Western Cape Education Department

Directorate: Curriculum FET

LIFE SCIENCES
REVISION BOOKLET
2023 TERM 2

Grade 10

This revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical

content and skills that you have covered during the 2nd term. The
purpose is to prepare you to understand the key concepts and to
provide you with an opportunity to establish the required standard and
the application of the knowledge necessary to succeed in the
examination.

The revision program covers the following topics:

• Animal tissues
• Plant tisues
• Organs
• Support and transport systems in plants
• Support systems in animals
• Transport systems in animals
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Table of Contents
TERM 2 CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1. ANIMAL TISSUES ................................................................................................................................ 3
2. PLANT TISSUES ................................................................................................................................... 6
3. ORGANS ............................................................................................................................................. 8
4. SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS .............................................................................. 9
5. SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ...................................................................................................... 13
6. TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS .................................................................................................. 16
7. REVISION QUESTIONS: ..................................................................................................................... 21
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

TERM 2 CONTENT
1. ANIMAL TISSUES
• Tissues are a group of similar cells that are structurally adapted to perform
a particular function.
• Cells are adapted for specific functions through a process of cell
differentiation.
• Examples of animal tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle
tissue and nerve tissue.

Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

Squamous Single layer of Protects underlying
(lines internal thin, flat cells. tissues. It is
walls of cavities Nucleus permeable to
i.e. blood vessels,horizontally gasses and liquids.
heart, alveoli, flattened and It prevents friction
mouth and has an oval
esophagus) shape
Columnar Cells are Provides support to
(lines the elongated and other cell types.
alimentary canal column-shaped. Absorbs food,
e.g. stomach and Nuclei are water and
small intestine) elongated and minerals. Goblet
occurs near the cells secrete
base of the mucus
cells. Goblet
Epithelial cells which
tissue secrete mucus
(form linings often occur
that cover between the
internal and cells
external Ciliated Consists of Mucus from goblet
surfaces) (lines the nasal columnar cells traps dust and
cavities, trachea epithelial cells movement of the
and bronchi in with fine hairs, cilia away from the
the lungs) known as cilia. lungs will ensure
Goblet cells that mucus is
which secrete removed.
mucus often
occur between
the cells
Cuboidal Cells are more Produce a variety
(lines glands e.g. or less cube- of secretions e.g.
sweat glands and shaped. Nuclei sweat, milk etc.
salivary glands are round and
where it secretes occur in the
substances) centre of the
cell.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

Areolar Yellow, elastic Insulates the body.
connective tissue fibres and white, Protect organs by
(forms a layer inelastic serving as packing
beneath the skin collagen fibres tissue
and connects the are found in the
skin to underlying matrix of this
muscles) tissue
Dense Consists of a Inelastic tendons
connective tissue small amount of join muscle to
(joins muscle to matrix, large bone.
bone and bone number of fibres Elastic ligaments
to bone) and a small join bone to bone
number of cells
Cartilage Rubbery matrix Reduces friction
(tough, elastic that consists of between bones at
tissue that forms a protein called, joints
part of the chondrin.
endoskeleton of Cartilage cells,
vertebrates) called
chondrocytes,
occur in spaces
(lacunae) in the
Connective
matrix.
tissue
Cartilage is
(binds,
protected by a
supports or
membrane, the
surrounds
perichondrium
other tissues
Bone Contains a hard Bone is a
or organs)
(occurs in the matrix. supporting
various bones of Haversian framework that
the endoskeleton canals that gives shape and
of vertebrates) contain blood rigidity to the
vessels and body. It protects
nerves occur in organs e.g. the
bone tissue. brain, heart and
Bone cells are lungs. It serves as
called place of
osteocytes. attachment for
Bone is muscles
enclosed by a
membrane, the
periosteum

Blood Matrix of blood Transports

(Circulates in is known as nutrients,
blood vessels) blood plasma. hormones,
Three types of enzymes, oxygen,
blood cells in carbon dioxide
the blood and waste
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

plasma i.e. products in the
erythrocytes, body. Plays a role
leucocytes and in blood-clotting.
thrombocytes
Striated/Skeletal Consists of Responsible for
muscle muscle voluntary actions
(Attached to fibres/cells. A such as walking
bone and muscle fibre and running
responsible for consists of
movement of the cytoplasm,
skeleton) large number of
nuclei and
mitochondria
which is
enclosed by a
membrane
called the
sarcolemma.
Muscle tissue
Each muscle
(responsible
fibre consists of
for
thousands of
movement in
myofibrils
different
Smooth muscle Consists of Responsible for
parts of the
(Found in the spindle-shaped involuntary actions
body)
walls of the muscle fibres e.g. dilation and
alimentary canal, with one large constriction of
bladder, blood oval nucleus per blood vessels
vessels and fibre
uterus)
Cardiac muscle Consists of Responsible for
(Occurs in the branched involuntary
walls of the heart) muscle fibres contraction and
that are relaxation of the
connected to heart
one another. A
single nucleus is
in the centre of
each fibre.
Nerve tissue Motor neurons A neuron Conduct nerve
(Made up of consists of a cell impulses from the
specialized body, dendrites central nervous
cells called and an axon. system (brain and
neurons. Dendrites spinal cord) to the
Nerve tissue conduct nerve effectors (muscles
that forms the impulses to the and glands)
brain and cell body. An
spinal cord is axon conducts
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

known as the Sensory neurons nerve impulses Conduct nerve
central away from the impulses from the
nervous cell body receptors (e.g.
system. Nerve sensory organs) to
tissue outside the central
the central nervous system
nervous (brain and spinal
system is cord)
known as the
peripheral
Interneurons Conduct nerve
nervous
impulses between
system.)
the sensory and
motor neurons in
the brain and
spinal cord

2. PLANT TISSUES
• Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
• Meristematic tissue is actively dividing tissue in which new cells are formed by
mitosis. The cells are not differentiated to perform a specific function.
• Permanent tissue is already differentiated to perform a specific function and
includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and
epidermis.

2.1 Meristematic tissue

• Apical meristem is found near the tips of roots and stems and are responsible
for growth in length.
• Lateral meristem is found between the xylem and phloem in a dicotelydonous
plant, and it makes the plant grows thicker.

2.2 Permanent tissue

Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

Epidermis • Forms the • Protects the
outer layer underlying tissues
around roots, from injury.
stems and • Cuticle prevents
leaves. water-loss in
• Brick-shaped leaves and stems.
and in a • Transparent
single layer epidermis allows
• Cells are sunlight through
transparent for
with no photosynthesis.
intercellular
air spaces.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Type of tissue
Structure Function/s Illustration
• Epidermis of
leaves and
stems are
covered with
a waxy layer,
the cuticle.
• Specialised
epidermal
cells are root
hairs and
guard cells.
Parenchyma • Large with • Stores food and
thin cell walls water
• Large • Produces
intercellular carbohydrates
spaces through
• Large photosynthesis
vacuoles • Intercellular
• Cells contain spaces allow for
chloroplasts gaseous
in leaves and exchange
stems
Sclerenchyma • Cells are • Provides the
dead and plant with
hollow structure and
• Contain lignin support
• Two types i.e.
sclereids and
fibres
Collenchyma • Unevenly • Provides
thickened mechanical
cells with support to the
cellulose plant
• Most
thickenings
occur in the
corners of the
cell walls
Xylem • Cells are • Transport water
elongated and mineral salts
• Contains no from the roots to
living material the rest of the
• Cell walls plant
thickened by • Serves as
lignin strengthening
• Consists of and support
xylem vessels tissue
and tracheids
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration

Phloem • Living, • Transport organic
elongated substances from
cells without the leaves to the
thickened rest of the plant
walls
• Consists of
sieve tubes
and
companion
cells

3. ORGANS
• An organ is a group of tissues that perform a specific function.

3.1 Leaf structure

Leaf section Structure Functions

Epidermis Covers upper and lower Protects the underlying
surfaces of the leaf. tissues.
Transparent and do not Cuticle reduces excessive
contain chloroplasts. moisture loss.
Waxy cuticle covers the Allow light through for
epidermis. Lower photosynthesis.
epidermal cells contain Stomata are responsible
stomata for gaseous exchange
into and out of leaf
Mesophyll Palisade cells: elongated Palisade cells are primarily
(Palisade and spongy cells under the upper responsible for
mesophyll) epidermis. Contain large photosynthesis
amount of chloroplasts.
No intercellular air spaces
between the cells. Cell
walls are thin.

Spongy cells: round Spongy cells are also

parenchyma cells with responsible for
large intercellular air
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

Leaf section Structure Functions

spaces. Contain photosynthesis and
chloroplasts. gaseous exchange
Vascular bundles Xylem and phloem Xylem transports water
and dissolved mineral
salts to the mesophyll cells
Phloem transports
produced organic
nutrients to other parts of
the plant.

4. SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

4.1 ANATOMY OF DICOTELYDONOUS PLANTS

4.1.1 Internal structure of a root

When the cross section of a young dicotyledonous root (refer to diagram below) is
studied, three regions can be distinguished i.e. the epidermis, cortex and the central
cylinder:

• The epidermis forms the outer layer of the root and contain finger-like
outgrowths, the root hairs.
• The cortex consists of parenchyma cells with large intercellular air spaces.
• The inner-most layer of the cortex consists of a single layer of cells called the
endodermis.
• The radial and transverse walls of the endodermis contain thickened strips
known as the Casparian strips
• The central cylinder: under the epidermis there are thin-walled cells called the
pericycle. On the inside of the pericycle is the vascular tissue that consists of
xylem and phloem.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

4.1.2 Internal structure of a stem:

When the cross section of a young dicotyledonous stem (refer to diagram below) is
studied, three regions can be distinguished i.e. the epidermis, cortex and the central
cylinder:

• The epidermis forms the outer layer of the stem.

• The cortex consists of collenchyma, parenchyma and endodermis.
• The central cylinder: Xylem and phloem occur in vascular bundles in the stem.
The xylem is on the inside and the phloem on the outside. A layer of
meristematic tissue, the cambium, occurs between the xylem and phloem.
Cambium makes secondary thickening possible.
• The central region of the stem is the pith and consists of parenchyma cells.

4.1.3 Uptake of water and mineral salts by the roots:

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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

• The water potential of the soil water is higher (contains less dissolved
substances) than the water potential of the cell sap in the vacuoles of the root
hair
• Water molecules move by osmosis through the permeable cell wall, through
the selectively permeable cell membrane, cytoplasm and selectively
permeable tonoplast into the vacuole of the root hair.
• The vacuole swells and the pressure within the root hair increases. The pressure
that builds up in the vacuole is called, turgor pressure.

4.1.4 Movement of water from the root hair to the xylem of the root:

• The water potential in the root hair is now higher than in the adjacent
parenchyma cells in the cortex of the root.
• Water moves in two ways to the xylem of the root:
➢ The main route that water takes is from cell to cell by osmosis – this is a
slow process
➢ Water can also move through the cell walls and intercellular air spaces
between the cells by diffusion – this is a faster process
• When water reaches the endodermis, with Casparian strips, it cannot pass
through the cell walls of these cells. Water now moves through the passage
cells of the endodermis through the pericycle to the root xylem.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

4.1.5 Upward movement of water from the xylem of the root to the leaves of the
plant:

• Revise the cross-section through the leaf.

• The three forces involved in the upward movement of water in a plant is:
capillarity, root pressure and transpiration pull. Refer to the list of definitions and
textbook and study the sections on capillarity and root pressure. Transpiration
pull is the main force that draws water upwards in a plant.
• The water potential in the intercellular air spaces of the mesophyll cells
decreases as water vapour is lost through the stomata of the leaves.
• Water molecules diffuse from the cell walls of the mesophyll cells into the air
spaces
• The water potential of the mesophyll cell walls is now lower than that of the cell
sap of the mesophyll cells
• This water potential gradient extends back to the leaf xylem.
• Tension builds up and a suction force develops at the top of the stem xylem,
which pulls water up from the root xylem. A column of water is pulled upwards.
• Therefore, the water that was lost through the leaves by transpiration is
replaced by the absorbed water from the soil through the root hairs.

4.1.6 The translocation of manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the
plant:

• Translocation is the movement of substances e.g. sugars (sucrose) that are

produced in the leaves during photosynthesis to other part of the plant. These
substances are transported by the phloem from the leaves to the stems and
the roots.

4.1.7. TRANSPIRATION:

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through the aerial parts of the plant
mainly through the stomata.

4.1.7.1 Relationship between water loss and the structure of a leaf:

• The smaller the leaves, the smaller the surface area for evaporation.
• Thorns and hairs on a leaf limit transpiration.
• Leaves with stomata mainly on the lower side of the leaf or leaves with
sunken stomata will limit transpiration.
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4.1.7.2 External factors influencing transpiration:

• High temperatures increase the rate of transpiration.

• Higher light intensity will increase the rate of transpiration.
• High humidity will decrease the rate of transpiration.
• Wind will increase the rate of transpiration.

5. SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS

5.1 The human skeleton

The human skeleton can be divided into two main sections:

• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
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The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage:

5.1.1 The skull

• The skull consists of two groups of bones, namely the bones of the cranium and
the facial bones. The cranium encloses the brain and protects it. The cranium
of apes is smaller than that of humans. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• There is a large opening at the base of the skull called the foramen magnum
for the spinal cord to pass through. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• In humans the foramen magnum is located in a more forward position, and this
enables humans to walk on two legs, a characteristic called bipedalism. (links
with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• In African apes the foramen magnum is located in a more backward position.
• Apes generally use all four limbs for locomotion, and they are quadrupedal.
(links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• The upper jaw of humans is fused to the skull and the lower jaw articulates with
the base of the skull. The jaws of the human are smaller than that of apes. (links
with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• The palate in humans is rounded whilst the palate in for example chimpanzees
is rectangular. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• The upper and lower jaws carry the teeth in humans. Humans have smaller
teeth than apes. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• Humans have four types of teeth with different functions:

Type of teeth Function

Incisors Bite and cut off food
Canines Hold food in place and tear it off
Premolars Chew and grind the food
Molars Chew and grind the food

• The human dental formula is: 2.1.2.3

2.1.2.3

5.1.2 Vertebral column

• The vertebral column of humans consists of 33 bones (vertebrae).

• The first cervical vertebra articulates with the skull and is known as the atlas. This
makes nodding movements possible.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

• The second cervical vertebra is called the axis and makes the rotation of the
head possible.
• The human vertebral column is S-shaped for flexibility and shock absorption.
(links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• The vertebral column in apes is C-shaped (links with Human Evolution in Grade
12).
• The vertebral column supports the skull
• It surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
• It serves as attachment for the ribs, back muscles, pectoral and pelvic girdle.

5.1.3 Rib cage

• The rib cage consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum.
• The rib cage protects the organs in the thoracic cavity e.g. heart and lungs.
• It plays a role in breathing as the movement of the rib cage increases and
decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity (links with Gaseous exchange in
Grade 11).

5.1.4 Appendicular skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle and lower limbs.
• The pectoral girdle consists of the 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles.
• Each upper limb consists of different kind of bones i.e. the humerus (long bone),
ulna (largest bone in the forearm), radius, carpals, metacarpals (bones that
form the palm of the hand) and phalanges (bones that form the fingers).

• The pelvic girdle consists of 2 hip bones. The hip bones are made up of 3 fused
bones i.e. the ilium, ischium and the pubis. The hip bones are attached at the
back by the sacrum.
• The human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider to support the greater weight due
to the upright posture of humans. Apes have a long and narrow pelvic girdle.
(links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
• Each lower limb consists of the femur (longest and largest bone in the human
body), the patella (kneecap), tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and the
phalanges (toe bones).
• Humans have shorter arms and longer legs while apes have shorter legs and
longer arms. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12).
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5.1.5 Functions of the skeleton

• Support – bones of the skeletal system support and give shape to the body and
attach muscles and soft organs.
• Movement – the skeleton plays a role in movement together with the muscles
and joints.
• Protection – Bones protect soft delicate organs e.g. the brain, the heart and
lungs.
• Mineral storage – bone tissue stores reserve calcium and phosphorous.
• Hearing – three ear ossicles in each ear transmit sound waves to the internal
ear to make hearing possible (links with the ear in Grade 12).
• Production of blood cells – white and red blood cells are formed in the red
bone marrow.

6. TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS

6.1 Blood circulatory system

6.1.1 Closed, double circulatory system:

• Humans have a closed, double circulatory system. It is closed because blood is

limited to the blood vessels.
• It is a double system because blood flows through the heart twice i.e. once
when the blood is oxygenated and a second time when the blood is
deoxygenated.
• Two main circulatory systems can be distinguished, the pulmonary circulatory
system and the systemic circulatory system.
• The pulmonary circulatory system is the circulation of blood from the heart to
the lungs and back.
• The systemic circulatory system is the circulation of blood to all parts of the
body.

Double, circulatory system

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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

6.1.2 Structure of the human heart

6.1.2.1 External structure

• The human heart is a hollow, pear shaped and muscular organ.

• The heart is situated in the thoracic cavity and is protected by the ribs and
sternum.
• The heart is enclosed by a double walled membrane called the pericardium.

6.1.2.2 Internal structure

• The heart is divided internally into a left and right half by a muscular wall, the
septum.
• The left side contains oxygenated blood (high concentration of oxygen) and
the right side contains deoxygenated blood (low concentration of oxygen).
• The heart consists of four chambers. The upper 2 chambers are called atria and
the lower chambers are the ventricles.

6.1.2.3 Right side of the heart

• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the whole body.
• The vena cava superior transports deoxygenated blood from the head and
arms to the heart.
• The vena cava inferior transports deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs
and abdomen to the heart.
• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through an opening.
• Deoxygenated blood is then pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

6.1.2.4 Left side of the heart

• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

• Four pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the heart.
• The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

• The oxygenated blood is then pumped through the aorta to the rest of the
body.

6.1.2.5 Valves

• The tricuspid valve is situated in the opening between the right atrium and right
ventricle. The valve consists of three flaps and the flaps are attached to the
inner walls of the right ventricle by tendons, the chordae tendineae. This valve
only allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
• The bicuspid valve (mitral valve) is situated in the opening between the left
atrium and left ventricle. The valve consists of two flaps and the flaps are
attached to the inner walls of the left ventricle by tendons, the chordae
tendineae. This valve only allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
• The semilunar valves occur at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
These valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

6.2 The cardiac cycle

• The human heart beats an average of 72 beats per minute.

• All the changes that occur in the heart during one heartbeat are known as the
cardiac cycle.
• The cardiac cycle can be divided into 3 phases i.e. atrial systole, ventricular
systole and general diastole.

6.2.1 Atrial systole

• Both atria are filled with blood and contract simultaneously.

• The openings of the vena cavae and pulmonary veins are closed.
• The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open and the blood is pumped to the
ventricles.

6.2.2 Ventricular systole

• The ventricles contract simultaneously.

• The tricuspid and bicuspid valves close.
• Deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary
artery
• Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta.

6.2.3 General diastole

• Both the ventricles and atria are relaxed.

• Deoxygenated blood flows from the two vena cavae into the right atrium
• Oxygenated blood flows from the four pulmonary veins in the left atrium.
• Blood in the atria flows to the ventricles.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

6.3. DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW

6.3.1 Pulmonary circulatory system

• Blood flows from the heart, to the lungs and back

• Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium and through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery which divides
into two branches, one to each lung
• In the lungs carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the lungs and oxygen
diffuses from the lungs into the blood
• Four pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the
heart.

6.3.2 Systemic circulatory system

• Blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the four
pulmonary veins
• The blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
• The left ventricle pumps the blood via the aorta and its branches to the rest of
the body
• The upper part of the body receives blood via the subclavian artery and the
carotid artery takes blood with oxygen to the brain.
• The hepatic artery transports blood to the liver and the mesenteric and gastric
arteries transport blood to the intestines and the stomach.
• The hepatic portal vein transports blood from the stomach and intestines to the
liver where nutrients are absorbed. The hepatic portal vein occurs between
two organs and not between an organ and the heart.
• The renal artery provides the kidneys with oxygen and the renal vein transports
deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• All the veins from the head and shoulders open into the vena cava superior.
• All the veins from the lower body opens into the vena cava inferior.
• Deoxygenated blood therefore flows back to the heart.

6.4 BLOOD VESSELS

Artery Vein Capillary

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6.4.1 Arteries

• Transport blood away from the heart

• The walls of arteries consist of three layers:
➢ an outer fibrous layer of connective tissue
➢ a middle layer of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibres
➢ an inner layer of squamous epithelium, the endothelium
• The middle layer allows for the artery to stretch when blood is pumped under
high pressure from the heart
• The thick muscular layer and elastic fibres helps the artery wall to resist the high
pressure
• The lumen of an artery is smaller than that of a vein
• Arteries divide into thinner arteries, called arterioles
• Arteries have no valves. Only the aorta and pulmonary artery have semilunar
valves.

6.4.2 Veins

• Veins transport blood back to the heart

• The walls of veins consist of the same three layers as arteries, but the outer two
layers are thinner
• The lumen of a vein is larger than that of an artery
• Blood flows under very low pressure in veins
• The contraction of skeletal muscles close to veins helps the blood to move in
the direction of the heart
• There are semilunar valves in veins which only allows blood to flow in one
direction to the heart.
• Smaller veins are called venules.

6.4.3 Capillaries:

• Arterioles branch and later become microscopically small tubes, the capillaries
• The capillaries form a branched network between cells in the tissue
• The walls of capillaries consist only of one thin layer of endothelium
• The lumen of a capillary is very small and allows red blood corpuscles in the
blood to move through in a single file.
• This slows the blood flow so that the exchange of gases and substances into
and out of cells can take place more effectively.
• Capillaries join to form venules that connect to form veins.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7. REVISION QUESTIONS:
• Work through and answer the questions below.
• Please note that HIGHER ORDER questions are in BOLD and marked with a (*)

7.1 The diagrams below show different animal tissues.

7.1.1 Identify the animal tissues labelled:

(a) IV (1)
(b) V (1)

7.1.2 Identify part:

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(a) A (1)
(b) B in diagram V (1)

7.1.3 Write down the LETTER(-S) only of the tissue(s) that …

(a) is/are enclosed by a fibrous perichondrium. (1)

(b) is/are found in the walls of the alimentary canal, bladder and
uterus. (1)

7.1.4 Give TWO functions of the tissue labelled II (2)

7.2 The diagram below shows a cross section through a dicotyledonous root.

7.2.1 Identify part:

(a) A (1)
(b) B (1)

7.2.2 Give the LETTER and NAME of the part that:

(a) gives rise to side/lateral roots (2)

(b) transports organic food in the plant (2)
(c) stores starch in the root (2)
(d) transports water in the plant (2)
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7.3 The diagram shows a cross section of a dicotyledonous leaf.

7.3.1 Give the LETTER of the part that:

(a) is transparent and impermeable to water. (1)

(b) transports water and mineral salts. (1)

7.3.2 What are parts C and D collectively called? (1)

*7.3.3 Tabulate ONE structural difference between parts B and F. (3)

* 7.3.4 Explain TWO ways in which part C is structurally adapted for its function of
photosynthesis. (4)

7.4 The graphs below show the transpiration rates under different environmental
conditions.

*7.4.1 Describe the relationship between the temperature and transpiration rate in
GRAPH A. (4)

*7.4.2 Explain the shape of the graph at point X in GRAPH B. (3)

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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7.5 The diagram represents the pathway of water through the root.

*7.5.1 If it has rained recently, give the LETTER in the diagram where the water
potential will be the highest? (1)

*7.5.2 Name TWO structural suitabilities of the root hair for the function of water
absorption. (2)

7.5.3 Which LETTER in the diagram refers to the endodermis? (1)

7.5.4 Which special feature is present in the endodermis to control the pathway of
water to the part labelled D? (1)

7.5.5 Name THREE forces responsible for the upward movement of water through
tissue D. (3)
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7.6 An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light intensity on the
rate of water loss through the leaves of a plant.

• Apparatus X (shown in the diagram below) was used to measure the rate of
water loss from the leaves at several light intensities.
• At each light intensity, the apparatus was left for 15 minutes before starting
measurements.
• The water loss was recorded in the dark and at four different light intensities.

The results of this investigation are shown in the table below.

*7.6.1 State a hypothesis for this investigation. (2)

*7.6.2 State the dependent variable in the above investigation. (1)

*7.6.3 Predict what would be the effect on the results if the investigation was carried
out at a lower temperature. (1)

*7.6.4 State ONE way in which the reliability of the results obtained at each light
intensity could have been improved. (1)
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7.7 The diagrams below represent the human skull.

7.7.1 To which one of the two main sections of the skeleton do these structures
belong? (1)

7.7.2 Identify the opening marked X. (1)

7.7.3 With which vertebra does this part of the skeleton articulate. (1)

7.7.4 Give the dental formula of a human. (2)

7.8 The diagram below shows a part of a human skeleton.

7.8.1 Give the LETTERS of TWO bones that make up the pectoral girdle. (2)

7.8.2 Identify parts:

(a) F (1)

(b) C (1)
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7.9 The diagram below shows the internal structure of a human heart.

7.9.1 Identify parts:

(a) A (1)
(b) E (1)
(c) G (1)

7.9.2 Give the LETTER and the NAME of the blood vessel that transports
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (2)

7.9.3 Where is the blood at C coming from? (1)

7.9.4 Name the phase of the heart cycle during which chambers D will
contract? (1)

7.9.5 Will there be a high or low concentration of oxygen in the blood at part F? (1)

7.10 The heartbeat of two learners was recorded and plotted on a chart.
Learner A stood still and Learner B ran up and down the stairs. Their heartbeat
rates were recorded every minute. The graph below shows the results.
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Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2

7.10.1 Which line, 1 or 2 represents the heartbeat rate of learner B? (1)

7.10.2 After how many minutes did the heartbeat rate of learner B, reach 185 beats
per minute? (1)

*7.10.3How does the heartbeat rate of learner A differ after 10 minutes from that of
learner B? (2)

7.11 The diagrams below show transverse sections through a vein and an artery.

7.11.1 Identify parts:

(a) A (1)

(b) B (1)

(c) C (1)

7.11.2 Which diagram (X or Y) represents an artery? (1)

*7.11.3Explain your answer to QUESTION 7.11.2. (2)

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