continued to develop into a major
industryprovidingtheinterconnectionofcomputerperipheralsandtransmissionofdatabetw
een distant sites. Phase shiftkeyingis a relatively new system, in which the carrier may
be phase shifted by +90 degree for a mark, and by-90 degrees for a space’s has a
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number of similarities to FSK in many aspects, as in FSK, frequency of
thecarrierisshiftedaccordingtothemodulatingsquarewave.

Circuit Description:
In this IC 8038 is a basic wave form generator which generates sine, square,
triangle waveforms. The sine wave generated by this 8038 IC is used as carrier signal
to the system. This square wave is used as a clock input to a decade counter
whichgeneratesthemodulatingdataoutputs.

The digital signal applied to themodulationinputforPSK generationisbipolar

i.e. have equal positive and negative voltage levels. When the modulating input is
negative the output of modulator is a sin wave in phase with the carrier input.
Whereas for the positive voltage levels, the output of modulator is a sin wave which is
shifted out of phase by 180 degree from the carrier input compared to the differential
data stream. This happens because the carrier input is now multiplied byte
negativeconstantlevel.
Thus the output changes in phase when a change in polarity of the
modulatingsignalresults.Figshowsthefunctional blocks
ofthePSKmodulator&demodulator.

Modulation:-
IC CD 4051 is an analog multiplexer to which carrier is applied with and
without 180 degree phase shift to the two multiplex inputs of the IC. Modulating
datainputisappliedtoitscontrolinput.Dependinguponthelevelofthecontrolsignal,

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Carrier signal applied with or without phase shift is steered to the output. The
180degreephaseshifttothecarriersignalcreatedbyanoperationalamplifierusing741C.

Demodulation:-
During the demodulation the PSK signal is converted into a +5volts square
wave signal using a transistor and is applied to one input of an EX-OR gate. To the
second input of the gate carrier signal is applied after conversion into a +5volts
signal.SotheEX-OR gateoutputisequivalenttothemodulatingdata signal.

Procedure:

1. NowswitchONthetrainerandsee that the supplyLEDglows.

2. ObservethecarrieroutputatTP1.
3. Observethedataoutputs (D1, D2, D3, D4).
4. Nowtheconnectthecarrieroutput
TP1tothecarrierinputofPSKmodulatorTP2usingpatchchord (asshownindig1).
5. Connectthed1todatainputofPSKmodulatorTP3 (Asshown.indig1).
6. Observe the phase shifted PSK output waveform on CRO on channel 1
andcorrespondingdataoutputonchannel2.
7. Repeatthesteps4, 5, 6fordataoutputsD2, D3, D4andobservethePSKoutputs.
8. Connect the PSK modulation output TP6 to the PSK input of
demodulationTP4 (as shownindig2).
9. connectthecarrieroutputTP1tothecarrierinputofPSKdemodulationTP5.
(Asshownindig2).
10. Now,
observethePSKdemodulatedoutputatTP7onCROatchannel1andcorrespondin
gdataoutputonchannel2.
11. Thedemodulat edoutputistruereplicaofdataoutput.
12. Repeat the steps8to10forotherdataoutputsD2, D3, D4.

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Result:

Questions:

1. Explain the concept of PSK?

2. Compare ASK, FSK, PSK?
3. Draw the wave forms of PSK?
4. What is M-ray signaling? What are its advantages over 2-ary signaling?
5. Explain the demodulation scheme of PSK?
6. What is the advantage of PSK over ASK, FSK?
7. Will the smaller variations in the signal can be detected reliably by PSK?
8. Can we transmit data twice as for using 4-PSK as we can using 2-PSK?
9. What is the minimum B.W required in PSK?
10. Is the B. Win PSK is same as in ASK?
11. Is the maximum bitrate in PSK is greater than ASK?