4.

1 : Symmetric Members in Pure Bending Maximum stresses at a cross-section :

•

The maximum tensile & compressive bending

4.1A : Pure Bending & Nonuniform Bending stress acts furthest from neutral axis .

•
Pure
bending : occurs in
regions of constant Doubly Symmetric shapes :

uniform bending It cross section of abeam is

or moment symmetric
'

then we have ( c. =cz= c)

Nonuniform Bending regions of
for rectangular beam / width b. height h)
'

occurs in
'
: a

shear forces and bending moment .

I -
-
bh
'
/ 12 5- 6h46
•
for a circular beam ( diameter d)
4. 1B : curvature of a beam I -
- Tid
"
/ 64 5=-11013132
•

load / moment applied causing Mmaxh

beam to bend , longitudinal •
ornax =
2=1

qll E) 11094×10 RNM

"
lines curved & vertical lines
- -

Anka •
Mmax = =

straight
=

I-itzlbflh3-tzlbf.tw/lh-2ltf)P

µ p g j BY
-
•
.
.

" "
•
Deflection :( denoted by letter v ) of the beam at - -1=141×10 mm

any point along its axis is the displacement of that Oman 101 MPa ,

point from original position measured in y direction -

R¥ --
Mi Mi

O ' '

i
8BGBPM
±p=%
ma
ds=pd0
oma×= ¥ %
ppa,
; s =

For small deflections

µ
ds _=dx=pd0 µ
S=b÷= 3.125×10-3 m3
-

{ fy=o :p -110=911-+2a) q=¥La

mmg-ax.ly
Oma ✗ =

9¥ __P¥za ,
=
=
21,875 Nm =
710 MPa

L÷g( § a) ¥ 1412g 2-
,

¥ 3,125×10'm
'
2-
-

Mz= 121¥ a)
+ =
+ =
-
)
L
( tension on top ; compression
on bottom)
i. Mi = 17500 Nm ; Ma = -21875 Nm ; M may = 21 qyg Nm

Strain Curvature Relation

-

Mmaxl ¥ )
-

Omax =
I

4.2 Normal stress in Beams / Linearly Elastic materials)

q=yA= 48.8587m
:

Moment Curvature relationship :

-
↳
weight density
•
moment resultant of the normal stressor A- =
Idi di )= 2,714×10
-
'
mm
'

Ia) omax = Mma✗ 1¥ )

1=7,048×10 bm4 I
" "
cross-sectional d.
-

acting over area equals I= Id .

-

to the bending moment M , .

M, =
-9¥ =
-494,688 Nm
=

5264hPa

{ m=O ¥ / E- 5)
-

: dM=ldF)y Mz=
=
-396,972 NM oma×= 5264hPa ,

ox =
E- Ex = -

Ey / p =
-

EKY Mma✗ = Mi

DM loud A) y= l Ekyd A) y ' b) If M , -1142--0 the

bending stress is minimized
- -
= -

, .

'

Ekfay 1¥ )
q§fÉ sj
M = 'd A-• Second moment of Area I =
M.is)= Mals) -

q
- = -

z
M=EkI= →
Moment Curvature Relation
-

Flexure formula :
i. Let M.is) -1 Mzls)=O 5=0158579 L =
7,62m
,
-

Mils) 1- c) -
Mls) 1- c)
Stress due to ,&
bending moment is -1884hPa 1885hPa
•

given
=
as : = =
0min , =
I 0min , I

ox =
-

Eky & M=EKI Ek -

-
MI Cid Either Mima✗ 15-0) or Mzmaxls =L) :

ox = -

My → shows that stresses are directly proportional 111 Support at 42 so % of beam is a cantilever with maxmomoment
"
¥
I to bending moment M & inversely to

moment of inertia I .
so
% -

÷ =
10,984 MPa
 -

M ""
& M2Y¥= µ
-
,
-

omax , = =
1019841hPa Oman =
1019841hPa
I ,
, Be
zip
121 simply supported beam Is =L) under uniform load ,
so Max , Max moment
9¥ pm Et m

-8
141C)
""¥
- Mz

omax ,
= = 0
Oman = I =
-10,9841hPa AEE -
① -
,
••
↳
moment is zero at pin support ↳ moment is "
48 at 42 -

Mad
so Max bending stress is omax = 101984 MPa as -8

E. ij•B MR. og
→

4.2 : Design of Beams for Bending Stress Transformed Section Method

-

Bass

Relative efficiency of various beam shapes

•

Method consists of transforming the cross

•
A beam with square cross section -
is more efficient section of a composite beam into an

in resisting bending than a circular beam .

equivalent cross section of an
imaginary
•
Circle beam has a relatively larger amount of beam composed of only one material .
•a%

material located the neutral axis Height remains the same , but of
upper portion
•

near
*
.

beam widened to
carry equivalent load .

4.3 : Transverse Strains in Beams •

factor n transformation factor / ratio of E values)

-
o

Although transverse cross-sectional planes remain

planar
•
'
•

µ
•

µ
- •

↳
when subjected to bending moments , in -
plane •
• •
•
Fania
* .

deformations are nonzero .

e-
-1 .

{y = -

VEX =
Ez= VEX
- = =

Expansion above the neutral surface & contraction

below , it causes an in-plane curvature

anti elastic
¥ ¥
= =

,
curvature pMMMnaµ
mad

4.4 : composite Beams n=¥ -20

-

Bs.
•

Beams that are fabricated of two or ago , BB

•
more different materials .

Designed in this to develop

•

manner a •
image
more efficient means for carrying loads .

0
•

Bgs
4.6 : Eccentric Axial Loading
•
Stress due to eccentric loading found
-

by superposing the uniform stress due to

a centric load & the linear stress

f- =P distribution due to pure bending moment .

M= Pd Ox =
( Ex) centric + lox) bending
= PIA -
MY
/I
•

Results are valid if stresses do not exceed the

proportional limit , deformations have negligible

effect on geometry and ,
stress are not

evaluated near points of load application .

Be

MÑmmmd
 8-
MM MM

¥9

1-7
⑤
•

gag
4.9 : General case of Eccentric Axial Loading Analysis
-

Consider a
straight member subject to

equal & opposite eccentric forces .

The eccentric force is equivalent to the

•

system of a centric force IP ) & two

couples ( Mx & My)

f- centric force

My = Pa ; Mz = Pb

By the principle of the

superposition
•

combined stress distribution is

ox = I -
Mz Y + My 2
A Iz Iy
•
If the neutral axis lies on the section
Anna ,

it may be found from

M±y I
Yy÷z
=
-

4.8 Un symmetric
:
Bending Analysis Iz A

Superposition is
applied to determine stresses in

the most general case of ansymmetric bending .

Resolve the couple vector into components

along
•

the principle centroid at axes .

Mz MCOSO =
My =
Msi no

Superpose the
component stress distributions
•

or =
-7¥ -1 M¥
Along the neutral axis
•
.

ox =
0 =
-
Mzy + My y = - l Mosely + Imsi no)y
Iz Iy Iz Iy
tan 10=1 =
I± tano
2-
Iy