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 SINGAPORE CHINESE GIRLS’ SCHOOL
Preliminary Examination
Secondary Four

CANDIDATE NAME

REGISTER
CLASS 4
NUMBER
CENTRE
INDEX NUMBER
NUMBER

CHEMISTRY 5073/01
12 August 2016
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
1 hour

Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, class and index number on the Question Paper and Answer Sheet in the spaces
provided.

There are forty questions in this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four
possible answers, A, B, C, D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 2.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

This question paper consists of 20 printed pages

1 A student is distilling a mixture of iodine in ethanol (boiling point of ethanol= 78oC). She
has just begun to collect the distillate in the receiving flask. At which position in the
experimental set-up will the temperature be 78 oC?

2 A beaker containing gas X is placed over a porous pot filled with carbon dioxide gas as
shown. The level of water at Y rises after a short time. What is a possible identity of gas
X?

A Chlorine
B Oxygen
C Nitrogen dioxide
D Sulfur dioxide
3 The atomic number of element X is 16. Which statement(s) concerning X is/are correct?

I. X can react with calcium to form an ionic compound.

II. The oxide of X dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.
III. X can conduct electricity in its molten state.

A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III

4 T is an element. It can form a cation T2+, which has an electronic arrangement 2.8.8.
Which statements about T are correct?

I. T is a strong oxidising agent.

II. T is in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
III. T burns in oxygen to form a white solid.

A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III

5 The bar chart shows the variation of a specific property of elements in Period 2 from
lithium to neon. Which property of these elements is shown in the chart?

element

A The number of electrons used in bonding

B The number of shells holding electrons
C The melting point
D The atomic radius
6 The diagram shows the chromatogram obtained by analysis of a single dye. Three
measurements are shown.

How is the Rf value of the dye calculated?

𝑥
A
𝑥+𝑦

𝑦
B
𝑥+𝑦

𝑥
C
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝑦
D
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

7 Silicon carbide, SiC, has a structure similar to diamond. Boron nitride, BN, has a structure
similar to graphite. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Which statements about silicon
carbide, boron nitride and bronze are correct?

I. All are bonded covalently.

II. All except silicon carbide conduct electricity when solid.
III. All have high melting points.

A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I,II and III
8 The diagram shows the structure an organic compound.

Which of the following statements is false for the compound?

A It is immiscible in water.
B It reacts with alcohol under suitable conditions.
C It decolorises aqueous bromine rapidly.
D It reacts with steam.

9 The atmosphere of Venus contains mainly oxygen, argon and nitrogen. The melting and
boiling points of these gases are shown in the table below.

Gas Melting point/ oC Boiling point/ oC

Oxygen -219 -183

Argon -189 -186

Nitrogen -210 -196

If only liquid oxygen is to be obtained, what temperature should the sample of air be
decreased to?

A -180oC
B -185oC
C -187oC
D -198oC
10 In an experiment, 4.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 aqueous copper(II) sulfate was mixed with 8.0
cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 aqueous sodium carbonate. The equation for the reaction is as shown
below.

CuSO4 + Na2CO3  Na2SO4 + CuCO3

What did the reaction vessel contain when the reaction was completed?

A A blue solution only

B A green precipitate and a blue solution
C A green precipitate and a colourless solution
D A white precipitate and a blue solution

11 A 10.00 g sample of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen forms
23.98 g CO2 and 4.91 g H2O upon complete combustion. What is the empirical formula of
the compound?

A C2HO
B C3H3O
C C6H3O2
D C6H6O

12 Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen according to the equation shown below.

2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g)

If all volumes of gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure, what is the
total volume of the resulting gas(es), after 50 cm3 of carbon monoxide reacts with 50 cm3
of oxygen?

A 100 cm3
B 75 cm3
C 50 cm3
D 25 cm3
13 Silver ions react with chloride ions as follows:

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)

It is found that 5 cm3 of a 0.1 mol/dm3 solution of the chloride of metal X needs 10 cm3 of
0.1 mol/dm3 silver nitrate for complete reaction. What is the formula of the chloride?

A XCl4
B XCl2
C XCl
D X2Cl

14 An aqueous solution of the organic compound methylamine has a pH greater than 7.

Which one of the following statements about methylamine is correct?

A It neutralises an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

B It reacts with copper(II) carbonate to give carbon dioxide.
C It reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a salt.
D It turns blue litmus red.

15 Which equation describes the most suitable reaction for making lead(II) sulfate?

A Pb + H2SO4  PbSO4 + H2
B PbCO3 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + CO2 + H2O
C Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + 2HNO3
D Pb(OH)2 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + 2H2O
16 The table below shows the properties of some elements, W, X, Y and Z in Period 3.

W X Y Z
Appearance
at room Silvery grey Silvery grey Yellowish-
Yellow solid
temperature solid solid green gas

Reaction with Extremely

cold water violent No reaction No reaction Slow reaction
reaction
Reacts with
Nature of Reacts with Reacts with Reacts with
acids and
oxide acids bases bases
bases

Which of the following shows the arrangement of these elements in the Periodic Table in
increasing order of group number, from the smallest to the largest?

A W, X, Y, Z
B W, Y, X, Z
C Y, W, X, Z
D Z, X, Y, W

17 Three experiments are carried out to determine the reactivity of three unknown halogens.
The ionic equations of the three experiments are shown below.

Z - (aq) + Y2 (aq)  no reaction

X - (aq) + Z2 (aq)  no reaction
2Y - (aq) + X2(aq)  2X - (aq) + Y2(aq)

Predict the reactivity of the halogens in decreasing order.

A X, Y, Z
B X, Z, Y
C Z, Y, X
D Z, X, Y
18 When heated, solid X gives off gas. When this gas is bubbled through limewater, a white
precipitate is formed. The residue after heating solid X reacts with dilute acid and also
with aqueous alkali. What is X?

A Magnesium carbonate
B Aluminium oxide
C Calcium hydroxide
D Zinc carbonate

19 When solid Y reacts with water, a solution and a gas are produced.

solid Y

The universal indicator changed from green to purple and the gas extinguished a lighted
splint with a ‘pop’ sound.

What is the identity of solid Y and the explanation for the test for the gas formed?

Identity of solid Y Is gas flammable?

A Calcium Yes
B Calcium No
C Sodium No
D Sodium Yes
20 The red colour in some pottery glazes may be formed as a result of the reactions shown.

CuCO3 heat CuO + CO2

CuO + SnO Cu + SnO2

These equations show that …….1……… is oxidised and …….2……… is reduced.

Which substances correctly complete gaps 1 and 2 in the above sentence?

1 2

A CO2 SnO2

B CuCO3 CuO

C CuO SnO

D SnO CuO

21 Which diagram represents the structure of an alloy?

22 An element has the following properties.

 It forms coloured compounds.

 It acts as a catalyst.
 It melts at 1539oC.

In which Period is the element likely to be found?

A Period 1
B Period 2
C Period 3
D Period 4
23 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Which option shows the correct effect on the rate of the reaction when a factor is
changed?

Factor changed Rate of reaction

Particle size of calcium carbonate
A Increased
increased

Concentration of hydrochloric acid

B increase Increased

Pressure of carbon dioxide

C increased Increased

Temperature increased
D Decreased

24 In the graph shown below, curve X represents the results of the reaction between 2g of
zinc granules and excess acid at 25oC. Which of the following changes would produce
curve Y?

A Using 1 g of zinc powder at 25oC

B Using 2 g of zinc powder at 30oC
C Using 1 g of zinc granules at 25oC
D Using 2 g of zinc granules at 30oC
25 From the energy profiles for the two reactions below, how will the rates of the two
reactions compare if the temperature of each reaction is increased from 25oC to 75oC?

A The rate of reaction P  Q will increase more than the rate of R  S.

B The rate of P  Q will decrease but the rate of R  S will increase.
C The rate of reaction R  S will increase more than the rate of P  Q.
D The rates of the two reactions will increase by the same amount.

26 A reversible reaction is represented by the equation W + X Y +Z.

The energy profiles for the reversible reaction under catalysed and uncatalysed
conditions are shown below.

W+X

Y+Z

What is the activation energy of the reverse reaction that is catalysed?

A -40kJ
B -10kJ
C +30kJ
D +40kJ
27 A spot of blue solution was placed in the centre of a piece of moist filter paper supported
on a microscope slide and a DC voltage applied across the filter paper.

After some time, a blue colour moved towards the negative terminal and no change was
visible in the region of the positive terminal. What statement best describes this
observation?

A The negative ions in the solution were colourless and the positive ions were blue.
B The positive ions in the solution were colourless and the negative ions were blue.
C The negative ions in the solution had not moved but the positive ions had moved.
D The positive ions in the solution had not moved but the negative ions had moved.
28 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an attempt to electroplate a metal ring with
copper.

The experiment did not work.

Which change is needed in the experiment to make it work?

A Add solid copper(II) sulfate to the electrolyte.

B Increase the temperature of the electrolyte.
C Replace the copper electrode with a carbon electrode.
D Reverse the connection to the battery.

29 Metal X reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. It is used in the building of bridges and
beams in buildings.

Metal Y does not corrode easily. It can be used for jewellery.

Metal Z reacts rapidly with water to form hydrogen.

Which method of extraction of the metals from their ores is most likely to be used?

Electrolysis of molten ore Heating with carbon

A X and Y Z

B X and Z Y

C Y X and Z

D Z X and Y
30 Three electrochemical cells are set up using copper metal as one electrode and one of
three unknown metals, U, V and W as the second electrode, immersed in aqueous
sodium nitrate of the same concentration.

The potential differences between the metals are given in the table below.

Electrochemical Metals used Voltage/ V Negative electrode

cell
1 Cu, U -0.45 Cu
2 Cu, V +1.11 V
3 Cu, W +2.71 W

Which of the following correctly lists the metals in order of increasing reactivity?

A U V Cu W
B U Cu V W
C W V Cu U
D W Cu V U

31 The diagram shows an electrolysis circuit. At which electrode is hydrogen formed?

Aqueous sodium Aqueous silver

chloride nitrate
32 In an electrochemical cell shown below, which arrow indicates the spontaneous electron
flow?

AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2

AgNO3 (1 mol/dm3) Zn(NO3)2 (1 mol/dm3)

33 Hydrazine has the formula H2NNH2 and has similar properties to ammonia. Which
statement correctly describes the property of hydrazine?

A It reacts with hydrogen chloride to form a compound with the chemical formula
ClH3NNH3Cl.
B It reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a compound with the chemical formula
NaHNNHNa.
C It is an ionic compound.
D It dissolves in water to form hydrogen ions.
34 To reduce atmospheric pollution, the following waste gases are passed through
powdered calcium carbonate.

Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen monoxide

Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide Phosphorus (V) oxide

How many waste gases will not be removed by the powdered calcium carbonate?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

35 What environmental effects do chlorofluorocarbons, methane and nitrogen dioxide result

in?

chlorofluorocarbons methane nitrogen dioxide

Depletion of the ozone Global warming

A Acid rain
layer
Depletion of the ozone Global warming
B Acid rain
layer
Depletion of the ozone Acid rain
C Global warming
layer
Depletion of the ozone Acid rain
D Global warming
layer
36 The table below shows some data about the composition of the mixtures of exhaust
gases from two cars, one fitted with a catalytic converter and one without.

% by volume of % by volume of % by volume of

nitrogen monoxide carbon dioxide water vapour

Car without
67.60 12.00 11.00
catalytic converter
Car with catalytic
23.60 32.35 41.10
converter

Which statement does not explain the above data?

A The percentage of nitrogen monoxide decreases as it is oxidised to form harmless

nitrates, carbon dioxide and water in the catalytic converter.
B The percentage of nitrogen monoxide decreases as it is reduced to form nitrogen in
the catalytic converter.
C The percentage of carbon dioxide increases as unburnt hydrocarbons undergo
complete combustion in the catalytic converter.
D The percentage of water vapour increases as unburnt hydrocarbons undergo complete
combustion in the catalytic converter.

37 Ammonia is produced by the Haber process. Which statement is not correct?

A A catalyst of iron(II) oxide is used.

B Each nitrogen molecule reacts with three hydrogen molecules to form two molecules of
ammonia.
C Hydrogen for the process can be obtained by cracking of some fractions of crude oil.
D Two ammonia molecules decompose to form one nitrogen molecule and three
hydrogen molecules.

38 What is the total number of amide linkages in the structure shown below?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
39 An ester is made by reacting alcohol P with a carboxylic acid Q. Alcohol P can be
oxidised to form Q by warming with acidified potassium manganate(VII), under reflux.

What might be the structural formula for the ester made?

A CH3OOCH3
B CH3COOCH2CH3
C CH3CH2COOCH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3

40 When an organic compound R reacts with aqueous bromine, the product formed is
shown below.

Which of the following structures is the organic compound R most likely to be?

D
 SINGAPORE CHINESE GIRLS’ SCHOOL
Preliminary Examination 2016

CHEMISTRY 5073/01
PAPER 1 Multiple Choice ANSWER

Friday 12 AUGUST 2016

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C A B C A B C

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B B C C B B D D D

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B D B A D C A D D B

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B B D B C A A C B D
 SINGAPORE CHINESE GIRLS’ SCHOOL
Preliminary Examination
Secondary Four

CANDIDATE
NAME

REGISTER
CLASS 4
NUMBER
CENTRE
INDEX NUMBER
NUMBER

Chemistry 5073/02

Paper 2 Theory

Thursday 4 August 2016 1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid/tape.

Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Section B
Answer all questions, the last question is in the form either/or.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 20.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

For Examiner’s Use

Section A 50

B8 12

B9 8

B10 10

Total 80

This question paper consists of 20 printed pages.

 For
Examiner’s
Use

Section A

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 50.

A1 The flowchart below shows how the ions present in solution A are separated.

Solution A contains
Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+

Add hydrochloric acid

and filter

Add excess sodium

residue hydroxide to filtrate
and filter

Precipitate B
residue filtrate

Mixture of precipitate C Colourless solution

and precipitate D

Add excess aqueous

ammonia and filter

Precipitate E Solution F

(a) It is known that solution A contains 1 anion. Suggest the identity of this anion. Give
a reason for your answer.

Identity of anion : ……………………………………………………………………

Reason : …………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) Describe a test to confirm the anion you named in part (a).

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(c) Name the precipitates B, C and D.

B : …………………………………………..

C : …………………………………………..

D : ………………………………………….. [3]

(d) What are the colours of precipitate E and Solution F?

Precipitate E : ………………………………………………………………

Solution F : ……………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total: 9]

A2 The level of dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator to gauge the health of a water
body. Generally, the higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the less polluted the
water and the more likely it is able to support living organisms. To measure the level of
oxygen in a sample of water, the Winkler Method is used. This technique makes use of
redox reactions and is carried out in the 3 steps shown below.

Reaction 1 : 2Mn2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4OH-(aq)  2MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Reaction 2 : MnO2(s) + 2I-(aq) + 4H+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Reaction 3 : 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq)  2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

(a) Define a redox reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Choose any one of the above reactions and explain why it is a redox reaction,
making reference to oxidation states.

Reaction ……………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(c) 100 cm3 of water was taken from the school’s koi pond and analysed using this
method. It was found that 0.0008 mole of iodide ions was formed in step 3.
Calculate the mass of oxygen dissolved in this sample of pond water.

[2]

[Total: 5]

A3 A sample of 3.36 g of magnesium carbonate powder was divided equally into two
portions. One portion was added into hydrochloric acid and the other portion was added
into sulfuric acid. The volume and concentration of acids used were both 25.0 cm3 and
5.00 mol/dm3 respectively. The graphs below (G1 and G2) show the volume of the gas
collected over time.

volume of gas/cm3

G1

G2

time/s

(a) Which graph represents the results for hydrochloric acid? Explain your answer in
terms of particle collision.

Graph ……………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(b) Another experiment was carried out by adding 2.00 g calcium carbonate powder
into 25.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 5.00 mol/dm3. On the same axes,
sketch the graph you will expect to obtain and label it C. [1]

(c) Explain the shape of your graph.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total: 7]

A4 Astatine, At, is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table. It exists as diatomic
molecules similar to the other elements in the same Group. 2 isotopes of astatine are
known to exist : astatine-210 and astatine-211. It reacts with strontium (Sr) to form the
compound strontium astatide.

(a) Complete the table above. [1]

(b) What are isotopes?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for an astatine molecule, showing only the outer
shell electrons.

[1]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(d) Draw the “dot-and-cross” diagram of strontium astatide, showing only the outer
shell electrons. Hence write the chemical formula of this compound.

Formula of strontium astatide : ……………………………….. [3]

(e) Predict 2 properties of strontium astatide. Give a reason for each of the properties
which you state.

Property 1 : …………………………………………………………………………

Reason : ……………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

Property 2 : …………………………………………………………………………

Reason : ……………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

[Total: 10]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A5 The drug aspirin is used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, if taken in
high doses, it can cause gastric ulcers and bleeding in the stomach. The active
ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid which a monobasic acid. The formula of the acid can be
represented by HA and its relative molecular mass is 180.

A student was interested in determining the percentage of the acid in an aspirin tablet.
An aspirin tablet was first weighed and then dissolved in water to make a solution in a
conical flask. A few drops of indicator were then added and dilute sodium hydroxide
solution was run in from a burette until the indicator changed colour.

Sodium hydroxide
solution

Conical flask

Acetylsalicylic acid
solution

The results were as follows :

Mass of aspirin tablet taken 0.50 g

Volume of dilute sodium hydroxide added 23.0 cm3

Concentration of the dilute sodium hydroxide added 0.01 mol/dm3

(a) Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid. Explain what is a weak acid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Explain why it is not important to know the volume of the aspirin solution originally
taken.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide solution added. Hence,
calculate the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in the aspirin tablet.

[3]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(d) The student wanted to make a crystalline sample of sodium acetylsalicylate, the
salt formed in the reaction. This salt decomposes on strong heating. Describe
briefly how this might be carried out using a solution of pure acetylsalicylic acid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(e) The structure of acetylsalicylic acid is given below.

Draw the structure of sodium acetylsalicylate.

[1]

[Total: 9]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A6 A student carried out electrolysis of dilute potassium chloride and molten potassium
chloride using platinum electrodes to determine what products are formed.

(a) Complete the table below.

Electrolyte Ions in Electrolyte Product at anode Product at cathode

Dilute
oxygen
potassium chloride

Molten
K+, Cl-
potassium chloride

[2]

In another investigation, the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate was carried out
using the apparatus shown in the diagram below.

ammeter

beaker beaker

copper electrode C2 platinum electrode P2

copper electrode C1 platinum electrode P1

aqueous copper(II) aqueous copper(II)
sulfate sulfate
Cell A Cell B

(b) Briefly describe the change(s), if any, which take place at the electrodes and
electrolytes at the end of the experiment in the table below.

Change(s), if any Change(s), if any

Electrode C1 Electrode P1

Electrode C2 Electrode P2

Electrolyte Electrolyte
(Cell A) (Cell B)

[3]

[Total: 5]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A7 Hydrazine (N2H4) is often used as a rocket fuel. It can react with oxygen or fluorine to
release large amounts of heat. The equations for the 2 reactions are shown below.

N2H4 (g) + O2 (g)  N2 (g) + 2H2O (g) H = -622kJ

N2H4 (g) + 2F2 (g)  N2 (g) + 4HF (g) H = -1166kJ

The H values represent the energy change per mole of hydrazine reacted.

(a) Draw the energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen,
showing the activation energy and the enthalpy change clearly.

Energy / kJ

Progress of reaction [2]

(b) Based only on the information provided above, which other reactant (oxygen or
fluorine) would have made a better choice for usage as a rocket fuel together with
hydrazine? Briefly explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) State 1 other factor that should be taken into consideration when deciding which
fuel to use.

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

[Total: 5]
 Section B

Answer all three questions in this section.

The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted.

B8 The table below gives the current estimated percentage by mass of some of the
elements found in the Earth’s crust and the Earth’s core.

Earth’s Crust Earth’s Core

Element % by Mass Element % by Mass
Oxygen 40.6 Iron 31.0
Silicon 24.7 Oxygen 24.0
Nickel 8.1 Magnesium 16.0
Aluminium 8.1 Silicon 13.0
Iron 5.0 Nickel 11.7
Calcium 3.6 Aluminium 0.1
Sodium 2.8 Sodium 0.1
Potassium 2.6 Hydrogen 0.05
Magnesium 2.1 Potassium 0.04
Zinc 0.0078 Calcium 0.04
Copper 0.0068
Tin 0.00022

(a) Which metallic elements are more abundant in the Earth’s crust compared to the
Earth’s core?

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Suggest a reason why oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) The estimated mass of the earth’s crust is 2.125 x 1016 kg. The annual production
of iron is 3.32 x 109 tonnes. Assuming that the demand for this metal is the same
each year, determine the number of years before the supply of iron from the
Earth’s crust runs out. (1 tonne = 1000 kg)

[2]
(d) Briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of recycling metals.

Advantage : ………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Disadvantage : ………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(e) Globally, iron and aluminium are the most recycled metals because of the ease of
recycling them. Suggest a property of each of these 2 metals that accounts for this.

Iron : ………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Aluminium : ………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

A student studied the action of heat on 4 different substances (A, B, C and D). He knew
that two of them were metals, and the other two were carbonates of the same two
metals. He weighed out 5.00 g of each of the four solids and heated them in separate
crucibles.

The table below shows the appearances and masses of the four solids before and after
strong heating for some time.

Appearance Mass/g
Solid
Before After Before After
A Brown Black 5.00 6.25
B Green Black 5.00 3.22
C White White 5.00 5.00
D Silvery White 5.00 6.73

(f) Based on the data given above, suggest which 2 were the metals and which 2
were the metal carbonates. Explain your answers.

Metals : Solid …… and Solid ……

Metal carbonates : Solid …… and Solid …… [1]

Explanation : ………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]

[Total 12]
B9 The diagram below shows the internal setup of a modern eco-friendly car powered by
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. The main advantages of the use of fuels cells is that
hydrogen is an efficient source of energy and it does not cause pollution at the point of
use.

The diagram below shows the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell used in such a car.

At the positive electrode, the reaction which takes place is :

O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + 4 e → 4OH- (aq)

At the negative electrode, the reaction which takes place is :

2H2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) → 4H2O (l) + 4 e

(a) Write the overall equation for the reaction in the fuel cell.

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(b) Briefly explain why the use of fuel cells does not cause pollution at the point of use.

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(c) Suggest why the use of fuel cells may still generate pollution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(d) Manufacturers claim that hydrogen is a renewable fuel. Do you agree? Explain
your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(e) Give a source of oxygen.

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(f) Suggest why the hydrogen and oxygen must be kept apart.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(g) Briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of compressing hydrogen
fuel at high pressure.

Advantage : ………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Disadvantage : ………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total 8]
EITHER

B10 One of the components in crude oil is undecane, C11H24. This molecule may be broken
down into butene and one other product. The reaction is carried out in the oil refinery.

(a) What is the name of this type of reaction?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Write the equation for this reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Suggest 2 conditions required for this reaction to take place

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) When the reaction is carried out, 1.00 mol of undecane gives 25.2 g of butene.
Calculate the percentage yield of butene.

[2]

Butene can exist as 3 isomers. One of the isomers, but-1-ene, is shown in the diagram
below.

(e) Draw the structures of the other 2 isomers of butene.

[2]
(f) The isomers of butene can undergo addition polymerization. Draw the structure of
the polymer formed by any 1 of the isomers in part (e), showing 3 repeating units.

[1]

Butan-2-ol is manufactured by the reaction between steam and butene. An isomer of

butan-2-ol is also formed at the same time. The 2 isomers are miscible.

(g) Suggest, with reason, a method suitable for separating the components of the
mixture of products.

Method : ………………………………………………………………………………

Reason : ……………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total 10]
OR

B10 The compound styrene (chemical formula C8H8) has the following structure

It can undergo addition polymerisation to form polystyrene, a non-biodegradable

thermoplastic polymer used for making disposable utensils such as styrofoam cups and
plates. The polymerisation process is carried out by mixing styrene and kerosene and
refluxing the mixture at about 150°C using the setup shown below.

After cooling, the reaction mixture is poured into methanol. Polystyrene, which appears
as a waxy white solid will then form under the surface of the methanol.

(a) Suggest the function of

(i) tube X and

………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(ii) kerosene.

………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Draw the structural formula of polystyrene formed, showing 3 repeating units.

[1]

(c) What is meant by the term “non-biodegradable”?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) Suggest a reason why polystyrene produces a lot of soot when burnt.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

The structural formulae of two organic compounds, butenedioic acid and ethane- 1,2-
diol are shown below.

butenedioic acid ethane- 1,2- diol

(e) Butenedioic acid reacts with aqueous bromine and also with aqueous sodium
carbonate. State an observation for each reaction and briefly explain why it is
observed.

Reactant Observation Explanation

Aqueous
bromine

Aqueous
sodium carbonate

[4]
(f) Butenedioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol can polymerize under the right conditions to
form a polymer W. Draw the repeating unit of this polymer.

[1]

[Total 10]
 SINGAPORE CHINESE GIRLS’ SCHOOL
Preliminary Examination
Secondary Four

CANDIDATE
NAME

REGISTER
CLASS 4
NUMBER
CENTRE
INDEX NUMBER
NUMBER

Chemistry 5073/02

Paper 2 Theory

Thursday 4 August 2016 1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid/tape.

Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Section B
Answer all questions, the last question is in the form either/or.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 20.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

For Examiner’s Use

Answers Section A

B8
50

12

B9 8

B10 10

Total 80

This question paper consists of 20 printed pages.

 For
Examiner’s
Use

Section A

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 50.

A1 The flowchart below shows how the ions present in solution A are separated.

Solution A contains
Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+

Add hydrochloric acid

and filter

Add excess sodium

residue hydroxide to filtrate
and filter

Precipitate B
residue filtrate

Mixture of precipitate C Colourless solution

and precipitate D

Add excess aqueous

ammonia and filter

Precipitate E Solution F

(a) It is known that solution A contains 1 anion. Suggest the identity of this anion. Give
a reason for your answer.

Identity of anion : Nitrate 1m

Reason : All nitrates are soluble 1m [2]

(b) Describe a test to confirm the anion you named in part (a).

Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, Devarda’s alloy/aluminium and warm; 1m

Gas given off turns moist red litmus paper blue 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(c) Name the precipitates B, C and D.

B : silver chloride 1m

C : copper(II) hydroxide 1m
Answers to C and D
D : iron(III) hydroxide 1m interchangeable [3]

(d) What are the colours of precipitate E and Solution F?

Precipitate E : reddish brown 1m

Solution F : dark blue 1m [2]

[Total: 9]

A2 The level of dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator to gauge the health of a water
body. Generally, the higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the less polluted the
water and the more likely it is able to support living organisms. To measure the level of
oxygen in a sample of water, the Winkler Method is used. This technique makes use of
redox reactions and is carried out in the 3 steps shown below.

Reaction 1 : 2Mn2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4OH-(aq)  2MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Reaction 2 : MnO2(s) + 2I-(aq) + 4H+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Reaction 3 : 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq)  2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

(a) Define a redox reaction.

Reaction which involves oxidation and reduction simultaneously 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Choose any one of the above reactions and explain why it is a redox reaction,
making reference to oxidation states.

Reaction 1 : Oxidation state of Mn increases from +2 in Mn2+ to +4 in MnO2 1m

Oxidation state of O decreases from 0 in O2 to -2 in MnO2/H2O 1m

Reaction 2 : Oxidation state of Mn decreases from +4 in MnO2 to +2 in Mn2+ 1m

Oxidation state of I increases from -1 in I- to 0 in I2 1m

Reaction 3 : Oxidation state of S increases from +2 in S2O32- to +2.5 in S4O62- 1m

Oxidation state of I decreases from 0 in I2 to -1 in I- 1m

[2]
Any 1 of above
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(c) 100 cm3 of water was taken from the school’s koi pond and analysed using this
method. It was found that 0.0008 mole of iodide ions was formed in step 3.
Calculate the mass of oxygen dissolved in this sample of pond water.

0.0008 moles of I- is produced by 0.0004 mole of I2

0.0004 moles of I2 is produced by 0.0004 mole of MnO2
Explanation 1m
0.0004 moles of MnO2 is produced by 0.0002 mole of O2

Mass of oxygen dissolved = 0.0002 x 32 = 0.0064 g 1m

[2]

[Total: 5]

A3 A sample of 3.36 g of magnesium carbonate powder was divided equally into two
portions. One portion was added into hydrochloric acid and the other portion was added
into sulfuric acid. The volume and concentration of acids used were both 25.0 cm 3 and
5.00 mol/dm3 respectively. The graphs below (G1 and G2) show the volume of the gas
collected over time.
volume of gas/cm3

G1

G2

C 1m

time/s
(a) Which graph represents the results for hydrochloric acid? Explain your answer in
terms of particle collision.

Graph G2 1m

Explanation : sulfuric acid is dibasic while hydrochloric acid is monobasic acid,

concentration of hydrogen ions in HCl is half that of H2SO4 ; 1m

frequency of collisions is lower and hence number of effective collisions per

unit time is less in HCl compared to H2SO4; 1m

rate of reaction is slower, graph is less steep; 1m

MgCO3 is the same limiting reactant 1m Any 4 out of 5 points 4m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(b) Another experiment was carried out by adding 2.00 g calcium carbonate powder
into 25.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 5.00 mol/dm3. On the same axes,
sketch the graph you will expect to obtain and label it C. [1]

(c) Explain the shape of your graph.

Calcium carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid to form calcium sulfate which is

insoluble ; 1m

layer of calcium sulfate around calcium carbonate prevents further reaction

with the acid 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[Total: 7]

A4 Astatine, At, is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table. It exists as diatomic
molecules similar to the other elements in the same Group. 2 isotopes of astatine are
known to exist : astatine-210 and astatine-211. It reacts with strontium (Sr) to form the
compound strontium astatide.

85 85 125

85 85 126

(a) Complete the table above. All correct 1m [1]

(b) What are isotopes?

Atoms of same element with same number of protons but different number

of neutrons 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for an astatine molecule, showing only the outer
shell electrons.

Correct number
At At of electrons and
1 pair of shared
electrons 1m

[1]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(d) Draw the “dot-and-cross” diagram of strontium astatide, showing only the outer
shell electrons. Hence write the chemical formula of this compound.

-
2+
Key
Sr 2 At X : Strontium electron
O : Fluorine electron

1m 1m

Formula of strontium astatide : SrAt2 1m [3]

(e) Predict 2 properties of strontium astatide. Give a reason for each of the properties
which you state.

Property 1 : high melting/boiling point 1m

Reason : strong electrostatic forces of attraction between ions, a lot of energy

required to overcome them 1m [2]

Property 2 : can conduct electricity in the molten/aqueous state 1m

Reason : mobile ions in the molten/aqueous state 1m

[2]

[Total: 10]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A5 The drug aspirin is used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, if taken in
high doses, it can cause gastric ulcers and bleeding in the stomach. The active
ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid which a monobasic acid. The formula of the acid can be
represented by HA and its relative molecular mass is 180.

A student was interested in determining the percentage of the acid in an aspirin tablet.
An aspirin tablet was first weighed and then dissolved in water to make a solution in a
conical flask. A few drops of indicator were then added and dilute sodium hydroxide
solution was run in from a burette until the indicator changed colour.

Sodium hydroxide
solution

Conical flask

Acetylsalicylic acid
solution

The results were as follows :

Mass of aspirin tablet taken 0.50 g

Volume of dilute sodium hydroxide added 23.0 cm3

Concentration of the dilute sodium hydroxide added 0.01 mol/dm3

(a) Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid. Explain what is a weak acid.

Acid undergoes partial ionization in water 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Explain why it is not important to know the volume of the aspirin solution originally
taken.

All the acetylsalicylic acid is dissolved in the water regardless of its volume 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide solution added. Hence,
calculate the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in the aspirin tablet.

No of moles of NaOH = (23.0/1000) x 0.01 = 0.00023

Hence, no of moles of acid present = 0.00023 1m
Mass of acetylsalicylic acid present = 0.00023 x 180 = 0.0414 g 1m

Hence, percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in tablet = (0.0414/0.50) x 100%

= 8.28% 1m
[3]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

(d) The student wanted to make a crystalline sample of sodium acetylsalicylate, the
salt formed in the reaction. This salt decomposes on strong heating. Describe
briefly how this might be carried out using a solution of pure acetylsalicylic acid.

Determine the exact volume of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize a fixed

volume of acetylsalicylic acid by titration using a suitable indicator. Repeat

a few times to obtain accurate result ;

Add exact volume of sodium hydroxide into fixed volume of acetylsalicylic acid

but do not add indicator, 1m heat to obtain saturated solution and cool

solution to allow crystallization to take place; 1m filter to obtain crystals

and dry between pieces of filter paper. 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(e) The structure of acetylsalicylic acid is given below.

Draw the structure of sodium acetylsalicylate.

1m
Na+

[1]

[Total: 9]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A6 A student carried out electrolysis of dilute potassium chloride and molten potassium
chloride using platinum electrodes to determine what products are formed.

(a) Complete the table below.

Electrolyte Ions in Electrolyte Product at anode Product at cathode

Dilute
H+, OH-, K+, Cl- oxygen hydrogen
potassium chloride

Molten
K+, Cl- chlorine potassium
potassium chloride

All correct 2m, 2-3 correct 1m, 0-1 correct 0m [2]

In another investigation, the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate was carried out
using the apparatus shown in the diagram below.

ammeter

beaker beaker

copper electrode C2 platinum electrode P2

copper electrode C1 platinum electrode P1

aqueous copper(II) aqueous copper(II)
sulfate sulfate
Cell A Cell B

(b) Briefly describe the change(s), if any, which take place at the electrodes and
electrolytes at the end of the experiment in the table below.

Change(s), if any Change(s), if any

Copper electrode becomes Bubbles of gas observed,
Electrode C1 thinner/smaller Electrode P1 colourless gas given off

Copper electrode becomes Brown solid appears on the

Electrode C2 thicker/bigger Electrode P2 electrode

No visible change, solution Blue solution becomes pale

Electrolyte Electrolyte
remains blue blue/colourless
(Cell A) (Cell B)

All correct 3m, 4-5 correct 2m, 2-3 correct 1m, 0-1 correct 0m [3]

[Total: 5]
 For
Examiner’s
Use

A7 Hydrazine (N2H4) is often used as a rocket fuel. It can react with oxygen or fluorine to
release large amounts of heat. The equations for the 2 reactions are shown below.

N2H4 (g) + O2 (g)  N2 (g) + 2H2O (g) H = -622kJ

N2H4 (g) + 2F2 (g)  N2 (g) + 4HF (g) H = -1166kJ

The H values represent the energy change per mole of hydrazine reacted.

(a) Draw the energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen,
showing the activation energy and the enthalpy change clearly.

Energy / kJ

Reactants & products – 1m

Activation energy and enthalpy
Ea change – 1m
N2H4 (g), O2 (g)

H = -622kJ
N2 (g), 2H2O (g)

Progress of reaction [2]

(b) Based only on the information provided above, which other reactant (oxygen or
fluorine) would have made a better choice for usage as a rocket fuel together with
hydrazine? Briefly explain your answer.

Fluorine would be a better choice ;

Reaction with fluorine is more exothermic/releases more energy compared 1m

to reaction with oxygen, enabling the rocket to travel further 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) State 1 other factor that should be taken into consideration when deciding which
fuel to use.

Cost/availability of gas/how “clean” reaction is/toxicity of gas/mass of gas [1]

Any 1 of above 1m [Total: 5]

 Section B

Answer all three questions in this section.

The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted.

B8 The table below gives the current estimated percentage by mass of some of the
elements found in the Earth’s crust and the Earth’s core.

Earth’s Crust Earth’s Core

Element % by Mass Element % by Mass
Oxygen 40.6 Iron 31.0
Silicon 24.7 Oxygen 24.0
Nickel 8.1 Magnesium 16.0
Aluminium 8.1 Silicon 13.0
Iron 5.0 Nickel 11.7
Calcium 3.6 Aluminium 0.1
Sodium 2.8 Sodium 0.1
Potassium 2.6 Hydrogen 0.05
Magnesium 2.1 Potassium 0.04
Zinc 0.0078 Calcium 0.04
Copper 0.0068
Tin 0.00022

(a) Which metallic elements are more abundant in the Earth’s crust compared to the
Earth’s core?

Aluminium, calcium, sodium, potassium (can include zinc, copper, tin) 1m [1]

(b) Suggest a reason why oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust.

Oxygen, though a gas, is combined with other elements such as metals and

silicon in the form of oxides 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) The estimated mass of the earth’s crust is 2.125 x 1016 kg. The annual production
of iron is 3.32 x 109 tonnes. Assuming that the demand for this metal is the same
each year, determine the number of years before the supply of iron from the
Earth’s crust runs out. (1 tonne = 1000 kg)

Mass of iron in Earth’s crust = (5/100) x 2.125 x 1016 = 1.0625 x 1015kg 1m

3.32 x 109 tonnes = 3.32 x 1012 kg

Hence no. of years Earth’s crust can supply iron = 1.0625 x 1015kg ÷ 3.32 x 1012

= 320 years 1m

[2]
(d) Briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of recycling metals.

Advantage : conserve natural resources/reduce environmental problems

related to mining of land/ save cost of extracting metals from ores Any 1, 1m

Disadvantage : High costs related to get people to do recycling/ environmental

issues related to release of harmful substances into environment Any 1, 1m [2]

(e) Globally, iron and aluminium are the most recycled metals because of the ease of
recycling them. Suggest a property of each of these 2 metals that accounts for the
ease of recycling them.

Iron : magnetic property of iron enables it to be separated easily using

electromagnets 1m

Aluminium : not easily corroded due to the layer of oxide 1m

………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

A student studied the action of heat on 4 different substances (A, B, C and D). He knew
that two of them were metals, and the other two were carbonates of the same two
metals. He weighed out 5.00 g of each of the four solids and heated them in separate
crucibles.

The table below shows the appearances and masses of the four solids before and after
strong heating for some time.

Appearance Mass/g
Solid
Before After Before After
A Brown Black 5.00 6.25
B Green Black 5.00 3.22
C White White 5.00 5.00
D Silvery White 5.00 6.73

(f) Based on the data given above, suggest which 2 were the metals and which 2
were the metal carbonates. Explain your answers.

Metals : Solid A and Solid D

Metal carbonates : Solid B and Solid C ALL 4 correct, 1m [1]

Explanation : A and D has increased in mass due to reaction with oxygen in

the air to form metal oxide ; 1m B has decreased in mass as carbonate

decompose on heating to form metal oxide and carbon dioxide; 1m

C is carbonate of reactive metal as it is stable and does not decompose on

heating 1m [3]

[Total 12]
B9 The diagram below shows the internal setup of a modern eco-friendly car powered by
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. The main advantages of the use of fuels cells is that
hydrogen is an efficient source of energy and it does not cause pollution at the point of
use.

The diagram below shows the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell used in such a car.

At the positive electrode, the reaction which takes place is :

O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + 4 e → 4OH- (aq)

At the negative electrode, the reaction which takes place is :

2H2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) → 4H2O (l) + 4 e

(a) Write the overall equation for the reaction in the fuel cell.

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) 1m [1]

(b) Briefly explain why the use of fuel cells does not cause pollution at the point of use.

Only product of reaction is water which is harmless 1m [1]

(c) Suggest why the use of fuel cells may still generate pollution.

Hydrogen obtained from cracking/electrolysis still requires a lot of heat/electricity

which comes from burning of fossil fuels 1m [1]

(d) Manufacturers claim that hydrogen is a renewable fuel. Do you agree? Explain
your answer.

No, hydrogen is not renewable. It is obtained from cracking of long-chained

alkanes which is not renewable. 1m [1]

(e) Give a source of oxygen.

oxygen from the air/fractional distillation of liquid air 1m [1]

(f) Suggest why the hydrogen and oxygen must be kept apart.

Hydrogen and oxygen can react explosively if a spark is present 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(g) Briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of compressing hydrogen
fuel at high pressure.

Advantage : Hydrogen is a gas, compression will allow a greater mass to

be carried in the tank so travel longer distances 1m

Disadvantage : Hydrogen needs highly pressurized containers which are heavy

hence difficult to transport 1m [2]

[Total 8]
EITHER

B10 One of the components in crude oil is undecane, C11H24. This molecule may be broken
down into butene and one other product. The reaction is carried out in the oil refinery.

(a) What is the name of this type of reaction?

Cracking 1m [1]

(b) Write the equation for this reaction.

C11H24. → C4H8 + C7H16 1m. [1]

(c) Suggest 2 conditions required for this reaction to take place

Catalyst, high temperature Both points 1m [1]

(d) When the reaction is carried out, 1.00 mol of undecane gives 25.2 g of butene.
Calculate the percentage yield of butane.

1 mole of undecane gives 1 mole of butene

Molar mass of butene is 56 g 1m

Hence percentage yield = (25.2/56) x 100% = 45.0% 1m

[2]

Butene can exist as 3 isomers. One of the isomers, but-1-ene, is shown in the diagram
below.

(e) Draw the structures of the other 2 isomers of butene.

1m 1m
[2]
(f) The isomers of butene can undergo addition polymerization. Draw the structure of
the polymers formed by any 1 of the isomers in part (e), showing 3 repeating units.

or

or
1m [1]

[1]

Butan-2-ol is manufactured by the reaction between steam and butene. An isomer of

butan-2-ol is also formed at the same time. The 2 isomers are miscible.

(g) Suggest, with reason, a method suitable for separating the components of the
mixture of products.

Method : Fractional distillation 1m

Reason : They have different boiling points 1m [2]

[Total 10]
OR

B10 The compound styrene (chemical formula C8H8) has the following structure

It can undergo addition polymerisation to form polystyrene, a non-biodegradable

thermoplastic polymer used for making disposable utensils such as styrofoam cups and
plates. The polymerisation process is carried out by mixing styrene and kerosene and
refluxing the mixture at about 150°C using the setup shown below.

After cooling, the reaction mixture is poured into methanol. Polystyrene, which appears
as a waxy white solid will then form under the surface of the methanol.

(a) Suggest the function of

(i) tube X and

Provide cool surface to allow styrene/kerosene to condense 1m [1]

(ii) kerosene.

Solvent. catalyst (Any 1, 1m) [1]

(b) Draw the structural formula of polystyrene formed, showing 3 repeating units.

1m

[1]

(c) What is meant by the term “non-biodegradable”?

Cannot be broken down by bacteria 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) Suggest a reason why polystyrene produces a lot of soot when burnt.

High percentage of carbon in the compound 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

The structural formulae of two organic compounds, butenedioic acid and ethane- 1,2-
diol are shown below.

butenedioic acid ethane- 1,2- diol

(e) Butenedioic acid reacts with aqueous bromine and also with aqueous sodium
carbonate. State an observation for each reaction and briefly explain why it is
observed.

Reactant Observation Explanation

Aqueous Reddish brown bromine Addition reaction takes place to form

bromine decolourised 1m colourless products 1m

Acid reacts with carbonates to form

Aqueous
Effervescence 1m carbon dioxide gas which appear as
sodium carbonate
bubbles 1m

[4]
(f) Butenedioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol can polymerize under the right conditions to
form a polymer W. Draw the repeating unit of this polymer.

1m

[1]

[Total 10]