Int. Res. Adv. 2018, 5(1), 30-35 . Article .

INTEGRATED
RESEARCH ADVANCES

Passive optical networks: A futuristic approach

Vikas Sharma, 1 Sharad Sharma2*

Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana – 133207, India
Received on: 10-Aug-2017, Revised on: 23-Dec-2017, Accepted and Published on: 06-March-2018

ABSTRACT

APPLICATIONS OF PON

This paper is to know about the meaning of passive optical network`s and its architecture. It explains the different types of passive optical
networks and its uses for the present as well as future of the communication. Passive optical networks provide the huge bandwidth for the
data transmission for triple play (video-voice-data) simultaneously. Requirement for the high-speed communication networks is the high
bandwidth for the data transmission without interruption. Passive optical networks provide this facility very effectively.
Keywords: PON, APON, BPON, EPON, GPON, NGPON

and access networks..

INTRODUCTION
Passive optical network (PON) research and technology have CORE NETWORK
matured in recent years and firmly established PONs as a key Many researchers now days focused on to the increase the
component for high-speed Internet access. In many instances speed of core network. Capacity of the core network is basically
users' private networks do not directly connect to PONs, but rather shared by the large numbers of users depend upon the
connect to PONs through other intermediate access technologies, requirements. Basically in the optical communication we always
such as DSL or cable networks. A PON consists of an optical line use the optical electrical optical techniques for transforming the
terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office (hub) and a information in the form of optical2. Basically core network uses
number of optical network units (ONUs) or Optical Network the mesh topology operated with the WDM. In the passive optical
Terminals (ONTs), near end users.1-4 The optical networks that network optical flow switches uses which allow the end to end
evolved over the past decades in support of communication over user connections with the off band signaling3. Another recent
the Internet can be classified into core networks, metro networks, technology is waveband switching in this multiple wavelengths
operated at 100gbits. It operates basically multiple cross connect
architecture.
Now a day’s software defined networking is a concept
Corresponding Author: Prof. Sharad Sharma, Electronics and
originally developed for switching and routing 5-6.
Communication Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University,
Mullana, Haryana – 133207, India 1.1 METRO NETWORKS
Tel: +91-8059931199 A basically metro networks use for the metropolitan
Email: [email protected]
networking where metro cities are connected and avoid the
Cite as: Int. Res. Adv., 2018, 5(1), 30-35. shortage of bandwidth uses in the metro area. SONET/SDH is the
technology uses in the metro cities for carrying the voice call 7. In
©IS Publications ISSN 2456-334X http://pubs.iscience.in/ira
these basically uses the wavelength reuse technology for

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 Sharma et. al.
8
transforming the triple play services . Initially it is based on the terminal or central office to transfer the signal to the splitter17.
passive star coupler to transfer the signal from one location to the Splitter is converting the signal into the multiple users. In the
multiple locations. passive optical network uses the passive splitter not active. Due to
this signal is divided into the multiple wavelengths like
wavelength division multiplexing process to the transfer the signal
individually. Passive optical is basically a 1: N network channel.
It is directly connected to the optical network unit`s. it is provided
the information to the end user directly18-20. in the passive optical
network basically no active medium required so the cost of the
PON is much lesser as comparison to the Active medium`s.
3. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION`S
3.1 APON.
ATM PON or Broadband PON connects up to 32 subscribers to
the PON. It gives a high speed of 622Mb/s downstream and
FIGURE1.1 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK. 155Mb/s upstream. Cell based ATM multiplexing is used in the
1.2 ACCESS NETWORK downstream. And a TDMA is used in the upstream. In both
it is directly connected to the individual user`s such as like directions ATM cells are sent which are called APON packets.
private home, businesses and many other services directly to the Network transport related functions and for synchronization
metro network. It is access relatively small set of users in a purpose each ATM cell is added with a small packet overhead. To
particular region where few traffic flows are used. Otherwise maintain the payload capacity, special attention is given to
traffic is very busty for the networks 9-13. Pon have a typical tree minimizing the size of the APON packet overhead. The burst
structure with a central office transmitting downstream traffic to mode synchronization is used in the APON that a guard time is
distributed optical network units (ONU`S). Other research left between the consecutive bursts. It gives the sufficient time to
directions have focused on improving the quality of services the receiver to quickly recover the right clock for each burst
parameters14. coming from different nodes.
By taking care of these technical issues APON/BPON can be

FIGURE 1.2 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE.

successfully implemented18-22. The major characteristics of the

2. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
APON as shown:
Starting in 1995, work on to the fiber to the home architecture
• Standard: It follows the ITUG.983. This is the international
was done by FSAN working group provided by the ITU. It is
standard provided by the government body or international
basically used to the concept of FTTH. It can be transfer the signal
organisation.
from the network to the home or office directly without any
interception. In the passive optical network uses the optical line

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 Sharma et. al.
• Data Packet Size: APON uses the 53 bytes of the data • Traffic Modes: it shows the transfer of the signal in the
packets for the data transmission purpose. Ethernet mode.
• Bandwidth: bandwidth allocation for the APON is lies in • Distance: it covers 20km and splits the Pon up to 32.
between the 155 mbps to 622 mbps. • Average Bandwidth Per User: 20mbps is usually give to
• Traffic Modes: it shows the transfer of the signal in the the individual user in the APON.
ATM mode.
3.3. GPON
• Distance: it covers 20km and splits the pon upto 32.
Gigabit PON is high capacity PON as compare to the APON
• Average Bandwidth Per User: 20mbps is usually give to the
and EPON. GPON can transport Ethernet, as well as ATM and
individual user in the APON.
TDM traffic by GPON encapsulation method (GEM). GPON
standard has defined different transmission rates for downstream
and upstream. But most often vendors offer 1.2 Gb/s upstream and
2.4Gb/s downstream. And operating wavelength range for
upstream is 1260-1360 and for downstream is 1480-1500. And the
wavelength range 1550-1560nm can be used for video
distribution. In GPON upstream bandwidth allocation is done with
Transmission containers (T-CONT). T-CONTs are used to carry
the data from ONU and maintain the quality of service as well as
improve the bandwidth. OLT allocates the bandwidth to ONUs for
the upstream operation. GPON has overcome EPON in many
areas of services, line rate options and security. It has the best
support of all PONs for variety networks. But it cannot be greater
FIGURE 1.3 ATM PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK cost efficient than EPON due to complex physical requirements29-
32
.
3.2 EPON • Standard: It follows the ITUG.984. This is the
Ethernet PON works on point-to-multipoint (P2PMP) topology. international standard provided by the government body
Subscribers can see the traffic from the CO or OLT, but they or international organisation.
cannot see the traffic from other subscribers. CO/OLT allows only • Data Packet Size: GPON uses the 53 to 1518 bytes of the
one subscriber at a time to transmit, using TDMA. And a peer to data packets for the data transmission purpose.
peer connection is formed between the CO and subscriber. Multi- • Bandwidth: bandwidth allocation for the GPON is lies in
Point Control Protocol (MPCP) is used to control the P2MP Fiber between the 1.2 to 2.4 gbps.
Network. This protocol is implemented in the MAC layer and • Traffic Modes: it shows the transfer of the signal in the
performs bandwidth assignment, polling, auto-discovery and ATM/TDM, Ethernet mode.
ranging. ONU performs auto-discovery and synchronizes to the • Distance: it covers 20km and splits the pon upto 64.
OLT timing. OLT generates the global time signal for reference in • Average Bandwidth Per User: 40mbps is usually give to
the network. The 802.3 frames are sent in downstream, which are the individual user in the APON.
extracted by the logical link ID at ONUs. And 64B messages are
sent downstream to assign upstream bandwidth. And in the
upstream control, time slots are used which can carry multiple
802.3 frames. ONU sends ONU state information in a 64B
REPORT message to the OLT in their respective time slot. EPON
is the attractive access solution and suitable for Fiber to the Home/
Building/ Business Applications with voice, video and data 23-28.

FIGURE: 1.6 GPON NETWORK

3.4 D.NGPON.
Ng-Pon (Next-Generation Passive Optical Network is a 2015
FIGURE 1.4 EPON NETWORK
telecommunications network standard for a passive optical
• Standard: It follows the IEEE802ah. network (PON). The standard was developed by ITU and details
• Data Packet Size: EPON uses the 1518 bytes of the data architecture capable of total network throughput of 40 Gbps,
packets for the data transmission purpose. corresponding to up to 10 Gbps symmetric upstream/downstream
• Bandwidth: bandwidth allocation for the EPON is lies in speeds available at each subscriber. NG-PON2 is compatible with
between the 1.2gbps to 1.2gbps. existing PON fiber by replacing optical line terminal (OLT) at the
central office, and the optical network unit (ONU) near each end-

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 Sharma et. al.
user. Unique to this standard is the use of both active filters and
tunable lasers in the ONU 33-38.
Standard: It follows the IEEEP802.3AV. This is the
international standard provided by the government body or
international organisation.
• Data Packet Size: NGPON uses the 1518 bytes of the
data packets for the data transmission purpose.
• Bandwidth: bandwidth allocation for the NGPON is lies
in between the 2.4 to 2.5 gbps.
• Traffic Modes: it shows the transfer of the signal in the
Ethernet mode.
• Distance: it covers 10km and splits the pon upto 128. FIGURE 1.7 PON CONFIGURATIONS
• Average Bandwidth Per User: 20mbps is usually give to
the individual user in the NGPON.
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF PON
Table 1.1 shows the different parameters used in to the passive
optical networks. Passive optical network is most widely used for
the triple play services in everywhere for the communication
purpose. It is provide the one of the best optical network for the
fiber to the home as well as fiber to the office services so that`s
why now a days passive optical network techniques is most
widely employed.

FIGURE 1.8 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF WAVELENTGH

STACKED PON SYSTEM48

FIGURE 1.6 NGPON NETWORK

A/BPON EPON GPON 10 GEPON WDM PON
(GEPON)
Standard ITU G.983 IEEE802ah ITU G.984 IEEE P802.3av ITU G.983
Data Packet Cell Size 53 bytes 1518 bytes 53 to 1518 bytes 1518 bytes Independent
Maximum Downstream Line 622 Mbps 1.2 Gbps 2.4 Gbps IP; 2.4 Gbps, 1-10 Gbit/s per
Rate Broadcast; 5 Gbps channel
On-demand; 2.5 Gbps
Maximum Upstream Line 155/622 1.2 Gbps 1.2 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 1-10 Gbit/s per
Rate Mbps channel
Downstream wavelength 1490 and 1550 nm 1490 and 1550 nm 1550 nm Individual
1550 nm wavelength/channel
Upstream wavelength 1310 nm 1310 nm 1310 nm 1310 nm Individual
wavelength/channel
Traffic Modes ATM Ethernet ATM Ethernet or Ethernet Protocol Independent
TDM
Voice ATM VoIP TDM VoIP Independent
Video 1550 nm 1550 nm 1550 nm overlay/ IP 1550 nm overlay/ IP
overlay overlay/IP IP
Max PON Splits 32 32 64 128 16/100’s
Max Distance 20 Km 20 Km 60 Km 10 Km 20 Km
Average Bandwidth per User 20 Mbit/s 60 Mbit/s 40 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s Up to 10 Gbit/s

Table: 1.1 different parameter’s used in the passive optical network

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 Sharma et. al.
bandwidth goes in to the ideal state and that time data lost and
bandwidth also not utilize so this is one of the major research
issue now a days for the bandwidth utilization and allocation as
well as reuse of the bandwidth. Another issue is to traffic used by
the passive optical network for the data transmission is also
important issue because traffic grooming and traffic routing is
important for the data transmission but in case of passive optical
network it is difficult to find and access that which terminal is use
for the data transmission without queuing delay so this is also one
of the major issue for the passive optical network.
9. CONCLUSION:
FIGURE 1.9 COST COMPARISION OF TRADITIONAL PON This work presents different aspects of the passive optical
TREE 49 network. It tells us the different configuration used now days in
the different category. In the passive optical network different
characteristics used in the different manner and utilize the
different bandwidth for the communication. In this paper explain
the evaluation of the passive optical network. This paper shows
the major issues in the passive optical network which will
overcome near future in the latest NGPON techniques. It also
explain the different area of the communication in the field of
triple play services (voice, data, video). In this paper shows the
different chachterstics of the passive optical network with the
specific bandwidth used for the different Passive optical
networks.it is also explain the applications of the Passive optical
network use now a day.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors acknowledges the infrastrucral support from MMU.
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