BIOLOGY

LOCATION & FUNCTION

(2023 – 2024)
S. No. Name Location Function

01. CELL DIVISION.

1. Asters of Around centrosome of a i. Forms spindle fibres
centrosome cell. between chromatids
during cell division.
2. Cell inclusions In the cytoplasm of a Forms: Reserve food,
cell. Secretory products and
Excretory products
3. Cell membrane/ Below the cell wall in Regulates the entry of certain
plasma membrane. plant cells and outer solutes and ions andProvides
most protection.
membrane in
animal cell.
4. Cell wall (plantcells Surrounds the plasma Gives rigidity, shape and allows
only) membrane in a plant cell. substances in solutionto enter
and leave the cell freely.

5. Centriole In centrosome near the Development of spindle

nucleus in animal cells. fibres during cell division.
6. Centromere On the chromosome The centromere serves to
(sister chromatids). attach to the spindle fibres
during cell division.
7. Centrosome (animal cells Near the nucleus in Initiates and regulates cell
only) animal cells. division and Forms spindle
fibers, with the help of
asters.

8. Chromatin fibers/ In the nucleoplasm of a During cell division, the

Chromosomes cell. chromatin fibers condenses in
to chromosomes bearing the
genes which are carriersof
hereditary information.

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 9. Chromatin / In the nucleoplasm of a They enclose the genetic
Chromatin fibre cell. material DNA.

10. Chromosomes In the nucleoplasm of a It carries genes which

cell. determine hereditary
characters.
11. Cytoplasm All parts of a cell Site for all metabolic
together inside the cell activities and acts as a
membrane excluding medium for initial steps of
nucleus. respiration.
12. Endoplasmic In the cytoplasm of a Referred as circulatory
Reticulum cell. system of cell, responsible
(ER). for synthesis, storage and
transport of proteins and
fats and forms the
Supportive framework for
the cell.
13. Glycogen granule In the cytoplasm of a Stores glycogen as food for
cell. the cell.
14. Golgi apparatus, In the cytoplasm of a Site of synthesis and
Golgi complex cell. secretion of enzymes,
or Golgisome hormones etc. and
(animal cells) Responsible for formation of
acrosome of sperm, cell
plate during cell division
and lysosomes.

15. Granules – Contains reserve food,

secretory products and
excretory products.
16. Lysosomes In the cytoplasm of the Site of intercellular
(suicide bags) cell. digestion to destroy
foreign substances
andrapidly destroys old
andinjured cells.

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 17. Mitochondria In the cytoplasm of Site of cellular aerobic
(power house of the cell. respiration, releases and
the cell) stores energy from pyruvic
(mitochondrion acid produced incytoplasm, in
- singular) the form ofATP and
Synthesizes respiratory
enzymes.

18. Nucleolus In the nucleus of a cell. Participates in protein

synthesis by formingand
storing RNA.
19. Nucleotide In the DNA of the It is carrier of chemical
chromosomes. energy & intermediates
cellular communication.
20. Nucleus (brain In the cytoplasm of Regulates all cellular
of the cell or a cell. functions, contains
control center) chromosomes which are
bearers of genes that control
hereditary characters.

21. Plastids In the cytoplasm of the Contain pigments of food in

plant cell. plant cell.
22. Ribosomes Attached to the outside Site of protein synthesisand
(protein factories) of endoplasmic stores RNA (ribo- nucleic
reticulumor scattered in acid).
the cytoplasm of a cell.

23. Spindle fibers In the nucleus of Attaches to centromere of

adividing cell. chromosomes and contractsto
separate sister chromatids
during metaphase and
anaphase of cell division.

24. Vacuoles In the cytoplasm of Storage of water- and water-

a cell. soluble substances and gives
turgidity to the plant
cell.
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 02. GENETICS.
NO LOCATION & FUNCTION.

03. ABSORPTION BY ROOTS.

25. Hydathodes On the margin of the It helps in guttation of the
leaf. plant body.
26. Phloem In the central stele of the Conducts food & water to
plant body in root, stem Down ward to all parts of
and leaves. theplant.
27. Pulvinus At the base of petiole an Sensitive to turgor pressure,
enlarged section in some results in movements of
plants. leafs & leaflets.
28. Root hair – unit of Extension of the Absorption of water and
absorption epidermal cells of root. minerals from the soil.
29. Roots At the base of stem of They hold the plant body
the plant body and in the firmly to the ground and
soil. help in absorbing water.
30. Xylem In the central stele of the It conducts water and
plant body in root, stem minerals upward to the
and leaves. leaves in the plant body.
04. PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
31. Chlorophyll In the walls of thylakoids It traps sunlight for
of chloroplast. photosynthesis.
32. Chloroplasts In the cytoplasm of the Site of photosynthesis in
plant cell and inside the green plants.
guard cells.
33. Grana In the chloroplast. Site of light dependent
phase of photo-synthesis in
green plants.
34. Palisade cells In the leaf above the It performs photosynthesis.
spongy mesophyll layer.
35. Stroma In the chloroplasts. Site of light independent
phase of photo-synthesis in
green plants.

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 36. Thylakoids In the stroma of the They perform the light
chloroplast. dependent phase of
photosynthesis in green
plants.

05. TRANSPIRATION.
37. Cuticle On the upper epidermis Prevents loss of water by
of the leaves and stems. evaporation.
38. Guard cells On the dorsiventral They regulate the opening
side of the leaf. and closing of the stomata
in leaf.

39. Lenticels On the surface of the old They allow diffusion of

stem and bark of the gases for respiration
tree. and photosynthesis.

40. Palisade Between the upper Consists of chlorophyll

Mesophyll tissue epidermis and Which traps sunlight for
spongy mesophyll photosynthesis.
tissue in the
dicot leaf.
41. Stomata/Stoma On the epidermis of Exchange of gases
the leaves. for photosynthesis
and respiration.

06. CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS.

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 42. Abscisic acid It is primarily i. It acts as plant
(ABA) Synthesized in terminal growth and
bud and abundantly metabolism
found in fruits and inhibitor.
seeds. ii. It accelerates
senescence (ageing)
and abscission
(falling)of leaves and
other plant organs.
iii. It stimulates the
closure of stomata.
iv. It helps seeds to
withstand desiccation
(extreme dryness) and
other factors
unfavourable for
growth.

43. Auxins They are primarily i. Promotes growth in

synthesized in shoot plants by cell elongation.
apex, root apex, lateral ii. Delays leaf senescence.
meristems, etc. iii. Induces apical
dominance by
supressing growth of
lateral buds.
iv. Induces formation of
parthenocarpic fruits.

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 44. Cytokinins They are primarily i. Promotes cell division or
synthesized in root tips cytokinesis in plant roots
and are transported to and shoots.
other organs through ii. Inhibits apical
xylem. dominance and delays
leaf senescence.
iii. Promotes expansion of
cotyledons,
chlorophyll synthesis
and organ formation.
iv. Breaks seed dormancy
and promotes seed
germination.

45. Ethylene Synthesized in senescent i. Ripening of fruits.

leaves and flowers, ii. Acceleration of
germinating seeds and senescence (ageing).
ripening fruits. iii. Initiates flowering
in mango.
iv. Initiating germination in
peanut seeds, sprouting
of potato tuber and
promotes root growth
and root-hair formation.

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 46. Gibberellins They are primarily i. Promotes overall
synthesized in shoot- growth and fruit
apex, root-apex, buds, growthby cell
seeds, etc. elongation.
ii. It initiates germination,
induces parthenocarpy
and promotes growth of
internodes by stem
elongation.
iii. Breaks buds and
seed dormancy and
delays senescence
(ageing).
iv. Used commercially
to increase the
lengthof grapes,
improve the shape
of apple and speeds
up the malting
process in brewing
industry.
07. HUMAN EVOLUTION.
NO LOCATION & FUNCTION.
08. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
47. Anterior vena cava Arises from upper part Carries deoxygenated blood
/ superior vena of the body and goes to from the upper parts of the
cava / SVC theright auricle. body like the headand the
/precaval neck to the right auricle.

48. Antibodies In the blood and To kill or neutralise the

lymphnodes. germs or the poisons from
pathogens.
49. Antigen In the blood of They help to generate an
an infected antibody response in the
person. infected person’s body.
50. Aorta Left ventricle to Carries oxygenated
different parts of blood from left
thebody. ventricleto all
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 parts of the body.

51. Aortic It is located at the base It prevents the backflow

Semilunar of aorta opening from of oxygenated blood
valves left ventricle. from
aorta to left ventricle.
52. Artery Deep seated, arises from It carries oxygenated blood
heart and branches to all to all parts of the body
organs. except the pulmonary artery.
53. Atrium/Auricles Upper chambers of the It contracts to pumps the
heart. blood into the ventricles.
54. Auricular At the junction of Transmits the heart beat
Ventricular Node right auricle and right from auricle to
orAVN ventricle near the intra ventricle.
auricular septum.
55. Basophil Floats in blood plasma. It releases histamine.
56. Blood In the vascular tissues i. Transportation: of
of the body. hormones, digested food
materials and oxygen to
all parts of the body.
ii. Protection:
Phagocytosis,
antibody production
and blood clotting.
iii. Regulatory: Regulates
body temperature.
57. Blood Platelets / Floats in blood plasma. Initiates blood clotting
Thrombocytes process.
58. Bundle of HIS In the inter ventricular Sends electric impulse
septum, inferior to to contract ventricles.
AV node.

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 59. Capillaries Branches between i. Outward diffusion
arterioles to venules. of oxygen into the
intercellular tissue
fluid.
ii. Inward diffusion of
carbon dioxide from
the intercellular tissue
fluid.

iii. Inward and outward

diffusion of
substances like
glucose, amino acids,
urea, etc.
iv. Allow leukocytes
(WBCs) to
perform
diapedesis.
60. Chordae tendinae Arises from the They hold the bicuspid and
papillary muscles of tricuspid valves in position
theventricles to the and prevents their upturning
apices of the cusps, in during ventricular
the heart. contraction.
61. Coronary Arteries Arises from the base of Supplies oxygenated
aorta to the walls of blood to the heart
the heart. muscles.
62. Coronary It arises from the walls of Carries deoxygenated blood
sinus /vein the heart to the inferior from the heart walls to
vena cava. the right auricle.
63. Eosinophil Floats in blood plasma. It Secretes anti-toxins.
64. Fibrin In the blood plasma. It forms mesh in blood
clotting process.
65. Haemoglobin Present on the RBC of It is a carrier of respiratory
the blood. gases.
66. Heart In the centre between To pump blood and other
the two lungs and circulatory fluids
above the throughout the
diaphragm. body.

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 67. Hepatic Connects small It carries digested food
Portal intestine and stomach to from small intestine
vein/system the liver. andstomach
to liver for assimilation.
68. Left atrio- At the aperture between Left atrio-ventricular
ventricular valve the left auricle and left valve prevents the
/bicuspid / ventricle of the heart. backflow of oxygenated
mitral blood from left
ventricle to left auricle.

69. Liver In the abdomen, above i. Production of body

the right kidney and proteins (albumin,
below the diaphragm. globulin, prothrombin,
fibrinogen.)
ii. Converts excessglucose
to glycogen.
iii. Decomposition of
red blood cells.
iv. Detoxify the
Food materials.
v. Deamination (During
production of body
proteins, removal of
an amine group and
converting it into urea
for elimination).
vi. Production of
hormones.

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 70. Lymph In the lymph vessels i. Nutritive:
and lymphatic organs Provides nutrition
such as the spleen to cells where
andthe tonsils. blood cannot
reach.
ii. Drainage: Drains
away excess
metabolites from the
body.
iii. Defence:
Lymphocytes in
lymph produce
antibodies to kill the
germs, neutralize its
toxic effect and
localize the infection.
iv. Absorption:
Lacteals in villi
absorb fat and pour
it into blood
circulation.

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 71. Lymphatic Widely present Widely present
nodes /glands / throughout the body, throughout the body,
organs mainly in underarms mainly in underarms and
and groins. groins.

72. Lymphocyte Floats in blood plasma. Produces antibodies.

73. Monocyte Floats in blood plasma. Engulfs germs by
phagocytosis.
74. Neutrophil Floats in blood plasma. Engulfs germs by
phagocytosis.
75. Pacemaker or On the walls of the Initiates an electric
Sino-atrial node right auricle near impulse to trigger
or SAN opening of superior heartbeat.
and inferior
vena cava.
76. Pericardial fluid Between the i. Reduces friction
membranes of during heart beat
pericardium of the and
heart. ii. Protects the
heart from
mechanical
shocks.
77. Pericardium Covering around the It protects the heart from
heart. mechanical injuries.
78. Plasma In the blood. It carries nutrients, body
proteins, hormones, etc. to
different parts of the body
and carry wastes from all
the cell to the organs for
elimination.
79. Pocket valve In the veins and lymph They prevent the
vessels of the backflow of the blood
circulatory due to gravity.
system.

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 80. Posterior vena Arises from lower part It carries deoxygenated
cava Of the body and goes to blood from the lower
/ inferior vena The right auricle. parts of the body like the
cava limbs and abdominal
/ IVC cavity to the
right auricle.

81. Pulmonary At the base of It prevents the backflow

Semilunar pulmonary artery of deoxygenated blood
valves opening from right from pulmonary artery to
ventricle. right ventricle.

82. Pulmonary Vein From lungs to the It carries the oxygenated

left auricle of the blood from the lungs to
heart. the left auricle.
83. Red blood Floats in the It transports oxygen from
cells/ blood plasma. lungs to the cells and
erythrocytes carbondioxide from cells
to lungs.
84. Renal artery The blood vessel which It carries oxygenated blood
enters the kidney. to the kidney.
85. Renal vein The blood vessel It carries deoxygenated
which leaves the blood from the kidney
kidney. for
oxygenation.
86. Right atrio- It is located between Right atrio-ventricular
ventricular the right auricle and valve prevents the
valve /tricuspid right ventricle of the backflow of deoxygenated
valve heart. blood from right ventricle
to right auricle
of the heart.
87. Spleen In the abdomen behind i. It produces
the stomach & above lymphocyts.
the left kidney. ii. It produces RBCs in
an embryo.
iii. It acts as a blood
reservoir.

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 88. The From right ventricle Carries deoxygenated
pulmonary to lungs. blood from right
artery ventricleto the
lungs for oxygenation.
89. Tissue Fluid Between the tissues Tissue fluid acts as a
(intercellular Of the body. Medium of exchange
Fluid) between body cells and
vessels (blood and lymph)
to diffuse gases,
wastes and nutrients.

90. Tonsils In the pharynx, on the They produce lymphocytes

sides of the neck. and protects the body from
infections.
91. Valves of the heart – Maintains unidirectional
flow of blood.
92. Vein Arising from all the It carries deoxygenated
organs throughout the blood from all parts of the
body and going body to the heart except the
towards pulmonary vein.
the heart.
93. Ventricles Lower chambers of heart It contracts to pump blood
to lungs and all parts of the
body.
94. White blood cells Floats in the i. Protects the body,
/leukocytes blood plasma. provides immunity
and prevents
inflammation.
ii. Engulfs bacteria
by phagocytosis.
iii. Production of
antibodies.

09. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.

95. Bile Juice In the gall bladder. It emulsifies the fat for
digestion.
96. Bowman’s Capsule/ In the cortex of the Receives the glomerular
renal corpuscle kidney. filtrate.

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 97. Collecting duct In the medulla of the It collects urine from the
kidney. tubules and pours into the
pelvis of the kidney.
98. Distal Cortex of kidney. i. Active reabsorption
convoluted of glucose, Na+,
Tubule (DCT) K+;
ii. Passive
reabsorption
of water
iii. Tubular secretion.
99. Glomerulus Cortex of kidney. Ultrafiltration.

100. Kidneys On either side of the Performs Excretion and

(Urinary backbone and protected Osmoregulation.
System) by the last two ribs.
101. Loop of Henle Medulla of kidney. i. Active reabsorption of
glucose, Na+, K+;
ii. Passive reabsorption
of water.
102. Nephron In the kidney. It converts blood urea to
urine.
103. Pelvis / Renal pelvis In the kidney on the Urine from all tubules is
front end of the ureter. collected in pelvis.
104. Proximal or First In the cortex of the i. Active reabsorption of
Convoluted kidney. glucose, Na+, K+;
Tubule(PCT) ii. Passive reabsorption
of water.
iii. Tubular secretion.
105. Renal artery The blood vessel which Renal artery carries
enters the kidney is the oxygenated blood to the
renal artery. kidney for purification.
106. Renal vein The blood vessel which Renal vein carries
leaves the kidney is the deoxygenated blood from
renal vein. the kidney for oxygenation.
107. Ureter It arises from the notch It carries urine from kidney
(hilum) in the median to urinary bladder.
surface of each kidney
and connects to the
urinary bladder.

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 108. Urethra Arising from the base of It carries urine from the
urinary bladder. urinary bladder to outside of
the body.
109. Urethral Sphincter At the opening of the This muscle contracts and
bladder into the urethra. relaxes at the impulse of the
brain.
110. Urinary bladder In the lower abdomen. Urinary bladder temporarily
stores urine.
111. Uriniferous tubules In the kidney. It converts blood urea to
or Nephrons urine.

10. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

112. Acetylcholine In the synapse of the Sets nerve impulse.
neurons.
113. Afferent Connects the sense It conveys the sensory nerve
neuron/sensory organs to the central impulse from the sense
neurons nervous system. organs to the central
nervous system (brain and
the spinal cord).
114. Arachnoid Middle layer of the It protects the brain.
meninges.
115. Association neuron It is located in the gray It receives sensory impulse,
matter of the spinal cord. interprets and generates
motor impulse.
116. Axon (nerve fiber) Slender projection below It transmits nerve impulses
the cyton of a neuron. to different neurons,
muscles, and glands of the
body.
117. Brain In the cranium of the It is the coordinating center
skull. of sensation, intellectual and
nervous activities.
118. Central canal It is the center of the It contains cerebrospinal
spinal cord which runs fluid, and protects spine.
longitudinally through
the entire length and is
continuous with cavities
of the brain.
119. Cerebellum (In In the hind brain just It balances the body and
hindbrain) below cerebrum. controls and coordinates all
the muscular activities of our
body.

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 120. Cerebrospinal fluid It is in between the i. It protects the brain
membranes of the and spinal cord
meninges, ventricles of from mechanical
shocks.
the brain and central
ii. It serves as a medium
canal of the spinal cord. for the exchange of
food materials, waste
products and
respiratory gases for
neurons.

121. Cerebrum It is located in forebrain It controls all the voluntary

region protected in the activities, seat of
cranium of the skull. intelligence, consciousness,
will power and helps to
think, memorize, invent.
122. Corpus callosum In between the 2 It transmits impulses from
cerebral hemispheres. one cerebral hemisphere to
the other cerebral
hemisphere.
123. Dendron On the cyton of neuron. They reach the finest part of
the body and conduct nerve
impulses to the cyton.
124. Dura mater Outermost membrane of It protects the brain.
the meninges.
125. Gray matter In the cerebral cortex of It helps in muscle control
the brain. and sensory perception.
126. Hypothalamus Below thalamus in the It regulates our body
brain. temperature and controls
pituitary gland.
127. Medulla In the hind brain, below It controls the involuntary
Oblongata(In hind the cerebellum and pons. activities of the internal
brain) organs like heartbeat,
respiration etc.
128. Meninges On the brain and spinal They protect the brain and
cord below the skull. the spinal cord from
mechanical injuries.

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 129. Mesencephalon It is located between It controls reflexes
(mid brain) fore brain and hind involving eyes and
brain. ears.
130. Motor nerves Connects the brain and They carry motor impulse
spinal cord to the from the brain and spinal
muscles or glands. cord to the respective
muscles and or glands.

131. Myelin sheath / It is located on the outer Myelin sheath acts as an

Medullary layer of axon. insulating layer to prevent
sheath the mixing up of impulses.
132. Neuro transmitters In the terminal end of It helps to set a new impulse
the axons of a neuron. in the dendrites of the
adjacent neuron.
133. Neuron (or In the brain and the They receive, send and
Nerve Cell) spinal cord. interpret the nerve impulses
in a body.
134. Nissl’s granules In cyton of neuron. They are site of protein
synthesis in neuron.
135. Parasympathetic On the spinal cord on the It is concerned with re-
nervous system region above the neck establishing normal
and below the waist. conditions after the violent
act is over.
136. Pia mater Innermost membrane of It nourishes the inner layers
the meninges. of brain.
137. Pons (Pons Inferior to mid brain i. Transmits
Varolii)(In hind and above medulla impulses from
brain) oblongata. brain to
cerebellum and
sensory signals to
thalamus.
ii. Transmits signals
from one cerebellar
hemisphere to the
other cerebellar
hemisphere to
coordinate muscular
movements on both
the sides of the body.

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 138. Sympathetic On the spinal cord It prepares the body for
nervous between the neck and violent action against
system the waist region. abnormal
conditions.
139. Synapse It is located between the It passes an impulse from
axon of one neuron and one neuron to the other by
dendrite of another diffusion of a
neuron. neurotransmitter.

140. Spinal Cord In the vertebral column. i.

Conducts sensory
impulses to the brain.
ii. Conducts motor
responses from
brain to the
wholebody.
iii. Controls all the
reflexes from
below
the neck.
141. Thalamus Between the cerebral It relays pain and pressure
cortex and the mid brain. impulses to the cerebrum of
the brain.
142. The cell body On the axon of a neuron. They receive or
(Perikaryon send impulse.
or
Cyton)
143. White matter In the cerebral medulla
It is helps to pass messages
of the brain. to CNS and all parts of the
body.
11. SENSE ORGANS – EYE AND EAR
(EYE)

144. Aqueous Chamber It is the front chamber Holds the watery aqueous
between the lens and humour.
the cornea.
145. Aqueous humour In aqueous chamber in Keeps the lens moist and
between the lens and protects from mechanical
cornea. shocks and refracts light.

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 146. Blind Spot / Lateral to the yellow spot Allows optic nerve and
Punctum on the horizontal axis of blood vessels to leave the
caecum(The the eyeball. eyeball.
area of no
vision)
147. Choroid It is located between i. It provides
sclera and retina of the nourishment to the
eye. eye.
ii. It prevents light
rays from
reflecting
and scattering
inside the
eye.

148. Ciliary It is situated around the It alters the shape of the lens
body/muscles lens at the junction of for near and far vision.
choroid and iris.
149. Cones They are located on the Gets stimulated by bright
yellow spot region of the light to allows perception of
retina. colour.
150. Conjunctiva It covers the front of the Allows the light to
eye ball and inner parts pass through the
of eyelids. eye.
151. Cornea In front of pupil and Refracts the light rays
beneath the conjunctiva into the eye ball.
of eye.
152. Eyes Located deep inside the Helps in vision.
orbits or sockets.
153. Iris In front of the lens and It controls the amount of
around the pupil. light entering the eyeball by
adjusting the size of the
pupil.
154. Lens It is located just behind It converges and refracts the
the pupil and iris. light rays to form an
image on the retina.
155. Optic nerve Arises from the retina of It carries nerve impulses of
the eye to the occipital vision from the retina of the
lobe of the brain. eye to the brain.
156. Pupil It is in front of the lens Allows the light to pass into
between the iris. the eye ball.
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 157. Retina It is located between the Site of image formation
choroid layer and the in the eye.
vitreous chamber of the
eye.
158. Rod Cells They are located on the Gets stimulated by dim light
entire retina. to regenerate rhodopsin.
159. Sclera It is outer part of eyeball It protects the inner parts of
above the choroid. the eye from mechanical
damage.

160. Suspensory It arises from the ciliary It hold the lens in position.
ligaments body.
161. Tear Glands They are located at the Secrets lysozyme which kills
(Lacrimal upper sideward portion the germs; keep front
gland) of the orbit. surface of eye clean.
162. Vitreous chamber It is larger cavity of the Holds the vitreous humour.
eyeball between the lens
and retina.
163. Vitreous humour It is filled in the eye ball i. It maintains the shape
between the lens and the of the eyeball.
retina. (Thus, helping
accommodation of
eye at different
distances).
ii. It protects the retina
and its nerve endings.
164. Yellow Spot / fovea It lies on the retina, at Helps in the formation of
centralis / macula the centre, on the sharp, bright and colour
lutea (Area of best horizontal axis of the image.
vision) eyeball.
(EAR)
165. Ampulla It is located at the base of It converts motion into nerve
the end of each semi- impulse.
circular canal in the inner
ear.
166. Auditory Canal It is located between i. It directs the sound
pinna and ear drum. waves inwards.
ii. It traps any germs or
insects.

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 167. Auditory nerve Arises from the inner ear It transmits sound and
to the temporal lobe of balance nerve impulses from
the brain. the inner ear to the brain.
168. Ear drum / At the end of the It converts sound waves to
tympanum/ auditory canal. sound vibrations.
tympanic
membrane/
myringa

169. Ear ossicles It is located in the It amplifies and transmits

middle ear. the vibrations to the inner
ear.
170. Eustachian tube It is located between the It equalises the air pressure
middle ear and pharynx. on both sides of the ear
drum.
171. Oval An opening between It increases the frequency of
window/fenestra middle ear and vestibule vibrations by 22 times and
vestibuli of inner ear. transmits it to inner ear.
172. Pinna (auricle) It is located on either To collect sound waves
side of the head. from all direction and
transmit it
inwards.
173. Round window It is situated below the It stimulates vibrations in
oval window and the fluids of cochlea.
between middle and
inner ear.
174. Sacculus/Saccule On the lower and Contains sensory cells for
front part of vestibule static balance - detects linear
of the inner ear. accelerations when head tilts
in vertical plane.
175. Semi-circular canal It is located in the inner It maintains the dynamic
ear above vestibule and balance / equilibrium of the
cochlea. body.
176. The cochlea Embedded in the skull, in Helps in hearing.
the inner ear.
177. The inner ear or It is embedded in the It deals with hearing
the membranous skull. and body balance.
labyrinth

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
 178. Utricle/Utriculus It is upper larger part of It contains sensory cells for
vestibule. static balance.
179. Vestibule In the central part of the It maintains static balance /
inner ear. equilibrium of the body.

12. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

180. (ACTH) Adreno It is attached to the Controls the activities of
corticotropic hypothalamus, under the the adrenal cortex.
Hormone cerebrum in the brain.
(anterior
pituitary,
tropic hormone)
181. (GH) It is attached to the It regulates growth and cell
Growth hypothalamus, under the metabolism of the whole
hormone or cerebrum in the brain. body.
Somatotropin
(anterior pituitary)

182. (LH) Luteinizing It is attached to the Male: Regulates secretion

Hormone hypothalamus, under the of testosterone.
(anterior cerebrum in the brain. Female: Regulates
pituitary, ovulation, Formation of
gonadotropic corpus luteum and Secretion
hormone) of progesterone.

183. (TSH) It is attached to the Stimulates thyroid gland

Thyroid hypothalamus, under the to secrete thyroxine.
stimulating cerebrum in the brain.
hormone
(anterior pituitary,
tropic hormone)
184. ADH It is attached to the Increases the permeability of
Anti-diuretic hypothalamus, under the renal tubules to reabsorb
Hormone / cerebrum in the brain. water. Constricts blood
Vasopressin vessels with rise in blood
pressure

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
 (posterior pituitary)

185. Adrenal cortex On the periphery of the To secrete hormones

adrenal glands. Mineralocorticoids,
Glucocorticoids and
Sex corticoids.

186. Adrenal glands The adrenal glands are Produces hormones cortisone
cap like structure from cortex and adrenaline
attached above each from medulla formetabolism
and regulates stress response.
kidney.

187. Adrenal Medulla In the adrenal gland. To secrete hormone

adrenaline.
188. Adrenaline In the medulla of adrenal Helps body to prepare for
(medulla) gland. emergency situations.
189. Calcitonin It is in the front of the It regulates calcium
neck just below the metabolism.
larynx.
190. Cortical hormones In the cortex of the Influence fat and protein
adrenal glands. metabolism and regulates
salt and water balance.
191. Follicle stimulating It is attached to the Male: Stimulates sperm
hormone (FSH) hypothalamus, under the formation by
(anterior pituitary, cerebrum in the brain. spermatogenesis.
gonadotropic Female: Stimulates egg
hormone) formation by oogenesis and
oestrogen secretion.
192. Glucagon (alpha Scattered in the It increases blood sugar level
cells) pancreas. by converting glycogen to
glucose.
193. Glucocorticoids It is outer layer located Regulates carbohydrate,
(cortex) on the periphery of protein and fat metabolism.
adrenal glands.

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
194. Insulin (beta cells) Scattered in the It decreases blood sugar
pancreas. level by converting glucose
to glycogen and promotes
the glucose utilization by the
body cells.
195. Islets of Langerhans Scattered in the They produce three
pancreas. hormones by three different
cells:
i. Alpha cells –
Glucagon.
ii. Beta cells – Insulin.
iii. Delta cells –
Somatostatin.

196. Mineralocorticoids It is outer layer Regulates mineral

/ aldosterone located on the metabolism specially Na+&
(cortex) periphery of K+ ions.
adrenal glands.
197. MSH It is attached to the Stimulates the productionof
Melanocyte hypothalamus, under melanocyte in skin cells
stimulating the
Hormone cerebrum in the brain.
198. Oxytocin It is attached to the It causes contraction of
(posterior pituitary) hypothalamus, under uterine muscle during child
the birth, in a female.
cerebrum in the brain.
199. Pancreas In the abdomen i. It secretes pancreatic
below the juice fordigestion.
stomach. ii. It secretes insulin,
glucagon and
somatostat in, which
collectivelyregulates
the blood sugar levels.

200. Pituitary / It is attached to the It controls growth,

hypophysis / hypothalamus, under reproduction and secretes
“Master Gland” the cerebrum in the tropic hormones to regulate
brain. all endocrine glands.

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
201. Prolactin (anterior It is attached to the Stimulates Lactation
pituitary, tropic hypothalamus, under process.(Milk production in
hormone) the cerebrum in the breasts of female after
brain. delivery).
202. Sex It is outer layer Stimulates the
corticoids located on the development of
(cortex) periphery of reproductive organs
adrenal glands. during child hood.
203. Somatostatin (delta It is located in the It inhibits the secretion of
cells) abdominal cavity insulin and glucagon.
below
the stomach.
204. Thyroid It is in front of the neck To release hormone
just below the larynx. thyroxine and calcitonin.
205. Thyroxine It is in the front of i. It regulates the basal
the neck just metabolismof the
belowthe larynx. body.
ii. It regulates
mental
development.
iii. It regulates
ossification of bones.

13. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

206. Acrosome In the head of the sperm. Secretes an enzyme called
Hyaluronidase, which
dissolves the walls of ova
for
the entry of sperm nucleus.
207. Allantois It is an outgrowth of the It forms the foetal part of
foetal membrane the placenta.
lyingbelow the
chorion.
208. Amnion Amnion is a sac which It protects the
develops around the growingembryo.
embryo even before the
formation of allantois.

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
209. Amniotic fluid It surrounds the embryo i. Protects the embryo
and fills the space from physical
between the amnion and damage and
embryo. mechanical shocks.
ii. Keeps even pressure
all around the embryo.
iii. Allows the
foetus, some
restricted
movements.
iv. Prevents sticking of
the embryo/foetus to
the amnion.

210. Bulbourethral Opens into the urethra The secretion serves as

(Cowper’s gland) just before it enters the a lubricant.
penis, in a male
mammal.
211. Chorion Outermost membrane It helps in formation of
surrounding the embryo. placenta.
212. Corpus luteum Remnant of follicle after Produces hormone
ovulation, in the ovary progesterone.
of
a female mammal.

213. Endometrium On the inner lining It prevents adhesion

of uterus in a between the opposed
femalemammal. walls of uterine cavity.

214. Epididymis On the upper pole To temporarily store

of testes in male. sperms for few days
till they are
matured and motile.
215. Follicle In the ovary of a It produces matured ova
female mammal. and hormone oestrogen
prior to ovulation.

216. Graafian Follicle In the ovary of a female It contains the matured ova.
mammal.
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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
217. Inguinal canal On the lower i. It allows the testes to
front abdominal descend in the
wall in a male. scrotum sac before
birth.
ii. It allows the
testicle blood
vessels and sperm
ducts to enter
the abdomen.
218. Interstitial cells Between the coils of It produces the male
(leydigcells) the seminiferous hormone testosterone.
tubules in
the testes of male.
219. Oestrogen It regulates menstrual cycle
and is responsible for
developing secondary
sexual characteristics.

220. Ovaries In the lower To produce matured ova by

abdomen below the the process of oogenesis
oviducal funnel of a and the female hormones
female. progesterone and oestrogen.
221. Oviducts / In the lower It is the site of fertilization.
Fallopian tubes abdomen, below the
/Uterine tubes oviducal funnel of a
female
mammal.

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
 222. Penis In front of the scrotum It serves for the passing out,
outside the body, in a both the semen and the
male mammal. urine.
223. Placenta Attached to the fundus i. Placenta allows
of the uterine wall in a diffusion of oxygen
female mammal. and nutrients from
mother’s blood to the
foetus blood and
disposal of carbon
dioxide and wastes
from foetus blood to
mother’s blood.
ii. Placenta acts as an
endocrine gland and
secretes the
hormones oestrogen
and progesterone.

224. Progesterone It prepares the uterus for

receiving the embryo.
225. Prostate gland Surrounds the urethra Its alkaline secretion
close to its origin neutralizes the acid in
from the bladder in a female genitalia (so that the
male mammal. sperms can survive) and acts
as a medium of
transportation of sperms.

226. Scrotum/scrotal sac Outer covering of testis Thermoregulation of testes.

of a male mammal.
227. Seminal vesicles Between the posterior It secretes a fluid which
surface of the urinary serves as a medium for the
bladder and the rectum. transportation of the
sperms.
228. Seminiferou In the lobule of testes of Site of sperms (male
stubules a male mammal. gamete) production by the
process of spermatogenesis.

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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
229. Sperm Duct/ From the epididymis, at It carries sperms from the
vas deferens/ the back of the urinary epididymis to urethra for
ejaculatory bladder joins the elimination.
duct urethra.

230. Testes Contained in scrotum of To produce sperms by the

(singular: amale mammal. process of spermatogenesis
testis) and hormone testosterone.

231. Testosterone In the interstitial tissues Male sex hormone responsible

of the testes of a male for development of secondary
mammal. sexual characteristics.

232. Trophoblast Outer layer of blastocyst It provides nutrients to the

of the embryo in the uterus embryo, helps implantation
ofa female mammal. and develops into large part
of placenta.

233. Umbilical cord Arises from the foetus to It connects placenta with
the placenta in the uterus foetus.
of a female mammal.

234. Uterus In the pelvic cavity It protects and nourishes the

between the urinary growing embryo.
bladder and the rectum
of a female mammal.

235. Vagina Arises from the cervix of i. The vagina is the

the uterus up to the outside region of copulation.
in a female mammal. ii. The vagina serves as a
birth canal.

14. POPULATION.
NO LOCATION & FUNCTION.
15. POLLUTION.
NO LOCATION & FUNCTION.
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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow
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Dileep Kumar Greenfields School, Lucknow