Algeria

Solar investment opportunities

Chair of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Workstream: Stefano Mantellassi, Eni SpA.

Vice-Chair of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Workstream: Karsten Schlageter, ABO Wind.

Coordinator of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Workstream: Máté Heisz, SolarPower Europe.

Contributions and co-authors of the Solar Investment Opportunities in Algeria report: Myriam Fournier, Sungy; Ibtissem Hammi, Enel; Stefano Mantellassi,
Eni SpA; Federico Miccio, Eni SpA; Antoine Poussard, Finergreen; Hugo Savoini, Eni SpA; Paolo Travaglini, Eni SpA.

Market Intelligence: Raffaele Rossi, Michael Schmela, Christophe Lits, SolarPower Europe.

Text editing: Benjamin Clarke, SolarPower Europe.

Acknowledgements: SolarPower Europe would like to extend special thanks to all the Workstream members that contributed to this report with their knowledge
and experience. This work would never have been realised without their commitment.

Project Information: The SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Workstream was launched in March 2018 and since then has become an active working group
with more than 150 experts from more than 70 companies. The objective of the Workstream is to identify opportunities for business and cooperation, thereby
contributing to the energy transition in emerging markets outside Europe.

Contact: [email protected].

Published: November 2021.

ISBN: 9789464444216.

Disclaimer: This report has been prepared by SolarPower Europe. It is being furnished to the recipients for general information only. Nothing in it should be
interpreted as an offer or recommendation of any products, services or financial products. This report does not constitute technical, investment, legal, tax or
any other advice. Recipients should consult with their own technical, financial, legal, tax or other advisors as needed. This report is based on sources believed
to be accurate. However, SolarPower Europe does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of any information in this report. SolarPower Europe assumes no
obligation to update any information contained herein. SolarPower Europe will not be held liable for any direct or indirect damage incurred by the use of the
information provided and will not provide any indemnities.

Design: Onehemisphere, Sweden.

SolarPower Europe thanks its members and
partners that contributed to this report:

Sponsor members of SolarPower Europe:

3
 Table of contents

Foreword 5

1 Context 6
1.1. Energy geography 6
1.2. Demographics 9
1.3. Macroeconomic context 9
1.4. Business environment 10
1.5. Political and social context 11

2 Algeria electricity market 12

2.1. Energy sector overview 12
2.2. Electricity infrastructure 15
2.3. Actors, tariffs and regulatory framework 16
2.4. New developments for solar power 20

3 Recommendations 23
3.1. For Algerian policy makers 23
3.2. For investors 24
3.3. For Algerian businesses 24
3.4. For development finance institutions 24

List of Figures

Figure 1: Irradiance map of Algeria 7

Figure 2: Maps of wind speed in Algeria at 80m (top) and 10m (bottom) 8
Figure 3: Algeria real GDP growth 10
Figure 4: Rankings across Doing Business categories 11
Figure 5: Total primary energy demand in Algeria 2000-2040 12
Figure 6: Total final energy consumption in Algeria 2000-2040 12
Figure 7: Power capacity (GW) in Algeria 2000-2040 13
Figure 8: Power generation (TWh) in Algeria 2000-2040 13
Figure 9: Map of Algerian electricity systems 15
Figure 10: Map of Algerian electricity grid 16
Figure 11: The main actors in the Algerian electricity sector 19
Figure 12: Algerian annual solar PV market - historical data and
forecast for the upcoming 5 years 20
Figure 13: Map of hybrid diesel-solar projects in Algeria 21

List of Tables

Table 1: Macroeconomic data of Algeria 6

Table 2: Tariff prices in Algeria 19
Table 3: Planned new capacity to be installed in Algeria, 2019–2028 22

4 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

Foreword

The SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Workstream was launched in March 2018 to identify new avenues
for business and cooperation, and to contribute to the global energy transition. Since its creation, the
workstream has continued to grow and now comprises 150 experts from more than 70 companies with a
significant portfolio of investments in emerging markets around the world.
Since March 2020, the workstream has operated exclusively online, though the strong hope is that this will soon
change. Member companies are involved in other Africa-focused initiatives such as the EU-Africa Sustainable
Energy Investment Platform, the renewAfrica initiative, and the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA)
Coalition for Action. Recently, workstream members have been engaging with the European Commission on
trade, development finance instruments and international energy diplomacy. They have also been working with
the IRENA, the International Solar Alliance, GET.invest, and various renewable energy associations to shape the
global energy transition.
In this report we are proud to present our findings on solar investment opportunities in Algeria. The report
provides a snapshot of Algeria’s business environment and major macroeconomic trends, while analysing issues
related to foreign investment barriers and the country’s political situation. Moreover, it maps out the Algerian
energy sector, including the energy mix, key stakeholders and developments, and the policy and legislative
framework governing investment. The research finds that, whilst Algeria has strong solar potential, there are
several substantial financial, regulatory, technical, administrative, and political roadblocks to harnessing it.
Therefore, the report puts forward recommendations for policy makers, investors, development finance
institutions and Algerian firms involved in renewable energy to take into consideration as the sector matures.
The Algeria report is the ninth in a series of SolarPower Europe market reports including: Mozambique; Senegal;
Cote d’Ivoire, Myanmar, Kazakhstan, India, Tunisia, and Latin America. All reports can be downloaded from
www.solarpowereurope.org, free of charge.
If you would like to be part of our activities, discover new solar business opportunities, and have a say in shaping
EU global policy, join Solar Power Europe’s Emerging Markets Workstream.

STEFANO MANTELLASSI WALBURGA HEMETSBERGER

Vice-President Energy Chief Executive Officer,
Solutions, ENI S.p.A. SolarPower Europe

Chair of the SolarPower

Europe Emerging Markets
Workstream

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 5

 1
Context

Eni and Sonatrach Bir Rebaa North project, Algeria. © Eni

TABLE 1 MACROECONOMIC DATA OF ALGERIA

Official languages Arabic, Berber or Tamazight (official), French

Capital Algiers
Currency Dinar (DZD) 1 US$ = 133.7 DZD as of Apr. 5, 2021
Surface area 2,381,741 km2
Population (2020) 43.85 million
Population density (2020) 18 person/km2
Employment in agriculture (2020) 10%
GDP (2020) US$ 1.42 billion
GDP per capita (2020) US$ 3,310
GDP growth (2020) -5.5%
Literacy rate (2018) 81%
Internet connections (2019) 58% of population
Mobile phone connections (2020) 104 subscriptions per 100 people
SOURCE: World Bank Group, 2018, 2019, 2020.

1.1. Energy geography the country which focus heavily on solar. The average
yearly irradiance value of the country is 2,000kWh/m2
Algeria has vast potential for renewable energy
with high values especially in desert areas (over
development, especially solar PV. Thanks to its
2,400kWh/ m2in some cases). The highest irradiance
geographical position in the solar belt, the solar
can be found in Illizi district, where connection
potential is one of the highest among MENA countries,
infrastructure is limited compared to the northern part
and this is also reflected in the clean energy targets of
of Algeria.

6 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

FIGURE 1 IRRADIANCE MAP OF ALGERIA

SOURCE: SolarGis 2020.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 7

 1 Context / continued

Based on a Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) The latest version of the Algerian wind atlas (Daaou
assessment, Algeria has the largest onshore wind Nedjari et al., 2018) provides good insights about Algeria’s
resources in Africa in terms of potential total installed windiest regions such as Hassi R’Mel, Adrar or In Salah
capacity and net generation with 7,717.4 GW and with average wind speeds of over 6.3 m/s (at 10m).
24,980.2 TWh/year respectively (Whittaker, 2020).

FIGURE 2 MAPS OF WIND SPEED IN ALGERIA AT 80M (TOP) AND 10M (BOTTOM)

wind speed
(M/S)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
0 500 1,000
3.5
km <3.0

wind speed
(M/S)
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
0 500 1,000
5
km <4.5

SOURCE: : H. Daaou Nedjari, S.Kheder Haddouche, A.Balehouane, O.Guerri. Optimal windy sites in Algeria: potential and perspectives, 2018.

8 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

1.2. Demographics and a 40% slump in hydrocarbon export receipts,
brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The population of Algeria was estimated at 43.85
million in 2020, with a growth rate of 1.85% (World A recovery is expected in 2021 with 3.4% GDP growth
Bank Group, 2019). The median age is 28.5 years, and predicted (IMF, 2021). Nevertheless, for the next five
life expectancy at birth is 76.9 years (2019). About a years the projections continue to point to weak and
decade after independence from France (in 1962) the decelerating growth, to an average rate of 1% between
fertility rate fell dramatically, from 7 children per 2023-26. This is mostly due to the structural decline
woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, which can of the oil and gas sector.
be linked to improvements in women's access to
The hydrocarbon industry accounts for 19% of GDP,
education and their increased participation in the labor
41% of budget revenues, and 93% of export revenues
market. The fertility rate has since risen again, standing
(2019). A decline in government income means that
at 3 children per woman in 2018.
the current level of public spending can no longer be
73% of the population live in urban centres. Based on sustained. Over the past two decades, up until the price
the UN Human Development Index (HDI), Algeria is collapse in 2015, the boom in the sector enabled
classified as a high-human development country, Algeria to make important advances in economic and
ranking 91st out of 189 countries in the 2020 Report, human development. The country cleared its external
and having made gradual but steady improvements debt, invested in infrastructure projects, and
since 1990. However, Algeria suffers particularly from implemented redistributive social policies that
inequalities in access to education and personal contributed to a significant reduction in poverty, as well
income which prevent it from scoring higher. GDP per as improvements in human development indicators.
capita was estimated at 11,100 US$ dollars at
Algeria’s low share of non-oil exports ranks it as one of
purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2020, slightly below
the most hydrocarbon-dependent countries in the
the MENA regional average (IMF, 2020).
world and reforms to foster economic diversification
Algeria ranks 69th in the Huawei’s Global Connectivity appear urgent. Existing oil reserves will assure current
Index 2020, which measures the degree of levels of production until the mid-2040s, while for gas
digitalisation across 79 countries (Huawei, 2020). the horizon extends beyond the 2050s.
According to the World Bank’s latest available data, in
The country’s high unemployment rate continues to
2019 60% of Algerians had internet connections
constrain domestic demand and fuel popular protests.
(World Bank Group, 2019).
In 2019, the unemployment rate stood at 11.4% (IMF,
Resource-wealthy Algeria continues to struggle with the 2019). This level is expected to rise to 14.1% by the end
same socioeconomic challenges it has faced for a of 2021 (IMF, 2021), as a result of COVID-19, and is
decade – overdependence on hydrocarbon exports expected to rise further in subsequent years. Youth
leading to a volatile economy and social unrest. Since unemployment is above 29%, and this figure rises to
2020, the country’s economic standing has been 45.5% amongst women who are progressively falling
further complicated by the coronavirus pandemic and further behind men (World Bank Group, 2019).
the drop in oil prices. The former has slowed investment Underemployment, temporary jobs, and informal-
and consumption, while the latter has decreased export sector employment remain high, meaning that those
revenues and government income, exacerbating in employment are often in precarious situations. The
economic hardships and fueling social discontent. government is expected to register a fiscal deficit for
the 13th consecutive year in 2021. Despite significant
expenditure cuts, the fiscal deficit is expected to
1.3. Macroeconomic context
widen from 6.2% of GDP in 2020 to 9.2% in 2021 (IMF,
In 2020, the Algerian economy is estimated to have 2021). The structural current-account deficit is set at
contracted by 4.9% (IMF, 2021), after three years of 7.6% of GDP in 2021 from 12.7% in 2020, owing to
sluggish growth. The sharp downturn is the result of expected recovery in export revenues.
the twin shocks of a dramatic fall in domestic demand

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 9

 1 Context / continued

In recent years, Algeria’s growing financial needs have 1.4. Business environment
been increasingly met by resorting to international
The country suffers from several structural issues that
reserves. These reached a maximum of 194 billion US$
compound an unfavourable business environment. On
in mid-2014, or around three years' worth of imports.
the World Bank Doing Business 2020 report, Algeria
Since then, foreign exchange reserves have been
ranks 157th out of 190 countries, far behind the rest of
eroded by high import spending as well as a sharp drop
the MENA region. Its neighbours, Morocco, and Tunisia,
in global crude oil prices, declining to 45.7 billion US$ as
were in 53rd and 78th respectively (World Bank Group,
of September 2021 (IMF, 2021). Although this is
2020). The country scores especially poorly in access
equivalent to 13-months of import cover, the pace of
to credit, protection of minority investors, trading
depletion since 2014 is concerning. Nevertheless, the
across borders and property registration. Such
government is unwilling to resort to the IMF or other
constraints limit investments that are badly needed to
international creditors to meet its urgent liquidity needs,
sustain private sector growth and absorb the working
as issuing external debt remains politically undesirable.
age population. Moreover, the economy is overly
It is likely to issue more domestic debt financed by the
dependent on oil and gas and is dominated by a
central bank, a practice used in the past and
bloated public sector, which has constrained the
discontinued in 2019 to avert inflationary pressures
business environment and economic development.
To improve the business environment and to prop up
hard currency reserves by attracting inward foreign
investment, President Tebboune’s government
introduced a number of measures in 2020. These
included exempting non-strategic sectors from the
majority ownership ‘49/51 shareholding rule’, which
requires foreigners to partner with Algerian firms and
means that the majority stakeholder must be Algerian.

FIGURE 3 ALGERIA REAL GDP GROWTH

8 projections

4
Annual change (%)

-2

-4

-6
2004
2000

2005

2009
2002

2006

2020
2003

2008

2022

2025
2026
2023
2024
2007
2001

2010

2015
2012

2019

2021
2013
2014

2016

2018
2017
2011

SOURCE: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2021 business environment.

10 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

FIGURE 4 RANKINGS ACROSS DOING BUSINESS CATEGORIES

81
102
121 113

152 158
165 172
181 179

Starting a Dealing with Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving
business construction electricity property credit minority texes across contracts insolvency
permits investors borders

SOURCE: World Bank Group, Doing Business 2020, Algeria Economy Profile.

Despite this positive development, the 49/51 rule still Street protests, banned during 2020 as part of anti-
applies in a wide range of cases, including: retail COVID19 measures, have, however, restarted and
activities, mining, oil and gas, power distribution and continued in the first months of 2021, albeit with
transportation network activities; military and defence; smaller numbers. The power transition is still taking
railways; ports; airports; and some pharmaceutical shape with the June legislative elections comprising
activities. The government also cancelled its right of the latest stage in this process. A new Parliament and
first refusal on asset sales by foreign entities in Algeria. Government have taken office..
In addition, foreign companies investing in Algeria have
The establishment is aware of the need to modernise
been permitted to seek loans from foreign banks to
the country, and of the perils of abandoning old but
finance their investments. The government also
solid pillars of governance all at once. It is proudly
approved a new hydrocarbons law, improving fiscal
determined to go ahead preserving national
conditions and contract flexibility to attract new
companies, with no leaps forward. It has little to no
international investors.
trust in any external help that is not based at least on
relations among equals. The pandemic and the
1.5. Political and social context ensuing crisis have added a sense of urgency, but a
large internal consensus has been sought on
Algeria has been grappling with its “Second
economic change.
Revolution”, triggered in early 2019 by increasingly
large demonstrations against a fifth presidential term These traits have been translated in practice. A new
for Abdelaziz Bouteflika. The ailing President had been Constitution has then been approved. It gives greater
absent for years from public life. Protests were initially recognition to basic rights and tries to bridge public
limited to students and a few activists, but rapidly demands for more openness in politics.
expanded within civil society in Algiers and in other
International relations will be a further area for change.
major cities. The turning point came when the Armed
Algeria has traditionally oriented itself towards
Forces supported the protestors’ demands.
European partners, and they will remain pivotal in any
Their intervention influenced the transition and in scenario. However, it also has, excellent relations with
December Abdelmadjid Tebboune was elected and a China, and balances its relations with Russia, as a
peaceful transfer of power followed. traditional ally, and the United States, with their
renewed interest in the Maghreb region.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 11

 2
Algeria electricity market

Electricity pylons in the desert, Algeria. © Abderrahmane Ferhi/Shutterstock

2.1. Energy sector overview their share is expected to remain limited to ~7% of the
energy mix by 2040 (Wood Mackenzie, 2021).
Algeria’s energy mix consists almost entirely of fossil
fuels, with gas accounting for ~63% and oil for ~36% Today total final consumption is dominated by gas
of total primary demand. Between 2000 and 2019, (42%) and oil (45%) as well. Electricity’s share is 13%.
total demand has grown at a Compound Annual In the future all fuels will grow in absolute terms, but
Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4% from ~27 Mtoe to ~56 the share of oil will remain stable through to 2040.
Mtoe. Demand is set to grow to ~73 Mtoe at a CAGR of Gas' share is expected to account for 38%. Electricity,
1% by 2040 (Wood Mackenzie, 2021). Although instead, is expected to reach a share of 17% (Wood
renewables - mainly solar - are entering the scene, Mackenzie, 2021).

FIGURE 5 TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND IN ALGERIA FIGURE 6 TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
2000-2040 ALGERIA 2000-2040

100 80

80
60
7%
2%
17%
1%
60 14%
0.1% 14%
Mtoe
Mtoe

56% 40 13%
62% 38%
64% 42%
40 63% 44%
42%

20
20 61% 10.6% 45%
35% 37% 31% 45% 43% 43%
36% 34%
37% 57%
1.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.5%
0 0
2040
2000

2025

2030
2019
2040
2000

2025

2030
2019

Coal Oil Coal Oil

Gas Solar & Wind Gas Electricity

SOURCE: Wood Mackenzie, Energy Transition Outlook, 2021. SOURCE: Wood Mackenzie, Energy Transition Outlook, 2021

12 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

Between 2000 and 2019, total power generation has Algeria’s Paris agreement pledge (September 2015)
grown at a CAGR of 6% from ~26 TWh to ~83 TWh. mentions a significant potential of geothermal as well.
Total power generation is expected to grow at a CAGR In fact, it has set a modest target of 15 MW capacity
of 3% between 2019 and 2040 to ~150 TWh (Wood of this source by 2030. The pledge envisages a
Mackenzie, 2021). reduction of 7-22% of GHG compared to the business-
as-usual scenario in 2030. The 7% reduction will be
Today, almost all power is generated by gas. Algeria
realised with national means, but any further reduction
heavily subsidises oil, gas, and electricity
is conditional upon external support in the form of
consumption. This has the effect of artificially
financing and capacity building as well as
lowering prices and creating a competitive advantage
development and transfer of technologies. Algeria
for oil and gas over other energy sources. While this
underlines its vulnerability to climate change given the
persists, it will remain difficult for renewables uptake
degradation of soil and desertification that much of its
to gain traction in the country.
territory is already experiencing. Furthermore, it points
In the coming years, the power mix will diversify, mainly at its historically low level of GHG emissions, the
thanks to solar, which will reach 8% of generation in dominant role of gas (which is considered a clean fuel
2025 and 37% in 2040 (Wood Mackenzie, 2021). In in the Paris Agreement pledge) in its energy mix and
2020, installed solar capacity amounted to ~0.5 GW its dependence on the exportation of hydrocarbons.
(SolarPower Europe, 2021) and is expected to reach
~20 GW in 2040 (Wood Mackenzie, 2021).

FIGURE 7 POWER CAPACITY (GW) IN FIGURE 8 POWER GENERATION (TWH) IN

ALGERIA 2000-2040 ALGERIA 2000-2040

60 150

50 125 37%

16%
40 40% 100 0.4%
8%
2%
23% 1%
TWh

12%
GW

30 0.8% 3% 75
2%

20 50 83% 61%
92%
75% 99%
86% 56%
96% 0.2%
10 25
5% 96%
92%
3% 2% 2% 1.5% 0.5% 3%
0 0
2040
2000

2025

2030
2019
2040
2000

2025

2030
2019

Oil Gas Hydro Oil Gas Hydro

Wind Solar Wind Solar

SOURCE: Wood Mackenzie, Energy Transition Outlook, 2021 SOURCE: Wood Mackenzie, Energy Transition Outlook, 2021

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 13

 2 Algeria electricity market / continued

Algeria is Africa’s largest gas producer (~91 bcm in Wood Mackenzie’s forecast for the Algerian market
2020, according to Eni World Energy Reveiw 2021). includes several uncertainties. They have not yet fully
About half of the gas produced is exported (in 2020 modeled the impact of Algeria’s latest energy policy
~40 bcm, according to Eni World Energy Reveiw 2021). regulations that have the goal of increasing solar’s
share in the energy market. Previous multi-GW solar
Gas demand has been growing at a CAGR of 4%
procurements have stalled or been cancelled and have
between 2000 (~20 bcm) and 2019 (~41 bcm) and is
been burdened by stringent foreign participation and
expected to grow at a CAGR of 1% between 2019 and
local ownership requirements.
2040 reaching ~47 bcm (Wood Mackenzie, 2021).
Growth has been mainly driven by the power sector. Algeria presented a national programme for
The maturity of key gas fields combined with delays renewable energy and energy efficiency in 2011. This
due to bureaucracy and lack of upstream investment, set a target of installing 22 GW of renewable power
increase the risk of short supplies. In the absence of generating capacity by 2030 (12 GW for use within
proper management of gas demand and supply, it may Algeria and 10 GW for export). The government hopes
become difficult for Algeria to meet its export to harness the solar potential in the country, with solar
obligations. Renewables, especially solar PV, could help PV making up 37% of the national power supply by
support power generation, freeing up more gas to be 2030 (LSE, 2021). However, current renewable
exported (Wood Mackenzie, 2021). This is a key capacity is still limited at 483 MW (SolarPower
strategy for Algeria’s environment and economy, and Europe, 2021). Afrik21 cites the lack of local technical
is emphasised by the number of public bodies, like the expertise, insufficient funding, and poor coordination
Ministry of the Interior and Local Authorities, releasing between stakeholders as obstacles to advancing the
tenders for renewable energy projects (CEREFE, 2020). renewable agenda (Afrik21, 2019).

PV panels, Algeria. © Mohamed Laatra/Dreamstime.com

14 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

2.2. Electricity infrastructure Since most of the energy demand is concentrated in
the north of the country, the RIN is also the most
The transmission system is divided into three main
developed grid, as shown in Figure 10 on the following
systems (i) Réseau Interconnecté Nord (RIN), (ii) Pôle
page. The RIS is a far less developed system and
In Salah-Adrar-Timimoun (PIAT) and (iii) Réseaux
electricity is mainly produced by oil-fueled generators.
Isolés du Sud (RIS). The RIN and PIAT systems are
However, solar-oil hybrid systems are emerging, and
regulated by the Commission de Régulation de
an initial 50 MW tender was launched in 2019 and a
l’Electricité et du Gas (CREG).

FIGURE 9 MAP OF ALGERIAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS

TUNISIA

LIBYA

MAURITANIA

MALI

Northern Interconnected Network

(Réseau Interconnecté Nord - RIN)
In Salah-Adrar-Timimoun Hub
(Pôle In Salah-Adrar-Timimoun - PIAT)
Isolated Southern Networks NIGER
(Réseaux Isolés du Sud - RIS)

SOURCE: CREG, 2018.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 15

 2 Algeria electricity market / continued

FIGURE 10 MAP OF ALGERIAN ELECTRICITY GRID

RAS DJINET
HAMMA RAMDANE DJAMEL
APO TIZI OUZOU JIJEL SKIKDA EL KALA
DAR EL BEIDA EHD
BENI MERED
OFA EL-KSEUR
KHERBA FERNANA
ALGER EST OUED
MARSAT OUED SLY ATHMANIA EL KHROUB
BOUIRA
KHEMIS ARB BOURDJ BOU TAD
ORAN EHS
ARRERIDJ BATNA EL AOUINET
RELIZANE TIARET BARIKA
BEROUAGHIA
ZAHANA AÏN M’LILA TEBESSA
M’SILA AÏN BEÏDA
SISI BEL ÄIN OUSSERA
ABBES SAIDA BISKRA
OUJDA TLEMCEN DJELFA

MOROCCO EL OUED
NAAMA
TILRHEMT
TOUGGOURT
HASSI R’MEL
GHARDAIA

BECHAR OUARGLA HASSI MESSAOUD

Power station

Station

SOURCE: Global Energy Network Institute, 2017.

second one, launched in 2021, is currently in progress. 2.3. Actors, tariffs and regulatory framework
This transition to solar PV-oil hybrid systems also has
Algeria will strongly pursue the path of a necessary
the advantage of freeing up more oil for export.
transition from a hydrocarbons-centred model – and
The public company Sonelgaz is acting in all the main of revenues’ reallocation – to a more modern one,
areas of the electricity sector and manages: (i) the which comprises new energies. This would help the
system operation through the Opérateur Système nation rebuild its reputation for regional leadership
Electrique (OS), (ii) the transmission network through that has diminished in the last 10 to 15 years.
the Societé Algérienne du Gestion du Réseau de
Over the last few years, the transition to renewable
Transport de l'Electricité, (iii) the distribution network
energies has been given new impetus through the
and sale/retail activities through the Société Algérienne
creation of dedicated state institutions. In 2019, in
de Distribution de l’Electricité et du Gaz (SADEG).
cooperation with Germany, Algeria established an
Moreover, Algeria has strong interconnection systems energy efficiency network, consisting of companies
with Morocco and Tunisia. It is interconnected with from both the public and private sector, focused on
Morocco via a single 400 kV line and two 220 kV lines renewables and energy efficiency in industry. In
with a tie line capacity of 1,500 MW. December 2020, together with the German
international cooperation GIZ, Algeria set up a “green
In addition, Algeria is also connected to Tunisia via one
municipalities” programme, with the aim of promoting
400 kV, one 220 kV, one 150 kV, and two 90 kV AC
renewable and energy efficiency at municipal level
lines, while an interconnection project with Spain is
(Afrik21, 9 December 2020). Algeria and Germany have
being explored. Algerian power grid can maintain the
also set up a bilateral Energy Partnership to support
power balance by itself.

16 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

political dialogue, exchange best practices, connect production is not subject to import duties. A new
business and politics to support the energy transition. Hydrocarbons Law has been drafted, a cornerstone of
Algeria also has a Strategic Energy Partnership with the energy policy for the country. Announced at the end of
EU. The EU funds a technical assistance programme 2019, it was enacted in February 2021, on the 50th
supporting the Algerian authorities in the fields of anniversary of the nationalisation of oil. The legislation
renewable energy and energy efficiency. increases government control over the strategic
direction of the energy sector, and this may help the shift
On 11 April 2021 Algérie Presse Service reported that
to new sources of energy.
Sonelgaz and Sonatrach had established the company
Sharikat Kahraba El Djazaïr (SKE), whose main The solar module manufacturing industry is growing
objective is the production of renewable energy. but, to reach the challenging capacity targets, its
(Algérie Presse Service, 11 April 2021). development needs to be accelerated significantly.
Currently, the landscape is made up by four producers
National oil company Sonatrach intends to use solar
with a total capacity of 190 MW per year (vs. national
power as a substitute for gas in powering its upstream
target of 1 GW installation per year). According to a
operations. By 2030 Sonatrach plans to install 1.3 GW
November 2020 report from the Commissariat aux
of solar PV capacity for power supply to its upstream
Energies Renouvelables et à l'Efficacité Energétique
facilities, which will free up precious gas for export
(CEREFE) it will grow to 450 MW in the next years
(Source: Powermag, 1 July 2020).
(Algérie Presse Service, 29 November 2020).
The national targets set for renewables over the last
The involvement of the different institutions in
few years:
Algerian renewable energy sector is as follows:
• As of end 2019, the target for 2030 included a
• MTEER: The Ministry of Energy Transition and
renewable share of total power generation of 27%
Renewable Energies, established in June 2020, is
(as one of the levers to obtain the emissions
responsible for developing policies and strategies
reduction aimed for by the conditional INDC as of
aimed at promoting the energy transition and
September 2015), and an installed renewable
renewable energies, and more precisely:
capacity of 22 GW (of which 13.5 GW solar PV,
2 GW CSP and 5 GW wind) (source: REN21 2020). • Ensuring the implementation of national
policies and strategies in the fields of energy
• In December 2020, Minister of Energy Transition
transition and renewable energies and defining
and Renewables, Chems-Eddine Chitour declared
the necessary legal, human, financial and
a target of 15 GW solar PV capacity by 2035, with
material resources .
a pace of ~1 GW per year to be assigned through
tenders. (Source: Algérie Presse Service, • Developing and promoting renewable energies.
21 December 2020).
• Designing and implementing strategies and
In December 2020, Minister Chitour declared that the action plans for energy transition in relevant
PV plants would be financed with unused natural gas sectors.
(source: Algérie Presse Service, 21 December 2020).
• Developing, in consultation with the sectors
Since 2020, the “49/51 rule”, limiting foreign investment concerned, the national energy model.
in Algerian companies to 49%, has only been applicable
• Developing the planning instruments for
to sectors defined as “strategic” by the 2020 Finance
activities concerning the energy transition.
Law. Whilst the upstream energy sector is considered
strategic, there is a lot of ambiguity around whether the • Ministry of Energy: The Ministry of Energy is
49/51 rule applies to renewable power generation responsible for developing, proposing, and
projects. Furthermore, as part of a strategy to boost local ensuring the implementation of policies, legislative
job creation and expertise, projects are subject to local measures, strategies, programs, studies, and other
content rules, according to which PV modules, cables necessary measures in this field, for the
and mounting structures must be purchased in Algeria. production, transport, and distribution of electrical
Moreover, the import of raw materials for module energy as well as control of energy consumption.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 17

 2 Algeria electricity market / continued

• APRUE: The National Agency for the Promotion and • SKTM: SKTM develops and operates diesel
Rationalization of the Use of Energy (APRUE) is production plants and gas turbines in the Great
responsible for coordinating and socialising the South and hybrid solar PV installations throughout
national energy management policy through the the country.
organisation of awareness campaigns for the
The Electricity System Operator (OS): The OS is
public, schools, and professionals, disseminating
responsible for the operation of the electricty
information and establishing projects with relevant
production and transport network. In particular it
actors in the private sector (Industries, Building,
manages the balance between consumption and
Transport). Since March 2021 (Executive Decree
production, the security of the system and the
N°21-106 of March 17, 2021), APRUE has been
reliability and efficiency of the electricity supply. It also
supervised by the Ministry of Energy Transition and
focuses on the network’s development and the
Renewable Energies.
management of international interconnections.
• CREG: The role of the Regulatory Commission for
• The Algerian Company for the Electricity
Electricity and Gas is to ensure the competitive
Transmission Network (GRTE): GRTE is responsible
and transparent functioning of the electricity
for the development, operation and maintenance
market and the national gas market, in the
of the electricity transmission network at national
interests of consumers and operators.
level and the In Salah-Adrar–Timimoun pole
• CEREFE: The Renewable Energy and Energy (Southwest) as well as interconnections with
Efficiency Commission contributes to national and neighbouring countries. The network managed by
sectoral development of renewable energies and GRTE consists of 29,000 km of lines including
energy efficiency. It also conducts periodic more than 2,500 km in 400 kV.
evaluations of national policy for the development
• The Algerian Electricity and Gas Distribution
of renewable energies and energy efficiency.
Company (SADEG): SADEG is responsible for the
• CDER: The Renewable Energies Development development, operation and maintenance of the
Centre (CDER) is responsible for developing and electricity distribution network. It is also
implementing research and development responsible for the sale of electricity and gas. The
programs around renewable energies, including: company was created in 2017, after the mergers
of the regional distribution companies (SDA, SDC,
• Establishing renewable energy pilot projects.
SDO and SDE).
• Certifying and standardising equipment;
• Sonatrach: Sonatrach is the state-owned oil
conducting feasibility studies, and providing
company of Algeria. It is vertically integrated and
expertise and consulting for Energy and Natural
conducts operations all along the hydrocarbon
Resources (ENR) projects.
value chain. This includes exploring for and
• Organising training in renewable energies. producing, transporting and refining hydrocarbons
including oil and liquified natural gas. Along with
Other stakeholders such as SONELGAZ (a state-
Sonelgaz, it is the joint owner of the Algerian
owned enterprise covering production, transmission
Renewable Energy Company (SHAEMS).
and distribution of electricity and transmission and
distribution of gas) and its subsidiaries play a critical • The Algerian Renewable Energy Company
role in the Algerian energy sector: (SHAEMS): SHAEMS was created by the Ministry
of Energy Transition and Renewable Energies in
• Electricity Production Company (SPE): SPE
April 2021. The company is due to become
develops and operates thermal and hydraulic
operational in late 2021. It will be owned jointly by
installations. SPE supplies electricity to the
Sonelgaz and Sonatrach and charged with
national interconnected network and the In Salah-
enacting Algeria’s plan for developing renewable
Adrar-Timimoun hub (Southwest). At the end of
energies for the production of electricity (Eco
2019, the company managed 15.4 GW, nearly 70%
Times, 2021).
of the national production capacity.

18 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

FIGURE 11 THE MAIN ACTORS IN THE ALGERIAN ELECTRICITY SECTOR

producers contracts transmission distribution clients

SPE
Algerian electricity
production company SADEG
(Sonelgaz) Algerian electricity Consumer
GRTE
distribution Residential
(Sonelgaz)
company industry
Tarif/PPA
(Sonelgaz)
Other producers Power Purchase
Contract

SOURCE: Own elaboration.

Algerian electricity tariffs are fixed by the CREG and • Triple Tariffs: Peak (5PM-9PM) / Full (6AM–5PM &
are the lowest in North Africa (AFSIA, 2021). In 2020 9PM-10:30PM) / Night (10:30PM-6AM)
the price of electricity in Algeria was 0.039 US$/kWh,
• Double Tariffs:
whilst the world average was far higher at
0.136 US$/kWh. The most recent tariff decision • Peak (5PM-9PM) / Non-Peak (9PM-5PM)
(décision D/22-15/CD) was issued in December 2015.
• Day (6AM-10:30PM) / Night (10:30PM-6AM)
The Algerian tariff system includes several different
billing options: • Progressive tariffs: same tariffs

TABLE 2 TARIFF PRICES IN ALGERIA

IN cDA/kWh PEAK FULL NIGHT DAY NON PEAK PROGRESSIVE

Residential 811.47 216.45 120.50 486.98 178.07 <125kWh 177.87

125-250kWh 417.89
250-1000kWh 481.29
>1000kWh 547.96
Non-residential LV 811.47 216.45 120.50 486.98 178.07 <250kWh 417.89
250-1000kWh 481.29
>1000kWh 547.96
HV Clients type A 872.02 193.76 102.40 428.30 180.64 375.62
HV Clients type B 660.85 136.62 59.03 N/A N/A 136.94
SOURCE:

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 19

 2 Algeria electricity market / continued

2.4. New developments for solar power Over the past few years, Algeria has launched different
mechanisms to promote renewable energy such as:
The country witnessed a slow start to the energy
transition. In 2004 Algeria adopted the first renewable • Feed in tariff programme, launched in 2014 and
energy feed in tariff (REFIT) in Africa to speed up the abolished in 2016.
adoption of renewable energy sources. The scheme
• EPC tender, launched by SKTM in 2013, with the
pertained to plants with power generation capacity
award of 23 different projects, totaling 318 MW, to
exceeding 50 MW. However, it was never implemented.
Belelectric (85 MW) and Yingli Solar (233 MW).
Despite the REFIT scheme, it wasn’t until 2016 that
• CREG tender, launched in November 2018 and
Algeria saw substantial solar PV installations. Growth
awarded in October 2019, awarded only a third of
in the country’s annual market continued to rise to
targeted capacity (50 MW out of 150 MW) to a
181 MW of new additions in 2017. However, this rise
consortium led by local module manufacturer
tailed off between 2018 – 2020, with only 83 MW
Condor and Egyptian cable manufacturer,
being added in total over this period. Despite this the
Elsewedy Cable, with a tariff of DZD 8.28/kWh
future looks bright for Solar in Algeria, especially
(0.069 US$/kWh). However, this project is yet to
following the announcement of a target of 15 GW of
enter the contract process.
installed solar capacity by 2035, from the Minister of
Energy Transition and Renewables in December 2020. • EPC tender for hybrid diesel-solar projects, launched
This is reflected in SolarPower Europe’s market data by SKTM in 2019, aimed at adding solar power to
which predicts a year-on-year rise in annual existing diesel generators. In total 50 MW, divided
installations between 2021-2025, across all scenarios. into 5 batches of projects, with the following results.
The high scenario forecasts that Algeria could become (See Figure 13 on the following page.
a gigawatt-scale market as early as 2024 (SolarPower
Europe, 2021).

FIGURE 12 ALGERIAN ANNUAL SOLAR PV MARKET - HISTORICAL DATA AND FORECAST FOR THE UPCOMING 5 YEARS

1,800
1,583
1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000
MW

800 97%

600 Medium Scenario

114%
400 333 Historical data
-78% 19 Low Scenario
200 885%
46 4
100% High Scenario
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

SOURCE: SolarPower Europe, 2021.

20 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

FIGURE 13 MAP OF HYBRID DIESEL-SOLAR PROJECTS IN ALGERIA

WINNING BIDS

BIDDERS LOCATION TARIFF PER kwh

US$ cents* DZD

Etp Habbi Kouider Tindouf 11.15 13.436

Animer Energie SPA Bordj Badji Mokhtar 11.33 13.652
Group Sarl Cegl & Spa Etber Talmine 11.70 14.095
MOROCCO
Honghai Algerie & Sarl Sinohydrofor Guezzem 12.00 14.458
Group Spa Solam Energy & Amc Djanet 12.88 15.513

TALMINE
11 MW
Lowest bid: 14.095 DZD/kWh
LIBYA

TINDOUF
11 MW
Lowest bid: 13.436 DZD/kWh DJANET
7 MW
Lowest bid: 15.513 DZD/kWh
MAURITANIA

BORDDJ BADJI MOKHTAR

12 MW
Lowest bid: 13.652 DZD/kWh

GUEZZAM
9 MW
MALI Lowest bid: 14.458 DZD/kWh

NIGER

SOURCE: PV Magazine, 2019. * 1 DZD = 0.0083 US$.

On January 16th, 2019, the Indicative Programme of The plans include aims to double installed capacity by
Capacity Demands for Electricity Production 2019- 2028, continuing the rapid growth of new energy
2028 (CREG, 2019) was approved by the Ministry of generation plants.
Energy. It identified targets for all three grid
The main findings are summarised in Table 3 on the
connection areas and the basis for the new
following page.
installations (renewable and conventional).

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 21

 2 Algeria electricity market / continued

TABLE 3 PLANNED NEW CAPACITY TO BE INSTALLED IN ALGERIA, 2019–2028

ELECTRICITY AREA IN CONSTRUCTION [MW] PLANNED RES [MW] PLANNED TOTAL [MW]
CONVENTIONAL [MW]
RIN 10,842 5,150 6,250 22,242
PIAT 272 600 872
RIS 349.3 50 200.7 600
Total 11,463 5,200 7,051 23,714
SOURCE: CREG, 2019.

We highlight the efforts made by the national electricity In a session in parliament in March 2021, Minister of
production company (Sonelgaz) and its subsidiaries to Energy Transition and Renewables, Chems-Eddine
increase global national production capacity. Chitour, announced a partnership with Germany on
renewables and green hydrogen that would make
In August 2019, the Algerian Minister of Energy
Algeria a pioneer. (Source: Algérie Presse Service,
announced a plan to launch 22 solar projects of
25 March 2021).
400 MW each.
In April 2020 Algeria was to sign an agreement with Dii
In May 2020, the Minister of Energy, Arkab Mohamed,
Desert Energy, regarding Desertec (Afrik21, 2020)- an
announced plans for a huge 4 GW solar project (Tafouk
initiative launched in 2009 by a group of companies,
1), to be tendered in tranches of 800 MW per year
including RWE, Siemens, E.On, that aims to exploit the
between 2020-2024. However, no other
huge solar energy potential of the deserts in North
announcement has been made since then, and this
Africa and the Middle East and export part of the
plan appears to have been shelved for the time being.
energy produced to Europe (Reuters, 2014). However,
In March 2021, the Minister of Energy Transition and the initiative’s goals have proved challenging to realise
Renewables announced that in the summer of 2021 a and it is perceived more as an ambition than a
solar PV tender would be launched for a total of 1 GW, concrete project by the energy industry.
split into 10 lots, ranging from 80-180 MW each, in
In July 2020, Algeria’s application for membership of
southern provinces. (Source: Algérie Presse Service, 8
the European Bank for Reconstruction and
March 2021). This tender is to be the first in a series
Development (EBRD) was approved, which could
aimed at adding 15 GW of installed capacity by 2035.
enhance prospects for investors. One of the goals of
The first of these tenders was announced on
the EBRD is to “promote sustainable supplies of
30 September and is due to be launched by the end of
energy” in the country. (EBRD,2020).
October 2021, with the awarded PPAs lasting 20-25
years. Initial pricing predictions ranged from Almost all solar PV installed capacity is state owned
0.036 US$/kWh to 0.051 US$/kWh (PV magazine, 2021). (total was 483 MW in 2020), split in several plants
The Algerian Renewable Energy Company (SHAEMS), mostly in isolated areas in the southern part of the
jointly owned by Sonatrach and Sonelgaz will retain an country and with a capacity between 9 and 60 MW.
option of a 25% stake in the SPVs that will own the
Thus far, IPP investments have been very limited
winning projects. In a bid to reassure international
and the only large operating solar PV power plants
investors and attract more established IPPs, the
(10 MW) have been done by Condor Electronics JSC
awarded PPAs will be designed according to
and by Eni Spa/Sonatrach. The latter is a brownfield
international standards, making it easier for investors
installation aimed to supply power to the Bir Rebaa
to repatriate dividends in international currency.
North field, in the Berkine basin, which is operated by
Furthermore, the requirements around local content
Groupement Sonatrach Eni, a joint venture between
usage will not be mandatory for the first tender and the
Eni and Sonatrach.
local industry's capacity will only slightly exceed 1 GW
by 2022 (PV Magazine, 2021).

22 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

 3
Recommendations

Tassili N'ajjer reserve, Algeria. © SelimBT/Dreamstime.com

3.1. For Algerian policy makers recommend creating a platform dedicated to

publicising tenders which is common to the different
The previous schemes, though unsuccessful,
public entities involved in their implementation. The
constitute a useful and rich experience on which to
platform could bring together all official information as
build in order to set up stronger programmes and a
well as government decisions about renewable
sound legal framework in the future. There are several
energies including upcoming tenders, state of progress
key challenges that policy makers should seek to
of the renewable energy program, target audience,
address to improve renewables growth in Algeria.
modification of the contractual framework, etc.
The first of these involves issues around the
There is also ongoing uncertainty surrounding the
bankability of PPAs in the country. We recommend
regulatory framework governing renewable energy in
including a guarantee on the default risk of the
Algeria. We recommend that the Algerian government
national off taker in future PPAs. Similarly, including
definitively exclude renewable energy power
indexation to US$ or Euros in the PPAs. This would
generation projects from the 49/51 rule as it limits
mitigate the risks of foreign currency exchange and
foreign investment and hampers efforts to achieve
help give investors more certainty.
national renewable energy targets.
We welcome the news that Algeria’s latest tender and
To further enhance the regulatory framework for
awarded PPAs will be designed according to
renewable energy, we recommend simplifying and
international standards. This will be a big step towards
clarifying the administrative procedures related to
improving investor confidence and attracting more
renewable energy projects, in particular for obtaining
competitive bidders. We recommend that all future
the building permit, which turns out to be particularly
tenders and PPAs be designed in line with international
complex.
standards. This will provide positive momentum to
renewables development and help the country Currently, it is very difficult for foreign investors to
achieve its targets. convert their capital into local currency. To increase
the attractiveness of Algeria to international investors,
Finally, local banks can play a role in providing project
we recommend making the currency conversion
financing. Therefore, we recommend considering the
process easier.
bankability criteria of local banks so that they may play
a stronger role in future tendering rounds. This will help To reassure investors about the security of their
generate more specialised financing streams and investments, we recommend providing guarantees on
attract more investors. the risks associated with changes to the legal
framework governing renewable energies. This will be
The second issue linked to PPAs is a lack of
particularly important as the laws governing the sector
communication about calls for tenders. We
continue to evolve.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 23

 3 Recommendations / continued

Currently, retail power prices in Algeria are not cost- 3.2. For investors
reflective due to government subsidisation. However,
International investors have encountered difficulties
there is no dedicated incentive scheme for renewable
gaining entry to the renewable energy market in
energy. We recommend implementing an incentive
Algeria. The reasons behind this include the legal
scheme for renewable energy that focuses, in
uncertainty surrounding the laws on foreign
particular, on the C&I segment.
investments, the administrative burden in obtaining
We welcome the softening of local content project authorisations, the low bankability of tenders,
requirements in the upcoming 1 GW tender, making and the lack of available financing.
them optional. This will encourage investor
We recommend that investors seek dialogue with the
confidence as they can use equipment that has been
institutions identified in this report to develop a
certified with internationally recognised standards. In
mutual understanding of the barriers to investment.
the same sense, we recommend a review and a
Relevant institutions include local authorities, which
reduction of the local content requirements for future
are aware of these problems and of the mixed success
tenders also, as they hamper international investment
of the different programs implemented so far, banks
because the local PV market is not well established,
and development agencies active in the region.
local producers do not always meet international
standards, and the industry suffers from a lack of However, several barriers remain, especially due to the
production capacity. Work should also be undertaken regulatory burden, a lack of clarity in the legal
with local producers to help them comply with framework and a low access to reliable information.
international standards. For these reasons, we strongly recommend to
investors to ensure that their contractors (advisors,
The final hurdle for policy makers to address is related
EPC contractor, lender, etc.) have a track record in
to financing. Currently, uncertainties remain on the
Algeria or are knowledgeable about the specificities
terms and conditions for international financing (no
of this market.
international financing has been authorized in the last
15 years). We recommend removing all restrictions for Finally, Algeria has stringent local content laws in
international financing and enabling Development place. This has a potential impact on quality
Finance Institutions to establish a long-term presence standards, which may differ from international best
in Algeria. This way they can offer enhanced support practices. We recommend that investors conduct a
to renewable energy projects. thorough analysis of the local standards used and the
potential impact they may have on system
Other financing issues surround local banks. Currently
performance and maintenance costs during the
local banks do not have the long-term resources
design phase of a project. This will mean that a truer
required for them to become viable lenders to
estimate of the project’s cost will be reflected in the
renewable energy projects as the maximum loan
budget and that any pitfalls can be identified early and
tenure stands at nine years and they lend almost
mitigated effectively.
solely based on their deposits. We recommend that
policy makers collaborate with local banks to draft
new debt products that meet the needs of the 3.3. For Algerian businesses
renewable energy sector.
Several types of Algerian businesses can be involved
Similarly, whilst there is appetite amongst local banks in renewable energy projects: EPC and O&M
to get involved in the renewable energy sector, they contractors, local banks and suppliers of the PV
often lack the expertise to provide competitive project system and its components.
financing. We recommend that policy makers help
The challenge for these stakeholders is taking
develop dedicated renewables project financing
advantage of the large amount of capital required to
capacity within local banks though providing training
develop renewable energy plants. Algeria may lack
to financial advisors and building partnerships with
capital to achieve its ambitions in the sector and
international banks and institutions.
therefore it would benefit from capital inflow from
foreign investors.

24 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

For this reason, Algerian businesses are advised to 3.4. For development finance institutions
comply with international norms and standards
In line with what has been recommended for local
applicable in their sector of activity. Indeed, investors
decision makers, the DFIs should collaborate with the
are more likely to invest in a country where they are
local authorities to improve the attractiveness of
familiar with the applicable standards (i.e. they comply
Algeria for international investors. DFIs should offer
with international ones), as risk is reduced, making
their support to the Algerian authorities on the
investments more attractive.
implementation of future tenders, and leverage their
Consequently, to increase their competitiveness in the experience from previous successes to ensure their
eyes of foreign investors, there are several actions that bankability. To ease project financing issues and open
Algerian businesses can take. Local banks should seek up new streams of capital, DFIs should work with the
to develop dedicated project financing instruments local authorities to simplify the process for obtaining
for renewable energy projects. When providing EPC and granting international financing. DFIs can also help
and O&M services, Algerian firms should follow in assuaging fears surrounding the risks of doing
established best practices as a way of improving business in Algeria. We recommend that DFIs cover
quality assurance and bringing down the costs political risk in the country by providing guarantees on
of maintenance. For more information on industry restrictions on the transfer of capital, expropriation of
best practices for EPC and O&M service providers, assets, breaches of contracts and political violence. To
please refer to SolarPower Europe’s EPC and O&M help develop the capacity of local banks, we
Best Practice Guidelines available at recommend that DFIs provide advice and support to
www.solarpowereurope.org. Finally local suppliers local banks on the development and implementation
should follow international best practice in the of project finance products that will meet the needs
production process of PV systems and components. of investors.
They should also provide a guarantee to this effect.

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 25

 References

Africa Solar Industry Association (2021). Africa Solar Outlook European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2020).
2021. http://afsiasolar.com/data-center/outlook-report-2020/ EBRD approves membership of Algeria, 14 July 2020.
https://www.ebrd.com/news/2020/ebrd-approves-
Algérie Presse Service (2021). Energies renouvelables : membership-of-algeria.html
Installation du PDG de Sharikat Kahraba El Djazair, 11 April
2021. https://www.aps.dz/economie/120475-energies- Feukeng, L (2019). Algeria: government establishes a renewable
renouvelables-installation-du-pdg-de-sharikat-kahraba-el- energy ombudsman’s office. Afrik21, 6 December 2019.
djazair https://www.afrik21.africa/en/algeria-government-
establishes-a-renewable-energy-ombudsmans-office/
Algérie Presse Service (2021). Energies renouvelables : en avis
d’appel d’offres pour réaliser 1,000 MW lancé un juin, 8 March Government of Algeria (2015). Contribution Prévue Déterminée
2021. https://www.aps.dz/economie/118766-energies- au niveau National CPDN ALGERIE, 3 September 2015.
renouvelables-un-avis-d-appel-d-offres-pour-realiser-1-000- https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocum
mw-lance-en-juin ents/Algeria%20First/Alg%C3%A9rie%20-INDC-
%2003%20septembre%202015.pdf
Algérie Presse Service (2020). Energie solaire : l'Etat compte
installer 1,000 MW en 2021, 21 December 2020. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the
https://www.aps.dz/economie/114628-energie-solaire-l- Environment (2021). Renewable Energy and Efficiency
etat-compte-installer-1-000-mw-en-2021 Development Plan. LSE, 2021. https://climate-
laws.org/geographies/algeria/policies/renewable-energy-
Algérie Presse Service (2020). Industrie photovoltaïque : les and-energy-efficiency-development-plan
capacités de production nationales portées prochainement
à 450 MWc, 29 November 2020. Magoum, I (2020). Algeria: towards an agreement with Germany
https://www.aps.dz/economie/113481-energie-les- to join Desertec project. Afrik21 15 April 2020.
capacites-de-production-nationales-portees- https://www.afrik21.africa/en/algeria-towards-an-
prochainement-a-450-mwc agreement-with-germany-to-join-desertec-project/

Algérie Presse Service (2021). L’Allemagne accompagnera Nghounou, B (2020). Algeria: government aims to produce
l’Algérie dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, 25 1000MWp with small solar power plants. Afrik21, 25 August
March 2021. https://www.aps.dz/economie/119683-l- 2020. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/algeria-government-
allemagne-accompagnera-l-algerie-dans-le-domaine-des- aims-to-produce-1000-mwp-with-small-solar-power-plants/
energies-renouvelables
Nghounou, B (2020). Algeria: Government and GIZ launch the
Bédarride, D. L’Algerie se dote d’un nouveau ministère de la “green municipalities” project. Afrik21, 9 December 2020.
Transition énergétique, Ecomnews Med, 3 July 2020. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/algeria-government-and-giz-
https://www.ecomnewsmed.com/2020/07/03/lalgerie-se- launch-the-green-municipalities-project/
dote-dun-nouveau-ministere-de-la-transition-energetique/
Proctor, D (2020). Algeria targets renewables to diversify
Bellini, E (2021). Algeria set to launch 1 GW PV tender. PV Magazine, generation. Power Mag, 1 July 2020.
30 September 2021. https://www.pv- https://www.powermag.com/algeria-targets-renewables-to-
magazine.com/2021/09/30/algeria-set-to-launch-1-gw-pv- diversify-generation/
tender/
REN21 (2020). Renewables Global Status Report 2020.
CEREFE (2020). Transition Energétique en Algérie: Leçons, Etat https://www.ren21.net/wp-
des Lieux et Perspectives pour un Développement Accéléré content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf
des Energies Renouvelables, (Edition 2020). Commissariat
aux Energies Renouvelables et à l’Efficacité Energétique, Reuters (2014). E.ON quits renewable energy consortium Desertec.
Premier Ministre, Alger. 11 April 2014.
http://www.cerefe.gov.dz/fr/2020/11/29/transition- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0N32DI20140411
energetique-en-algerie/ Whittaker, S (2020). Exploring Africa’s Untapped Wind Potential.
Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (2019). 5 October 2020. https://gwec.net/wp-
Programme Indicatif des Besoins en Moyens de Production content/uploads/2021/04/IFC-Africa-Wind-Technical-
de L’électricité de la période 2019-2028. CREG, 2019. Potential-Oct-2020-1.pdf
https://www.creg.dz/pdf/PIBMPE_2019-2028VF.pdf Wood Mackenzie (2021). Energy Transition Outlook 2021. Energy
Eco Times (2021). La Société SHAEMS des Energies renouvelables Transition Service, 2021.
entre en service avant fin 2021 : Le déclic pour la promotion https://www.woodmac.com/reports/energy-markets-wood-
de EnR en Algérie?. Eco Times, 7 September 2021. mackenzies-2021-energy-transition-outlook-highlights-
https://ecotimesdz.com/la-societe-shaems-des-energies- 538220/
renouvelables-entre-en-service-avant-fin-2021-le-declic- Wood Mackenzie (2021). Algeria Upstream Summary. Wood
pour-la-promotion-des-enr-en-algerie/ Mackenzie, 2021.
Eni SpA (2021). World Energy Review 2021. Eni SpA, 2021. https://www.woodmac.com/reports/upstream-oil-and-gas-
algeria-upstream-summary-759708

26 Solar investment opportunities in Algeria

Solar investment opportunities in Algeria 27
SolarPower Europe - Leading the Energy Transition
Rond-Point Robert Schuman 3, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
T +32 2 709 55 20 / F +32 2 725 32 50
[email protected] / www.solarpowereurope.org

ISBN NUMBER 9789464444216