FIRST LAW ANALYSIS

Liquid octane enters combustion chamber

a & 25°C a
at rale
of 0.05 kg/min where it
is mixed with 50% excess air that
enters the combustion chamber at T.C. An of
analysis combus-
tion gases reveals that
all hydrogen in fuel burns into
Hel
but
only 90% of carbon arms to CO2 remaining
with 10%
forming co. Ifthe exit temperature of combustion gases is
at1550K. Determine the mass flow rate of air, rate of
heat
transfer from combustion chamber

C8H18 H20
25°C, 0.05 kg/min combustion 1500K
CO2
Air Chamber
70C 82
ND

C8118 + 9th (02 +3.7N2) ->& CO2+bH20+ Ne

:8 a Ne dth(3.7)
=
= =

If:18 2b;b 9
:
=

12.5 (3.7) C
=

02:9th 8+ 912 12.5 c 47

=
=
=

Balanced Equ:
C8H18 12.5 (02 + 3.76N2)
+
-> 8C02 + 9H20 +47 Ne

50%
With Excess Air %
C8H18 + 18.75 (02 +3.76N2) -> 0
7.2CO2+0820+9H20 +285 Ne +1 02

↓ 1
12.5 (0.50) 6.25 =
18.75 7.2
=

8
+

42
+
x
+

x 6.65 18.75 (3.7)

=

12.576.25 18.75
=

Balanced 50% excess air)

Eq. (With
C8H18+18.75 (02 + 3.76Nz) -> 7.2 CO2+0.8C0+9H20 + 70.5 N2 +6.2502

a)mass flow rate

of air
(8.75)(4.7)
ar
AFm= 22.68044053
e
=
=

8(12) 18(1)
+

mairAmmt853 (0.05 e t

mair 1.134023024 kg
=

air/min
 b. Rate of Heat Transfer

out:Ein
#

Qort= INp (hif+h-5°Sp 2Nr

=

(hif+h -

4oS

Qort 2N-Chof +
= 50) -

2Np (nof + 5 -no)

reactant reactant
25 273 product
of (KS/mol) Icesor
+
-

substance I(2984) h(1500k)

[8H18 249,950
- -
-

02 8 8682 8150 49292

N2 0 8669 8141 47873
CO2 -

393,520 9364 -

71878
H20 -

241,820 9904 -

57999
CO -

110,530 8669 -
47517

Balanced Eqh.
C8H10 18.75 (02 + 3.7N2) CO2 0.8 C0+9H20 +6.6502
+ - 7.2 +

+ 70.5Ne

18.754a*850-8682)
Gor t=[ 70.5(0 8141 8649)] + +
-

28118 02 NA

[7.2) -

393,520 71078 +

9364) 0.81 110,530 47517 8669)+

-
+
- + -

9) 24,820 57999
-
+
-

9904) 6.65(0 49292 8682)+

+
+
-

70.5(0 47073 8669)]

+
-

reactant
Got [-297,149]
=
-

[( -
2389003.2) + ( 57345.6) -

( 743525)
+ -

+
(270056.5) (2707482)] +

Qort =
915186.3 Ks/kmol C8H18
-

((18)

8027.95
=

K) of heatloss per kg of C8H18

Rate of heattransfer

Gout
=

ingot =0.05k9/min (8027.95k(kg)

=
401.3975 Ks/ min
② Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at25°C at
a rate 0.05 kg/min where itis mixed and burned with
of

50
percentexcess air thatenters the combustion chamber at
ToC. An analysis of the combustion gases reveals thatall
the hydrogen in the fuel burns to H20 butonly 90 percent
the
of carbon burns to con, with the remaining 10 percent
forming co. If the exit of the
temperature combustion gases
is 1500K, determine (a) of
mass flow rate air and (b) the
rate of heattransfer from the combustion chamber

C3H8 H20
1508 K
2502,0.05491min Combustion CO2
Air chamber CO
70L NA
02

C3H8+ 9th (02 +

3.76N2) - A CO2 + 1 H2O +INy
2:3 a N2 3.7 (Ath) C
=
=
=

1:8 2b;4 b =
=

3.76(5) C
=

02:9th 3 412 C 18.8

=
= +

at 5
=

Balanced Eqh.
C3H8 +

5 (02 +3.76N2) -> 3CO2 4H20 18.8N2

+
+

With 50% excess air

C3H8 +
5.25CO2+3.76N2) -> 2.7 CO2+0.310 +4H20 + 19.74 Ne +1 02

02:5.25 2.7 +0.3/2 42 X

+ +

0.4
=

Bal. Eqh (with 50% excess air)

C3H8 + 5.25 (02 +3.76N2) -> 0.3 CO+4H20+19.74 Net 0.402
2.7 CO2+

a)
Mass
Rate of (5.25)(4.76)
Flow 3(12) 8(1)
+
=

16.45364318e
mair= AFm(nfree)
Mair=
(16.45364318) (0.05)
mair 0.8226821591
=
 b.) Rate of heattransfer

Qort= INrChof + 5 -

50) -

2NpChof-i- no)

substance of (1)(kmol) 5(298k) I(280K) IC1500K)

(3H8 103,850
-
-
-
-

85
02 0 8682 49292
N2 0 8669 47873
CO2 -

393,528 9364
-

71878

CO -

110,530 8669 -

47517
H20 -

241,820 9904
-

57999

Bal. Eqh (with 50% excess air)

C3H8 + 5.25 (02 +3.76N2) -> 0.3 CO+4H20+19.74 Net 0.402
2.7 CO2+

Govt [1) 103,850) 5.25(0 8150 8682) 19.74(0 8141 8669)]

=
-

+ + - +
+
-

[2.7) 393,520 71078 9364) 0.3) 110,530 47517 8669)+

-
+
-
+
-
+
-

4) 241,820 57999 9904) 19.74(0 47073 8669)+

- + -
+
+
-

0.4(0 + 49292 8682) -

Gout [ -117065.72] [) 895876.2) (- 21504.6) (- 774900)

=
- -
+ +

(758094.96) (16244)]
+ +

Qout= -1(2)(IN)
2 C3H8
3(12) 8(1)
+

4911ymol
18201.73 k)
of of
=

heatloss per kg Colts

Rate of heattransfer
Rout=night =
0.05 Mlmin(18201.73"(g)
migot =

910.0865KS/min
 ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE
FLAME

① Liquid octane (C8H18) enters the combustion chamber the

at same

as
state shown below. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature
for (a) complete combustion with 100% theoretical air, (b) complete
combustion with 400% theoretical air, and (c) incomplete combustion
(some co in the products) 90% theoretical air.
with

a) C8H18 dth (O2+ 3.7N2)

+ -> 1 CO2+1 H20 + 2N2

C:8 9 N2:3.7(ath) C
=
=

H:18 2b;b 0 =

=
3. The (12.5) C
=

02:9th 8 9/2 2 47
=

=
+

9th 12.5
=

Balanced Ean:
C8H18 + 12.5 (02+ 3.74 N2) -> 8 C02 9H20 +47Nm
+

Aprod Hreactant =

INp(hof +h-ho3 [Nrhof =

substance "of (k)/kmol) h&2984 (KS/kmol)

C8H18(1) -

249,950 -

0 8682
02
N2 0 8669
CO2 -

393,520 9364
H20 -

241,820 9904

8(-393520 hc02 + -
9364) 9(-241,820 h+20
+
+
-

9904) +

4(0 +TN2 -8669)

I 249,950)
= -

(-3148160 8hc02 -74912) + (-2176380 94xco

+
+

-8113()
+ (0 47hNg -407443)
+

249,958 = -

8hco2 94420
+
+ 4ThN2 +(-3148160 -74912) ( + -

276380 -89132)

+(0 -

407443) = -

249,950

8hcort9hA20 +4ThN2-5896031 =
-249,950
8hcoz 04420 +47hNz 249,950 5896031
-
+
=
+
 + 60- Ng =

basisor
assumption

basis
for
hcon+hA20 +hNg 88220.01563
=
-

temp

CO2 1800K
H20 2100 K

No 2650K ->
highestmole (basis of temp)
Assumption no.1 @2650K
8 (140,533) 9(116,991) 47(88,488) 6336119 -> lower
+ + =

Assumption no. 2 &2400K

8(125,152) 9(103,508) 47(79320)
+
+
5660828
=

Assumption no. 3 & 2350K

8 (122,091) 9(100,842) 47(77492)
+
+

=
5526654

Interpolation
I I
24005660828 I prod 2394.504524K
=

564608/
25505526654
(b) complete combustion 400% theoretical air
with
C2H18+49th (O2+3,76N1) -> 1 CO2+bH20+ Ne+39th
02

2:8 a Ne:(4)(at) (3.71) c

=

H:18 2bj1 b
:
=

(4) (12.5) (3.7k) 2

=

02:49th 8+%2+39th =

c 188
=

ath 12.5
=

Balanced Ean:
C8H18 50
+
CO2+3.76N2) -> 8C02 + 9H20 188 N2 +
+ 37.502

Hpnd=Hreactant
INp(hof +h 4°C p= ENrhofr -
 substance "of (k)/kmol) h&298K
C8H18 -

249,950 -

02 0 8682
N2 O 8669
CO2 -

393,520 9364
H20 -

241,820 9904

8(-393,520 h(02 9364) 9(-241,820 hH20 -9904)

+ -
+ +

+ 188(0 hive-8660)
+

+ 37.5(0 + h0g -8682) 1) 249,950)

-
=

1-3148160 8hcor-74912) (-2176380 9hn20-8913K) 10

+ +
+ +

188 hive
+

1629772) (0 37.5402
+

3255757
+

249,950 - : -

8hcos 9HH20 188hNg 37.5402

+ 7443935 =
249,950
-
+ + -

8 hcos 9HH20 188hNg 37.5402 -249,950 7443935

+ + +
= +

71938, t
thier
* hoe=
this,
7.5 -

8 9
+

188 37.5
+
+

ucos H20+ hivg+hor

+

29665.91753
=
 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS

Methane (CH4) gas enters

a
steady-flow adiabatic combustion chamber
at 25°C and latm. Itis burned with 50% excess air that also
25° and
enters at I atm. Assuming complete combustion, determine:
a) temperature of the products
b) the entropy generation
c)reversible work and
energy destruction
Assume that To=298K and the leave
products the combustion chamber

at 1 atm
pressure.

(a) temperature of the products

CH4 +1.59th (02 + 3.76N2) -> A C02 +1 H20+1 N2+0.59thO2

C:1 a N2:(1.5) (ath) (3.71) c

=

1:4 2b;b 2 = =
(1.5) (2) (3.76) c =

02:1.59th 1 + =
22+ 0.5Ath C 11.28
=

ath 2
=

Balanced Eqh:
CH4 3
+

(02 +3.76N2) -> CO2 2H20 +11.28N2 +02

+

Aprod Areact
=

INp (hof 5 +

-ho)p aNrhofr=

(KS/kmol)

I
5 of 59 2984
CH4 -

74,850
-

02 0 8682
N2 O 8669
CO2 9364
38re
-

H20 9904

1) -

393,520 9364) 2) 241,820 hH20 -9904) 11.28(0+

hc02
+
- + -
+ +

hive
-

8669) 1(0 hox -8682) 1) 74,850)

+ +
= -

1- 343,520 hc02 9364) ( 483640 2hH20-19808) (0 11.28 hNe

+
-
+
-
+ + +

-
47786.32) (0 h02-8682) +

74,850
+
= -

h2O2 + 24Hzr 11.284N2 hor-1012800.32

+
-74,850 +
=

h2O2 + 24H2r 11.284N2 hoy -74,850 1012800.32

= +
+ +

↳H 20 11.284Ng hor 232

=

+ +

152 11.28 1
+
+
1 2 11.28
+
1
+
 hco2 + hN2 hO2 61384.18325
hH20+ +
=

CO2:1340 I mole N2:1900 K 11.28 moles

H20 1580K2 moles 02:1820K 1 mole

Assumption 1 & 1980 K

1(94,793) 2(7751) 1(6411() 11.28(21220)

+ + +
1004504.G
=

Assumption 2 & 1880 K

1(93593) 2(71511) 1(64315)

+ +
+ 11.28(20504):992465.12

Assumption 3 & 1860 K

1)92394) 2(75586) 1(6261) 11.28(59790)
+ +
+
=
980453.2

E
Assumption & 1800 K
(88806) 2(72513) 1(60371) 11.28(57651)
+
+
+ =
944506.28

Assumption & 1780K

1(876(2) 2(71523) 1(59624) 11.28(56938) 932542.64
=

+ + +

Interpolating:
I I
180 &44586.28
937950.32
insu 932542.64

x
1789.040192K
=

Iprod 1789.040192K
=

(b) entropy generation

spen= Spiod-sreact 2Np5p-2Nr5r
=

CH4 + 3 CO2 + 3.76 N2) -> cO2 + 2 H20 +02 11.28 N1+

CH4 ->50 186.16k)/kmol.1

=
->
from table A-26
 Si Ni5i CT,P1) N, [Si(TiPo)-RrIny,Pm)
=
=

po:1 atm
P,: mole fraction
Pm total pressure
=

of mixture
Ni(Si-RrInY,Pm)
Reactant: Table A 26 ↑
Ni Xi SiCT,latm) Nisi
RVIYIPm
-

CH4
02
I I
0.2100840336
186. Ile
205.04 12.97267924654.0388377
186.Il

ND 11.28 0.7899159664 191.Gl 1.9607978162183.478598

sreact 3023.676637
=

product: Interpolation
Ni Xi Si -

RulntiPm Ni i
CO2 0.06544502618302.5184904 22.6698566 325.188347
H20
02
↳ 0.1308900524 258.9584133
0.06544502618264.4719422.6698566 287. 1417966
16.90668437551.7301953

NI 11.28 0.7382198953247.97744782.5235633092825.251405
3889.711744
sprod
=

Sgen= Sprod-Sreact
Sgen 3989.711744 -3023.67le37
=

K) /kmol.1
syen 966.0351069
=

C) destruction associated with

energy or
irreversibility this
process
X destroyed To Syen 298/(966.0351069K)/kmol.)
=

283838.4619/m)
=>

Xdestroyed 287.8784219
=
m)/kmol