DISINFECTION OF WATER-STORAGE FACILITIES 5. 4.2.2 Sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite conforming to ANSI/ AWWA B300 is available in liquid form in glass, rubber-lined, or plastic containers typically ranging in size from 1 qt (0.95 L) to 5 gal (18.92 L). Containers of 30 gal (113.6 L) or larger may be available in some areas. Sodium hypochlorite contains approximately 5 percent to 15 percent available chlorine by volume, and care must be taken to control storage conditions and length of storage to minimize its dece- rioration. 4.2.3. Calcium Iypochlorite. Calcium hypochlorite conforming to ANSI/ AWWA B300 is available in granular form or in small tablets and contains approx- imately 65 percent available chlorine by weight. The material should be stored in a cool, dry, dark environment to minimize its deterioration. Methods of Chlorination ‘Three methods of chlorination are explained in this standard, Typically, only one method will be used for a given storage-facility disinfection, but combinations of the methods may be used. The three methods are (1) chlorination of the full storage facility such that, at the end of the appropriate retention period, the water will have a free chlorine residual of not less than 10 mg/L; (2) spraying or painting of all storage facility water-contact surfaces with a solution of 200-mg/L available chlorine; and (3) a ewo-step process of chlorinating the bottom portion of the stor- age facilicy with 50-mg/L available chlorine followed by filling to overflow and maintaining a free chlorine residual of at least 2 mg/L for 24 hr. 43.1 Chlorination method 1. "The water-storage facility shall be filled to the overflow level with potable water to which enough chlorine shall be added to provide a free chlorine residual in the full facility of not less than 10 mg/L. at the end of the appropriate 6-hr or 24-hr period, as described in Sec. 4.3.1.4. The chlo- rine, either as calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, or liquid chlorine, shall be introduced into the water as described in che following subsections. 4.3.1.1 Liquid-chlorine use, Liquid chlorine shall be introduced into the water filling the storage facility in such a way as to give a uniform chlorine concentration during the entire filling operation. Portable chlorination equip- ment shall be carefully operated and shall include a liquid-chlorine cylinder, gas- flow chlorinator, chlorine ejector, safety equipment, and an appropriate solution tube to inject the high-concentration chlorine solution into the filling water. The solution tube shall be inserted through an appropriate valve located on the inlet pipe and near the storage facility such that the chlorine solution will mix readily with the influent water.6 AWWA Cé52-41. 43.1.2 Sodium hypochlorite use, Sodium hypochlorite shall be added to the water entering the storage facility by means of a chemical-feed pump or shall be applied by hand-pouring into the storage facility and allowing the influent water to provide the desired mixing, 43.1.2.1 When a chemical-feed pump is used, the concentrated chlorine solution shall be pumped through an appropriate solution tube so as to inject the hhigh-concentration chlorine solution at a rate that will give a uniform chlorine concentration in the filling water. The solution tube shall be inserted through an appropriate valve located on the inlet pipe and near the storage facility, or through lan appropriate valve located on the storage facility such that the chlorine solution will mix readily with the filling water. 43.1.2.2 When sodium hypochlorite is poured into the storage facility, the filling of the storage facility shall begin immediately thereafter or as soon as any removed manhole covers can be closed. Sodium hypochlorite may be poured through the cleanout of inspection manhole in the lower course or level of the storage facility, in the riser pipe of an elevated tank, or through the roof manhole. Sodium hypochlorite shall be poured into che water in the storage facility when the water is not more than 3 fe (0.9 m) in depth, nor less than I ft (0.3 m) in depth or as close thereto as manhole locations permit 43.1.3. Calcium hypochlorite use. Calcium hypochlorite granules or tab- lets broken or erushed to sizes not larger than Yicin. (6.4-mm) maximum dimen- sion may be poured or carried into the storage facility through the cleanout or inspection manhole in the lower course or level of the storage facility, into the riser pipe of an elevated tank, or through the roof manhole. The granules or tablet particles shall be placed in the storage facility before owing water into it. The granules or tablets shall be located so that che influent water will circulate through the calcium hypochlorite, dissolving it during the filling operation. ‘The calcium hypochlorite shall be placed only on dry surfaces unless adequate precautions are taken to provide ventilation or protective breathing equipment. 43.14 Retention period. After the storage facility has been filled with the disinfecting water, it shall stand full as follows: (1) for a petiod of not less than 6 hr when the water entering the storage facility has been chlorinated uni- formly by gas-feed equipment or chemical pump, or (2) for a period of not less than 24 hr when the storage facility has been filled with warer that has been mixed with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite within the storage facility as described in Sec. 4.3.1.2 and 4.3.1.3.DISINFECTION OF WATER-STORAGE FACILITIES 7 43.15 Handling of disinfection water. After the retention period stated in Sec. 1.4, the free chlorine residual in the storage facility shall be reduced to a concentration appropriate for distribution by completely draining the storage facil- ity and refilling with potable water, or by a combination of additional holding time and blending with potable water having a lower chlorine concentration. Following this procedure and subject to satisfactory bacteriological testing, appropriate chlo- rine residual, and acceptable aesthetic water quality, the water may be delivered to the distribution system. 43.15. ‘The environment into which the chlorinated water is to be dis- charged shall be inspected, and if there is any likelihood that the chlorinated discharge will cause damage, a reducing agent shall be applied to the water to be discharged to neutralize the chlorine residual in the water. Federal, state ot provincial, and local environmental regulations may require special provisions ot permits prior to disposal of highly chlorinated water. Proper authorities should be contacted prior to disposal of highly chlorinated water 43.2 Chlorination method 2. A solution of at least 200-mg/L available chlorine shall be applied directly to the surfaces of parts of the storage facility that would be in contact with water when the storage facility is full ro the overflow elevation. 43.2.1 Method of application. ‘The chlorine solution may be applied with suitable brushes or spray equipment. The solution shall thoroughly coat sur= faces to be treated, including the inlet and outlet piping, and shall be applied to any separate drain piping such that ic will have available chlorine of not less than 10 mg/L when filled with water. Overflow piping need not be disinfected. 43.2.2 Retention. The disinfected surfaces shall remain in contact with the strong chlorine solution for atleast 30 min, after which potable water shall be admitted, the drain piping purged of the 10-mg/L chlorinated water, and the stor- age facility then filled to its overflow level. Following this procedure and subject to satisfactory bacteriological testing, appropriate chlorine residual, and acceptable aesthetic water quality, the water may be delivered to the distribution system. 43.3. Chlorination method 3, Water and chlorine shall be added to the stor- age faciliy in amounts such thac the solution will initially contain at least 50 mg/L available chlorine and will fill approximately 5 percent of the toral storage volume. This solution shall be held in the storage facility for a period of not less than 6 hr. ‘The storage facility shall then be filled to the overflow level by flowing potable water into the highly chlorinated water. It shall be held full for a period of not less8 AWWA CE5241 than 24 hr. Highly chlorinated water shall then be purged from the drain piping. Following this procedure and subject to satisfactory bacteriological testing, appro- e@ priate chlorine residual, and acceptable aesthetic wacer quality, the remaining water may be delivered to the distribution system. 4.33.1 Adding chlorine. Chlorine shall be added to the storage facility by the method described in Sec. 4.3.1.1, 4.3.1.2, or 4.3.1.3. The actual volume of the 50-mg/L chlorine solution shall be such that, after the solution is mixed wich fll- ing water and the storage facility is held full for 24 hr, there will be a free-chlorine residual of not less than 2 mg/L. Sec. 4.4 Disinfection Procedures When Conducting Underwater Inspection and/ or Cleaning of Potable-Water-Storage Faciliti ies 44.1 Pre-job meeting. A. pre-job meeting involving the contractor and wvarer utility representa -s shall be held to ensure the following: that the person- rel understand the configuration of the reservoir and the disinfection procedures; that underwater appurtenances are identified; that time restrictions are discussed; that the diving conditions are considered; that safety procedures are in place; and chat inspection and/or cleaning requirements are understood. Any problems asso- ciated with logistics should be resolved at this time, Clear communication between e utility operations personnel and the contractor is essential. 44.2 Storagefucility isolation, Ie is strongly recommended that the water storage facility be removed from service and isolated from the system prior co inspection and/or cleaning by closing inlet and outlet valves. Flowmeters and, che tank level should be monitored to verify that the facility has been isolated. “The underwater inspection and/or cleaning should be made with the reservoir as full as possible, while still leaving room for access to the roof area. If the reservoir must be inspected with che inlet/outlet valves in the open position, system valves further upstream or downstream should be closed. Off-line inspection and/or cleaning of storage facilities may not be possible or convenient for certain tanks or clearwells, In-service diving work may be completed safely, bur strict atten- tion to safety is required. If special operational conditions necessitate underwater inspection and/or cleaning without isolation, diving work should be done dur- ing periods when positive flow into the reservoir is maintained and rates into or out of the warer-scorage facility are minimal. For underwater inspection and/or cleaning of nonisolated facilities having a common inlet/outlet pipe, itis strongly recommended that a positive flow into the storage facility be maintained during the dive,