TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
(Quarter 3, Week 3)
Name _ Grade level_
Section Date
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
DISCUSS PARTS AND FUNCTION OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE AND
OTHER LAMPS
Background Information for Learners
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an
electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from
red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400
nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a
device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).
Parts and features of an LED Lamp
Features of LED Lights
1) Environmentally Friendly
LED lighting is non-toxic and contains no mercury, lead or cadmium, and is recyclable
2) Energy Efficient
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Immediate reduction of power consumption from much lower wattage requirements = lower
utility bills.
3) Maintenance & Safety
Reduced recycling costs required to dispose of hazardous bulbs and ballast. Better color
rendering for security cameras compared to low-pressure sodium lighting.
4) Durable Quality
LEDs are extremely durable and built with sturdy components that are highly rugged and
can withstand even the roughest conditions.
5) Design Flexibility
Individual LEDs can be dimmed, resulting in a dynamic control of light, color and
distribution.
6) Save Money, Use LED Lighting
Advantages of Light Emitting Diode Lamps
LEDs offer several advantages over traditional light bulbs, building on the best parts of their
predecessors while leaving their inefficiencies behind. Here’s what LEDs have to offer and
what makes them so beneficial:
1. Long life
The components of an LED and the way that they generate light significantly extend the
lifespan of these bulbs. Where other bulbs’ lifespans are shortened through both proper and
improper usage, the LED bulb’s low heat levels, durability, and energy efficiency make it
possible for it to outlast other types of bulbs by thousands of hours.
AVERAGE RATED LIFETIME HOURS
Incandescent Fluorescent CFL Halogen LED
Typical Range (hrs0
750-2,000 24,000-36,000 8,000-20,000 2,000-4,000 35,000-50,000
Typically, the important parts of a light bulb, such as the filament, weaken over time, which
causes the bulb to burn out. But LEDs don’t burn out the same way that other bulbs do;
instead, the amount of light they produce decreases gradually in what is called “lumen
depreciation”. The lifetime of an LED bulb is based on how long it takes for the lumen
output of the bulb to decrease to 30%, so it will likely last longer than the average rated
lifetime hour listed on the box if you don’t mind or don’t notice the decreased illumination.
Certain cheaper LED bulbs will only last about 5,000 hours, which is still 4,000 – 3,000
hours longer than the average rated lifespan of an incandescent, but many branded bulbs are
rated for over 25,000 hours.
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2. Energy efficiency
Because of their high lumen output per watt, LEDs are capable of turning about 70% of their
energy into light. This makes them much more efficient than other bulbs, which waste a lot
of energy by turning it into heat. It only takes a 6 watt LED bulb to produce the amount of
light that a 40-watt incandescent does, and their lower temperature also makes them safer to
operate. In comparison, incandescent bulbs can get so hot that they should be kept out of
reach of children who might burn themselves, and they have also been known to cause fires
if they accidentally come into contact with flammable materials, such as curtain fabric.
LIGHTING FACT: In November 1992, Windsor Castle burned for nine hours after a painter
left a 1,000-watt halogen bulb on near a set of heavy curtains, causing them to catch fire.
More than 100 rooms were damaged and it cost £36.5 million to repair.
Replacing a single 60 watt light bulb with an LED results in a reduction of approximately
160kg of CO2 emissions per year. If you replaced 10 lamps in your home with LEDs, that
would represent a reduction of 1599 kg CO2 emissions annually.
3. High brightness and intensity
LEDs are capable of emitting an extremely high level of brightness. That’s why wattage is
no longer a viable measurement of brightness – instead, look at a bulb’s lumen output when
you’re making the switch to LEDs or other energy-efficient lighting. Take a look at how
LEDs compare to incandescent and CFL bulbs:
40 WATT BULBS
Type Incandescent CFL LED
Lumens 450 2,400 4,000
CHECK OUT OUR LUMENS TO WATTS CONVERSION CHART
4. Exceptional colour range
Incandescent bulbs require gels or filters to create different colours and shades of light. On
the other hand, LEDs offer a wide range of colours and colour temperatures without the use
of gels or filters, which can burn out or fade over time. With LEDs, it is the actual diode (or
its phosphorus coating) that is changed to alter the colour of the emitted light, so you can
trust that it will stay the same shade until the end of its lifespan.
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5. Low radiated heat
While an incandescent bulb operates by heating its filament to a temperature that produces
light, an LED bulb emits electromagnetic energy as light when electrified. By turning energy
into light instead of heat (rather than using heat to generate light), LEDs are able to operate
at a significantly lower temperature than other types of light bulbs.
What little heat LEDs do generate is dissipated by a special heat sink, which is designed to
absorb any heat and disperse it safely away from the diodes. While the actual fixture or base
can feel warm to the touch, LEDs themselves don’t emit infrared radiation in their beam,
meaning there is no warmth to it. This makes them optimal for use in heat-sensitive areas,
such as displaying artwork because they won’t cause fading or other heat damage to paints
or dyes.
PRO TIP: LEDs run cool, but because of the way they dispel the heat they do generate, some
designs should not be kept in enclosed spaces as this will cause the bulb to degrade and
shorten its lifespan. Always make sure to check the packaging or product specifications for
instructions on where a bulb should or should not be used.
6. Reliability
LEDs are a very durable and reliable form of lighting – they can operate safely in colder
temperatures, and can withstand more impact and vibration than other light bulbs because
they have no filaments or other fragile parts. This stability makes them ideal for use in areas
that will be subject to temperature fluctuations, inclement weather, and jostling, such as
outdoors or in ceiling fan fixtures.
7. Instantaneous illumination
Does this sound familiar? You turn on a light to look for something, but you have to wait a
few moments before you can see anything, or you’ve already found it before the bulb has
even reached its maximum light output. Unlike CFLs, which take a few moments to warm
up, LEDs operate at full brightness from the moment you flip the switch.
8. Directional lighting
By design, LEDs emit their light in one direction rather than all around. This helps reduce
energy consumption because no light is wasted or trapped within reflectors and diffusers,
which can keep over half the generated light from exiting the bulb. The directional nature of
their output makes LEDs ideal for applications such as task lighting and recessed
downlights.
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The vapor discharge lamp produces light by means of the flow of electricity of gases. They
are generally classified as hot-filament, low-voltage types, high voltage, cold-cathode types,
and mercury pull arc types.
OTHER LAMPS
The Mercury Lamp
The mercury lamp combines the focusable types of the incandescent and arc
discharge characteristics of the fluorescent. It is a high-pressure vapor-discharge lamp,
compared to the low pressure fluorescent lamp.
The mercury lamp produces light through an electric arc between two electrodes in
an ionized mercury-vapor atmosphere. It gives off blue-green light that characterizes
ultraviolet radiation.
Parts and features of Mercury Lamp
Features. The mercury lamp has the following characteristics:
1. Like the incandescent lamp, the mercury lamp is available in various colors, sizes,
and shapes. Its life span is longer than that of the fluorescent lamp. It is also available
in a wide variety of ratings – from 0 up to 500 watts.
2. It requires a ballast that can be mounted separately from the lamp.
3. It has a required warm-up period of about 5 minutes before discharging full output,
depending on the type of lamp, the temperature and the ballast used.
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4. Wiring the mercury lamp needs care to keep voltage within 5 percent unless voltage
compensating ballasts are used.
5. The mercury high ballasts has a high in-rush current. Circuiting should, therefore, be
checked. Otherwise, in-rush current may limit the number of fixtures in the circuit.
6. Dimming of the mercury lamp is possible with the recent development of the
dimming ballast.
7. Mercury lamp ballast are “noisy.” One may consider remote mounting.
8. The lamp is designated by an authorized agency on standard qualities, such as the
American National Standard Institute (ANSI) or the standard for locally
manufactured electrical products.
9. Due to its efficiency, the mercury lamp may be a good substitute for incandescent
lamps to conserve energy.
10. Mercury lamps with a ballast built in the lamp with lower output are not available.
They are, however, expensive.
The Sodium Lamp
The sodium lamp is a high-output lamp developed by General Electric. It belongs to
the group of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Its trade name is Lucalox, while
various companies call it Ceramalux and Analox.
The sodium lamp is a double efficacy of a color-corrected mercury lamp which is
about 50 percent better than the standard fluorescent. Its color makes it suitable for
indoor applications, and its small size, MGH output, and long life span make it
economical to use. This lamp may not start instantly, but it starts faster than mercury
lamp.
a. The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp was
first developed and introduced by
General Electric Co. (GE). This is one of
the latest developments in the high
intensity discharge (HID) lamps. It is
marked under the trade name Lucalux,
Ceramalux and Analox
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
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One outstanding feature of this lamp is its output. The efficacy and ballast losses, its almost
100 lumen per watt, which is double that of a colored corrected mercury lamp. It has a
yellowish color similar to a low wattage incandescent lamp, and a warm white fluorescent
lamp. It is smaller in size, high output, and longer life. But like all high intensity discharge
lamp, sodium lamps do not start instantaneously. The start and re-strike time required is
shorter than that of a mercury lamp. Unlike the metal halide lamp, the HPS is not sensitive to
voltage changes. Its color is constant, and the ballast is different from that of the mercury or
metal halide lamps that needs higher voltage.
Lamp efficacy 85 to 140 lpw
Life span 16,000 to 24,000 hours
Lumen maintenance 80 to 90%
Warm up time 3 to 4 minutes
Re-strike time ½ to 1 ½ minutes
Lumalux Coated Lamps are used in open bottom fixtures or where glare is a problem.
Special ballast is required.
Unalux Coated Lamps are used in open bottom fixtures or glare is a problem. Operates on
existing Mercury lag type auto transformer ballasts or 240-277-volt reactors. This type of
lamp on most mercury series circuits.
b. Low Pressure Sodium Lamp
This type of lamp is also called SOX. It produces light of sodium characteristics
monochromatic deep yellow color. This is not applicable for general lighting purposes
because of its very high efficacy over 150 lumens per watt including ballast loss. It can be
used wherever color is not an important criterion.
SOX is widely used on streets, roads, area lighting and
for emergency or after -hours indoor lighting. SOX has 100%
lumen maintenance, long life which could last for 18,000 or
more hours making it the most economical source in terms of
cost per million lumens produced.
The Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
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The Tungsten-Halogen Lamp is popularly called Quartz Lamp. It is a special type of
incandescent lamp. One advantage it has over the normal incandescent lamp is its ability
maintain a constant level of light output throughout its life.
The life span of a quartz is about three to four times that of the normal incandescent lamp.
According to the result of experiments made, 13% of its wattage, produces light and 87%
produces het. Comparatively, it was proven after sufficient time of use that the quartz lamp
has longer life and more efficient than the incandescent lamp.
Parts of Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamps are used in automotive headlamps, under-cabinet lighting, and work lights.
In addition, halogen reflectors like MR and PAR lamps are often preferred for directed
lighting such as spotlights and floodlights. They are also increasingly being used as a more
efficient alternative to incandescent reflectors.
Discuss Parts of a fluorescent Lamp and Its Function
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Activity 1
Directions:
Activity 2: NAME AND DESCRIBE ME
Directions: Below are pictures of lamps with parts. Write your answer below each
picture.
1. _
_
_
_
_
2. _
_
_
_
_
3. _
_
_
_
_
4. _
_
_
_
_
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Activity 2
Directions.Inside the box are parts of Lamps. Identify what particular lamp should
each part belongs. Write your answer on the corresponding column provided below.
Main electrode Vacuum Anode wire Tungsten filament
Discharge Tube Ceramic arc tube Cathode Halogen filled capsule
Auxiliary electrode Monolithic end seals Anode Capsule support
LED Lamp Mercury Lamp Sodium Lamp Halogen Lamp
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.
Activity 3
Directions: Identify what lamp is being described in each item. Choose the letter of your
answer from the box below and write on the space provided for.
A. LED Lamp B. Mercury Lamp C. Sodium Lamp D. Halogen Lamp
1. It produces light through an electric arc between two electrodes in an ionized
mercury-vapor atmosphere.
2. It is capable of turning about 70% of their energy into light.
3. A semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes
through it.
4. These lamps are used in automotive headlamps, under-cabinet lighting, and work
lights.
5. It belongs to the group of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
6. It is a special type of incandescent lamp popularly called Quartz Lamp.
7. It gives off blue-green light that characterizes ultraviolet radiation.
8. This lamp may not start instantly, but it starts faster than mercury lamp.
Activity 4: Give Me Light
Directions: You are tasked to install lamps to the given projects below. Discuss what lamps
are applicable to each project. Give your reasons of choosing such kind of lamp.
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Project 1: Residential House
Project 2. Barangay Street Lights
Project 3. Sports Arena/Gymnasium Lightings
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
_ __
_ _
_ _
_ .
References:
Max B. Fajardo Jr. et.al., Electrical Layout and Estimates, 2nd Edition; 2000
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s
Publishing Inc.; 1984,
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED https://www.google.com/search?
q=led+lamp
http://www.lumintop.com/6-features-of-led-lights-that-make-everyone-love-it.html
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https://www.google.com/search?ei=cd4AX_ryEdnN-
QakzqKIBQ&q=sodium+vapor+lamp&oq
https://www.google.com/search?q=halogen+lamp&tbm https://www.google.com/search?
q=mercury+lamp&oq
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