Advanced Optics II

1. Wave Optics: a Review

Wei Jiang
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Nanjing University

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Advanced Optics II
 Course information
 Weekly hours：4
 credit：4
 prerequisite：Optics,
 Recommended text book:
 B. E. A. Saleh & M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, Wiley-
Interscience,2nd edition (2007), ISBN 0471358320 (or
9780471358329) (primary text)
 6 homeworks, 1 mid-term (or 1 term paper), 1 final exam

 Course info access: [email protected]

 Email: [email protected]
 Office: CEAS C302

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 Outline
 Waves
 Wave equations
Read: Saleh & Teich, Chapter 2
 Dispersion
 Attenuated and Evanescent waves
 Maxwell’s equations
 Wave Optics
 Monochromatic waves
 Complex Representation
 Plane waves
 Spherical waves
 Paraxial waves
 Optical components
 Interface: reflection, refraction,
 Phase change in transmission
 Lens
 Interference
 Multiple wave interference
 Spatial & Temporal 4
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 Wave Equation
 Non-dispersive: Wave as a disturbance which can travel
with fixed velocity without changing form

General solution: u(x, t) = u(x − vt, 0) = u(-, 0)

 Usually there is time-reversal symmetry, the wave can
travel in the opposite direction with the same velocity
u(x, t) = u(x + vt, 0) = u(+, 0)
=xvt

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 Wave Equation
 Differentiating with respect to x and t
u(x, t) = u(x − vt, 0) = u(-, 0) u du u du
 ,  v
x d  t d 
u(x, t) = u(x + vt, 0) = u(+, 0) u du u du
 ,  v
x d  t d 
 Take second derivative
 2u d 2u  2u d 2
u
 , v 2

x 2
d 
2
t 2
d 2
 2u 1  2u Non-dispersive
 2 2 0 Wave equation
x 2
v t
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 Solution
 Particular solution: The harmonic wavefunction
u(x,t)=Aexp[i(t-kx)]
where
k=2/, =2
 Substitute into the wave equation
 2u 1  2u
 2 2 0
x 2
v t
1 2
k u 2  u 0
2

v

v Phase velocity
k
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 Derivatives of the Solution
u(x,t)=Aexp[i(t-kx)]
 Derivative of the above solution
u
 (i ) Aexp[i (t  kx)]  iu ( x, t )
t
 2u u
 (i  )  (i  ) 2
u
t 2
t
 nu 
 (i  ) n
u  i
t n
t
 nu 
 ( ik ) n
u  ik
x n x
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 Dispersion relation
 Relationship between  and k
2=v2k2


v
k Slope = v

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Quantum mechanics of Wave
 de Broglie: wavelength inversely related to momentum
h
 , p  k
p
 Planck: Energy relationship

E  
 Total energy: E=K+V=p2/2m +V
( k ) 2
  V
2m
Dispersion relation in Quantum Mechanics
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Schroedinger Wave Equation
 Work from dispersion equation to find corresponding
wave equation
(k ) 2
  V
2m
(k ) 2
    V
2m
1 
 , k i
i t x
   2  2
  V
i t 2m x 2

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 Attenuated & Evanescent Wave
 Example: Heat diffusion
T
q 
x
T q
C 
t x
T   2T  2T
 D 2
t C x 2
x
 Dispersion Equation

i=Dk2
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Attenuated & Evanescent Waves
 Wave equation for heat flow
T   2T  2T
 D 2
t C x 2
x

 Dispersion Equation
i=Dk2

 Harmonic solution, apply boundary conditions

T ( x, t )  T0 exp[i (t  kx)]

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 Evanescent Waves
 Boundary conditions: initial temperature distribution at t = 0

T ( x,0)  T0 exp[ikx]

 Dispersion Equation: i=Dk2 (k real)

Evanescent wave in time

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(exponential decay) Advanced Optics II
 Attenuated Waves
 Boundary conditions: temperature variation at x=0
T (0, t )  T0 exp(it )

 Dispersion Equation: i=Dk2 ( real)

k= (/D)1/2 i1/2
k= (/D)1/2 exp(i/4)
k=  +i= (/2D)1/2(1+i)

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 Attenuated Waves
 Dispersion Equation: i=Dk2
k= (/2D)1/2(1+i)
T ( x, t )  T0 exp[i (t  k0 x)] exp( k0 x)

Attenuated wave in position

(harmonic wave with attenuation)
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 Maxwell’s Equations
 Light is an electromagnetic wave
 Described by Maxwell’s equations
Maxwell’s equation (source free)
In non-conducting media

B
 E  
t
D
 H 
t
 D  0
 H  0
B=H, D=E
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 EM Wave equation in
homogeneous media
Maxwell’s equation has 4 fields, not convenient. Want a single-field equation

    E      H 
t
   D 
   H       (constant  )
t t  t 
Vector identity     E   (  E)   2 E
In a homogeneous medium
0    D    (E)    E    E  0
1  2
E Laplacian operator
 E 2 2  0
2

v t  2
 2
 2
2  2  2  2
c c x y z
v 
r r n 18
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 Wave Optics
Postulates
 Light propagates in the form of waves
 Homogeneous medium is characterized by a single
constant, the index of refraction
v=c/n
 Optical waves are described by a wavefunction u(r,t)
that satisfies the wave equation

1  2
u
 u 2 2 0
2

c t
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 Principle of superposition
 Wave equation is a linear equation
 Principle of superposition applies
 If u1(r,t) and u2(r,t) are both solutions of the
wave equation,
then u(r,t)= u1(r,t) + u2(r,t) is also a solution

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 Monochromatic Waves
 Wavefunction with harmonic time dependence

u(r, t) = a(r) cos[2t + (r)]

Amplitude - a(r):
Phase - (r):
wavelength - 
Frequency - 
Radian frequency - =2

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EM spectrum

Optical frequency falls

within 1THz to 3x1016Hz

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 Complex Representation
 Wavefunction with harmonic time dependence
u(r, t) = a(r) cos[t + (r)]
 Complex form: U(r, t) = a(r) exp[it + i(r)]
 Complex notation is tidy
 Take the real part to represent the actual physical quantity
 u(r, t)=Re [U(r, t)]=(1/2)[U(r, t)+ U*(r, t)]
U(r, t) must also satisfy the wave equation
1  2
U
 U  2 2 0
2

c t

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 Complex Representation
 Separate function of position and time

U(r, t) = U(r) exp[it]

U(r) = a(r) exp[i(r)]

 Use this in the wave equation

1  2
U
 U  2 2 0
2

c t
 2U  k 2U  0 HELMHOLTZ EQUATION

k=/c Wavenumber

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 Plane wave

U (r )  A exp(ik  r )
k  (k x , k y , k z )
U (r )  A exp[i (k x x  k y y  k z z )]
 2U  k 2U  0

Solution of Helmholtz equation if

k x2  k y2  k z2  k 2  ( / c) 2

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 Plane Waves
 Wavefronts are the surfaces of constant phase
Phase[U(r)]=2n
Phase[U(r)]=Phase[A(r)]kr=2n
 If A(r) has a fixed phase, then the wavefronts are parallel
planes separated by
=2/k

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 Plane Wave
 Plane waves are periodic in space with period =2/k

Plane wave traveling along z

k=(0, 0, k)
U=Aexp(-ikz)

 Plane waves are periodic in time with period: 1/

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 Plane Waves in Media
 Media characterized by refractive index which
determines speed of light in that media
v=c/n
1  2
U
 Use this in wave equation  U  2 2
0
v t 2

n  2
k x2  k y2  k z2  k 2  ( ) 2  2
c v

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 Spherical Waves
A
U (r )  exp(ikr ), r | r |
r
 Wavefronts are spheres of constant phase (point source)
k r =2n

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 Fresnel Approximation
 Wavefront at large z (far field)

 Fresnel approximation for paraboloidal wave

A A x2  y2
U (r )  exp(ikr ) U (r )  exp(ikz ) exp(ik )
r z 2 z 30
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 Paraboloidal Wave
 Validity of paraboloidal wave

Not only 2<<1, but also kz 4/8<<

(x2+y2)2<<4z3
 For points lying within a circle of radius a centered at z-axis
a4<<4z3 y
x
a
OR NF m2/4<<1 where m=a/z m
z

a2
NF  Fresnel numbers
z
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 Paraxial Wave
 A paraxial wave has wavefront normals which are
paraxial rays

 Slowly varying envelope means plane wave not deeply

perturbed and therefore normals are paraxial rays
U (r )  A(r ) exp(ikz )
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 Slowly Varying Envelope
Approximation
 A(r) varies slowly over wavelength, therefore make
approximations to simply Helmholtz equation

Similarly

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Paraxial Helmholtz Equation

• Use slowly varying amplitude

U (r) = A(r) exp[−ikz]
 2
 2
T2  2  2
x y

Discard 34
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Paraxial Helmholtz Equation

PARAXIAL HELMHOLTZ EQUATION

(Foundation for the BPM method)
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Reflection Revisited

k2 = (k2 sinθ2 , 0, −k2 cosθ2 )

k1 = (k1 sinθ1 , 0, k1 cosθ1 )

•Consider incident and reflected waves

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 Superposition
 Substitute sum (Utotal=U1+U2) in Helmholtz equation

 Satisfied if k=k1=k2

 Boundary conditions met at surface if wavefronts are equal

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Boundary Condition

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 Refraction

• Boundary conditions met at surface if wavefronts are equal

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 Phase Changed in
Transmission
 Assume transparent materials

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Phase Changed in Transmission
Transparent plate of varying thickness

Consider total transmission through d is sum of transmission through

media of thickness d(x,y) and through air of thickness d0-d(x,y)
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Phase Changed in Transmission
Total phase change

Media Air

Valid for paraxial waves when plate is thin

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 Thin Lens
Plano-convex thin lens
x2 + y2
d (x, y) ≈ d0 −
2R

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 Thin Lens
Plano-convex thin lens

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 Thin Lens
 Plano-convex thin lens
 focus = plane wave  spherical wave

• Incident plane wave

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Advanced Optics II (paraxial spherical wave)
 Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy
 Intensity of an optical wave
 Units of Watts/cm2

Average over interval longer than 1/ν

 Consider mode locked pulse train from a Ti:Sapphire

Laser
 100 fsec pulses, rep rate =80 MHz

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tpulse=100 fs Optics II
Advanced
Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy

 Average Power = 100 mW

 Intensity = power/area
 Intensity = 100 mW/1 mm2 =10 W/cm2
 Energy in a given time interval

 For the Ti:sapphire laser, in 1 sec

Energy (1 sec)=0.1 J
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Advanced Optics II
Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy

 Number of pulses in 1 sec

= 80 x 106

 Energy/pulse
= 1.25 x 10-9 J = 1.25 nJ

 Consider “duty cycle” of pulse train: pulses only 100 fsec and
there is 12.5 nsec between pulses, therefore the peak power
(intensity) is much greater than the average power (intensity)

 Peak Power = 1.25 nJ/100 fsec

= 1.25x104 Watts
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Advanced Optics II
 Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy
 Fluence is integrated intensity over a specific time period
t2

F   Idt
t1

 Fluence over 1 pulse

 F=Energy (per pulse)/area
=1.25 x 107 J/cm2

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Advanced Optics II
 Interference
 Easily described in wave picture
 Principle of superposition

 Vector nature of light:polarization

 Although superposition applies to the fields, it does NOT

apply to the intensities

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 Interference
• Easily described in wave picture
• Principle of superposition

• Vector nature of light:polarization

• We will assume now that the polarizations of the interfering

beams are parallel, then we can simply use the scalar units
U = U1 + U2
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 Interference
• Addition of two waves
– each with its own
amplitude and phase

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53 Advanced Optics II
 Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves

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54 Optics II
 Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves

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 Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves

• Coherent light
• Phase is well defined
• Intensities do not add simply

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 Interference

 Two waves added

 Incoherent light
 Random phase
 Average over random phase

 Intensities add simply for incoherent light

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 Interferometer
• Common interferometer

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 Interferometer
• Michelson interferometer

d /2

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 Interferometer
• Michelson interferometer

• Application
– determine distance in metrological application, strain or
surface profiling
– index sensing in medical, environmental applications
– navigation, gyroscope
– etc
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Interference of Two Plane Waves

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Interference of Two Plane Waves

At z=0 plane

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Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference

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Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference

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64 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference

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65 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference

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66 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference

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67 Optics II
 Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer

• Infinite number of Waves

– Equal phase difference
i.e. a piece of glass
– Intensity decreases by r

U U3
U1 2

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Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer

U U3
U1 2

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Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer

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Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer

Width of the
interference pattern

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