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ELM113 Section 3 Lecture 5

This lecture discusses voltage regulation and efficiency in synchronous generators. The terminal voltage of a synchronous generator varies depending on the load power factor. For lagging loads, the terminal voltage decreases significantly, for unity power factor loads it decreases slightly, and for leading loads the terminal voltage rises. Normally a constant terminal voltage is desired. The internal generated voltage can be controlled by varying the field resistance, which changes the flux in the machine. Increasing the field resistance increases the internal generated voltage and terminal voltage. An example problem is then worked through to determine the speed, terminal voltages under different load power factors, efficiency, torques, and voltage regulations of a given synchronous generator.

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53 views

ELM113 Section 3 Lecture 5

This lecture discusses voltage regulation and efficiency in synchronous generators. The terminal voltage of a synchronous generator varies depending on the load power factor. For lagging loads, the terminal voltage decreases significantly, for unity power factor loads it decreases slightly, and for leading loads the terminal voltage rises. Normally a constant terminal voltage is desired. The internal generated voltage can be controlled by varying the field resistance, which changes the flux in the machine. Increasing the field resistance increases the internal generated voltage and terminal voltage. An example problem is then worked through to determine the speed, terminal voltages under different load power factors, efficiency, torques, and voltage regulations of a given synchronous generator.

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Uendjii Bronzeg
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LECTURE 5 (2 hr)

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS: VOLTAGE REGULATION & EFFICIENCY


For a synchronous generator, variation in load will cause variation in
terminal voltage. This effect on terminal voltage is better described by
voltage regulation:

For lagging (inductive) loads, the phase (and terminal) voltage


decreases significantly.
For unity power factor (purely resistive) loads, the phase (and
terminal) voltage decreases slightly.
For leading (capacitive) loads, the phase (and terminal) voltage rises.
From the equation on the previous slide, the conclusion is that:
A synchronous generator operating at a lagging power factor has
a fairly large positive voltage regulation. A synchronous generator
operating at a unity power factor has a small positive voltage
regulation. A synchronous generator operating at a leading power
factor often has a negative voltage regulation.
Normally, a constant terminal voltage supplied by a generator is
desired. Since the armature reactance cannot be controlled, an
obvious approach to adjust the terminal voltage is by controlling
the internal generated voltage EA = Kφω.
The internal generated voltage is controlled by changing the flux in the
machine through varying the value of the field resistance, RF:
• Decreasing the field resistance increases the field current in the
generator.
• An increase in the field current increases the flux in the machine.
• An increased flux leads to the increase in the internal generated
voltage.
• An increase in the internal generated voltage increases the terminal
voltage of the generator.
As a conclusion; the terminal voltage of a synchronous generator can
be varied by adjusting the field resistance.
EXAMPLE:
A 480 V, 50 Hz, Y-connected six-pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of
1.0 Ω. Its full-load armature current is 60A at 0.8 PF lagging. Its friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW
and core losses are 1.0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Assume that the armature resistance (and therefore,
the I2R losses) can be ignored. The field current has been adjusted such that the no-load terminal
voltage is 480 V.
a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
b) What is the terminal voltage of the generator if
b.1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging;
b.2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF;
b.3. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.
c) What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is operating
at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging?
d) How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at the full load? How large is the
induced counter torque?
e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? at 1.0
PF? at 0.8 PF leading?
SOLUTION:
The generator is Y-connected and hence
At no load, IA = 0, hence internal generated voltage, EA = Vø = 277 V

a) The generator rotational speed

b.1) At 0.8 PF lagging: Current (IA) is lagging Vø. EA is 277V and that

The phasor diagram:


The magnitude of Vφ and the angle δ of EA remains unknown, so
From the phasor diagram (previous slide):

Generator is Y-connected, thus terminal line voltage


b.2) At Unity PF:
b.3) At 0.8 PF leading:

c) Output power of the generator at 60A and 0.8 PF lagging:

Mechanical input power:

Efficiency:
d) Input torque of the generator:

Induced counter-torque of the generator:


e) The voltage regulation of the generator:
REFERENCES
• Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski: ‘Lecture 7: Synchronous Machines’
• http://www.ee.uidaho.edu/ee/power/ECE420/Lectures/L31_40
/Chapter4.pdf
• Chapter 37, Theraja B. L and Theraja A. K. Electrical Technology.
• Chapter 7, Bhag S. Guru and Huseyin R. Hiziroglu (2001).
Electric Machinery and Transformers. (3rd Edition) New York,
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Any other useful printed or internet based credible source

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