Basic Mathematics

LECTURE 6
Integration
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Basic Mathematics
LECTURE 6
Integration
 What is Integration?
y

y = f(x)

a b x
The Reverse of Differentiation

For example, if we differentiate x2, we get 2x. So if we integrate 2x, we get x2

y
y = f(x)
ΔA= yΔx (assuming it to be a rectangle)
A yΔx A ydx
If Δx
Its written as dx and
y

x Δx
a b
x
y

y = f(x)

a b x
What are formulae used for Integration?
1 xn .dx = xn+1
+c
n+1
2 1/x.dx = ln x + c
3 sin x .dx = - cos x + c
4 cos x .dx = sin x + c
5 sec2x .dx = tan x + c
6 cosec2x.dx = -cot x + c
7 sec x .tan x dx = sec x + c
8 cosec x .cot x dx = - cosec x +c
9 ex dx = ex + c
 xn+1
xn .dx = +c
n+1

2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x dx = –cot x + c

7. ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
Example Solve ∫ xxx
2 3 dx

x5
A.
5 +C
x4
B. 4 + C
6x5
C.
5 +C
D. None of these
Solution:
x2x3
x dx
∫ x dx =
5
x4dx
x
= x5
5 +C
Example Solve 4sinx 2cosx) dx

A. 4cosx 2sinx + C
B. 4cosx 2sinx + C
C. 4cosx + 2sinx + C
D. None of these
 1
Example
∫ x2 + x dx
2

A. x + x + C
1 3
1 3
B. x + x + C
1 3
1 3
C. x - x + C
1 3
1 3
D. None of these
Solution:
1
x2 + x dx
2

x 2dx + x2dx

x 1 x3
+ +C
1 3
Example x2 dx
1x
A. x + lnx + C
2
2
B. x
2
x +C
2
C. x lnx + C
2
2
D. None of these
Solution:
x2 1 dx
x
x 1 dx
x

xdx x 1dx
x2 lnx + C
2
 sinx
Example Solve ∫ cos2x
dx

A. secx + C
B. secx
C. cosecx + C
D. -cosecx + C
Solution:
sinx dx
cos2x
sinx 1 dx
cosx cosx
tanx ⋅ secx dx
= secx + C
Example Evaluate cos2x⋅dx
1 sin2x + C
A. 2
B. sin2x + C
C. -1 sin2x + C
2
D. 2sin2x + C
Example Evaluate cos2x⋅dx ALTERNATIVE

1 sin2x + C
A. 2
B. sin2x + C
C. -1 sin2x + C
2
D. 2sin2x + C
Solution:
= sin2x + C INCORRECT

cos x dx
Substitution method
dt Let 2x = t
cost ⋅
2
1 cost ⋅ dt 2dx = dt
2 dx = dt/2
1 sint + C
2
1
sin2x + C
2
 1
Example Evaluate dx
2x + 3

A. 1
log(2x + 3) + C
2
B. 1
2 ln(2x + 3) + C
C. ln(2x + 3) + C
D. log(2x + 3) + C
 1
Example Evaluate dx ALTERNATIVE
2x + 3

A. 1
log(2x + 3) + C
2
B. 1
2 ln(2x + 3) + C
C. ln(2x + 3) + C
D. log(2x + 3) + C
Solution:
1 dx
2x + 3
1 dx = lnx + C
Let 2x + 3 = t x
2dx = dt 1
= lnt + C
1 dt 2
t 2 1
= ln(2x + 3) + C
2
1 dt
2 t
Example x dx
Evaluate
x2 2

A. t C

B. x2 2 +C

C. x2 2 +C
D. - x2 2 +C
Solution:
xdx dt/2
x2 2 t
Let x2 2=t 1
2 t
1/2 dt

2xdx = dt
1 t1/2
2 1/2 + C
t C
x2 2 +C
 xn+1
xn .dx = +c
n+1

2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x dx = –cot x + c

7. ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
What is Definite Integration?
Integration of f(x) w.r.t x between values of x from x = a to x = b
Integration take place for a defined set of values of x
Upper limit How to evaluate definite integral
b 1 3
∫ f(x).dx
a t dt = ?
Lower limit 0
1 3 t4 1
t dt =
4
0 0
Upper limit Lower Limit
t4 1 14 04 1
4
=
4 4 = 4
0
 3
Example Evaluate t2dt = ?
2

5
A.
3
B. 19
3
C. 15
D. 6
Solution: 3
t2dt = ?
2
3 t 3= 1 3 3
t2dt = t
2 33 2 3 2
1
= [33 23]
3
27 8
=
3
19
=
3
 ∫ dtt
6
Example Evaluate =?
3

A. ln2
B. ln3
C. ln6
D. 1
 6 dt
Solution: =?
3 t
6 6
dt
= log (t)
3 t
e
3
= loge6 loge3
= loge 6
3
= loge 2
= ln2
= 0.693
 2
Example Evaluate ∫ et dt = ?
0

A. e2
B. e2 1
C. e4 e
D. e
Solution: 2
∫ etdt = ?
0
2 2
∫ etdt = et
0 0
= e2 e0
= e2 1
 2
Example Evaluate ∫ 2t dt = ?
0

A. 3/ln2
B. 2/ln2
C. 3 ln2
D. ln2
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