TECHNOLOGY OF MIND

[ Informa on of Technology
 Technology of Mind
Suscribe me :- Iamfardinsk

-:Basic informa on of computer:-

● Full form of computer :-

Commonly Operated Machine par cularly Used In Trade

Educa on and Research.

● What is computer ? :-

Computer is an electronic device used for calcula on. It can

perform mathema cal calcula on, logical decision and rela onal
opera ons. It can store huge amount of data for long period of
me , which can be used later .

Or
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as
input from the user and processes these data under the control of
set of instruc ons ( Called program ) and gives the result ( output )
and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical
and non – numerical (arithme c and logical ) calcula ons.

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● A Computer has four func ons : -

1. Accepts data - Input .

2. Processes data – Processing .
3. Produces output – output .
4. Stores result – storage .

● Input (Data) :-

Input is the raw informa on entered into a computer from

the input devices. It is the collec on of le ers , numbers , images
etc…. (Ex – mouse , key-board , scanner )

● Process :-

Process is the opera on of data as per given instruc on . It is

totally internal process of the computer system .

● Output :-

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Output is the processed data given by computer a er data

processing output is also called as result. We can save these result
in the storage devices for the future use ( Ex- printer , monitor ,
speaker etc… )

● Computer system :-

All of the components of a computer system can be

summarized with the simple equa ons .

Computer system = Hard ware + so ware + user .

Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer ( or everything that we can
touch ) are known as hardware .

So ware = programs ; [ So ware gives “Intelligence” of the

computer .]

User = Person ; [ who operates computer ]

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-: Major Parts of the computer input devices :-

1. Mouse 10. Bar code reader

2. Keyboard 11. Microphone
3. Scanner 12. Graphics tablets
4. Digital 13. Magne c ink character reader
5. Web Camera 14. Op cal Mark Reader
6. Joys cks 15. Magne c Card
7. Track Ball 16. Biometric Devices
8. Touch pad / Screen
9. Light pen

● Processor :-

Central processing unit (CPU)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is
responsible for all events inside the computer . It controls all
internal and external devices , performs arithme c and logic
opera ons . The CPU is the devices that interprets and executes
instruc ons .

● Output Devices :-

1. Monitor
2. Printer ( Dot , Matrix , Inkjet , Laser )

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3. Projector
4. Plo er
5. Speaker

● Storage Devices :-

primary memory ( main memory )

1. Ram (Random access memory / Read - write memory)

2. Rom (Read only memory)

● Secondary memory (storage devices) :-

1. Hard disk ( Local Disk )

2. Op cal disk ( CD-R , CD-RW , DVD-R , DVD-RW )
3. Pen drive
4. Zip drive
5. Floppy disk
6. Memory cards
7. External Hard Disk

● Peripheral Devices :-

1. The modem / internet adapter .

2. Switches / hub

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3. Router
4. TV tuner card

● Advantage of using computer :-

1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versa le
5. Memory
6. Automa on

-: informa on of So ware :-

So ware , simply are the computer programs. The instruc ons given to
the computer in the form of a program is called so ware. So ware is
the set of programs , which are used for different purposes . all the
programs used in computer to perform specific task is called so ware .

● Type of so ware:-

1. System so ware
A. Opera ng system so ware .

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( Ex :- Dos , Windows XP , Vista , Unix , Linux , Mac / OS etc…. )

B. U lity So ware .

( Ex :- Windows Explorer ( File / Folder Management ) , Windows Media

, player , an – virus u li es , Disk Defragmenta on , Disk Clean ,
Backup , WinZip , WinRar etc….. )

2. Applica on So ware :-
A. Package so ware

MS office 2003 , MS office 2007 , Macromedia ( Dreamweaver , Flash

, Free –Hand ) , adobe ( PageMaker , Photoshop )

● Type of computer :-

(No the basis of working principle )

A. Analog Computer :-

An analog computer (spelt analogue in Bri sh English ) is a form

of computer that uses con nuous physical phenomena such as
electrical , mechanical or hydraulic quan es to model the problem
being solved .

B. Digital Computer :-

A Computer that performs calcula ons and logical opera ons

with quan es represented as digits , usually in the binary number
system .

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C. Hybrid computer (Analog + Digital) :-

A Computer of computers those are capable of inpu ng and

outpu ng in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer
system setup offers a cost effec ve method of performing complex
simula ons.

● On the basis of computer name / size :-

A. Super computer .
B. Mainframe computer.
C. Mini computer .
D. Micro computer .
i. Desktop computer
ii. Laptop computer
iii. Palmtop / Digital Diary / Notebook / PDAS .
● Type of Boo ng :-

There are two type of boo ng .

(ex :- Cold boo ng and Warm boo ng )

A. Cold Boo ng :-

If the computer is in off sate and we boot the computer by

pressing the power switch “ON” from the CPU box then it is called as
cold boo ng .

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Boo ng :-

The Process of loading the system files of the opera ng system from
the disk into the computer memory to complete the circuit requirement
of the computer system is called boo ng . The system files of MS. DOS .

B. Warm Boo ng :-

If the computer is already “ON” and we restart it by pressing the

“RESET” bu on from the CPU box or “CTRL” , “ALT” and “DEL” key
simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm boo ng .

-: Genera on of computer :-

Genera on in computer terminology is a change in technology a

computer is / was being used . Ini ally , the genera on term was
used to dis nguish between varying hardware technologies.

There are totally five computer genera ons know ll date .

Each genera on has been discussed in detail along with their me
period and characteris cs. Here approximate dates against each
genera ons have been men oned which are normally accepted.

● Genera ons and Descrip on :-

1. First Genera on :-

The period of first genera ons 1946 – 1959 which

is vacuum tube based.

2. SECOND GENERATION :-

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The period of second genera on 1959 – 1965 which is
transistor based.
3. THIRD GENERATION :-

The period of third genera on 1965 – 1971 which

is integrated based.

4. FOURTH GENERATION :-
The period of Fourth genera on 1971 – 1980 .
5. FIFTH GENERATION :-

The period of Fi h genera on 1980 – on words

-: MEMORY UNITS :-

* Memory units :-

The amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. That in
which storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.

1. BIT ( Binary Digit ) :- A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 represen ng a

passive or an ac ve sate of a component in an electric circuit .
2. NIBBLE :- A group of 4 bits is called nibble .
3. BYTE :- A group of 8 bits is called byte . A byte is the smallest unit
which can represent a data item or a character .

UNIT DESCRIPTIONBU
Kilobyte (KB) 1KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB) 1TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) 1PB = 1024 TB

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-: FULL FORMS :-

1. ALU = Arithma c Logic Unit

2. ASCII = American Standard Code for Informa on Interchange

3. BIOS = Basic Input Output System

4. CD = Compact Disk

5. CMOS = Complementary Mental Oxide Semiconductor

6. DDR = Double Data Rate

7. DRAM = Dynamic Random Access Memory

8. SDRAM = Synchronus Dynamic Random Access Memory

9. DPI = Dots Per Inch

10. PPI = Pixel Per Inch

11. DVD = Digital versa le Disk

12. EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Programmable Read – Only Memory

13. FDD = Floppy Disk Drive

14. FPS = Frame Per Second

15. HDD = Hard Disk Drive

16. IDE = Intergrated Drive Electronics

17. LCD = Liquid Crystal Display

18. LED = Light Emi ng Diode

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19. PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect

20. PnP = Plug and Play

21. PSU = Power Supply Unit

22. USB = Universal Serial Bus

23. CUI = Composite User Interface

24. CRT = Cathode Ray Tube

25. FAT = File Alloca on Table

26. GUI = Graphical User Interface

27. UPS = Uninterrup ble Power Supply

28. VDU = Visual Display Unit

29. SMPS = Switch Mode Power Supply

30. FTP = File Transfer Proto Call

31. URL = Uniform Resource Locator

32. SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Proto Call

33. E=mail = Electronic Mail

34. Modem = Modulator – Demodulator

35. LAN = Local Area Network

36. Wifi = Wireless Fidelity

37. IP = Internet Proto Call

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38. DNS = Domain Name System

39. GBps = Gigabytes Per Second or Gigabits Per Second

40. MBps = Megabytes Per Second or Megabits Per Second

41. MAC = Media Access Control

42. PPPOA/E = Point to Point Protocol Over ATM/Ethernet

43. VPN = Virtual Privet Network

44. WAN = Wide Area Network

* How to protect Document in MS Word ?

= > First , open “MS Word” and then type any items

● 2> go to review tab ; click on protect Document ; click on “Restrict

Forma ng and edi ng .
● 3> (Edi ng Restric ous) ck on “allow only this type of edi ng in
the Document “. Then click on – “Yes” ,Start enforcing protec on .
● Enter New Password Then , Reenter the Password To confim
(Same Password)
● Then Click on “OK” Bu on .

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-: Tricks of “CMD” Command:-

Windows command prompt: CMD

commands explained
Most IT experts and Linux users, in addition to computer users who work with MS-DOS, are

relatively familiar with the command line and its corresponding commands. But a lot can be achieved

with the command prompt in Windows, too. For this reason, we’ll explain what the command line is,

how to open it, and which CMD commands there are for Windows.

Windows console commands have changed over time: in newer Windows versions, users no longer

have access to some of the familiar commands. In the following, we’ll explain which CMD

commands still work under Windows 10 so that you don’t have to tediously test which are still valid

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and which are outdated. Our overview tables describe the functions of the individual commands and

specify under which Microsoft operating systems they’re effective.

How does a command line work?

The command line (also called the console or terminal) is a text-based interface within the

operating system, that forwards commands from the user to the operating system. This makes it

possible, for example, to organize files, start programs, or run other commands linked to the

operating system, computer, or network.

In older operating systems (like MS-DOS), you had to work without a graphical user interface, and

oftentimes even navigate without a mouse. Instead, you had to type in all commands – the

directory structures were then displayed as plain text on the screen. But even after the switch to

graphical operating systems, the command line remained text-based.

In general, the connection between operating system – regardless of whether graphical (GUI =

graphical user interface) or text-based (CLI = command line interpreter) was condensed under the

term “Shell.” The default command line interpreter for Windows is called CMD.EXE. In addition,

however, there’s also the “PowerShell”: This offers more options than CMD.EXE. For example,

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automations can be created better with PowerShell. In this way, users can create script programs

with the PowerShell scripting language.

How do you open the command prompt?

There are various options for accessing the command line in Windows. Technically speaking, the

command line is the CMD.EXE program. This executable file should be found in the system

directory of your Windows folder. (If you right-click on the file, Windows also gives you the option to

start the program as an administrator – in case you have the access data for this.) To reach the

program more quickly, you can use the search bar or the run menu. The latter is opened under

Windows 7, 8, and 10 with the key combination Win + R. Then all you have to do is type “cmd” into

the search field and press the OK button.

The command prompt has long had a fixed spot in the Windows start menu as well. Under

Windows 7 and Windows 10, the program is found in the “System Tools” folder. With Windows 8,

Microsoft replaced the start menu with a start screen. But the command prompt is also found via the

apps here. Alternatively, Windows 8 as well as Windows 10 both offer the “Power User Tasks Menu.”

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You can open this with the key combination Win + X. In this way, you can find the command prompt

in the normal execution as well as the administrator version.

How do you enter commands in the command prompt?

CMD functions via defined commands. These have to be entered correctly, otherwise the command

prompt can’t run the task. The same goes for parameters that you link to the commands. Individual

commands can be extended using options (such as arguments). These are generally given as a

letter with a minus sign (-), plus sign (+), or slash (/). CMD also allows placeholders. For so-called

wild cards, use an asterisk (*) or question mark (?). While the latter replaces a single character (i.e.

letter, digit, or other character), the asterisk stands for any number of characters.

Individual CMD commands can be combined with one another. Through a pipe, the output of the

first command is interpreted as input for the following command. In the command prompt,

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commands are linked to one another with a vertical line (|). This line itself is called a pipe, but

officially is known as a vertical bar. Vertical bars pass data from one command to the next:

● CommandA | CommandB

There’s also the possibility of redirection: where the output of a command is directly forwarded to a

file (>) or the content of a text file is understood as input for the command (<).

● Command > File (output in file)

● Command < File (input from file)

Finally, Windows command line commands can also be connected in such a way that they run

directly after one other. This can be controlled via a relatively simple form (&), but also via two

more complex variations. It’s also possible to only run the second command if the first was

successful. Or, you can set up the exact opposite as well: The second command is only run if the

first doesn’t work (||). Both options can even be combined so that there’s an either-or string of

commands:

● CommandA & CommandB (the second command is run directly after the first)
● CommandA && CommandB (the second command is only run if the first was successful)

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● Command A || CommandB (the second command is only run if the first was not successful)
● CommandA && CommandB || CommandC (the second command is only run if the first was
successful, otherwise the third command is run)

It’s also extremely helpful that the command prompt remembers your last entered CMD commands.

Using the up and down arrow keys on the keyboard, you can recall your earlier entries. This also

means, though, that you can’t use these keys to scroll through the CMD window. This is usually

done with the mouse instead. But if you prefer to scroll using keys and are ready to give up the recall

command function, you can alter the corresponding setting: right-click on the command prompt and

enable the “Scrolling” option.

Command, file names or path specifications, as well as arguments, are separated from one another

using spaces. It also usually doesn’t matter if you use upper- or lower-case letters. It’s only important

in a few cases whether you write the parameter in upper- or lower-case (generally only when two

different parameters are abbreviated with the same letter, and are only differentiated from one

another through the case).

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Windows CMD commands: an overview

There are almost 300 commands for Windows and its predecessor, MS-DOS. Over the decades,

some commands have been kept around, some have only recently been added with newer versions

of Windows, and others have been removed or replaced. In our comprehensive list, we explain what

the different commands mean and on which Windows versions they run. This way, you can quickly

look up whether the CMD commands that you know still function with Windows 10. To make it more

clear, we’ve divided the Windows command prompt commands into four categories: basics, files,

system, and network.

Basics

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CMD
comman Windows
d Description version

bitsadmin Creates and monitors downloads and uploads. 10/8/7/Vista

break Interrupts Ctrl + C checking in DOS, allowing you to stop All Win/DOS
processes in the old operating system. Only available
for compatibility reasons in Windows.

call Calls a batch file within another batch file. The All Win/DOS
command has no effect if entered directly into CMD
instead of in a batch file.

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cd Displays the current directory and lets you switch to All Win/DOS
other directories. With the parameter /D plus drive and
path specification, you can also switch drives. Use cd..
to switch to a higher directory (has the same function as
the chdir command).

chcp Changes the current code page (character set table) or All Win/DOS
shows the page count of the current code page.

chdir Displays the current directory and lets you switch to All Win/DOS
other directories. With the parameter /D plus drive and
path specification, you can also switch drives. Use
chdir.. to switch to a higher directory (has the same
function as the cd command).

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choice Creates a selection list: typical example is the selection All Win (not
of yes (Y) or no (N), which is created with /C YN. With XP)/DOS
the parameter /M you can add an explanatory message
for the user.

clip Forwards the result of a command to the clipboard. For clip) or the 10/8/7/Vista
example, you can copy the directory structure (dir content of a file
(clip <
filename) to
the clipboard.

cls Clears the content of the screen. All Win/DOS

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cmd Starts CMD.EXE. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

color Changes the background (first value) and text color 10/8/7/Vista/X
(second value) of the command prompt. The color lies P
between 0 (black) and F (white).

command Starts CMD.COM. 32-bit/DOS

date Displays the current date and allows you to change it. All Win/DOS
With the parameter /T the date is shown without the
option to change.

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debug Starts debug, a program that can test and modify 32-bit/DOS
programs within the command prompt.

dir Displays all folders and files within the current directory. All Win/DOS
You can restrict the output by attributes (/A), simplify the
list (/B), or display all subdirectories and their files (/S).

doskey Creates macros, recalls commands, and edits command All Win/DOS
input.

dosshell Opens the DOS shell, a graphical file management tool. 95/DOS
In Windows, the DOS shell is replaced by Windows
Explorer.

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echo Displays a message and is mainly used within scripts All Win/DOS
and batch files.

edit Starts the MS-DOS editor, with which you can create 32-bit/DOS
text files.

edlin Creates and edits text files within the command prompt. 32-bit/DOS

exit Ends CMD.EXE or CMD.COM. All Win/DOS

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fasthelp Displays helpful information about commands. DOS

fastopen Writes the position of a program into a specified list, 32-bit/DOS

which is in the working memory and should accelerate
the start of programs.

find Searches through a file or multiple files for a particular All Win/DOS
character sequence. If you only want to know how
frequently the word or phrase occurs, use the /C
parameter. With the extension /I the command ignores
upper- and lower-case in the search.

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findstr Finds character sequences in one or multiple files. It 10/8/7/Vista/X
gives you more options when compared to the find P
command: you can search for files that contain various
terms or with /C search for an exact word order.

forcedos Starts a program in the MS-DOS partial system, in case XP (32-bit)

it’s not directly recognized by Windows XP as a DOS
program.

graftabl Enables the option to use extended characters of a 32-bit/DOS

specific code page in graphics mode.

graphics Starts a program that can print graphics. 32-bit/DOS

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help Displays help text for a specific command (you can also All Win/DOS
use the /? command).

kb16 Changes the country settings of the keyboard for DOS 32-bit
programs (only included in Windows for compatibility
reasons. Replaces the old command keyb).

keyb Changes the country settings of the keyboard for DOS 98/95/DOS
programs (only included in Windows for compatibility
reasons. Replaced by kb16 in newer Windows
versions).

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logoff Logs the user out of Windows. Also allows you to end 10/8/7/Vista/X
sessions on servers. P

lpq Displays the status of a printer queue for computers that All Win
use a “line Printer Daemon” (LPD). (To use the
command in Windows 10, 8, 7, or Vista, the LPD print
service and the LPR port monitor have to be enabled
first).

lpr Sends a file to a computer that uses a line printer All Win
daemon (LPD). To use the command in Windows 10, 8,
7, or Vista, the LPD print service and LPR port monitor
have to be enabled first.

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md Creates a new directory on the specified path. If All Win/DOS
directories don’t already exist on the path, md creates
them automatically (you can also use the mkdir
command).

mkdir Creates a new directory on the specified path. If All Win/DOS

directories don’t already exist on the path, mkdir creates
them automatically (you can also use the md
command).

more Outputs the content of a file (for example, a text file) by All Win/DOS
the page. You can also use the command to split the
output of another command into pages.

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msg Sends a message to another user. You can write the 10/8/7/Vista/X
username into the command or create files in which P
usernames are saved. The files can then be included in
the command with @filename.

nlsfunc Provides country-specific information for language 32-bit/DOS

support.

ntbackup Runs backup services directly from the command line or XP

as part of batch or script files.

path Creates and displays the path for searching executable All Win/DOS
files.

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pause Pauses execution in batch files and scripts. The user is All Win/DOS
then prompted in a message to continue by pressing a
key.

popd Changes to the folder saved by the pushd command. 10/8/7/Vista

The command is mainly part of batch files and scripts.

print Prints a text file. The device to be used for printing has All Win/DOS
to be specified.

prompt Changes the display of the command prompt. All Win/DOS

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pushd Saves a specific path into a script or batch file. You can 10/8/7/Vista/X
change to this directory with popd. P

qbasic Starts qbasic, a program environment based on the 98/95/DOS

BASIC programming language.

rd Deletes a directory. This must not contain any files, even All Win/DOS
hidden ones. You can delete an entire directory tree with
the /S parameter (you can also use the rmdir
command).

rem Writes comments in batch and script files that aren’t All Win/DOS
taken into account when executing.

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rmdir Deletes a directory. This must not contain any files, even All Win/DOS
hidden ones. You can delete an entire directory tree with
the /S parameter (you can also use the rd command).

runas Allows a user to run commands with the rights of 10/8/7/Vista/X

another user. For example, you can run a command as P
an administrator from a normal user account as long as
you know the password.

scandisk Starts Microsoft ScanDisk. The program searches data 98/95/DOS

carriers for errors.

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schtasks Sets the execution of specified programs and 10/8/7/Vista/X
commands for a specified point in time. You can create, P
delete, change, and display all scheduled tasks.

set Displays environmental variables of CMD.EXE and lets All Win/DOS

you configure them.

shift Moves variables within batch files and scripts. All Win/DOS

shutdown Shuts down the computer (/s), triggers a restart (/r), or 10/8/7/Vista/X
logs the user out (/l). A graphical user interface is P
displayed if you enter the parameter /I as the first option
in the command.

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sort Lists out data (from a file or command) and outputs it All Win/DOS
again sorted – directly in the command prompt, in a new
file, or in another output.

start Opens a new command prompt window in which you All Win
can run a specific program or command.

subst Assigns a drive letter to a path to create a virtual drive. All Win/DOS

taskkill Ends one or more running tasks. You either have to 10/8/7/Vista
specify the process ID (PID) or image name.

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tasklist Lists all running processes – also on remote computers, 10/8/7/Vista/X
if desired. The process ID also has to be specified, P
which is required for the taskkill command, for example.

time Displays the current time and allows it to be changed. If All Win/DOS
the parameter /T is entered, the command prompt only
shows the time and offers no option to directly change it.

timeout Stops a process for a specified time. The command Is 10/8/7/Vista

used in batch files and scripts. If you use the
/NOBREAK parameter, the command ignores any
keyboard input.

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title Changes the title of the command prompt. Spaces are All Win/DOS
allowed, but not all special characters such as a slash,
for example, because they may be interpreted as
instructions for a parameter.

tree Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or All Win/DOS

path. With the /F parameter, all files in the folders are
also listed out. /A also ensures that only ASCII
characters are used for the graphical representation.
The command takes into account all subdirectories
starting from the given path. If you don’t enter a path,
the current folder is used as the output.

type Displays the content of a text file. All Win/DOS

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tzutil Displays the currently set time zone (/g) or changes it 10/8/7
(/s). The parameter /l helps determine the valid time
zones.

ver Displays the current version number of Windows or All Win/DOS

MS-DOS.

Files

CMD
comman Windows
d Description version

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
append Sets the path in which files will be searched for. 32-bit/DOS

assoc Changes the program that’s linked with a particular file ending. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

attrib Changes attributes of specified files. With the parameter +R you can All Win/DOS
protect a file from changes.

cipher Displays and changes the encryption status of files and directories on 10/8/7/Vista/X
NTFS partitions. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
comp Compares the content of two files or two file sets. The results can be 10/8/7/Vista/X
displayed as a decimal value (/D) or with ASCII characters (/A). P

compact Displays and changes the compression status of files and directories 10/8/7/Vista/X
on NTFS partitions. P

copy Copies a file or multiple files to another location. It’s also possible to All Win/DOS
connect several files to one. You can use the asterisk as a wild card.

cscript Runs scripts over the Microsoft Script Host. You can enable additional All Win/DOS
debugging with the /D option.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
del Deletes a file or multiple files. If you also want to delete all files from All Win/DOS
subfolders, you can do this with the /S parameter. Read-only files can
be deleted with /F (you can also use the erase command).

deltree Deletes a directory as well as all subdirectories and files within. 98/95/DOS

diantz Compresses files without any loss (command has the same function 7/Vista/XP
as makecab).

diskcomp Compares the content of two disks. All Win (not

10)/DOS

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
diskcopy Copies the content of a disk to another. All Win (not
10)/DOS

endlocal Ends the valid range of changes to batch files or scripts. After the 10/8/7/Vista/X
command, changes are applied to the entire system again P
(localization is started with setlocal).

erase Function is the same as del. All Win/DOS

exe2bin Converts an EXE file to a BIN file. 32-bit

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
expand Extracts files and folders stored in CAB files. All Win (not
64-bit
XP)/DOS

extrac32 Extracts files and folders stored in CAB files. The program is part of All Win
Internet Explorer, but can also be used in the command prompt.

extract Extracts files and folders stored in CAB files (in new Windows 98/95
versions use expand).

fc Compares two individual files or two sets of files with one another and All Win/DOS
displays the differences.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
for Sets a specific command that should be run for each individual file in All Win/DOS
a file set. This command is usually used in batch and script files.

forfiles Selects one or more files and runs a command that refers to these 10/8/7/Vista
files. Usually used for batch and script files.

ftype Specifies a program for opening a specific file type. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

goto Skips the execution within a batch program to a specific line (marker). All Win/DOS

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
if Represents a conditional statement and executes expressions within All Win/DOS
batch files only under certain conditions. Can be extended by not if
commands are only not to be executed under certain conditions.

makecab Compresses files without loss in CAB format (you can also use the 10/8/7/Vista/X
diantz command). P

mklink Creates a symbolic link to a file. With /D you can also create 10/8/7/Vista
connections to directories. Create a fixed connection instead of a
symbolic connection with /H.

move Moves a file or multiple files from one directory to another. The All Win/DOS
command can also change the names of directories. By default, the

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
command overwrites other files with the same name when moving
files to the destination. To prevent this use the /-Y parameter.

openfiles Displays and separates open system files and folders. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

recover Restores readable files that were on a defective data drive. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

ren Changes the name of a particular file. Directory and drive cannot be All Win/DOS
changed this way (or use the rename command).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
rename Function is the same as ren. All Win/DOS

replace Replaces the selected file or files with one or more other files. With /S All Win/DOS
files in subfolders are also replaced. With the addition /U files are only
replaced if another version is more current. The parameter /A allows
users to add new files to the target directory at the same time. This
parameter is not compatible with /S and /U.

robocopy Allows so-called robust file copying. This is an extended version of 10/8/7/Vista
copy and xcopy. With robocopy it’s possible to successfully transfer
data even if there are interruptions in the network. There are a total of
72 parameters with which the copy command can be modified.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
rsm Manages media on removable storage devices. Is used in batch files Vista/XP
and scripts to support programs that don’t use “Removable Storage
API.”

setlocal Limits the valid range of changes to batch files or scripts. After the 10/8/7/Vista/X
command, changes only apply to these files (localization is started P
with endlocal).

share Installs file sharing and file locking. 32-bit/DOS

sxstrace Starts the WinSxs Tracing Utility, a tool for programming diagnostics. 10/8/7/Vista

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
takeown Restores administrator access rights to a file that have been lost 10/8/7/Vista
when reassigning a user.

undelete Undoes the deletion of a file. DOS

verify When enabled, checks whether files are written correctly on a data All Win/DOS
drive. The check is disabled in the standard settings.

where Finds files that match a particular search topic. The placeholders * 10/8/7/Vista
and ? can be used within the topic.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
xcopy Copies files and entire directory structures. In this way, the command All Win/DOS
offers various additional options. For example, it can be specified that
only files younger than a specific date (/D) should be copied. It can
also be specified that read-only files are overwritten (/R).

System

CMD Windows
command Description version

at Starts commands and programs at a particular time. With the 10/8/7/Vista/X

parameter /every:date[,…] you can also set regular appointments. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
auditpol Displays current monitoring policies. 10/8/7/Vista

backup Creates backups of files. These can be recovered with restore DOS
(replaced by msbackup).

bcdboot Creates and repairs start files. 10/8/7

bcdedit Allows users to make changes to start configuration data storage 10/8/7/Vista
(the command is a new version of bootcfq).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
bdehdcfg Prepares a hard drive for BitLocker Drive Encryption. 10/8/7

bootcfg Creates, edits, or displays the content of boot.ini (although it’s still 10/8/7/Vista/X
included in the Windows 7 CMD, it has lost its function since boot.ini P
is no longer used for startup options, instead you should use
bcdedit).

bootsect Modifies the master boot code sot that it’s compatible with the 10/8/7/Vista
Windows Boot Manager or NT Loader (can only be started via
system restore in Windows 7 and Vista).

cacls Edits and displays the access control list. This sets access rights 10/8/7/Vista/X
(outdated – replaced by icacls in newer Windows versions). P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
chkdsk Checks and repairs (with the parameter /R) a data drive. All Win/DOS

chkntfs Changes or displays the data driver check at startup. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

cmdkey Can display (/list), create (/add), or delete (/delete) login information. 10/8/7/Vista

convert Converts partitions from FAT/FAT32 to NTFS. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
ctty Changes the standard input and output for the system. 98/95/DOS

dblspace Creates or configures compresses drives (a newer version of the .98/95/DOS

command is called drvspace)

defrag Defragments all or only specified drives. Use /U to observe the All Win/DOS
progress. To get an evaluation statistic after the defragmentation,
use the parameter /V.

diskpart Manages, creates, and deletes partitions from the hard drive. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
diskperf Allows users to remotely control the disk performance counter. 10/8/7/Vista

diskraid Manages RAID systems. 10/8/7/Vista

dism Manages and integrates Windows images. 10/8/7

dispdiag Creates a file in the current directory in which you’ll find information 10/8/7/Vista
about your display.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
dosx Starts the DOS Protected Mode Interface, which allows MS-DOS 32-Bit
programs more than 640 KB of RAM. Is only available to support
older DOS programs.

driverquery Creates a list with all installed drivers. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

drvspace Creates or configures compressed drives. An older version of the 98/95/DOS

command is called dblspace.

emm386 Provides DOS with more than 640 KB of RAM. 98/95/DOS

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
esentutl Manages databases within the extensible storage engine. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

eventcreate Creates an entry (ID and message) in an event log. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

eventtriggers Configures and displays event trigger. XP

fdisk Creates, deletes, and manages partitions on the hard drive. Use 98/95/DOS
diskpart in newer Windows versions.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
fltmc Allows users to manage and display filter drivers. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

fondue Installs additional Windows features. The command is an 10/8

abbreviation for the underlying tool: Features on Demand User
Experience Tool.

format Formats a drive to the file system specified by the user. All Win/DOS

fsutil Provides numerous features related to the file system, such as disk 10/8/7/Vista/X
removal. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
hwrcomp Compiles self-created dictionaries for handwriting recognition. 10/8/7

hwrreg Installs a compiled dictionary for handwriting recognition. 10/8/7

icacls Edits and displays the access control list. This sets access rights. 10/8/7/Vista
An outdated version of this command is cacls.

ktmutil Starts the kernel transaction manager. 10/8/7/Vista

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
label Changes or deletes a drive’s label. All Win/DOS

lh Loads a program into the high memory area (UMB) – has the same 98/95/DOS
function as loadhigh.

licensingdiag Creates an XML and a CAB file that contain information on the 10/8
Windows product license.

loadfix Ensures that a program is loaded and executed above the first 64 32-bit/DOS
KB of RAM.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
loadhigh Has the same function as lh. 98/95/DOS

lock Locks a drive so that only a user-selected program can access it 98/95
directly.

lodctr Updates all registry entries that have to do with performance All Win
indicators.

logman Creates and manages event trace sessions and performance logs. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
manage-bde Configures drive encryption with BitLocker. Use -on to encrypt a 10/8/7
drive. Use -off to decrypt it again and end BitLocker protection.

mem Displays information about the RAM and indicates which programs 32-bit/DOS
are currently loaded in it.

memmaker Optimizes the RAM. 98/95/DOS

mode Configures system devices – primarily on the COM or LPT port. All Win/DOS

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
mofcomp Analyzes files in managed object format (MOF) and adds the All Win
classes and instances to the WMI repository.

mountvol Creates and deletes mount points for drives and displays them. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

msav Starts Microsoft Antivirus. DOS

msbackup Starts Microsoft Backup (replaces backup and restores). DOS

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
mscdex Loads the CD-ROM support for MS-DOS. 98/95/DOS

msd Starts the program Microsoft Diagnostics, with which system DOS
information can be displayed.

msiexec Starts the Windows installer, with which Windows can be installed 10/8/7/Vista/X
and configured. P

muiunattend Starts an automatic setup process for the multilingual user interface 10/8/7/Vista
(MUI).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
netcfg Installs the minimal operating system Microsoft Windows PE. 10/8/7/Vista

ocsetup Installs additional Windows functions. 8/7/Vista

pentnt Recognizes floating point division errors in Pentium chips, starts XP

floating point emulation, and disables floating point hardware.

pkgmgr Installs, uninstalls, and configures packages and functions for 10/8/7/Vista
Windows.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
pnpunattend Automates the installation of device drivers. 10

pnputil Installs plug-and-play devices from the command prompt. 10/8/7/Vista

power Uses the IDLE status of a processor to reduce energy consumption. 98/95/DOS

powercfg Allows the user to change the computer’s energy options and 10/8/7/Vista/X
control energy conservation plans. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
pwlauncher Configures the startup options for Windows To Go with which you 10/8
can boot Windows from a USB drive.

qprocess Provides information on running processes. 10/8/7/Vista

query Displays the status of a particular service. 10/8/7/Vista

quser Provides information on the currently logged-in users. 10/8/7/Vista

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
reagentc Configures the Windows recovery environment, with which you can 10/8/7
repair the installation of the operating system.

recimg Creates a user-defined Windows image to restore the system. 8

reg Manages the registry of the command prompt. Users can create 10/8/7/Vista/X
new keys (reg add) or delete them (reg delete). P

regini Changes registry authorizations. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
register-cimp Registers a common information model provider (CIM provider) in 10/8
rovider Windows.

regsvr32 Registers a DLL file in the registry. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

relog Creates new performance indicator protocols from the data in the 10/8/7/Vista/X
existing protocols. P

repair-bde Repairs and decrypts defective drives that are encrypted with 10/8/7
BitLocker. The files should be saved on a replacement drive.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
reset Resets a session. You can also use the rwinsta command. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

restore Restores backups that were created with the backup command DOS
(replaced by msbackup).

rwinsta Command has the same function as reset. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

sc Manages services by connecting to the Service Controller. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
scanreg Repairs the registry and allows a backup to be created of it. 98/95

sdbinst Applies user-defined database files (SDB). 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

secedit Analyzes the security settings by comparing the current 10/8/7/Vista/X

configurations with templates. Settings can also be configured, P
imported, and exported with this command.

setver Sets a version number of MS-DOS that’s forwarded to a program – 32-bit/DOS

even if it doesn’t match the actual version.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
setx Creates or changes environmental variable in the user of system 10/8/7/Vista
environment.

sfc Checks all important and protected system files. Incorrect versions 10/8/7/Vista/X
are replaced by correct ones. P

smartdrv Starts and manages the hard drive cache program SMARTDrive. 98/95/DOS

sys Copies system files from MS-DOS and the command interpreter to 98/95/DOS
another hard drive. This makes it bootable.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
systeminfo Displays information about the Windows installation, including all 10/8/7/Vista/X
installed service packages. The information can be obtained from P
the local system as well as a remote computer.

tpmvscmgr Creates and deletes TPM virtual smart cards. These are virtual 10/8
smartcards encrypted on the basis of the Trusted Platform Model.

tracerpt Processes logs or real-time data generated during the tracing of 10/8/7/Vista/X
computer programs. P

typeperf Displays performance counter data or writes it into a file. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
unformat Undoes the drive formatting done by the format command. DOS

unlock Unlocks a drive that was locked with the lock command. 98/95

unlodctr Deletes names as well as descriptions for extensible performance 10/8/7/Vista/X

counters in the Windows registry. P

vaultcmd Creates, deletes, and displays saved registration information. 10/8/7

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
vol Displays the label and serial number of a drive. All Win/DOS

vsafe Starts the antivirus software VSafe. DOS

vssadmin Manages the volume shadow copy services that can be used to 10/8/7/Vista/X
store different versions (snapshots) of drives. P

wbadmin Creates backups of the operating system and delivers information to 10/8/7/Vista
the created backup copies.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
wevtutil Manages event logs and event log files. 10/8/7/Vista

whoami Provides information about the current user. With the /GROUP 10/8/7/Vista
parameter you can obtain additional information about group
membership.

winmgmt Manages WMI repositories. Backups (/backup) are possible with the All Win
command, for example.

winsat Evaluates various system factors – for example, processor 10/8/7/Vista

performance or graphical capabilities.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
wmic Starts the Windows Management Instrumentation in the command 10/8/7/Vista/X
prompt. Various Windows settings can be changed here – both P
locally and on remote computers.

xwizard Registers Windows data in the form of XML files. 10/8/7

Network

CMD Windows
command Description version

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
arp Displays and edits entries in the Address Resolution Protocol All Win
cache.

atmadm Displays information on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). XP

certreq Manages and creates certificate registration requirements for 10/8/7/Vista

certification authorities.

certutil Manages services related to certificate authentication. 10/8/7/Vista

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
change Changes the settings of a terminal server and can be used 10/8/7/Vista
together with the parameters logon, port, or user (replaces the
commands chglogon, chgport, and chgusr).

checknetisolation Checks the network capability of apps from the Windows Store. 10/8

chglogon Enables, disables, or adjusts logins for terminal server 10/8/7/Vista

sessions.

chgport Displays or changes the COM pin assignment of terminal 10/8/7/Vista

servers for DOS compatibility.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
chgusr Changes the installation mode of a terminal server. 10/8/7/Vista

cmstp Installs or uninstalls profiles for the connection manager. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

djoin Creates a new computer account in the Active Directory 10/8/7/Vista

Domain Services (AD DS).

finger Provides information about users on remote devices using the 10/8/7/Vista/X
Finger service. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
ftp Transfers data to an FTP server or from this to a PC. The All Win/DOS
command offers additional options: For example, you can
activate debugging with -d.

getmac Displays the MAC address of all network adapters. The format 10/8/7/Vista/X
of the output (Table, List, CSV) is set with /FO. With /S you can P
use the command on remote systems as well.

gpresult Displays information on the Group Policy. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

gpupdate Updates information on the Group Policy. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
hostname Outputs the name of the current host. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

interlnk Connects two computers via serial or parallel connection to DOS

share files or printers.

intersvr Starts an interlnk server and transfers data from one computer DOS
to another via serial or parallel connection.

ipconfig Provides information on the IP of each used network adapter. All Win/DOS
The command can also be used to release (/release) or renew
(/renew) addresses. With /flushdns you can clear the DNS
cache.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
ipxroute Changes and displays information on the IPX routing tables. XP

irftp Transfers files via infrared connection, if one is available. 10/8/7/Vista

iscsicli Manages iSCSI, which enables connections via the SCSI 10/8/7/Vista
protocol.

klist Displays all tickets authenticated by the Kerberos service. Also 10/8/7
enables the command to delete tickets (purge).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
ksetup Configures a connection to a Kerberos server. 10/8/7

mount Enables network sharing under the Network File System. (To 7/Vista
use the command, enable NFS services).

mrinfo Provides information on the router. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

nbtstat Displays statistics and information on the TCP/IP connections 10

on remote computers.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
net Configures and displays network settings. All Win

net1 Configures and displays network settings (it’s recommended to 10/8/7/Vista/X

use net instead; the net1 command is only intended as a P
temporary solution for a Y2K problem).

netsh Starts the network shell, which allows for network settings to be 10/8/7/Vista/X
changed on local and remote computers. P

netstat Displays statistics and information on TCP/IP connections on All Win

the local computer.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
nfsadmin Manages NFS servers and clients (to be able to use the 7/Vista
command, you first have to enable NFS services in Windows).

nltest Displays information related to secure channels in the Active 10/8/7

Directory Domain Services (AD DS) and tests the connections.

nslookup Sends a DNS query to a specific IP or host name on the 10

preconfigured DNS server. You can also specify another DNS
server.

ntsd Runs debugging. XP

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
pathping Provides information on forwarding and package loss when 10/8/7/Vista/X
sending over a network and also specifies the latency. P

ping Sends an internet control message protocol echo request to a All Win
specific host to check if it’s accessible. The duration of the echo
can also be specified. Ping signals can be sent continuously
with -t. To display statistics on this action, press Ctrl + Brk.
Cancel the process with Ctrl + C.

qappsrv Displays all available remote computers in the network. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

qwinsta Displays information on the open remote desktop sessions. 10/8/7/Vista

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
rasautou Manages autodial addresses. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

rasdial Starts and ends network connections for Microsoft clients. 10/8/7/Vista/X
P

rcp Copies files from a Windows computer to a server that’s running 7/Vista/XP
a RSDH daemon, and vice versa.

rdpsign Signs a remote desktop protocol file (RDP file). 10/7

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
rexec Runs commands on a remote computer that’s running a Rexec Vista/XP
daemon.

route Displays routing tables and makes it possible to change, add, or All Win
delete entries.

rpcinfo Sends a remote procedure call (RPC) to an RPC server. The 7/Vista
result displays the programs on the remote computer (to use
the command, NFS services on Windows have to be enabled
first).

rpcping Sends a ping via remote procedure call (RPC) and checks 10/8/7/Vista
whether a connection is possible.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
rsh Runs commands on remote computers that are running the 7/Vista/XP
Unix program Remote Shell (RSH).

setspn Creates, deletes, and changes SPNs. These are unique 10/8/7
identifiers for services on a network that uses Kerberos
authentication.

shadow Monitors a session on a remote computer. The user can also 7/Vista/XP
actively control the remote computer.

showmount Provides information on NFS file systems (to use the command, 7/Vista
you first have to activate NFS services in Windows).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
tcmsetup Enables or disables a client for the Telephony Application 10/8/7/Vista/X
Programming Interface (TAPI), a programming interface for P
telephone applications.

telnet Enables communication with another computer that also uses All Win/DOS
the telnet protocol.

tftp Enables a file exchange between the local computer and a 10/8/7/Vista/X
server that supports the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). To P
use the command, the TFTP client first needs to be enabled in
the system settings.

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
tlntadmn Manages a telnet server on a local or remote computer (to be 8/7/Vista/XP
able to use the command, the telnet server functions first have
to be enabled in the system settings).

tracert Tracks a data package on the way through the network to a All Win
server. It doesn’t only check whether the package arrives and
how long it takes, but also records how many hops the package
makes on the way. All packages have a set time-to-live (TTL),
which is increased gradually with the command.

tscon Connects the current local user session with a session on a 10/8/7/Vista/X
remote computer. P

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
tsdiscon Ends the connection between a local user session and a 10/8/7/VistaXP
session on a remote computer.

tskill Ends a process on a remote computer. 10/8/7/Vista/X

P

tsshutdn Shuts down or restarts a remote terminal server. If the target XP

computer supports it, the entire computer can be turned off in
this way.

umount Removes mounted network file system drives. To use the 7/Vista
command, the NFS functions first have to be enabled in the
system settings.

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 Technology of Mind
w32tm Manages the Windows time service that synchronizes dates 10/8/7/Vista/X
and times on all computers that share an AD DS domain. P

waitfor Sends or waits on a single. If the signal is only supposed to be 10/8/7/Vista

sent to specified computers in a domain instead of all, use the
/S parameter. Computers within a network are synchronized
with one another through this command.

wecutil Creates and managements subscriptions for events. These are 10/8/7/Vista
forwarded from remote event sources that support the WS
management protocol.

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 Technology of Mind
winrm Manages secure connections between local and remote 10/8/7/Vista
computers via the WS management protocol.

winrs Enables access to the command line of a remote computer via 10/8/7/Vista
a secure connection to implement changes. If you want to
disable encryption, use -un.

wsmanhttpconfig Manages functions of the Windows Remote Management 10/8/7/Vista

(winrm).

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind

1. The most important words of CMD is ---------

a. Type “MD” and type any name which you want
b. Then Hit “ Enter” Bu on
c. Part 2 – type “CD” ( this command used for jumped one
direc on to Other direc on )
d. Now Type “systeminfo” Command ( this command used for
your using system’s full informa on )
e. Now type “Tree” Command ( this command used for Full
Refreshing of your PC or Laptop )
f. No type “Cleanmgr” command ( this command used for
cleaning of your unnecessary file or junk file in “C: Volume” )
g. Now type “Net User” Command ( this command used for
knowing you actual User Name of you computer )[ know
more then type “Net/?” command]
h. Now type “netsh” command ( this command used for
looking wireless network password ) , then type “ wlan show

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]

 Technology of Mind
profile ” , type - wlan show profile “ type you connected
network name “ key=clear and hit “ Enter “ bu on .

-: Informa on of Excel :-

INRODUCTION :-

If you are working on Excel 2003 – there are 65536 rows and 256
columns . If you are working on Excel 2003 or any of the latest versions
– there are 1048576 rows and 16384 columns . Last row is 1048576 .

THE ACCCOUNTING FORMULA OF EXCEL :-

● Addi on => “ =sum(first cell address : last cell address) “ and then
hit “Enter” .
● Extra or Many mul ply => “ =product(first cell address : last cell
address) and then hit “Enter” .
● =Average(Data range)
● =Max(Data range)
● =Min(Data range)
● Count(Data range)

● HOW TO REMARKS ? :-
1. =if(cell address >=number,”pass”,”fall”)
2. =if(logical test , value if ture , value if false)

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 Technology of Mind
3. Ex:
=if(c2>=90,”AA”,if(c2>=80,”A+”,if(c2>=70,”B+”,if(c2>=60,”B”,if(c2>=
50,”C”,”D”)))))
● USB OR MEMORY CARD FORMATING WITH “CMD” :-
1. Open “CMD” and then write the command – “Diskpart” and hit
“Enter” bu on .
2. Type the command – “list disk” in your opening new cmd window.
3. Then type – “select disk 1” ( you carefully seening which is your
usb or memory card and their number . Because basically “disk 0 “
is indicate “C: drive or Local volume which is install your pc OS” )
4. Then type – “clean”
5. Then type – “create par on primary”
6. Then type – “select par on 1
7. Then type – “ac ve”
8. Then type – “format fs = fat32 quick”
9. Then type – “assign”
10. Then type – “ exit”

-: HTML COURSE :-

HTML - HyperText Markup Language .

So ware used - 1 . Notepad , 2. Browser , 3. Internet Exploer .

-: EXTENSION NAME :-

A. MS Word - .docx

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 Technology of Mind
B. Excel - .xlsx

C. Powerpoint - .pptx

D. Paint - .bmp

E. Notepad - .txt

* HOW TO “HTML” CREATE ? :-

<html>

<head>

< tle> type your tle , which you want </ tle>

If you want normal body so , type the command - <body> chosen

your own topic </body>

If you want color background body so, type the command - <body
bgcolor=”blue”>

If you want image background body so, type the command - <body
background=”loca on of img/exten on name”>

<center><font face=”jokerman”color=”red”size”10”><u>IMAGE
GALLERY</u></font></center> (their “center” command used for any
text or items should stay in middle or center of the body . the
command “font” is used for “set” any text items in you wan ng style
.

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 Technology of Mind
<img src=”loca on of img/ex on name”width=”300”height=”300”>
( this command used for if you want to set any types of image in the
html body page so, type the commands )

<p> type your text here </p> ( this command used for “paragraph or
any type of text which you want to write down )

<b><i><u> Domkal Main Road </b></i></u> ( their “<b>” command

used for “text bold” , their “<i>” command used for “italc style text” ,
their “<u>” command used for “underline of the text” )

<u> Domkal </u><br> ( this “<br>” command used for “brake the
line” )

</html>

</head>

● Know more the HTML So, you have to go this link – (

h ps://w3schools.com )

-: windows 7 , 8 , 8.1 , 10 short key :-

1. Second screen:- windows bu on + P

2. Duplicate screen :- windows bu on + P
3. Extend screen :- windows bu on + P
4. PC screen :- windows bu on + P
5. Web cam video play :- windows bu on + K
6. File exploer open :- windows bu on + E
7. Search op on :- windows bu on + S
8. Run :- Windows bu on + R
9. File search :- Windows bu on + F
10. Start selec on :- windows bu on + C

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 Technology of Mind
11. File share with mail :- windows bu on + H
12. Se ng search :- windows bu on + I
13. File minimize :- windows bu on + M
14. Narrator start :- windows bu on + “Enter” bu on
15. New Folder create :- Ctrl + shi + N bu on
16. For print :- ctrl + p
17. Shutdown :- Alt + F4 bu on
18. Restart :- Alt + F4 bu on
19. Sleep :- Alt + F4 bu on
20. Sign out :- Alt + F4 bu on
21. Switch user :- Alt + F4 bu on
22. Change loca on in many window :- Alt + Tab bu on
23. Opened browser’s new tab :- ctrl + T
24. Opened browser’s close tab :- ctrl + W
25. Opened browser’s Data finding :- ctrl + F
26. Opened browser’s Inspc on Element :- ctrl + U
27. Opened browser’s History :- ctrl + H
28. Opened browser’s Downloads :- ctrl + J

-: This is Basic Informa on Of My Book :-

* If you more teach in Technology So, you can just contact me ……..

This is my Google Profile – ( h ps://g.page/iamfardinsk )

Author : iamfardinsk / E-mail me : [email protected]