Research 1: TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL MEMBERS

TENSION STEEL MEMBERS

Tension members are axially loaded members that are stressed in tension and are utilized

in a variety of steel structures. Web and chord members, hanger and sag rods, diagonal bracing for

lateral stability, and lap splices, such as in a moment connection, are all utilized in trusses. Tensile

yielding and tensile rupture are the two main types of failure for tensioned members. When the

tension on the gross area of the section is large enough to cause excessive deformation, tensile

yielding occurs. Tensile rupture occurs when the stress on the section's effective area is high

enough to cause the member to fracture, which commonly happens across a line of bolts where the

tension member is weakest.

TYPES TENSION STEEL MEMBERS

The types of structure and method of end connections determine the type of a tension

member in structural steel construction. Tension members used may be broadly grouped

into four groups.

1. Wires and cables

2. Rods and bars

3. Single structural shapes and plates

4. Built-up members

• Wires and Cables

The wire types are used for hoists, derricks, rigging slings, guy wires

and hangers for suspension bridges.

Small tension members are frequently made of the square and

circular bars depicted in the images. Instead of threads, round bars with

threaded ends are used with pin-connections at the ends.

Rods and bars, both

square and circular Eye bars

are formed by forging and

boring the ends of rectangular bars or plates. Pin connectors are utilized

with the eye bars. The rods and bars suffer from a lack of rigidity, resulting

in evident droop under self-weight.

• Single Structural Shapes and Plates

Tension members are single structural shapes, angle sections, and

tee-sections, as indicated in the images. Wire ropes, rods, and bars are

much more flexible than angle sections. When the tension member's length

is excessively long, the single angle section becomes flexible as well.

Single structural shapes for tension member

In a riveted connection, the single angle pieces have the

disadvantage of eccentricity in both planes. Only one axis of the channel

segment is eccentric. Single channel sections have a high degree of

rigidity in the web

direction and a low

degree of rigidity in the

I-sections are more stiff than built-up sections, while single I-sections

are less expensive.

• Built-up Sections

To produce built-up members, two or more members are used. Built-

up sections are utilized when a single rolled steel section cannot provide

the required area. The roof trusses frequently use the double angle

sections of unequal legs illustrated in the figure as tension components. On

two sides of a gusset plate, angle pieces are stacked back-to-back. The

built-up section has eccentricity in one plane and is subjected to tension

and bending at the same time when both angle sections are attached on the

same side of the gusset. The two angle parts can be assembled in a star

configuration, with batten plates connecting the portions.

COMPRESSION STEEL MEMBERS

A compression member is a structure that carries axial compression. It's also known as a

strut. The slenderness ratio (KL/r), where KL is the effective length and r is the cross section's

least radius of gyration, determines whether a compression member is short or long. A

compression member suffers only simple compression for modest values of KL/r. A short column

is a compression member like this. A compression member suffers buckling, or side way

deflection, at large values of KL/r. A lengthy column is the name for such a compression member.

DESIGN OF STEEL COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Columns, posts, and stanchions are architectural vertical compression members. Struts are

compression members in roof trusses, and booms are compression members in cranes. Short

columns are crushed and behave like members in a pure compression environment. Long columns

tend to buckle out of the load axis plane.

USES OF TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL MEMBERS

TENSION STEEL MEMBERS

Tension members are structural components that are subjected to tensile forces only.

One of the most basic and fundamental difficulties in steel design is deciding on their cross

section. Because tension members have nothing in the way of stability, the task is reduced to

finding a section with enough area to sustain the design load without exceeding the

permitted tensile stress, as specified by the factor of safety.

(a) Purlins of trusses spaced at large distance are laterally supported by threaded

rods in order to minimize the bending moment about their minor axis. Successive pairs of

purlins are connected by threaded bars.

(b) Threaded rods are used as hangers to support walkway slabs and balconies.

(c) Tie rods can be used to connect the lower ends of arches to minimize or prevent

horizontal thrusts.

(d) Tie rods can be used as diagonal bracings.

Columns, chords, and webs in trusses, bridge piers, and braces in framed constructions are

all examples of compression members. The maximum strength of a steel compression member is

mostly determined by the length of the member and the conditions of end support. Short, middle,

and long steel compression members are the most prevalent classifications. Each range has its own

distinct pattern of behaviour. Short compression members, for example, are most concerned with

local buckling and/or yielding, whereas lengthy compression members are more concerned with

general buckling. Intermediate members are the most prevalent in steel constructions, but they are

also the most difficult to analyze. They could fail as a result of a combination of yielding, general

buckling, and/or local buckling, as well as interactions between buckling modes. Short members

with local buckling or material yielding are dealt with using a schematic relationship between the

maximum strength of a compression member and its length. deals with intermediate members

where local buckling and overall buckling may occur in combination. Long member behaviour is

not addressed here because it has been thoroughly documented in the literature as Euler buckling

and can be found in basic steel design texts (e.g. Trahair and Bradford 1988).
 Compression members can be found in a variety of applications, including pole

structures, building frame columns, and

truss members. Wide-flange sections (W-

shape), angle sections, channel sections, tee

sections, hollow circular or square tubes,

tension rods (solid circular or square

sections), and cables are only a few of the

cross-sectional shapes of steel members that

can be used as compression members.

The most important components of a building or bridge system are compression

members. The most popular and effective approach for increasing the capacity and ductility

of vertical RC or masonry elements is column confinement. Many column elements in seismic

areas need to be retrofitted to meet the latest design requirements due to construction

errors or outdated design codes. Traditional techniques rely on externally placed steel plates

and ties to ensure passive or active confinement, and various real-world problems have been

successfully examined and addressed with traditional materials like steel or wood.

NSCP 2015 CODE PROVISIONS ABOUT TENSION AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SECTION 504 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION

504.1 Slenderness Limitation

504.2 Tensile Strength

504.3.1 Gross Area

504.3.2 Net Area

504.3.3 Effective Net Area

504.4 Built-up Members

504.5 Pin-Connected Members

504.5.1 Tensile Strength

504.5.2 Dimensional Requirements

504.6 Eyebars

504.6.1 Tensile Strength

504.6.2 Dimensional Requirements

SECTION 505 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION

505.1 General Provisions

505.2 Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length

505.3 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of Members Without Slender

Elements
 505.4 Compressive Strength for Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling if

Members without Slender Elements

505.5 Single Angle Compression Members

505.6 Built-up Members

505.6.1 Compressive Strength

505.6.2 Dimensional Requirements

505.7 Member with Slender Elements

505.7.1 Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs

505.7.2. Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa

IMPORTANCE OF TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL MEMBERS

IN A STRUCTURE

TENSION STEEL DESIGN IN A STRUCTURE

The tension analysis of a member is arguably the most straightforward of any structural

study. A tension member's design primarily entails ensuring that the specified cross-sectional area

is at least sufficient to withstand the applied tensile load. The way the member is joined to other

parts has an impact on how the tensile force is conveyed into the member.
 The effect of a hole in a tension member is the lack of some material, which results in a

loss of strength. It's also worth noting that stress concentrations will form in the immediate area of

a boll hole, and that these will be influenced by the bolt's force. However, because steel is ductile,

these effects are usually ignored, and the net sectional area is calculated by subtracting the area of

the bolt holes from the gross sectional area.

When making such deductions, keep in mind that the majority of bolt types are provided

in clearance holes with a diameter somewhat greater than the bolt diameter. Due to the lack of

material in parts with bolt holes, the member is likely to fail at the smallest net section, i.e. across

a line of holes. However, at the collapse state, it is preferable that a failure happens as a ductile

failure rather than a brittle failure. It is desirable, from this standpoint, to guarantee that the gross

section yields before the net section achieves the ultimate stress.

COMPRESSION STEEL DESIGN IN A STRUCTURE

Compression members are critical components in any structure. All loads, whether dead or

live, are eventually carried to the columns (compression members), which then transfer them to

the foundation. As a result, a column can be regarded the primary supporting unit for any

construction.

In reality, the highly idealized column is impossible to achieve. It was dismissed since the

test results contradicted it. In actual fact, the column is prone to early crookedness, unintentional

eccentric loading, local or lateral buckling, and residual loads.

The deflection curve of a real column will differ from the curve of an idealized column due to

these flaws. The following are three major variables that cause the column's strength to
deteriorate: effect of eccentricity of applied loading, effect of residual stresses, and effects of

imperfections taken together (multiple column curves) according to is:800.

PROS AND CONS OF TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL MEMBERS

Advantages of Tension and Compression Steel Members

1. High strength/weight ratio. Steel has a high strength/weight ratio. Thus, the dead weight of steel

structures is relatively small. This property makes steel a very attractive structural material for a.

High-rise buildings b. Long-span bridges c. Structures located on soft ground d. Structures located

in highly seismic areas where forces acting on the structure due to an earthquake are in general

proportional to the weight of the structure.

2. Ductility. As discussed in the previous section, steel can undergo large plastic deformation

before failure, thus providing large reserve strength. This property is referred to as ductility.

Properly designed steel structures can have high ductility, which is an important characteristic for

resisting shock loading such as blasts or earthquakes. A ductile structure has energy absorbing

capacity and will not incur sudden failure. It usually shows large visible deflections before failure

or collapse.

3. Predictable material properties. Properties of steel can be predicted with a high degree of

certainty. Steel in fact shows elastic behaviour up to a relatively high and usually well-defined

stress level. Also, in contrast to reinforced concrete, steel properties do not change considerably

with time.
4. Speed of erection. Steel structures can be erected quite rapidly. This normally results in quicker

economic payoff.

5. Quality of construction. Steel structures can be built with high-quality workmanship and narrow

tolerances.

6. Ease of repair. Steel structures in general can be repaired quickly and easily.

7. Adaptation of prefabrication. Steel is highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.

8. Repetitive use. Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.

9. Expanding existing structures. Steel buildings can be easily expanded by adding new bays or

wings. Steel bridges may be widened.

10. Fatigue strength. Steel structures have relatively good fatigue strength.

Disadvantages of Tension and Compression Steel Members

1. General cost. Steel structures may be more costly than other types of structures.

2. Fireproofing. The strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperatures

commonly observed in building fires. Also, steel conducts and transmits heat from a burning

portion of the building quite fast. Consequently, steel frames in buildings must have adequate

fireproofing.

3. Maintenance. Steel structures exposed to air and water, such as bridges, are susceptible to

corrosion and should be painted regularly. Application of weathering and corrosion-resistant steels

may eliminate this problem.

general more slender and consequently more susceptible to buckling than, say, reinforced concrete

compression members. As a result, considerable materials may have to be used just to improve the

buckling resistance of slender steel compression members.

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