Gas Properties and Laws Notes: Read the notes below comprehensively to answer ALL Your Turn Problems
that
follows each sample problem.
GAS – phase of matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume
PROPERTIES OF GASES
1. Pressure in Atmosphere (atm)
2. Temperature in Kelvin (K)
3. Volume in Liter (L)
4. Amount of Gas in Moles (mol)
GAS LAWS
A. Boyle’s Law
♡ Pressure-Volume Relationship (at constant temperature and number of moles)
♡ The relationship is inversely proportional; as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
♡ Equation: P1V1 = P2V2 (P = Pressure; V = Volume)
♡ Important: Pressure must be in atmosphere (atm) and Volume must be in Liters (L).
B. Charles’ Law
♡ Volume-Temperature Relationship (at constant pressure and number of moles)
♡ The relationship is directly proportional; as one variable increases, the other variable increases as well.
𝑽 𝑽
♡ Equation: 𝟏 = 𝟐 (V = Volume; T= Temperature)
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
♡ Important: Volume must be in Liters (L) and Temperature must be in Kelvin (K).
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law
♡ Pressure-Temperature Relationship (at constant volume and number of moles)
♡ The relationship is directly proportional; as one variable increases, the other variable increases as well.
𝑷 𝑷
♡ Equation: 𝟏 = 𝟐 (V = Volume; T= Temperature)
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
♡ Important: Volume must be in Liters (L) and Temperature must be in Kelvin (K).
D. Avogadro’s Law
♡ Volume-Number of Moles Relationship (at constant pressure and temperature)
♡ Equation:
a. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
b. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
♡ Important: Volume must be in Liters (L) and Number of Moles must be in Moles (mol).
E. Ideal Gas Law
♡ All four properties relationship
♡ Combination of ALL Prior Gas Laws
♡ Equation: PV = nRT
where P = pressure in atm
V = volume in L
T = temperature in K
n = amount of gas in mol
R = the gas constant
𝐿−𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0.0821
𝐾−𝑚𝑜𝑙
IMPORTANT!
At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), T = 273.15 K; P = 1 atm; 1 mole of gas = 22.4 L.
Sample Problem 1. A sample of CO2 was confined to a container at constant temperature. When the pressure
applied to the gas is 2.50 atm, the volume occupied by the gas is 4.50 L. How pressure must be exerted to decrease
the volume of the gas to 3.00 L?
Given: P1 = 2.50 atm
V1 = 4.50 L V2 = 3.00 L
Required: P2 = ?
Solution:
Using Boyle’s Law, that is:
P1V1 = P2V2, solve for P2.
𝑃 𝑉
𝑃2 = 1 1
𝑉2
Substituting the given values, we have:
(2.50 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(4.50 𝐿) 11.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃2 = (3.00 𝐿)
= 3.00 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎
Your Turn Problem 1. A sample of He gas was confined to a container at constant temperature. The volume
of the gas is measured at 0.005 L when the pressure applied is 6.50 atm. Determine the volume of the He gas
if the pressure is reduced to 2.00 atm. YTP1: [0.01625 L]
Sample Problem 2. Kr gas occupies a volume of 1.75 L at 25.0 °C. Determine the volume of the gas if the
temperature is increased to 50.0°C.
Given: V1 = 1.75 L
T1 = 25.0 °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
T2 = 50.0 °C + 273.15 = 323.15 K
Required: V2 = ?
Solution:
Using Charles’ Law, solve V2 as follows:
𝑉1 𝑉2
= criss-cross: V1T2 = T1V2
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑉2 = 𝑇2
Substituting the given values, we have:
(1.75 𝐿)(323.15 𝐾) 565.5125 𝐿
𝑉2 = = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟕 𝑳
298.15 𝐾 298.15
Your Turn Problem 2. Ne gas occupies a volume of 355 mL at 345 K. Determine the volume of the gas if the
temperature is decreased to 300 K. YTP2: [0.3087 L]
Sample Problem 3. A sample of gas exerted a pressure 745 mm Hg at 30.0°C. What would be the temperature
required to change the pressure to standard conditions?
Given: P1 = 745 mmHg
T1 = 30.0°C
At STP, P = 1 atm
Required: T2 = ?
Solution:
Convert the pressure from mmHg to atm.
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 745 𝑎𝑡𝑚
745 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 × = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 760
Convert the temperature from °C to K.
T1 = 30.0°C + 273.15 K = 303.15 K
Using Gay-Lussac’s Law, solve T2 as follows:
𝑃1 𝑃2
= criss-cross: P1T2 = T1P2
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇1 𝑃2
𝑇2 = 𝑃1
Substituting the given values, we have:
(303.15 𝐾)(1 𝑎𝑡𝑚) 303.15 𝐾
𝑇2 = 0.980 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0.980 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝑲
Your Turn Problem 3. A sample gas exerted a pressure of 795 mmHg at 45.0 °C. What would be the temperature
required to change the pressure to standard conditions? YTP3: [304.159 K]
Sample Problem 4. Determine the volume, in liters, occupied by 3.50 moles of methane gas, CH4 at STP.
Given: number of moles of CH4 = 3.50 moles
Required: Volume of CH4 at STP
Solution: Recall that at STP where temperature is 273.15 K and the pressure is 1 atm, 1 mole of a gas will
always have a volume of 22.4 L.
That is:
1 mole = 22.4 L
22.4 𝐿 78.40 𝐿
3.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻4 × = = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝑳
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐻4 1
Your Turn Problem 4. Determine the volume, in liters, of 10.0 mole of Argon gas, Ar, at STP. YTP4: [224 L]
Sample Problem 5. A 6.50 mole carbon dioxide, CO2, occupies a volume of 13.5 L at 28.0°C. Determine the
pressure of CO2 at these conditions.
Given: n = 6.50 mole
V = 13.5 L
T = 28.0 °C
= 28.0 °C + 273.15
= 301.15 K
Required: Pressure of the gas, P
Solution:
The ideal gas equation is given by:
PV = nRT
Solving for P, we have:
𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑉
Substituting the given values and solving for P,
L-atm
(6.50 moles)(0.0821 )(301.15K) 160.709 atm
K-mol
P= (13.5 L)
= 13.5
=11.904 atm
Your Turn Problem 5. A 1.25 mole bromine gas, Br2, occupies a volume of 20.6 L at 35.0 °C. Determine the
pressure of Br2 at these conditions. YTP5: [1.535 atm]
