INTRODUCTION

Referred as the Spice Garden of India, Kerala is a beautiful state with an excellent landscape of palm-lined beaches, thick jungles, plantation-covered hills, and enthralling rivers and lakes. It is considered to be one of the cleanest and the most peaceful parts of India, with the state remaining a major source of India's bananas, rubber, cardamoms, coconuts, cashews, and ginger. Kerala is rated by National Geographic Traveler as one of the world's 50 must-see destinations -- is a seamless landscape of palm-lined beaches rising to meet steamy jungles and plantation-covered hills, watered by no less than 44 tropical rivers. Visitors come here primarily to unwind and indulge; this is, after all, where succumbing to a therapeutic Ayurvedic massage is as mandatory as idling away an afternoon aboard a slowly drifting kettuvallam, or sipping coconut water under a tropical sun before taking in a ritualized Kathakali dance. Eastward, the spice-scented Cardamom Hills and wild elephants of Periyar beckon, while a short flight west takes you to the littleknown but sublime tropical reefs of the Lakshadweep islands. All of which make Kerala not just a must-see on your southern India itinerary, but a major destination in its own right. A thin strip on the southwest coastline, sandwiched between the Lakshadweep Sea and the forested Western Ghats that define its border with Tamil Nadu to the east, Kerala covers a mere 1.3% of the country's total land area, yet its rich resources have long attracted visitors from across the. Seafarers not only brought trade but built synagogues and churches in the emerging port cities, while an entirely Muslim population set up shop on the islands of Lakshadweep. Despite its religious cosmopolitanism. Contemporary Kerala was created in 1956 from the former princely states of Travancore, Kochi, and Malabar. Largely ruled by benevolent maharajas who introduced social reforms emphasizing the provision of education and basic services, Kerala remains one of the most progressive, literate, and prosperous states in post-independence India and at the same time retains an untouched charm. In 1957, it became the first place in the world to democratically elect a Communist government, and the first Indian state to introduce a family planning program. Despite its high population density, Keralites have the country's highest life expectancy and lowest infant mortality rates. 1

Kerala is also considered one of the most peaceful parts of India, a claim substantiated by its prosperity the state remains a major source of India's bananas, rubber, coconuts, cashews, and ginger, and now, tourism . If you're interested in experiencing a more authentic experience of the subcontinent, combine your trip with a few days in neighboring Tamil Nadu, the spiritual heartland of southern India. But if all you're looking for is rejuvenation, head straight to the backwaters, then wash up on some of the world's most beautiful beaches. "God's Own Country" is one tourist slogan that really does deliver. Festivals in kerala are an integral part of the social and cultural structure and every community ,every religion has something to celebrate about all throughout the year. Kerala wakes up to some festival or the other every day of the year

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
In order to obtain answers for the research questions the following objectives are formulated for the desired results To study about different types of destinations and attractions To study about the tourist arrivals and statistics To understand the developments in tourism sector

METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

Filed survey and personal interview with officials Secondary data research included collection of news clippings from Newspaper , Travel journals, Internet with regard to tourism in kerala Books on Kerala tourism Tourism websites

MAJOR TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS IN KERALA

Onam Festival : Onam is a time for sports, festivities and ritual celebrations in Kerala. The Keralites celebrate this festival in memory of the golden era of King Mahabali whose spirit is said to visit the state at the time of Onam. Colorful aquatic festivals are organized along the sacred River Pampa as part of the celebrations. After three months of heavy rains, the sky becomes aclear blue and the forests a deep green. The brooks and streams come alive, spouting a gentle white foam,the lakes and rivers overflow and lotuses and lilies are in full bloom as if to welcome the spirit of the King. It is time to reap the harvest, to celebrate and to rejoice. Depending on the positioning of the stars and the moon, the festival is held at the end of August or beginning of September, less than a fortnight after the Malayalam New Year, Chingam begins. The biggest festival of Kerala, Onam is also the best time to plan one's travel and tour in Kerala. The color, enthusiasm and celebrations associated with Onam are enough to make you return again. The celebrations begin within a fortnight of the Malayalam New Year and go on for ten days. The last day called the Thiruonam is the most important. All over the state, rituals along with new clothes, traditional cuisine, dance and music mark this harvest festival. Kerala Boat Festivals : The backwaters of kerala apart from being a major tourist attraction are also venues for yet another splendid attraction of Gods Own CountryBoat [Link] boat festival of Kerala are one of the chief and popular festival of Kerala that tourist must experience during their travel Kerala. Kerala boat races are an event that is as much part of the lands ethos and is a sport that signifies the excellent teamspirit,integration and amity of the people. 3

Vishu festival: Vishu is one of the most popular festivals of Kerala. Vishu falls on the first of Medam (March-April), which is the Malayalam New Year's Day. Since it is considered propitious to view good things on this day for year round good fortune, Vishu morning is an important time. The heart of this festival of Kerala is the preparation of the kani (the lucky sight or gift). Thrissur Pooram Festival: Thrissur Pooram is the most spectacular festival of Kerala that tourist must experience during their holidays in Kerala. Introduced by the Maharaja of erstwhile Kochi state, Sakthan Thampuran, Thrissur Pooram is celebrated in Medom (April-May). The Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala parades the fulgent faces of Kerala culture. With every passing year Thrissur Pooram,the temple festival, attracts large masses of devotees and spectators to Kerala. The best elephants of the state from the various temples in Kerala are sent to Thrissur to participate in the Pooram festival. Payippad Jelotsavam Festival : Payippad Jelotsavam held in memory for the Prathista ceremony of Haripad Subramanya temple and therefore has a religious significance. This festival is celebrated for three days commencing from the Onam festival day. Snake boat processions are taken out on the first two days and competitive boat race take place on the third day. Attukal Pongala Festival : Attukal pongala this is the one and the only temple festival in the world where lakhs of women assembled together to make offerings by cooking a pudding for the goddess in the attukal [Link] is taken home after the chief priest of the temple will come and sprinkle the holy water and will shower the flowers. This festival will come to an end in the evening with a procession from the temple. Makaravillakku at Sabarimala Festival : For centuries, Sabarimala in Pathanamthitta has been a major pilgrim center in kerala attracting lakhs of devotees from all over [Link] presiding deity is Lord Ayyappa known aas Dharma Sastha, a considered symbol of unity between Vaishnavites and Saivites. Theyyam Festival: Theyyam is one of the popular festivals of Kerala. It is the worship of the deity ; on the other hand ,the dancer is also the deity. 4

KUMARAKOM

Kumarakom, the famous backwater tourist destination in Kerala is located about 12 kms from Kottayam. This place can be reached through a voyage from Alappuzha. Kumarakom is undoubtedly the most fascinating paradise in Kerala, God's own country. This rich green, sleepy little village of Kumarkom is located on the Vembanad lake amidst mangrove forests and coconut groves. Kumarakom backwater can be referred as the most beautiful of all backwater destinations in Kerala without any doubt. It is a rapidly developing backwater region, especially for tourism. The Vembanad Lake with its calm blue water and shades of the emerald green floras together provides a pictorial beauty. Regular availability of motorboats as well government managed houseboats running on the waterways of Vembanad Lake is an added attraction for the tourists to watch the serenely beautiful backwater region with comfort. The Kumarakom birds sanctuary is another perfect addition to the heavenly enchanting backwater region. Different species of birds like the native kingfisher, owl, parrot, etc. can be seen here including the migrating ones like the Serbian crane, lark, and so on that comes in flocks from far Himalaya as well Serbia. The lush green meadows along with the line of coconut trees are truly the visions of an artist. Kumarakom backwater region when looked at is like the paradise of earth bestowed with all the beauty that God can gift. The sanctuary, lake, along with all other backwater lagoons formed a never ending labyrinth which is a great source of marine faunas like the famous Kumarakom Karimeen, tiger prawns, crabs and so on. Depending on this big labyrinth and on its adjoined meadows, fishing and cultivation emerged as the most usual way of living of this backwater area.

With growing identity of tourist destination, the Kumarakom backwater is trying to catch the modern amenities. As a result of this, a number of well-equipped and luxurious resorts have already taken place in order to serve the tourists. Such resorts also include special attractions like water games, scheduled boating, skiing, canoeing, etc. Likewise, one can experience highly esteemed yoga, meditation practices, ayurveda body massage and so on. Moreover, boat racing during their harvest festival Onam is another attraction for the visitors. In a sentence, the Kumarakom backwater composed of evergreen valleys, calm waterways, coconut groves, varieties of flora and faunas, mangrove forests, native people; 5

forms the most beautiful panorama of an earthly [Link] slender coconut palms standing here, there and everywhere,itsnever ending paddy fields,meandering lagoons and backwaters,mangroves nesting birds of a hundred varieties can peacefully calm and invigorate your mind. On the scenic Vembanad lake you will come across plenty of traditional countrycrafts or houseboats, boats and canoes. The fresh water of the lake runs into the mainland making a labyrinth of lagoons, brooks, canals and waterways. The backwaterhouses a variety of species of both fauna and flora and marine life. Kumarakom is also considered to be the gateway to the famousbackwaters of Kuttanad. Kumarakom is also the home of various sprawling ethnic waterfront resorts. These resorts offer comfortable accommodation and exclusive leisure options like an Ayurvedic massage, yoga, meditation, boating, fishing and swimming. The adventurous could indulge in water sports such as windsailing and waterskiing. Kumarakom is also a center for houseboat cruises. Kumarakom enjoys a well balanced tropical climate. The temperature ranges between 16.10 degree Celsius to 37.80 degree Celsius. There is always a cool, fresh breeze, which makes even the warmest weather readily agreeable. The best time to visit Kumarakom is from November to March. HISTORY Kumarakom is a minor destination comprised of a collection of small islands in the state of Kerala. Before its popularity as a tourist town, Kumarakom was an area located near a marshy mangrove on the edge of the Vembanad lake. In 1878, George Alfred Baker, a missionary from Essex, England, set about clearing the mangrove and replacing it with coconut plantations. Baker was so taken aback by the beauty of Kumarakom that he decided to make it his home and in doing so he became the catalyst for development in the area. 6

Development however, is a term used very loosely because the greatest appeal of the area is perhaps its underdevelopment or its lack of masses of manmade constructions that might otherwise spoil its tremendous natural beauty. The potential of Kumarakoms bird sanctuary has of course been realised; strict laws prevent the destruction of this area and hence maintain its strict natural integrity. Kumarakom can be found in Kerala, a state that wasnt officially established until November 1956. The regions early history saw settlers such as the Negrito people focused in three areas, then known as: Malabar, Cannanore and Kasargode. The Negrito people still inhabit the mountainous areas in the south of the country today. After the Negritos came the Austriches and then the Dravidians; the latter still having a significant effect on modern culture in [Link] the Portuguese discovered the route to India from Europe by sea, a wave of visitors arrived, some settling permanently into the area and contributing to Keralas mix of followers of Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Keralites celebrate the official recognition of the state on 1 November every year, a day they refer to as Kerala piravi meaning the 'Birth of Kerala'.

CLIMATE
Kumarakom's climate is moderate on account of its proximity to the ocean, with temperatures rarely falling below 16C and rarely climbing higher than 38C, which in the latter case is somewhat cooler than the 40-plus degrees that some parts of India

The monsoon season follows the summer and is quite short compared to that of other regions,ends sometimes in August; although mild spells of precipitation can be expected until the beginning of November. The cool, dry season follows and is the most popular period for tourists as temperature is bearable and chances of rain are extremely low. The winter season lasts from November till March. HOW TO REACH By Road : From the Cochin International Airport it is an 85 km, From the Trivandrum International Airport it is a 175 km, From the Calicut International Airport it is 180 km By Rail :From Bombay, Madras or Bangalore, you can take a train to Kerala. The best place to alight is either Cochin or Kottayam By Air : Cochin International Airport and the Trivandrum International Airport.

WAYANAD
Wayanad is the famous hill station in Kerala. Wayanad is one of the district in Kerala that has been able to retains its pristine nature. Wayanad covers an area of 2132 square kms and situated at an altitude of 700 to 2100 meters above sea level. Wayanad is known for its picturesque mist-clad hill stations, sprawling spice plantations, luxuriant forests and rich cultural traditions. In Wayanad, the hills and valley extend endlessly into the horizon and the waterfalls, paddy fields, fresh green plantations of rubber, coffee, tea and pepper are in plenty. Lakkidi is the region in Wayanad, near Kalpetta which receives the second highest rainfall in the world. The gushing rivers and cascading waterfalls flows throughout the year. The weather is cool and pleasant at Wayanad throughout the year due to its altitude and can be visited at any time of the year Wayanad means the land of paddy fields as Vayal is paddy and Naad is land in Malayalam. This district in the north-east of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district, carved out of Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Many indigenous tribes live in this area. It is set lofty on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 Metres above mean sea level. It is bounded on the east by Nilgigris and Mysore districts of Tamilnadu and Karnataka respectively, on the north by Coorg district of Karnataka, on the south by Malappuram and on the west by Kozhikode and Kannur. This district has the added advantage of linking Kerala with the golden triangle of South India, namely, the Bangalore, the Mysore and the Ooty. The district has the largest adivasi population. It contributes about 36% of the adivasi population of the state. This region consists mainly of the Paniyas, the Kurumas, the Adiyars, the Kurichyas, the Ooralis, the Kadans, and the Kattunaikkans. Among them the Kurichyars are the most developed community. Many of them are small land owners, whereas the members of other tribes are mostly the labourers. Wayanad also has a small jain community consisting of Gowders who came from Karnataka. They have built beautiful temples all over the district. One fourth population of Wayanad is constituted by Christians and many sects of Christianity are well represented in the district. The Muslims constitute another one fourth population and the rest of the population belongs to the Hindus.

This high altitude of the district is characterised by the cultivation of perennial plantation crops and spices. The major plantation crops include coffee, tea, pepper, cardamom and rubber. The Coffee based farming system is a notable feature of Wayanad. Coffee is grown both as pure crop and as well as mixed crop along with pepper. Pepper is grown largely along with coffee in the north eastern parts of the district, especially in Pulpally and Mullankolly areas. The rice fields of Wayanad are in the valleys formed by hillocks and in majority of paddy lands and only a single crop is harvested. A variety of crops including annuals and perennials are grown in these small holdings. The crops include coconut, arecanut, pepper, vegetables, tuber crops, drumstick, papaya, etc. and fruit trees like mango and jack. Kuruva Island, Edakkal Caves, Wayand Wildlife Sanctuary, Begur Wildlife Sanctuary, Lakkidi, Pookot Lake, Chembra Peak and Thirunelly Temple are the main tourist attractions in Wayanad. Kalpetta, the administrative head of Wayanad, is surrounded by the fascinating places like the natural Pookot Lake and the Tusharagiri Hills. The Edakkal cavesoffers a glimpse of the stone age paintings and inscriptions. The elephant training centre in the Muthunga Wildlife sanctuary is also an interesting place in Wayanad. The Kuruva Island is one of the several small islands in the region with a complex ecosystem of rare plants and birds

HISTORY
The rajas of the Veda tribe ruled the region in the ancient times. Later, Wayanad was ruled by the Pazhassi Rajahs of the Kottayam royal dynasty. Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, invaded Wayanad and brought it under his way. During the reign of his son, Tippu Sultan, Wayanad was restored to the Kottayam royal dynasty. The entire Malabar region was given to the British after the Srirangapatnam truce. Then, there were frequent fierce encounters between the British and the Kerala Varma Pazhassi Rajah of Kottayam. The Rajah waged several battles even when he was driven to the wilderness of Wayanad. After his death, the Wayanad completely fell into the hands of the British. The Britishers opened up the Plateau for cultivation of tea and other cash crops. Even the roads were laid across the dangerous slopes of Wayanad from Calicut to Telicherry. When the state of Kerala was formed in 1956, Wayanad was the part of Kannur district. Later South Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district in 1957 and the north Wayanad remained with Cannannore district. By amalgamating the north Wayanad and south Wayanad, the present Wayanad district came into being on the 1st November 1980 comprising of three taluks, the Vythiry, the Mananthavady and the Sulthan Bathery 9

PLACES TO SEE

Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary : Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is located 16 kilometers east of Sulthaan Bathery. Here one can find freely roaming elephants and tigers. The best time to visit is between June and October. Established in 1973, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous with the protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of Karnataka on the northeast and Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu on the southeast. Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad. This sanctuary spread over 345 sq km is rich with fauna and flora, and comes under project Various species of deer, monkeys, birds etc also live here. The trees and plants in the sanctuary are typical of the south Indian moist deciduous forests and west coast semi evergreen forests. A drive along the road to Muthanga and further, offers chances to watch these roaming beasts. Elephant rides are arranged by the Forest department Waterfall : One can get a glimpse of this lovely waterfall, one has to trek a distance of around 4 km. from Chethalayam. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary is another tourist spot not to be missed. Here you can see elephants, spotted deer, guar, sambhar and sloth bear. About 15 km from Sultan's Bathery, the Wildlife Sanctuary covers over 344 sq. km. and forms part of the area of Mudumalai Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and Bandipur Sanctuary in Karnataka Sri Mahaganapathy Temple At Thiruvangoor : Thiruvangoor in Kozhikode district is famous for the Sree Mahaganapathy Temple, dedicated to Lord Ganapathy. The annual festival Sivaratri Utsavam here lasts for two days. Cultural and ritual art forms Kerala are performed all nights during the festival. The ritual festival Theyyam is performed on the second day. It is watched by a large gathering of devotees who in the end receive blessings in person from the Theyyam.

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Edakkal Caves : The two caves are located at a height of 1000 m on Ambukutty Mala near Ambalavayal. The New Stone Age pictorial writings on the walls of these natural caves at Edakkal are evidence of the civilization that existed in these regions in prehistoric times.

Pookot Lake : This perennial fresh water lake,nestled among the wooded hills, is the only one of its kind in Kerala. The boating facilities, children's park, handicrafts & spices emporium and fresh water aquarium are some of the attractions of this place.

Tholepetty Wildlife Sanctuary: Several species of animals like elephant , bison, spotted deer, tiger, leopard, bear and wild boar are found in this sanctuary , which is just 100 kms from Vythiri. The best season to visit is Dec-to May, when animals from the neighbouring Bandhipur, Nagarhole and Mudamalai frequent this sanctuary due to scarcity of water elsewhere. Day trips are organized from various resorts in Wayanad.

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CLIMATE

Wayanad district in Kerala has a pleasant climate for most parts of the year. High altitude regions in Wayanad district experience severe cold. In Wayanad, the mean maximum and minimum temperature are generally 29 C and 18 C respectively. Wayanad and surrounding areas experience a high humidity which may go up to 95 per cent during the south west monsoon period. Generally, the weather of Wayanad is classified into four seasons- cold weather (December-February), hot weather (March-May), South West Monsoon (June-September) and North East Monsoon (October-November). The average rain fall in Wayanad district is around 300 mm/year. Since the Weather of Wayanad remains pleasant for most parts of the year, you can visit the place any time except the South West Monsoon period.

HOW TO REACH

By Air: The nearest airport is located at Kozhikode, about 98 kms. By Rail: The nearest railway station is located at Kozhikode. By Road: Wayanad is well connected by road from Kozhikode, Kannur, Ooty and Mysore.

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TRIVANDRUM
Trivandrum is not only the capital city of Gods own CountryKerala, but it is also an important center for the culture and heritage of the state. On the one hand you will come across the lavish malls and bustle of the town, while on the other; you will find the old palaces and ancient landmarks narrating the past. Home to fascinating beaches and grandiose palaces, there are many tourist destinations in Trivandrum that make a tour of the city a fascinating experience.

History
Thiruvananthapuram is one of the oldest cities in India, with periodic references in many Greek and Roman literatures. However the city's position came forefront when the Venad Dynasty came into power of Southern regions, after the Great Partition of Kerala Empire of Cheras in 14th century. Though Venad rulers had their capital at Kollam (70kms north of Thiruvananthapuram), the town was well considered as a major trading centre. The rise of new Venad King, Maharaja Marthanada Varma and subsequently formation of Travancore Kingdom in late 17th century proved a turning point for the city. The Raja, after formation of the kingdom by annexing many small states and feudal principalites, dedicated the entire kingdom to Lord Padmanabha, the presiding deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple and crowned as Emperor, making the royal family to rule in the name of the lord. This resulted in making Thiruvananthapuram as the capital of new kingdom and the city started growing around the temple. In 19th century, the entire administration was brought to Thiruvananthapuram city from the Royal headquarters of Sree Padmanabhapuram Fort (50kms from Thiruvananthapuram city), which marked completion of first phase of Thiruvananthapuram [Link] was one of the most powerful Indian Princely state during British Raj, with the kingdom becoming 3rd most richest state among native states. Thiruvananthapuram city, under the royal patronage grew into a major academic, cultural hub of India, with many firsts to its credit. The Maharajas always cared to keep their capital, one of the most greenest cities in India, which resulted in many praises for the capital. As the power and wealth of Travancore Kingdom reached its peak during early 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram became a major prosperous city. With independence of India, the Travancore chose to ascend into India Union. After formation of Kerala state in 1957, it was decided to retain Thiruvananthapuram as the capital city. Being a capital and administrative city, it remains to be one of the hottest political center in Kerala. The 3rd phase of the development came in early 1990s, when Kerala Government decided to establish Technopark- a large IT Park. The growth of Technopark as the largest 13

Information Technology park in South Asia, made a major impetus for the growth of city. Today the city is on focus of making it as major IT/Bio-Technology hub.

PLACES TO SEE IN TRIVANDRUM Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple: Thiruvananthapuram's most interesting temple i open to Hindus only, and even they must wear wear a 'dhoti' or 'sari'. Still , it's worth visiting -even if you are just passing through town-to see the temple's seven story carved gopuram reflected in the nearby sacred [Link] in the Dravidian style by a maharaja of Travancore in 1733, the temple is dedicated to Vishnu, who reclines on the sacred serpent, Anantha, which gives Thiruvanathapuram its name.

Kovalam Beach
Kovalam is just 16 kms away from Trivandrum. This unique internationally renowned wonderful beach will get pride of place amongst the loveliest beaches in the world has been a favourite haunt of tourists since the 1930s. Today Kovalam has become one of the most popular beach hangouts in India. Kovalam means a grove of coconut trees and truly the coconut trees along the beaches gives it a ravishing look. The palm-fringed bays in secluded coconut groves, promise a relaxed stay. The boundless blue waters of the Arabian Sea and miles of white sands washed away by the surf at the feet of the stalwart palms and the rocky promontories, makes this beach paradise. This marvellous beach is a tourist's dream come true. A sheltered natural bay with cool soothing palms and gentle waves. Where when you are tired of aquatics, swimming or sunbathing, you can explore the handicrafts, jewellery and cloth shops spread along the waterfront. Not to speak of the delightful seafood fare including lobsters available at the beachside restaurants 14

Palace Museum: The recently opened Puthen Maliga Palace Museum, adjacent to the temple ,is housed in several wings of the palace of the maharajahs of Travancore. It's open from 8.30 am to 12.30pm and from 3 to 5.30 pm; entry is Rs.5. Museums, Gallery & Zoo: The zoo and a collection of museums are in a park in the north of the city . The museums are in a park in the north of the city. The museums are open Tuesday to Sunday from 10am to 4.45pm, but not until 1pm on Wednesday. A single Rs.5 entry ticket covers all the museums and is obtainable from the Natural History of [Link] in a whimsical, decaying, Keralan style building dating from 1880, the Napier Museum displays an electric assortment of bronzes , historical and contemporary ornaments , temple carts , ivory carvings and life size figures of Kathakali dancers in full [Link] Natural History Museum has a rudimentary ethnographic collection as well as an interesting replica of a Nayar wooden house built in the Keralan [Link] Sri Chitra Art Gallery has paintings of the Rajput, Mughal and Tanjore schools, together with works from China, Tibet, Japan and Bali. There are also many modern Indian paintings , including works by ravi Varma, Svetoslav and Nicholas [Link] Zoological Gardens are among the best designed in Asia -set among woodland , lakes and well -maintained lawns - but some of the animal enclosures (and their inhabitants) are misreble. The zoo is open Tuesday to Saturday from 9am to 5.15pm. Entry is rs.4 and there is an additional Rs.5 charge for a camera or Rs.250 for a video [Link] Science & Technology. Museum and Planetarium , about 100m west of the Mascot Hotel, cater mostly to high school students . The Museum is open from 10am to 5pm daily and entry is Rs.2. The Planetarium has 40 minute shows in English at noon daily (Rs.10).It's closed on Monday. Padmanabhapuram Palace: Padmanabhapuram Palace was once the seat of the rulers of Travancore, a princely state for more than 400 years which included a large part of present day Kerala and the Western coast of Tamil Nadu. Padmanabhapuram is just inside Tamilnadu , 65km south-east of Thiruvananthapuram. To get there , you can either catch a local bus from Thiruvananthapuram or Kovalam beach or take one of the Kanyakumari tours organised by the KTDC. The palace is closed on Monday. 15

Veli Tourist Village: Boardered by Veli lagoon and the Arabian Sea, the village includes water sports , waterfront park, floating bridge, children's park, restaurant, garden etc. it is 8km. away from the city. Visiting hours: 10am. to 8.30pm Akkulam Boat Club: A popular picnic spot with boating facility. Shangumugham Beach: It's a pleasant place to walk or watch the fishermen securing their catch. A large sculpture of a mermaid graces the roadside, an example of the work of the local artist Canai Kunuram. At dusk, during temple festivals, the beach is the site of the ritual bathing of the temple idols CVN Kalari Sangam: The CVN Kalari sangam in East Fort, near the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, is a small but remarkable bulding-part training centre, part temple and part hospital.

Neyyar Dam Neyyar dam, lying against the southern low hills of the western ghats, 32 kms away from the Thiruvananthapuram city is a popular picnic spot with a lake and a picturesque dam site. Neyyar dam affords a panoramic view of the the mountains and the lake. The lion safari is a star [Link] reservoir also offers boating facilities in addition to a crocodile farm. The project offers facilities for boating and mountaineering. A miniature wild life sanctuary, a lake garden and a swimming pool are the major attractions 16

Ponmudi Ponmudi hill resort is cool and quiet. As the hills come awake you can begin a pleasurable exploration of the wooded paths. Trekking is a passion with visitors to Ponmudi. Ponmudi has other surprises too for you. Orchids, for instance, grow in abundance here. A charming deer park is only 3kms. from Ponmudi. Picnic hampers that the staff at the guest house would be happy to arrange, which you could take down the hill to a picturesque ruined dam site or golden valley which is another pretty scenic spot. Other attractions are Bird watching, Deer park and long, enjoyable walks.

CLIMATE
The city has a tropical climate and therefore does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature is 34 C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 C. Humidity is high, and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season. Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoon and gets its first showers in early June. However, pre-monsoon showers are common in April and May, accounting to about 35 cm on average. Annual rainfall is not very high compared to other districts of Kerala, but it is still a substantial 180 cm. The rainiest months are May, June, July, August, and October, but there are frequent showers in other months too between April and November. For travelers who wish to avoid the rain, the best period to visit is from December to March. The winter temperature comes down to about 18 C at some places at high altitudes and summer temperatures can sometimes go as high as 35 C.

HOW TO REACH
By Air : Trivandrum has an international airport in the city. By Rail : Trivandrum is a major Railway Station in India. By Road : An extensive road network connects Trivandrum with most of the cities in Kerala like Kochi, Alleppey, Kumarakom. You can also approach the city from other south Indian cities like: Chennai, Bangalore.

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MUNNAR
The hill resort of Munnar is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. Munnar lies in the God's Own Country of Kerala. Besides being a hill resort Munnar is known a center for tea trade too. There are over thirty tea gardens in and around Munnar. Get going on a bicycle at your own pace and unwind.

The hill resort of Munnar derives its name from the fact that it lays at the confluence of three mountain streams. Literally in Tamil Munnar means "three rivers". The marvelous hill resort of Munnar lays at the confluence of three mountain streams namely Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundala, Since the British rule Munnar has been thronged by tourists. The lovely landscape, the teagardens and the pleasant weather make it a picture perfect destination. The hill resort is situated at an altitude of 1520 meters, in the eastern part of Kerala. The Western Ghats of Kerala stand close to Munnar. The highest peak of Anaimudi is quiet close to the hill resort. The hills neighboring Munnar present a spectacular sight only once in every twelve years. The Neelakurunji plant grows on the hills and bloom to cover the entire mountain range

HISTORY
In both Malayalam and Tamil, the word Munnar means three rivers, as it is merging place of three mountain streams. The Duke of Wellington was the first prominent person to visit Munnar. Munnar was once the summer capital of the British in southern India. Munnar was developed to cultivate tea plants by British although it was first discovered by Scottish planters. In the early developmental stages only Tamilians worked ther as few Malayalis inhabited in that area Munnar. But later more and more Malayalis were recruited as employees to work in plantations and bungalows, that were build for estate managers of British origin. They occupied most of the top posts. Some of the bungalows that were build for them is still in good condition and being [Link] local people here speak Malayalam, the official language of Kerala and since there are a lot of Tamilians, the second language is Tamil. 18

Munnar has an ancient history and prehistoric relics that can be dated back to Stone Age civilization. The written history begins only from 10th century. In the early 19th century, the headman of the villages of Anchanad, Kannan Thevar, held lands to the north of the high ranges, which belonged to the local Rajah of Poojar. According to record history, the first tea sapling was planted by A.H. Sharp at Parvathi, part of the present Sevenmullay estate, consisted of 50 acres of land in the surrounding jungle.J D Munro, a British lawyer and tea planter leased close to 600 sq. km of land around Munnar, which was then covered with thick jungle, from the Poonjar chief, a subordinate of the Maharaja of Travancore. He then cleared the jungle for Tea plantations. This land was later known as Kannan Devan (Kannan Thevar) Concession Land. Later in 1895, Messrs Finlay Muir & Company bought Munros land and in 1976 TataFinlay Ltd. purchased it. Then in 1983 James Finlay Group sold their remaining share holdings and the company became known as Tata Tea Ltd., the largest integrated tea company in the world.

PLACES TO SEE
Eravikulam (Rajamalai) National Park: 45 mins from Munnar. See Nilgiri Thar (Hemitragas hylocres) - an endangered species of mountain goats, rolling grasslands and sholas, spread over 97 sq km in the Rajamalai hills, rare flora and fauna, Atlas moth (largest in the world), lion-tailed macaque, leopards, tigers, The Kurichi or Neelakurinji Flowers turn the hills of Rajamalai blue every 12 years. The next bloom will be in 2018. One can actually debate if going to the high peak just to see some goats is worth all the effort or not. However, the walk along the park is very romantic and has some breath taking view. Mattupetti Dam - 10km from Munnar, this popular picnic spot activities like boating and horse riding and is a great place to spend the day especially if visiting with children. Blossom Garden - Houses many different varities of flowers. Tourist will definitely take away good memories from this place. Echo Point - 15km from Munnar, on the way to top station from Munnar is a small lake set amidst rolling hills. Every loud call made from a spot on the lake embankment is returned 19

manifold by the echo from the surrounding hills. Young tourists throng to this place to listen to the echoes of their friendship calls. Anamudi Peak: The highest peak (2695 m) south of the Himalayas, towers over the sanctuary in majestic pride. The slopes of the hills abound in all kinds of rare flora and fauna. The Atlas moth, the largest of its kind in the world, is a unique inhabitant of the park. Other rare species of fauna found here are the Nilgiri Langur, the lion-tailed macaque, leopards, tigers, etc. An ideal place for trekking, facilities are provided here and tourists are allowed to go on foot up to Anamudi. Mattupetti Indo-Swiss Farm - Better known as Mattupetti (cattle village), Tamil migrant labourers had once upon a time reared cattle here. The cool climate and abundance of fodder made it the ideal location for the Indo-Swiss dairy farm. Established in 1961, the Kerala Livestock Development Board (KLDB) manages this highly specialised dairy farm. The dairy farm is a unique one of its kind with more than 100 varieties of high-yielding cattle being reared. Top Station: 37km from Munnar on the Kerala and Tamil Nadu border, has great views of the Western Ghats. Top station is the "top"-tourist attraction. This place gives a real 'above the clouds' experience. Regular buses go to Top Station (1 hr) from Munnar. A jeep costs Rs 400. The area is known for the Neelakurunji plant, which flowers only once every twelve years. The flower is violet. Marayoor - Around 40km from Munnar. It is the only place in Kerala with natural growth of sandalwood trees, natural caves with murals, and relics from Later Stone Age civilisation. There is a sandalwood factory of the Forest Department of Kerala and a children's park extending across one hectare of land under the canopy of a single Banyan tree, all of which attract tourists in large numbers. Kolukkumalai Tea Estate - At a height of about 7130 ft, this orthodox tea factory lays claim to being one of the highest in the world. The view of the Western Ghats is absolutely enchanting.

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Salim Ali (Thattekkad) Bird Sanctuary: There are woodpeckers, Malabar gray hornbills, Ceylon frogmouths, parakeets, and rose-billed rollers. This sanctuary is located 20km from Kothamangalam on the road between Ernakulam and Munnar. There are basic and mid-range hotels in Kothamangalam and an Inspection Bungalow in Boothathankettu. You can take a boat cruise from Boothathankettu to Thattekkad.

Water Falls : Check out several natural waterfalls on the way to Munnar. These waterfalls carry fresh rain water. They provide an excellent place for all tourists to have a photo shootout.

CLIMATE
The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695 meters (8,842 ft) above mean sea level. Munnar enjoys a salubrious climate. The temperature ranges between 10 C (50 F) and 25 C (77 F) in winter and 15 C (59 F) and 25 C (77 F) in summer. Temperatures as low as 2 C (28 F) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of [Link] mean maximum daily temperature is at its lowest during the monsoon months with the highest temperature being 19 C.

HOW TO REACH
By Air : The nearest airport is cochin By Rail : The nearest railway station is Aluva By Road : 135 Kms from Ernakulam, 100 Kms from Thekkady, 300 Kms from Thiruvanthapuram.

21

COCHIN

Cochin, popularly known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea is situated in the South Western Coast of the Indian Subcontinent. It is a vibrant city and is also referred to as the Gateway to Kerala. The city is bordered by the Western Ghats in the East and the Arabian Sea in the West. It is a small town situated in the Ernakulam district of Kerala. The large number of tourist attractions in Cochin and its backwaters makes this place a unique experience to the tourist who visit the city. The tourist attractions in Cochin include forts, sanctuaries, Palaces and Churches. Cochin becomes a true paradise when the plentiful mangroves and dense coconut trees mirror in the crystal - clear backwaters. The city is also ornamented with flawless ancient churches, cathedrals, sanctuaries, and forts. To add on, Kochi has been a prominent trading zone since ancient times. The tradition and esteem of this enthralling bizarre land is well maintained till date. There are numerous tourist attractions in Cochin, particularly the stunning backwaters that shower an ultimate charm and offer a unique experience to tourists oncoming the city

HISTORY
Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks) as well as Romans, Jews, Arabs, and Chinese since ancient times. Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port at Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyarin 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccol Da Conti, who visited Kochi in 1440. According to many historians, the Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in 1102, after the fall of the Kulasekhara Empire. The King of Kochi had authority over the region encompassing the present city of Kochi and adjoining areas. The reign was hereditary, and the family that ruled over Kochi was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam or Kuru swaroopam in the local vernacular. The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the 22

princely state since the eighteenth century. However, during much of this time, the kingdom was under foreign suzerainty, and the King often only had titular privileges. Portugese navigator, Pedro lvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500. From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi was ruled by Portugal. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Cochin Jews, as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied with the Zamorins to conquer Kochi. By 1773, the Mysore King Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this period. Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces, signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka. However, there are evidences of English habitation in the region even before the signing of the treaty. In 1866, Fort Kochi became a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election was conducted in 1883. The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896 initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes. In 1947, when India gained independence from the British colonial rule, Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly. In 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore. The King of Travancore was the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's States Reorganisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state Kerala incorporating Travancore-Cochin , Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. On 9 July 1960 the Mattancherry council passed a resolution which was forwarded to the government 23

requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. The government appointed a commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. Based on its report, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation's formation. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence. The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island.

PLACES TO SEE
Backwaters of Kochi are a chain of lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast of Kerala state in southern India. In Cochin, the stretch from Kochi Azhi to Munambam Azhi, the serene backwaters are popularly known as Veeranpuzha. It is the northern extension of Vembanad Lake. Vembanad Lake is India's longest lake, and is the largest lake in Kerala. It is also one of the largest lakes in India. Marine Drive is a picturesque promenade in Kochi. It is built facing the backwaters, and is a popular hangout for the local populace. Marine Drive is also an economically thriving part of the city of Kochi. With several shopping malls it is as an important centre of shopping activity in Kochi. The walkway has two contemporarily constructed bridges, the Rainbow bridge and the Chinese Fishing Net [Link] view of the setting and rising sun over the sea mouth, and the gentle breeze from the Vembanad Lake has made Marine Drive an important tourist destination in Kochi. Hundreds of people (both natives, and tourists) throng the walkway during the evenings. Fort Kochi : situated on the Fort Kochi/Mattancherry peninsula, is the historical part of the city and home to many tourist attractions, such as the cantilevered Chinese fishing nets, the Mattancherry Palace and the Santa Cruz Basilica. Hill Palace : is the largest archaeological museum in Kerala, near Tripunithura. It was the administrative office of Kochi Rajas. Built in 1865, the Palace complex consists of 49 buildings in the traditional architectural style, spreading across in 54 [Link] complex has an archaeological Museum, a Heritage Museum, a Deer Park, a Pre-historic Park and a Childrens park. Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi, features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the Rajas of 24

[Link] Palace with its medieval charm is situated at Palace Road, Mattancherry, Kochi. It was built by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma (153765), Raja of Kochi, in 1555 [Link] palace is a quadrangular structure built in Nlukettu style, the traditional Kerala style of architecture, with a courtyard in the middle. In the courtyard there stands a small temple dedicated to 'Pazhayannur Bhagavati', the protective goddess of the Kochi royal family. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (locally known as Kaloor International Stadium) is an international stadium in Kochi, Kerala, India. With a capacity to hold 60,000 spectators, the stadium was built in 1996 .Originally constructed as a football stadium, it has played host to a number of international cricket and football matches. The extensive grounds of the stadium serve as venue for important exhibitions, cinema events and political rallies in the city. The stadium is quipped with floodlights for night play. The architecture of the stadium is unique compared to other stadia in India. Jewish Synagogue : or the Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations, located in Kochi in South India. It was built in 1568 by the Malabar Yehudan people or Cochin Jewish community in the Kingdom of Cochin. It is also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Town, and is the only one of the seven synagogues in the area still in use. The complex has four buildings. It was built adjacent to the Mattancherry Palace temple on the land gifted to the Malabari Yehuden community by the Raja of Kochi,RamaVarma. The Mattancherry Palace temple and the Mattancherry synagogue share a common wall. Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica : a church built originally by the Portuguese and elevated to a Cathedral by Pope Paul IV in 1558, was spared by the Dutch conquerors who destroyed many Catholic buildings. Later the British demolished the structure and Bishop Dom Gomez Vereira commissioned a new building in 1887. Consecrated in 1905, Santa Cruz was proclaimed a Basilica by the Pope John Paul II in 1984. This magnificent church is a must see destination for tourists who come to Kochi. Bolgatty Palace : Built by the Dutch in India, it is located in the scenic island popularly known as Bolgatty island in Kochi. One of the oldest existing Dutch palaces outside Holland, this quaint mansion, built in 1744, by Dutch traders, was later extended and lush green gardens were landscaped around it. The building was then the Governor's palace for the Dutch and later in 1909 was leased to the British. It served as the home of the British Governors, the seat of the British Resident of Cochin during the British regime. In 1947, 25

when India gained independence, the palace became the property of the state and later converted into a heritage hotel resort. Kochi International Marina: Kochi, nevertheless is an excellent stop for yachts, and the marina is placed ideally within the city, attached to the shoreline of the historic Bolgatty Palace Hotel in Bolgatty Island. Placing a marina in this excellent city also provides the only marina between South East Asia and Egypt, so it will be greatly valued by long range cruisers who will be able to access water, power and some maintenance. Willingdon Island : A manmade island named after Lord Willingdon a former British Viceroy to india. Southern Naval Command, Cochin Harbour, Port Trust head quarters , Best hotels in the city,, major trading centers etc. are situated at Willingdon Island. Museum of Kerala History: Important scenes of Kerala history are portrayed through sculptures. Greeting the visitor outside the museum is a statue of Parasurama, the mythological safe who is said to have created Kerala. Athirappilly Falls :is around 60 km from Kochi. The Chalakudy River, 145 kilometres (90 mi) long, originates in the Anamudi mountains and flows through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. Forest wildlife includes the Asiatic elephant, tiger, leopard, bison, sambar, and lion-tailed macaque. Plantations in the area contain teak, bamboo, and eucalyptus. The river initially runs smoothly but becomes more turbulent as it nears Athirappilly. At Athirappilly Falls, the water surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate plumes. Below the falls, the river remains turbulent for about1 kilometre (0.6 mi) until it reaches Kannamkuzhi. Then it calms and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Imburmuzhi. Cherai Beach : is a beach is just 30 km from Kochi. The 15 km of long golden beach is very clean, shallow, and attracts swimming and sunbathing. Cherai village is a part of Vypin Island.

26

Kalady : is a popular pilgrim center because it is the birthplace of Sri Adi Sankara, one of India's foremost philosopher-saints who preached the Advaita or monastic philosophy. Bhoothathankettu : is a dam and tourist site. It is situated in the village of Pindimana, about 50 km away from the Kochi. Bhoothathankettu is connected to the Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, where visitors can see different varieties of birds and animals. The Idamalayam reservoir is about 12 km distance from the site. Malayattoor : is one of the most prominent Christian pilgrim centers in the Ernakulam district of Kerala. The Malayatoor Church of Cochin attracts a large number of devotees from not just Kerala, but also all over [Link]. Thomas is believed to have landed in Kerala at Kodungallur (Cranganore) in AD 52.

CLIMATE
Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate. Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 C (7388 F) with the record high being 38 C (100 F), and record low 17 C (63 F). From June to September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 3,228.3 mm (127.10 in), with an annual average of 132 rainy days

HOW TO REACH
By Air: Kochi has its own airport, named the Cochin International Airport, situated 20 km away at Nedumbassery. The international and domestic flights available here connect you to different parts of the globe. By Rail: The main railway station is Kochi railway junction, while the other station is at Kochi Harbor Terminus. By rail, Kochi is linked with important cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai. By Road: An excellent network of roads connects Kochi to all major towns and cities in South India as well as across the country.

27

ALLEPPEY
Alleppey is one of the most important tourist centers in the state, with a large network of inland canals earning it the sobriquet "Venice of the east". These large network of canals provide Alleppey its lifeline. Alleppey was one of the busiest centers of trade in the past with one of the best known ports along the malabar coast. Even today it retains its charm as the centre for Coir carpet industries and prawn farming. Alleppey the ideal headquarters for backwater tourism as well as for visits to the lovely church filled town of Kottayam, and the town of Aranmula, famous for its historic Aranmula Snake Boat Race which is an annual event Alleppey is also known for its spectacular snake - boat races held on the second Saturday of August, every year. This competition - the Nehru boat race takes its name from India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who inaugurated in 1952. It is excitement all around as snake - boats , each manned by over a hundred oarsmen, cut through the waters like wind. The event is a tremendous success with tourists and the local population alike. The boat cruise along the backwaters of Alleppey give one first hand experience of the life style; toddy tapping, fishing for small fry, Coir-making, prawn farming etc., which remains more or less unchanged over the years.

HISTORY
Alappuzha also known as Alleppey, is a landmark between the broad Arabian sea and a web of rivers flowing into it. It is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms , was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in the Middle Ages. The early Cheras, who had their home in Kuttanad were called `Kuttuvans` named after this place. The famous travelers Pliny and Ptolemy of the first and 2nd centuries had mentioned about places like Purakkad or Barace in their classical works. The literary works like "Unnuneeli Sandesam" give some insight into the ancient period of this district. Whereas some archeological antiques like stone inscriptions, historical monuments found in the temples, churches, rock-out caves also emphasize its historic value. Christianity had a strong foothold in this district even from the Ist century AD. The church located at Kokkamangalam was one of the seven churches 28

founded by St. Thomas who was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. It is generally believed that he landed at Maliankara in Muziris Port, presently known as Cranganore or Kodungallur in 52 AD and preached Christianity in South India. The district flourished in the field of religion and culture under the second Chera Empire during 9th to 12th century AD. The famous literary work `Ascharya Choodamani` a Sanskrit drama written by Sakthibhadran who was a scholar of Chengannur enables us to know all the facts. In the 17th century the Portuguese power declined and the Dutch had a predominant position in the principalities of this district. They built so many factories and warehouses in various places of it for storing pepper, ginger because of the fact that several treaties were signed between the Dutch and the Rajas of Purakkad, Kayamkulam and Karappuram. In course of time they also derived in the political and cultural affairs of the district. At that time Maharaja Marthanda Varma, who was the 'Maker of modern Travancore' intervened in the political affairs of those princedoms. In the 19th century the district arrived at progress in all spheres. One of the five subordinate courts opened in the state in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system by Colonel George Monro. This was located at Mavelikkara. The first post office and first telegraph office in the former Travancore state was established in this district. The first manufacturing factory for the coir mats was also established here in 1859. In 1894 the town Improvement Committee was set [Link] history of Alappuzha District also murmurs the facts of the prominent role that the district played in the freedom struggle of the country. The historic struggles of Punnapra and Vayalar in 1946 constrained the attitude of the people against Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who was Dewan of Travancore. And this ultimately led to his exit from the political scene of Travancore. A popular Ministry was formed in Travancore on 24 March 1948 after India`s independence, and on 1 July 1949 Travancore and Cochin states were integrated. The position continued till the formation of Kerala State on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganization Act 1956. The district came into existence as a separate administrative unit on 1 August 1957.

PLACES TO SEE
Krishnapuram Palace The 18th century Krishnapuram Palace built during the reign of the Travancore monarch, Marthanda Varma, is a double storied structure which displays typical characteristics of Kerala architecture-gabled roofs, dormar windows, narrow corridors. It houses one of the largest mural paintings in Kerala called 29

the Gajendra Moksham. It measures14 feet by 11 feet and is at the western end of the ground floor, a walking distance from the Palace Pool. Inside is also a museum of antique sculptures, paintings and bronzes. Situated 47 kms from Alappuzha on the way to Kollam, Krishnapuram is easily accessible by bus from either town.. Pathiramanal (An Island) This is a small beautiful island in the Vembanad Lake and is accessible only by boat from Kumarakom and Muhamma.

Ambalappuzha ( Pilgrim Centre) The Sri Krishna Temple at Ambalapuzha, 14 kms from Alleppey is among Kerala's more famous ones boasting of the typical temple architectural style of the state. It is equally famed for its palpayasam - a sweet milk porridge offered to the diety. The temple's main festival occurs in March/April. It was in this temple that the 16th century poet Kunjan Nambiar staged his first Ottan Thullal, a solo dance performance with high social content. Karumadi Close to the Ambalappuzha. the village of Karumadi is famous for its Karumadi Kuttan, a black granite figure of Buddha said to belong to the 9th or 10th century

Kuttanad Kuttanad, is called the rice bowl of Kerala because of its wealth of paddy crops. It lies at the very heart of the backwaters. The scenic countryside of Kuttanad with its shimmering waterways also has a rich crop of banana, 30

cassava and yam. This perhaps the only region in the worked where farming is done 1.5 to 2 ms. below sea level. Inland waterways which flow above land level are an amazing feature of this region.

Alappuzha Beach This is one of the most popular picnic spots in Alappuzha. The pier, which extends into the sea here, is over 137 years old. Entertainment facilities at the Vijaya beach park add to the attractions of the beach. There is also an old lighthouse which is greatly fascination to visitors. Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple 15 kms. south of Alappuzha, built in the typical Kerala architectural style, this temple is famous all over India for the Palapayasam, the daily offering of deliciously sweet milk porridge. It is also in this temple that Palipana is performed by Velans (sorceres) once every twelve years. Paintings of the Dasavatharam (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu) are on display on the inner walls of the Chuttambalam. Ottan thullal, a satiric art form originated by the poet Kunchan Nambiar, was first performed on the premises of this temple. Arthunkal 22 kms. north of Alappuzha, the St. Sebastian's Church is an important Christian pilgrim centre. Annual festival Arthunkal Perunnal - the feast of the patron saint. (January).

Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple 32 kms. south of Alappuzha situated near Harippad, this is a serpent shrine under the patronage of a 'Brahman' family, headed by a priestess. The ancient shrine is an internationally renowned pilgrim centre dedicated to the Serpent God Nagaraja. Sarpa Yakshi and Naga Yakshi are the beloved consorts of Nagaraja. It is believed that Nagaraja as the installed deity is endowed with the form of Hari (Lord Vishnu) and the spirit of Lord Shiva. Legend has it that the first priestess of Mannarasala gave birth to a five-headed 31

snake, which is believed to reside in the ancestral house to safeguard the family. At Mannarasala barren women are believed to be blessed with children and a special turmeric paste available at the shrine is credited with powers to cure even leprosy.

CLIMATE
Owing to its proximity to the sea, the climate of Alleppey is humid and hot during the summer. Although the place remains fairly cool and pleasant during the months of October and [Link] average monthly temperature is 25C. The district also gets the benefit of two outstanding monsoons as in the case of other parts of the [Link] city experiences a long monsoon season with heavy showers as both the Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon influences the weather of Alleppey. The South-west monsoon affects the climate in between the months from June to September. On the other hand the North-east monsoon rings rain from October to November. The average rainfall received by the region is 2763 mm.

HOW TO REACH
By Air : The nearest airport to Alleppey is the Kochi Airport which is located 54kms away from Alleppey. Another important airport near Alleppey is Trivandrum Airport which is at a distance of 154kms. By Rail : Alleppey is connected to the major cities of Kerala like Cochin, Kottayam, Changanassery and Chengannur. There are ferry services to Alleppey where you can enjoy the scenic beauty of the backwaters. By Road : Alleppey is connected by a number of interconnecting roadways to different parts of South India. National Highway 47 passes through Allepey.

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Kerala Tourist Statistics - 2010

Foreign No. of Foreign Tourists in 2010 No. of Foreign Tourists in 2009 % Variation over Previous year Per Day Expenditure 2010 Per Day Expenditure 2009 % Variation over Previous year Average duration of Stay 2010 Average duration of Stay 2009 % Variation over Previous year 6,59,265 5,57,258 18.31 % Rs. 3600/Rs.3200/12.5% 16 days 16 days Nil Rs. 3797.37crores Rs. 2853.16 crores

Foreign Exchange Earnings 2010 Foreign Exchange Earnings 2009 % Variation over Previous year - 33.09 % Domestic No. of Domestic Tourists in 2010 No. of Domestic Tourists in 2009 % Variation over Previous year Per Day Expenditure 2010 Per Day Expenditure 2009 % Variation over Previous year Average duration of Stay 2010 Average duration of Stay 2009 % Variation over Previous year Earnings from Domestic tourists 2010 Earnings from Domestic tourists 2009 % Variation over Previous year Total Earnings (Direct) 2010 Total Earnings (Direct) 2009 % Variation over Previous year -

8595075 7913537 8.61 % Rs.1800/Rs.1500/20% 6 days 6 days Nil Rs.9282.68 crores Rs. 7122.18 crores 30.33% Rs. 13080.05 crores Rs. 9975.34 crores 31.12%

Total revenue generated 2010 (direct and indirect) Total revenue generated (direct and indirect) 2009 % Variation over Previous year -

Rs.17348 Crores Rs. 13231 Crores 31.12% 33

Kerala Tourist Statistics - 2009

Foreign No. of Foreign Tourists in 2009 No. of Foreign Tourists in 2008 % Variation over Previous year Per Day Expenditure 2009 Per Day Expenditure 2008 % Variation over Previous year Average duration of Stay 2008 Average duration of Stay 2007 % Variation over Previous year 557258 598929 -6.96 % Rs.3200/Rs.3200/Nil 16 days 16 days Nil Rs.2853.16 crores Rs. 3066.52 crores

Foreign Exchange Earnings 2009 Foreign Exchange Earnings 2008 % Variation over Previous year - -6.96 % Domestic No. of Domestic Tourists in 2009 No. of Domestic Tourists in 2008 % Variation over Previous year Per Day Expenditure 2009 Per Day Expenditure 2008 % Variation over Previous year Average duration of Stay 2008 Average duration of Stay 2007 % Variation over Previous year Earnings from Domestic tourists 2009 Earnings from Domestic tourists 2008 % Variation over Previous year Total Earnings (Direct) 2009 Total Earnings (Direct) 2008 % Variation over Previous year -

7913537 7591250 4.25 % Rs.1500/Rs.1500/Nil 6 days 6 days Nil Rs.7122.18 crores Rs. 6832.13 crores 4.25 % Rs. 9975.34 crores Rs. 9898.65 crores 0.77 %

Total revenue generated 2009 (direct and indirect) Total revenue generated (direct and indirect) 2008 % Variation over Previous year -

Rs.13231 Crores Rs. 13130 Crores 0.77 % 34

Tourist Statistics 2010

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2010 is 6,59,265. It shows a increase of 18.31 % over the previous year. Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2010 is 85,95,075. It shows an increase of 8.61 % over the previous year. Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2010 is Rs.3797.37Crores which recorded an increase of 33.09 % over the previous year. Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2010 is Rs:17348 Crores, showing an increase of 31.12% over the last years figure. In India , Foreign Tourist Arrival during 2010 were 5.58 million with a growth rate of 8.1% as compared to the previous year . In India , Foreign exchange Earnings in Rupee terms during 2010 were Rs.64889 crores as compared to 54960 crores in 2009 which shows an increase of 18.07% . The 8.1% growth rate in Foreign Tourists arrival in India for 2010 over 2009 is much better than UNWTOs projected growth rate of 5% to 6% for the world during the same period. Month wise Foreign and Domestic Tourist arrivals during the year 2010 is as shown below

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL

Foreign 87553 86747 61334 50910 26783 24685 36188 49518 37859 49512 66526 81650 659265

Domestic 730803 634454 658610 684522 776648 614955 596335 655937 660903 836517 815827 929564 8595075 35

Tourist statistics 2009

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 5,57,258. It shows a decrease of 6.96 % over the previous year. Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 79,13,537. It shows an increase of 4.25 % over the previous year. Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2009 is Rs.2853.16 Crores which recorded a decrease 6.96 % over the previous year. Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2009 is Rs.13,231.00 Crores, showing an increase of 0.77 % over the last years figure. In India , Foreign Tourist Arrival during 2009 were 5.11 million with a growth rate of -3.3% as compared to the previous year . In India , Foreign exchange Earnings in Rupee terms during 2009 were Rs. 54960 crores as compared to 50730 crore in 2008 . In India , during 2009 , the number of domestic tourist visits to the state / UTs was 650 million as compared to 563 million in 2008 and 527 million in 2007. In India , the domestic tourism registered an impressive growth of 15.5% in 2009 inspite of Economic recession and other adverse factors for tourism . On the contrary , Foreign tourists arrival registered a decline of 3.3% during 2009 , in India Though the overall Foreign Tourists arrival in India declined by 3.3% in 2009 over 2008, FTA from some regions of world observed positive growth viz . Africa, Central and South America and South East Asia Month wise Foreign and Domestic Tourist arrivals during the year 2009 is Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL Foreign 77,839, 71,136 57,250 43,473 25,386 19,499 28,914 39,079 29,283 38,870 56,880 69,649 5,57,258 Domestic 6,96,878 6,00,648 6,35,963 6,49,553 7,30,310 5,69,624 5,52,162 5,85,658 6,09,127 7,38,253 7,26,832 8,18,529 79,13,537 36

EARNINGS FROM TOURISM

Foreign Year Exchange Earnings (Rs. In Crores) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 535.00 705.67 983.37 1266.77 1552.31 1988.40 2640.94 3066.52 2853.16 3797.37 1.85 31.90 39.35 28.82 22.54 28.09 32.82 16.11 -6.96 33.09 Percentage of Increase Total revenue generated from Tourism (Direct & Indirect) Rs. In Crores 4500.00 4931.00 5938.00 6829.00 7738.00 9126.00 11433.00 13130.00 13231.00 17348.00 9.58 20.42 12.83 15.01 13.31 17.94 25.28 14.84 0.77 31.12 Percentage of Increase

TRENDS IN DOMESTIC & FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS INTO KERALA (2002 TO 2010)
YEAR 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 DOMESTI C 55,68,256 TOURIST 58,71,228 S 59,72,182 59,46,423 62,71,724 66,42,941 75,91,250 79,13,537 85,95,075 6.3 5.4 1.7 -4.3 5.47 5.92 14.28 4.25 8.61 % VAR. FOREIGN TOURIST S 2,32,564 2,94,621 3,45,546 3,46,499 4,28,534 5,15,808 5,98,929 5,57,258 6,59,265 11.3 26.7 17.3 0.27 23.7 20.37 16.11 -6.96 18.31 37 % VAR.

INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Foreign Exchange Earning during the year 2010 is Rs. 3797.37 crores Total Revenue generated from tourism in 2010 comes to Rs. 17348 crores Tourisms contribution to States GDP is around 9 % (approximately) The average per day expenditure of a foreign tourist is Rs.3600/-

The average per day expenditure of a domestic tourist is Rs.1800/The average length of stay of a foreign tourist is 16 days

The average length of stay of a domestic tourist is 6 days

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CONCLUSION

From my research on the topic TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA- STUDY OF DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS I have reached to the following assessments. When we consider the Tourism possibility of Kerala, there is a large amount of unutilized potentiality of tourism. Kerala has large number of tourism destinations. It is a blend of all types of tourism which include eco tourism, mountain tourism, historic tourism, beach tourism ,wildlife tourism and many other types of tourism. But the tourism destinations cannot be able to utilize fully because of lack of proper infrastructure and basic amenities. Government support is also needed for the development of tourism destinations in Kerala. The Government of Kerala give focus to the Southern Kerala for tourism instead of North Kerala. Thats why south Kerala developed a lot in tourism sector. Because of this all famous tourist destinations in Kerala like Kovalam, Kumarakom etc belongs to South Kerala. There are many other destinations in Kerala which can be developed into a world class tourism destinations from that all these destinations has to be developed with proper infrastructure. A lot of investment is necessary for that. All these destinations need facilities like parking, resting facilities, walk ways, electrification, supply of drinking water, availability of food, accommodation facility, better roads connecting tourist destinations and also from airports and railway station. Awakening the local people about the potentiality of tourism and conservation of tourism products in this region are the two important factors for the development of tourism. Tourism related courses have to be set up in the educational institutions of this region. Another important matter is to increase the accommodation facility for tourists in Kerala. The accommodation facility should be provided in the form of home stay, resorts, hotels, motels etc. From all these we can understand that lack of infrastructure is the major problem. By rectifying all these problems we can increase the flow of tourists to the Kerala.

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These are my suggestions for the development of tourist destinations in North Kerala. By implementing these activities government can make the tourism destinations in North Kerala into a world class tourist destination. The other thing is the support from the public and locals are very much important.

SUGGESTIONS
Provide special attention and care to the tourists Special protection and arrangements for tourists to see festivals and cultural fairs. Get feedback from tourists More and more domestic and international publicicty Start more tourism information centres Proper sign board and road directions Officers should be polite and hardworking Make available trained staffs and guides Provide high quality service by providing the required facilities Link tourism centres with better transport facilities Maintain cleanliness at beaches and backwaters Neat and hygiene public toilets Give incentives to private entrepreneurs to start new tourism ventures Develop hygiene and proper drainage systems Frame new law and regulation so as to protect the industry and tourist Teach tourism from school level and create public awareness

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary sources

1. Tourist Statistics for Kerala (various years), Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. 2. Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 3. Questionnaire

Secondary sources
1. Raju Gregory 1994 [Link] dissertation tourism in kochi 2. District Hand Books of Kerala, Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. 3. George Vallat, Discovery of Kerala- A Tourist Guide of Kerala, S. B Press, 1977. 4. Kerala Tourism Handbook 5. Malabar Tourism Hand Book , Tourism India Publications Pvt. Ltd., Thiruvananthapuram. 6. Menon A, Sreedhara (1970), A Survey of Kerala History, National Book Stall, Kottayam. 7. Pradeep Kumar Johri, Encyclopedia of Tourism in 21st Century, Anmol Publications. 8. Ravisankar K. V, Malabar Tourism Hand Book, Tourism India Publication. 9. [Link] [Link] [Link]

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QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Madam/Sir,

I, SANOOB.K.A studying at NITHM, Hyderabad am conducting a study on Tourism Destination in Kerala. Questionnaire is part of the interview for the research purpose. Therefore I request you to kindly cooperate in filling the questionnaire and also take this opportunity to thank you for your precious time. By filling this questionnaire, you will have contributed to improving the quality and development of tourism in Kerala, which is one of the most desirable holiday destinations . The questionnaire also enables you to give suggestions for the improvement of the destination.

1. Country 2. Age 3. Gender 4. Number of nights stayed a)Less than 1 night, b)1-3nights, c)More than 3 nights

5. Means of transport used to reach Kerala a)By air ,b) By sea, c)By coach, d)By train, e)By car

6. What kind of accommodation did you choose a)Hotel, b)Resorts, c)Homestays, d) Others

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7. Type of holiday you are interested, who organized your trip a)Self organized, b)organized 8. Do you think destination provide sufficient amenities to Tourist or traveler a)Excellent, b)Good, c)Satisfactory

9. Do you think Conservation of culture and art have been preserved due to tourism a)Excellent, b)Good, c) Satisfactory

10. Is it your first visit to Kerala, if not how much time have you been to this destination. a)First time, b)2to 5 times, c)More than 5 times

11. How did you get information about Kerala a)Recommended by friends or relatives b)Tourism trade fair c)Internet/websites d)Others

12. Reasons for the selection of the destination a)Holiday and relaxation b)Entertainment, recommendation by friends or relatives c)Beauty of the nature and landscape d)Experimental tourism e)cultural offer at destination f)sporting activities g)Health

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13. Do you think that tourism can help to increase your income or it can generate more employment opportunities to host community a)Yes, b) No

14. What do you feel about the activities of the local government for the improvement of tourist destinations in Kerala a)Excellent, b) Good, c)Satisfactory, d) cant say

15. How do you rate your overall stay in the destination? Are they valuable for the tourist to gain sufficient knowledge and experience a)Excellent, b)Good, c)Satisfactory 16. How would you rate your level of satisfaction with regard to what destination has to offer?
Excellent Very Good Climate Condition of the location Kindness of the local Communities Availability of tour operators Road links Local traffic Accuracy of Information received before your arrival in your chosen destination Good Satifactory

Landscape beauty Accommodation Sustainable Tourism

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