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Lesson 1

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It divides statistics into two parts: descriptive statistics, which describes collected data using measures like frequency, range, mean, mode and standard deviation; and inferential statistics, which generalizes from samples to populations using probabilities, hypothesis testing, and determining relationships between variables. It defines data, variables, populations, samples, parameters, and statistics, and explains how statistics obtained from samples are used to estimate unknown parameters of populations.

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17 views

Lesson 1

This document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It divides statistics into two parts: descriptive statistics, which describes collected data using measures like frequency, range, mean, mode and standard deviation; and inferential statistics, which generalizes from samples to populations using probabilities, hypothesis testing, and determining relationships between variables. It defines data, variables, populations, samples, parameters, and statistics, and explains how statistics obtained from samples are used to estimate unknown parameters of populations.

Uploaded by

Abu wrd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TAIBAH UNIVERSITY

‫جامعة طيبة‬
Faculty of Science
‫كلية العلوم‬
Department of Math.
‫قسم الرياضيات‬

Introduction to Statistics

STAT 101
Lesson 1

Introduction
Definition: Statistics
• A collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then
organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data.

The field of statistics is divided into two parts:


1. Descriptive statistics:
Describe data that have been collected. Commonly used descriptive statistics
include frequency counts, ranges (high and low scores or values), means, modes,
median scores, and standard deviations.

2. Inferential Statistics :
Generalizing from samples to populations using probabilities. Performing
hypothesis testing, determining relationships between variables, and making
predictions.
Inferential Statistics :

Estimation Test of Hypotheses

Point Estimation

Interval Estimation
Definitions:

• Data: Are observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses)


that have been collected.
• Variable: Is a characteristic or attribute that takes different values in
different person.
• Random Variable: A variable whose values are determined by chance

• Population: Is the complete collection of all elements (scores, people,


measurements, and so on) to be studied
• Sample: A subgroup or subset of the population.

• Parameter: Characteristic or measure obtained from a population.

• Statistic: Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample.


Table below explains some parameters
and statistics

Measure Population Sample

Size N n

Mean µ x
Variance σ2 S2

Standard Deviation σ S
Populations and Samples:
Population Sample = Observations
(Some Unknown
Parameters) (We calculate Some Statistics)
Example: TU Students Example: 20 Students from TU
(Height Mean) (Sample Mean)
N=Population Size n = Sample Size

Let x1,x2,…,xN be the population values (in general, they are unknown).

Let x1,x2,…,xn be the sample values (these values are known).

Statistics obtained from the sample are used to estimate (approximate) the
parameters of the population.

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