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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

The Philippine National Police (PNP) provided the guidelines and

procedures in the overall strategy of the Police Community Affairs and

Development (PCAD) with emphasis on intensifying community support and

raising positive public trust and perception of the organization towards a safer

and more secure community through effective crime prevention and crime

solution activities.

Police Community Affairs and Development Group are one of the National

Operational Support Units or NOSU, The Police Community Affairs and

Development (PCAD) cover the awareness, organization, and mobilization of the

community for crime prevention, lawlessness resistance, and overall security of

the area relative to peace and order, public safety, and development. Infuses the

importance of social awareness and cultural understanding, such as gender

sensitivity, responsive programs, and peace-building as among the strong

foundation for fostering a cooperative and harmonious community. Thus, The

Police Community Affairs and Development focus on the strengthening of gender

awareness and development, peace-building initiatives in the culturally-diverse

setting, including indigenous groups, and in acknowledging the crucial

contribution of the family at the core of the community. its strategies according to

the growing trends and communication innovations in technology in an effort to

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enhance the community engagement, sustain community support, and deliver

better quality policing making its services more accessible to every common

platform available.

This Police Community Affairs and Development harmonizes programs,

projects and activities, and lead our communities towards achieving a better

public order and safety in support of quad operational concept, strengthen police

community affairs and development programs and activities, to harness citizens

participation as PNP Partners in the maintenance of public order and safety, to

gain higher level of public trust and confidence for the PNP and make PCR as a

basic police competency, the police being a role model and servant leader in the

community.

It illustrates Police Community Affairs and Development as the new face of

Police Community Relation which has three interrelated aspect used as the

major tools to accomplish its community affairs and development, public

information, and information development operation these three aspects make up

a complete police community affairs and development (PCAD) strategy. the new

strategy strengthens the linkages between the PNP and its stakeholders and

promotes non-traditional systems of engaging the public, as it lays a stronger

foundation in creating active partnerships to achieve lasting peace and

sustainable development. ideally, all these can begin in every community. the

dimension have target audiences in the community wherein activities are

intended, composed of the external audiences and the internal audiences, the
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Internal audiences comprise the PNP personnel, while the External audiences

are those outside the PNP organization.

Police Community Relation is the heart and soul of policing, this innovative

concept has placed the PNP in the forefront of friendly and nurturing relations

with the community on the premise that every Police Officer must be a Police

Community Relation practitioner, this Police Community Relation model has

evolved into a well-rounded approach known as Police Community Affairs and

development (PCAD) the result of leveling up by sustaining and expanding a

sense of community. with this realization, Police Community Affairs and

Development has translated its local actions to lead and place the human being

at the center of Community Affairs and Development

The three dimension of Police Community Affairs and Development aim to

ensure to secure the community against the forces that disrupt public safety and

security, such as crime, terrorism and insurgency and other forms of hostilities. in

the effort to inform, engage and influence, and lead, all activities shall be aligned

to support PNP to counter adversaries and solve crime and public safety

problems in the localities. sustaining the Police Community Affairs and

Development strategy, information development operations, Public Information

and Community Affairs and Development. Community and the PNP come to a

point where they align their goals and where the Community finally takes the lead

in this partnership.
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Community should be involved in the entire process starting from the

identification of crime and public safety problems to developing, implementing

monitoring and evaluating interventions because an empowered community

takes the lead in addressing crime, public safety and development issues in the

community, Community Affairs and Development focuses strengthening

community cooperation, collaboration and trust to achieve gains against crime,

terrorism and insurgency. it is built on a positive relationship and active

participation between and among the PNP and the members of the community to

develop peace and order solutions and sustain an environment.

Shall initiate and provide assistance on matters that need support and

coordination, such as disaster relief operations, medical support operations,

rescue operation, community based education and trainings, and other

urgent/non urgent assistance that the police can provide aside from law

enforcement groups and all other entities who intend to collaborate on

community programs and concerns with the PNP shall be first validated to verify

their intentions not to be political, personal and illegal and shall complete

necessary requirements.

Implement Police Community Affairs and Development plans, activities and

programs through the use of focused strategies and initiatives to increase

awareness on the PNP’s crime prevention program, improve crime rate

resolution, enhance public trust and confidence of the public towards the PNP,

increased Community Support empowered and responsive community.

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Background of the study

The study will be conducted in Obando Bulacan, Obando Bulacan it is one

of the coastal municipalities in the Province of Bulacan and is bounded by

Valenzuela City in the East, Malabon City and Navotas City in Metro Manila in

the South, Municipality of Bulakan in the North, and the waters of Manila Bay in

the West. Obando is 16 kilometers away from the Philippine capital, Manila. It is

strategically surrounded by the northern urban clusters of the metropolis and the

most important natural resource in the National Capital Region, the Manila Bay..

The area was formerly an estuary, but it filled up partially from the peripheral

parts of each sand bar and sand spit and formed up into current figure that

mainly consisted of commercial district, partly industrial district, residential area

and fishpond. Within the municipality are two rivers and three creeks namely

Meycauayan River in the north, Pinagkabalian River in the south, and Paco

Creek, Hulo Creek and Pag-asa Creek traversing the town parallel to the

provincial road.

The town of Obando was named after Governor General Jose Francisco de

Obando y Solis who was responsible for decreeing Obando as a separate and

independent town on May 14, 1753. Economically, socially and politically,

Obando is making a headway, in its modest way, twenty years after it had risen

from the ruins of war in 1945, thanks to its God-loving, industrious and hospitable

people. With high hopes the town gazes at its bright future, Take four typical

pilgrims, a bachelor, a spinsters and a childless couple. Settle them into a rustic-
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peaceful town somewhere in Central Luzon. Make them dance with considerable

faith before the image of tree patron saints in an old historic church. Add some

seafood with a sprinkling of "mangga at suman". That's Obando in nutshell.

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Figure 1. Map of Obando Bulacan

Theoretical Frameworks

This research study is anchored in Resolution 2019-044. Approving the

Restructuring, Strengthening and Renaming of the Police Community Relations

Group (PCRG) as Police Community Affairs and Development Group (PCADG).

The Constitution and Republic Act No. 6975 (Department of Local

Government Act of 1990) as amended by Republic Act No. 8551 “An act

providing for the reform and re-organization of the Philippine National Police and

for other purposes, amending certain provision of Republic Act No. 6975 entitled,

"An Act Establishing the Philippines National Police under a Re-organized

Department of the interior and the Local Government, and for other purposes"

The PNP Submitted for approval of the commission of a copy of NHQ-

PNP General Orders Number DPL-18-01 which provides for the restructuring,

strengthening and renaming of the police community relations group (PRCG) as

Police Community Affairs and Development Group.

The Commission, After Review of the PNP’s Submission, Finds the same

to be in order considering that it shall further strengthen the operational

capabilities of the PNP, as well as police-community relations which is essential

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in promoting community and citizens participation in the maintenance of peace

and order and public safety.

Conceptual Frameworks

The researchers utilized the Input-Process-Output as the conceptual

framework of the study.

The INPUT consist variables measuring the assessment of the three

groups of respondents on the Effectiveness of the Police Community Affairs and

Development, in terms of; Crime Prevention, Public Safety, and Programs and

Activities.

The assessment of the problems encountered by the Effectiveness of

Police Community Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan.

The second variable PROCESS consisted of conduct of interviews,

develop survey questionnaire, distribution of survey questionnaire, collection of

data, statistical treatment, presentation, analysis; interpretation, and graphical

presentation.

The independent variable OUTPUT from the findings of the study,

proposed recommendations to address the problems encountered in the

Implementation of Police Community Affairs and Development in Obando

Bulacan.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Assessment the a. Secure approval

respondents on the of the Dean on the
Effectiveness of
Police Community conduct of the
Affairs in Obando study;
Bulacan, in terms of:

b. Develop survey Proposed

1.1 Community Affairs recommendation
and Development; questionnaire; to address the
1.2 Public
Information; and problems
1.3 Information c. Distribution of encountered in
Development the
survey
Operation Implementation of
questionnaire; Police Community
2. Problems Affairs and
encountered in the Development in
Effectiveness of d. Collection and
Obando Bulacan
Police Community statistical analysis of
Affairs and
data; and
Development in
Obando Bulacan.
e. Presentation,
analysis and
interpretation of
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FEEDBACK

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of the study is to assess the Effectiveness of the Police

Community Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan.

Specifically, to answer the following sub problems:

1. How do the respondents assess the Effectiveness of the Police

Community Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan:

1.1 Community Affairs and Development;

1.2 Public Information, and

1.3 Information Development Operation?

2. Is there significant difference in the assessment of the respondents as to

the Effectiveness of the Police Community Affairs and Development in

Obando Bulacan?

3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in the

Implementation of Police Community Affairs and Development in Obando

Bulacan?
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4. From the findings of the study, what recommendations may be proposed

to address the problems encountered in the Implementation of Police

Community Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan?

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents in

the Police Community Affairs and Development in Obando, Bulacan.

Scope and Limitation of the study

The Setting

The study will be conducted in Obando, Bulacan.

The Subject content

The study will be focused on the Effectiveness of Police Community

Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan.

The Respondents

The study will be composed of three (3) groups of respondents.

The first group is the Police Personnel of Obando Police Station, the

second group is the Barangay Officials, and the last group is the

residents from selected Barangays at Obando, Bulacan.

The Time Frame

The study will be covered the Academic Year 2022-2023.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study may serve as significant to the following groups:
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To the Baranggay Official, This study will serve as a guide to monitor

community mobilization for crime prevention and the general security of the area

in terms of peace and order.

To the Community, this study it will serve as a guide to building trust

between the police and the community to create peace and order solutions and

sustain an environment.

To the Criminology student, This study will provide them knowledge

about Police Community Affairs and Development.

To the Volunteer Organization, This will serve to provide guidance to the

Organizing people in the community, it will create a sense of participation,

involvement, and belonging to the conduct of the PNP programs and activities.

To the Future Researchers, this research will serve as a reference for

future researchers in order for them to gain ideas and information that would help

them to improve their research study.

Definition of terms

For purpose of clarity, the researchers used some terms in the study in

which are deemed important in the analysis to be made as they are conceptually

and operationally defined as follows:

Community Affairs – Refers to partnerships among public and private

organizations that establish a relationship of trust and understanding between the

organization and the community in which both will benefit.

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Community Development – Refers to the process where community

members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to

common problems. it is a collective action being taken at a grassroots level.

Community Mobilization – Refers to the process of engaging

communities which involves the identification of community priorities, resources,

needs, and solutions to promote representative participation, good governance,

accountability, and peaceful change.

Community Relation – Refers to a relationship that an organization, etc.

has with the people who live in the area in which programs are implemented.

Civil Society Organization – Refers to people who join together to

provide a service or services to their community.

Communication Support Operations – are activities conducted primarily

to support the initiatives of the PNP to counter and prevent false information and

narratives and present factual narratives about the PNP and the Government.

Amplify – Refers to Intensification campaigns for the implementation of

Police Community Affairs and Development plans, programs and activities.

Police Community Relation – Shall refers to the relationship of the

police to the community should be wide. The community relies upon the police

department to “protect and serve” and the police, in return, rely upon community

support and cooperation in order to be effective. When communication and trust

deteriorate, tensions build between the community and police and undermine

their shared goal of safer communities.

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Public Safety Services – are government functions that contribute to the

attainment of a safe, orderly, and peaceful environment towards the improvement

of quality of life.

Public Affairs – are activities that an organization is doing for the

community through the use of various channels and methodologies for an

identified target audience.

ACRONYMS

PCADG – Police Community Affairs and Development Group

PCAD – Police Community Affairs and Development

NOSU – National Operation Support Unit

LGU - Local Government Unit

NGO - Non-Government Organization

PNP – Philippine National Police

PCR - Police Community Relation

.
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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

This Chapter focuses on the different articles and pieces of literature and

different studies which are directly related to the present study.

Foreign Literature

According to Clayton County (2012). The Community Affairs

Unit develops and oversees programs that involve the community. Community

Affairs Unit is to perform the crime prevention function. The duties and

responsibilities shall include but are not limited to, providing the citizens of

Clayton County with a centralized source of assistance in making families,

homes, and businesses more secure; providing educational programs on crime

awareness and crime prevention programs to the community, neighborhoods and

businesses; and establishing close relationships with the community through our

community policing philosophy and crime prevention programs.

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According to Lindberg (2011). Citizens can provide the police with insight

into the specific crime problems occurring within their neighborhoods and aid

officers in their investigations. The collaborations are beneficial to both the police

and the community. To reduce crime more effectively and efficiently, many law

enforcement agencies establish collaborative partnerships within their

communities. These relationships help facilitate good communication,

understanding of cultures, and building trust between community members and

police organizations. Partnerships may include police officers, business owners,

community leaders, social service and healthcare providers, and other

community members.

According to Joseph (2011). Community development is a skilled process

and part of its approach is the belief that communities cannot be helped unless

they themselves agree to this process. Community development has to look both

ways not only at how the community is working at the grassroots, but also at how

responsive key institutions are to the needs of local communities. This

emphasizes community involvement in maintaining social order and crime

reduction to pave a better way to their developing programs.

According to Stewart (2022). Community Affairs Bureau plays a critical

role in the department's refocused approach to achieving and sustaining gains

against crime by strengthening community relationships and trust. The bureau

partners with community leaders, civic organizations, block associations, and

concerned citizens to educate them on police policies and practices, and to

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develop solutions to challenges that arise within the city's many diverse

communities. Community Affairs also provides young people with enrichment,

diversion, and intervention programs, helping to reduce youth crime. Community

affairs officers, crime prevention officers, and youth officers are assigned to each

police precinct and stay closely connected with the community. Community

Outreach division develops strong partnerships with communities likely to

experience challenges, and works to resolve these issues through the division's

liaison units. Department members introduce various communities to the many

NYPD programs and other services offered by other city agencies as part of the

department's ongoing efforts to enhance quality of life and to reduce fear and

crime. The division's outreach units, listed below, stay closely linked with various

groups through meetings and events, and foster tolerance and understanding

among diverse communities.

According to Wides (2022). Community Developments Investments

explores how national banks and federal savings associations can partner with

community development financial institutions other nonprofit organizations, and

federal and local leaders and agencies to help rebuild and better prepare

communities for natural disasters and emergencies. provide immediate relief and

humanitarian aid after disasters to help their communities and customers with

recovery efforts. In addition, many banks have contributed grants and

investments to help fund the operation of nonprofit organizations in particular,

minority depository institutions serving low and moderate-income communities.

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Community Partners can support these collaborations through networks of

nonprofit organizations and the support of local and national government

initiatives. Such collaborations are critical to the financing of rebuilding efforts,

including affordable housing and economic development projects, and the

sustainability of small businesses and community facilities.

Local Literature

According to Manwong and Delizo (2005). Police Community Affairs are

activities outside law enforcement that necessitate PNP support and/or

participation. This results in a contribution to a better appreciation and enhance

support for the police organization as a whole. They also quoted the democratic

concept of policing wherein the police are the people, and the people are the

police, this means that every police officer is required to protect lives an property,

preserve peace and order and prevent crimes and other civil disturbances Law.

According to Pantorilla (2019). Police Community Affairs and

Development Branch of PNP Lanao del Norte presented to the volunteers the

vital role of Barangay Peacekeeping Action (BPO) and Barangay Peacekeeping

Action Team (BPAT).BPAT is to conduct peacekeeping activities in association

with the various sectors of the community and ensure their continuous support

towards the maintenance of peace and order and safety while BPO is also known

as the Bayanihan concept, a partnership between the community and law

enforcers in Policing and maintenance of security, peace and order, Volunteers

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for Peace and Development are also considered as one major partner for

securing safety and providing peace and order to the community.

According to Bernadas (2022). The Police Community Affairs and

Development Group (PCADG) plans to maximize the use of social media in

communicating its community and development affairs activities and programs,

said its information and communications officer. We see the value, potential, and

effectiveness of social media not only in crime prevention but also in crime

solution. go about it, the PNP personnel would undergo training and courses on

correspondence, journalism, and civil-military affairs to utilize social media

strategically and operationally, PCADG plans to upgrade the capability of

regional offices in order to widen the reach and deepen commitment with local

stakeholders, we aim to improve our partnerships and engagement with other

stakeholders, not only with the public sector but also with private institutions,

businesses, non-government offices, force multipliers, and people in the

grassroots.

According to Myles (2022). The Police Community Affairs and

Development Group is together with the staff of the Office of the House of

Representatives in preparing and repacking food packs for the victims of typhoon

Paeng. Led by Police Lieutenant Myleen Lacambra, Team leader, and Ms.

Regina Ramirez, Legislative Staff Officer, the group of police, HOR personnel

and volunteers who tirelessly led the lifting and stacking of relief goods. They

headed to the evacuation centers of the various Municipalities of the Province to

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be reached by help our countrymen affected by Typhoon Paeng. The

beneficiaries of the said Relief Operation expressed their gratitude. The National

Police continues to extend assistance and services to our countrymen affected

by Typhoon Paeng. With the Philippine National Police who are ready to serve

tirelessly and without hesitation to provide adequate assistance to every victim of

the tragedy and connect every Filipino to a peaceful and prosperous Philippines.

According to Dar (2021). Community Affairs and Development Division

Chief Colonel Maly Cula   said    the Philippine National Police has police-

oriented programs such as   the “KKDAT” or the Kabataan Kontra Droga at

Terorismo which as the title implies, aims   to protect the youth from illegal drugs

and from terrorism especially from the manipulative and deceitful recruitment of

left leaning group, as well as from crimes. In partnership with other government

agencies, the PNP builds awareness and understanding among the youth about

illegal drugs and terrorism, and kindle in them the spirit of volunteerism.  Aside

from the active community support in peacekeeping and advocacy against illegal

drugs, we are also training them in terms of skills and leadership traits that they

can apply in their life and in their community, Cula said during Kapihan media

forum here on launching the Police Community Relations Month. The KKDAT

program also has a big impact on the general public seeing the police and the

youth working hand in hand towards community development, he added. The

KKDAT is organized in many local government units in the region.

Foreign Studies
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According to Louis (2019). The study specifically appraises the PCRC

strategy adopted by the police to determine its relevance and contribution to

internal), this is a formal voluntary organization instituted in 1984 by the NPF as

part of the police intelligence gathering strategy. It is made up of civilian

members of a particular police host community the Federal ministry of police

affairs and Nigeria Police Force (NPF) whose basic function is to secure lives

and property in addition to public safety in Nigeria. It argues the gloomy internal

security environment in Nigeria. The study specifically appraises the strategy

adopted by the police to determine its relevance and contribution to internal, this

is a formal voluntary organization instituted by the Nigeria Police Force as part of

the police intelligence gathering strategy. The Police Community Relations

Committee (PCRC) approach is a policing strategy adopted by the Nigeria Police

Force for intelligence gathering through police and community partnerships. This

is to the realization that effective policing can only be achieved when the

community is actively involved in the policing of its environment. It is made up of

civilian members of a particular police host community. It is the deserved opinion

of this paper that in order to square-up with the current crime rate in Nigeria, the

NPF had to adopt a multifaceted approach to crime control and prevention in the

country.

According to kilu (2014). The study was a phenomenological inquiry

which adopted qualitative approaches, and conducted in-depth interviews with

respondents in three mining companies. Community affairs and public relations

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practice in Ghanaian mines has been dominated by females. To gain adequate

understanding of this phenomenon, it is prudent to explore its gendered nature.

Literature from feminist theorists draws collective attention to the centrality of

gender in shaping social relations, pointing out that gender is one of the central

organizing principles around which social life revolves. However, the field being

feminized faces the realities of gender-bias, glass ceiling effects, dwindling fame,

status and lack of influence within the sector. This paper explores the community

affairs and public relations practice as well as the phenomenon of engendering

their roles in Ghanaian mines. Discourse analysis was employed in analyzing the

statements of the respondents. Results show that community affairs and public

relations officers from the mines function as the face of the mining companies in

the communities in terms of engagements and communications. Results further

indicate that culture, customs and traditions temper the language and posture of

the mining communities making it very difficult for them to be aggressive, tough

and rough towards female community affairs and public relations officers. Thus,

female community affairs and public relations officers serve virtually as shields

against the venoms and darts of anger emanating from the occasional embittered

community members. The paper has social and practical implications for

ensuring diversity management and gender equity in Ghanaian mining

environments.

According to Devis (2022). The study was to determine the role of Police

and the community partnerships in promoting community relations with a case of

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three sectors, which are Nyabimata, Ruheru, and Muganza that were selected

from the list of 14 sectors in Nyaruguru district. The study objectives were to

determine the role of information sharing between Rwuanda National Police

(RNP) and Community in promoting community relations, to examine how the

fight against gender-based violence by RNP has promoted community relations,

and to explore the role of a fight against organized crimes by RNP in promoting

community relations in the selected three sectors of Nyaruguru district. The study

applied mixed methods, which consisted of quantitative and qualitative methods

to collect and analyze data. Data was collected from a sample size of 384

community members, 6 local leaders, and 15 police officers using questionnaires

and interviews respectively. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential were

used that consisted of frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation,

correlation, and regression for quantitative data, and content analysis was used

to analyze qualitative data from interviews. Findings revealed that there was a

negative significant correlation between police-community information sharing

and community relations. The study recommended based on regression findings

that the police should continue engaging in various community partnerships

aimed at promoting community relations.

According to Kambiri (2021). The study is a comparative analysis

between the participation of the communities in the decision-making process in

the municipalities of Pristina region (Pristina, Fushe Kosove, Obilic, Drenas and

Gracanica) and the use of local decision-making mechanisms. The methodology

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uses analytical and comparative analysis, focusing on the communities in the

Pristina region regarding their participation in public meetings. Additionally, the

study analyses the empirical research conducted with the communities in the

above-mentioned municipalities with a sample of 550 respondents. The results of

this research show that the participation of the community in public meetings is

low. About 50% of the study participants indicated that they do not attend public

meetings for a number of reasons, such as the sense that their opinions and

ideas were disregarded, the distance to the meetings, lack of timely information,

and other influential factors.

the development of local government and community has taken new

direction, especially in the countries of the Western Balkans, creating a

partnership between these two parties. Local government is an important

segment that has the legitimacy to organize local public affairs. Whereas

community is regarded mainly as a social philosophy pertaining to the domain of

communitarianism. More broadly, a community is a unit that includes the social

networking, beliefs, values, norms and the social cohesion between its members,

who are considered as social capital and are identified as part of the community.

In Kosovo, the system of local government is one-tier type, central and local

levels of government and municipalities are the basic unit of local government.

Whereas the cooperation between the community and local government,

although it is regulated by local self-government law, is still a needed practical

implementation. It is important for the community to participate in public

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meetings, which are means used as local decision-making and policy-making

mechanisms.

According to Faubert (2009). This study sought to examine the processes

and dynamics underlying the community mobilization of intersectoral local

organizations involved in the project, as well as the role the first author played

from her posture. A single case analysis was constructed based on qualitative

methods and analysis of the community mobilization process and intermediary

change agent's practice over a 29-month period 8. The data derived from five

sources: (1) intermediary change agent participant observation and descriptive

notes, (2) intermediary change agent reflective notes, (3) local partners' monthly

meeting recording transcripts and notes, (4) debriefing notes from KIS research

team meetings, and (5) written and electronic material. The analysis involved a

two-stage process: (1) inductive, thematic coding and analysis of the raw data

(Patton, 1990); and (2) theoretical, conceptual coding and interpretation of

emerging themes based on four concepts derived from resource dependence

theory (i.e., resource interdependence, autonomy, ownership, and control over

the use and contribution of resources). The results showed that the intermediary

change agent's work was characterized by a set of tensions occurring along

three continuums: process-product, insider-outsider, and bottom-up/top-down.

Inherent to these tensions were organizational autonomy and ownership (i.e.,

control) over various types of processes/capacities and resources, notably

between KIS's research team and local partners. This case analysis also
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revealed key managerial strategies (i.e., activating, synthesizing, framing,

mobilizing) which strengthened relationships of interdependence between local

organizations, and barriers which hindered the development of collect that

capacities. Finally, local organizations were found to move through different

stages as they learned to work together and achieve collective goals. Results

from this case study enabled the conceptualization of a theoretical construct of

interdependence dynamics operating among organizations involved in KIS, and

strategies used by the intermediary change agent to manage these dynamics

throughout the community mobilization process. The results suggest that the

notions of organizational resources (i.e., financial, in-kind, political), capacities,

autonomy, and ownership need to be considered in an integrated model in order

to understand the complex dynamics and relationships operating among

organizations involved in CII.

Local Studies

According to Sombrio & Branca (2017), This study was conducted to

identify the demographic profile of the participants; to evaluate the effectiveness

of the programs implemented by the police community relations and to assess

the extent of level of performance of the Police Community Relations in Trece

Martires City Component Police Station in terms of the programs implemented

and through community policing. Descriptive method was used because it

involves the description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of gathered data

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and a self – made survey questionnaire was distributed to 150 of community and

15 police officers with a total of 165 participants. the result reveals the level of

performance of the Police Community Relations as perceived by the police

participants was highly effective and well implemented to prevent crimes and

criminality. As to community perception, the programs were just moderately

effective to fight crimes and criminality. Therefore, it was resulted to significantly

different on the perception of the community and police with regards to the level

of performance of the Police Community Relations to fight crimes and criminality.

According to Thaise (2022). The study has been prepared by the Center

for Inclusive Development Studies of the University of Science and Technology

of Southern Philippines in collaboration with the Regional Community Affairs and

Development Division Committee on Community Engagement of the Philippine

National Police Region X. The study aimed to ascertain the perception of the

community on safety and security, respect, and trust in the PNP Region X. It is a

feedback mechanism to determine the public’s satisfaction with the PNP’s

community engagement in the region. The results then serve as the basis for

recommending an intervention plan designed to enhance the community’s

satisfaction with the performance of the PNP. The results of the independent

community satisfaction survey strongly suggest that the community is highly

satisfied with the PNP’s community engagement programs, projects, and

activities. This is particularly with regard to the perception of the community on

safety and security, respect, and trust in the PNP Region X. This study further
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concludes that through dedicated and concerted efforts of the community, the

local  government units, and the Philippine National Police (PNP) Region X, the

peace and order situation has been fully managed to keep the region safe and

secure.

According to Maita (2021). This study was conducted to determine the

level of satisfaction of community residents on the services of the PNP. This

undertaking utilized a total of one-hundred and fifty respondents who are direct

beneficiaries of the services of the Philippine National Police in the area of study.

It utilized the descriptive research design which described the profile and the

level of satisfaction of community residents on the PNP services. It was

conducted in Baggao, Cagayan. Random sampling was adopted to identify the

respondents of the study with a questionnaire as a data gathering tool. Interview

was also conducted to supplement the responses of the respondents. The results

of this undertaking revealed the differences in the respondents’ perceptions as to

the different services rendered by the Philippine National Police in the area of

study. Majority of the respondents positively assessed the provision of the

services by the agency as very satisfied on the areas of “Locating Missing

Person”, “Issuing Police Clearance” and “Conducting rescue operations in

coordination with concerned agencies during emergency and disasters “while a

few of the affected respondents assessed the other mandates as otherwise.

Differences in the perceptions of the respondents manifest inconsistencies on the

level of their satisfaction, thus provisions which would warrant an excellent

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delivery of the mandate should be given priority by the agency. To maintain a

notably high level of service satisfaction on the mandate of the Philippine

National Police, it is recommended that the agency should revisit its mandate

and devise a more specific and clearer procedure and program in the conduct of

its services, the agency may continuously provide orientation and training to

personnel on customer relations and services to meet the full satisfaction of the

beneficiaries and more extensive study should be conducted to include areas

and other variables connected to services satisfaction may be conducted.

According to Nicolas (2001). This study intends to help community action

for rural development (CARD) execute its social development agenda among

tribal communities of Kapalong, Davao del Norte. It addresses how CARD carries

out its advocacy work, what issues have been advocated, what factors facilitated

or hindered its advocacy work, what are its capability needs, and how can its

advocacy work be enhanced or strengthened. Thus, CARD staff members

signified their need to have continuous training on advocacy. There might be

innovations, new trends and ways of doing and managing their programs they

need to learn and apply in their work. As a result of the evaluation, CARD shifted

its implementation strategy to an integrated area focus and team approach

starting 1999. This validated an earlier recommendation given by the Council of

Elders which acts as an advisory body to CARD. The Council of Elders called for

the consolidation of CARD's services into a single program, the Community

Organizing-Community Development Program (CO-CDP). The shift to an area

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team approach for the delivery of program services could be viewed as timely

and most appropriate given the programs and services provided by CARD, the

peculiar nature and problems of its beneficiary communities, and the size of its

staff. The earlier approach adopted-program approach-proved to be efficient in

meeting program objectives. However, this approach tended to be less

beneficiary-friendly given the nature of problems in these communities. Their

problems tend to be so complex and multifaceted that solutions and actions to

respond to them oftentimes require a holistic perspective.

According to Sabijon (2017). This study aimed to evaluate the

effectiveness of police community relations in Cebu City mountain villages. It

further described the profile of respondents regarding the following: age, gender,

civil status, highest educational attainment, Occupation, place of residence and

length of stay. The level of effectiveness of the police-community relation

programs as perceived by respondents regarding: Civic action programs, Public

relation Programs, Public information programs, and Mass Communication

program. The discoveries of the review filled in as the reason for a proposed

activity arranges. An expressive relationship configuration was the strategy for

research and an altered survey as an instrument of information accumulation we

utilized. The respondents were 150 occupants in Lahug, Busay, and Talamban.

The discoveries of the review uncovered that lion’s share of the respondents

was overwhelmed by 21-25 years of age, male, wedded and had over 20 years

living the territory. The viability of the police group connection programs
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demonstrated the projects they actualize is successful in associating with the

occupants. It is suggested that the examination proposed a turn of pivoting dole

out the place of a cop community relation is the most significant development in

police organization, which supplements traditional crime fighting with problem-

solving and preventive oriented approaches that emphasize the role of

community hand to hand to combat crime and the deterrence of potential criminal

activity.

Synthesis of Reviewed Studies

The reviewed studies cited became the basis for the researchers to know

the background of Police Community Affairs and Development. It provides the

researchers foundation on the nature and scope of the problems of the duty as

well as the action for better understanding facts.

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According to Louis (2019).The study specifically appraises the PCRC

strategy adopted by the police to determine its relevance and contribution to

internal), this is a formal voluntary organization instituted in 1984 by the NPF as

part of the police intelligence gathering strategy. It is made up of civilian

members of a particular police host community the Federal ministry of police

affairs and Nigeria Police Force (NPF) whose basic function is to secure lives

and property in addition to public safety in Nigeria. It argues the gloomy internal

security environment in Nigeria. The study specifically appraises the strategy

adopted by the police to determine its relevance and contribution to internal, this

is a formal voluntary organization instituted by the Nigeria Police Force as part of

the police intelligence gathering strategy.

According to Nicolas (2001). This study intends to help community action

for rural development (CARD) execute its social development agenda among

tribal communities of Kapalong, Davao del Norte. It addresses how CARD carries

out its advocacy work, what issues have been advocated, what factors facilitated

or hindered its advocacy work, what are its capability needs, and how can its

advocacy work be enhanced or strengthened. Thus, CARD staff members

signified their need to have continuous training on advocacy. There might be

innovations, new trends and ways of doing and managing their programs they

need to learn and apply in their work. As a result of the evaluation, CARD shifted

its implementation strategy to an integrated area focus and team approach

starting 1999. This validated an earlier recommendation given by the Council of

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Elders which acts as an advisory body to CARD. The Council of Elders called for

the consolidation of CARD's services into a single program, the Community

Organizing-Community Development Program (CO-CDP). The shift to an area

team approach for the delivery of program services could be viewed as timely

and most appropriate given the programs and services provided by CARD, the

peculiar nature and problems of its beneficiary communities, and the size of its

staff.

CHAPTER 3

Method of Research and Procedures

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This chapter presents the research method used in the gathering of data

sources of data, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedures, and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Method

The descriptive method of research will be used by the researchers to

assess the Effectiveness of Police Community Affairs and Development in

Obando Bulacan.

According to Calderon (2006). Defined descriptive research as a

purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about

prevailing conditions, practices, processes, trends, and cause-effect

relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretations about such

data with or without or sometimes minimal aid of statistical methods. Also, this

method ascertains prevailing conditions of facts in a group under study that

gives either qualitative or quantitative, or both, descriptions of the general

characteristics of the group as results.

Descriptive research is a research method that can determine the situation

in a current phenomenon. also states that the goal of descriptive research is

drawing and classifying the phenomenon. In addition, Walliman (2011) defines

that descriptive research relates to an observation in collecting the data.

Population and Sampling Scheme

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The respondents of the study will be composed of three groups, the first

group is the Police personnel at Obando Bulacan Police Station, while the

second group is the Barangay Officials, and lastly, the third group is the residents

from selected barangays in Obando Bulacan.

The researchers will use the purposive sampling in this study. The

purposive sampling technique is a type of non-probability sampling that is most

effective when one needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable

experts within. Purposive sampling may also be used with both qualitative and

quantitative research techniques. The inherent bias of the method contributes to

its efficiency, and the method stays robust even when tested against random

probability sampling. Choosing the purposive sample is fundamental to the

quality of data gathered; thus, reliability and competence of the informant must

be ensured. (Tongco, 2007)

Description of the Respondents

In this study, the researchers will include as part of the study the profile of

the respondents as to their sex, age, civil status, educational attainment, and

length of service.

Table 1 presents the frequency distribution of the respondents. 

Table 1
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents
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Respondents Frequency Percentage

GROUP 1- Police Personnel
GROUP 2- Barangay Officials
GROUP 3- Residents
Total

Table 2 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to sex. 

Table 2
Distribution of Respondents According to Sex

Police Barangay
Residents TOTAL
Sex Personnel Officials
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
Male
Female
Total

Table 3 demonstrates the distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to Civil Status. 

Table 3
Distribution of Respondents According to Civil Status

Police Barangay TOTAL

Residents
Civil Status Personnel Officials
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
Single
Married
Separated
Widowed/Widower
Total
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Table 4 reveals the distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to Age. 

Table 4
Distribution of Respondents According to Age

Police Barangay
Residents TOTAL
Age Personnel Officials
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
18-30 years old
31-40 years old
41-50 years old
51 years old and
above
Total

Table 5 validates the distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to Educational Attainment. 

Table 5
Distribution of Respondents According to Educational Attainment

Police Barangay Resident

Educational TOTAL
Personnel Officials s
Attainment
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
High School
Graduate
College
Undergraduate
College Graduate
Master’s Degree
Units
Master’s Degree
With Doctorate Units
Doctorate Degree
Total
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Table 6 shows the distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to Length of Service. 

Table 6
Distribution of Respondents According to Length of Service

Barangay
Length of Police Personnel TOTAL
Officials
Service
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
3 years Below
4 - 5 years
6 - 10 years
11 - 15 years
Total

Research Instruments

In the gathering data, the researchers will employ self-structured survey

questionnaires which will be administered to the target respondents. The first part

is about the demographic profile of the respondents which included sex, age, civil

status, educational attainment and length of service.

The second part will address the Assessment the respondents on the

Effectiveness of Police Community Affairs in Obando Bulacan, in terms of,

Crime Prevention, Public Safety, and Programs and Activities.

The last part will assess the degree of seriousness of problems

encountered by the respondents in the Implementation of Police Community

Affairs and Development in Obando Bulacan.

Validation of Instruments
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Upon completion of the first draft of the questionnaire, it will be submitted

to the adviser for comments and suggestions. The researchers will consider the

corrections and suggestions will be made and incorporated into the final copy. To

test the reliability and validity of instrument, the researchers will conduct a pre-

test to selected personnel who will not be included in the final sample of

respondents. They will be asked for comments, suggestions and

recommendations to assure that all items are clear and understandable.

Immediately the researchers will collect the pre-test sample survey

questionnaires and will consider their comments, suggestions and

recommendations. It will prepare and distribute to the selected sample

respondents who are not part of the final sample respondents. The researchers

then will gather the sample post-test survey questionnaires and find out that

there are no more suggestions nor recommendations thus the researchers will

finalize the questionnaires by presenting it to the adviser. 

Procedures of the gathering of data

The following procedures will be undertaken:

1. The researchers will visit the Obando Bulacan and the selected

barangays to conduct the preliminary interview for the projected respondents.

2. Formulate and develop the survey instruments align with the objectives

of the study.

3. Validate the formulate and develop survey instruments and

incorporated all suggestions and comments.

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4. Reproduce the final copy of the validated survey instruments.

5. Distribute the survey instruments to the selected respondents based on

the master list.

6. Collect the distributed survey instruments from the respondents and

scan as to the ratings of the respondents.

7. Statistical computations based on the statement of the problems with

the assistance of the designated adviser.

8. Presentation, interpretation and analysis of the statistical results align

with the statement of the problems.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data obtain in the survey will be analyzed and evaluated using the

following statistical treatments:

The percentage techniques will be used in analyzing and evaluating the

data on profile of the respondents using the formula:

P   =   _____ f______ X 100

N                         
Where:
P - Percent (%)
N - Number of Respondents
F - Number of Responses
100 - Constant Value

The average weighted means (AWM) will be utilized to measure the

central tendency in relation to the issues being discussed in the study that were

assessed by the respondents. The average weighted mean refers to the

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accumulated response which determines the corresponding weight using the

formula: 

WM=Ʃfx
N
Where

WM - Weighted Mean

Ʃ - Summation Sign

F - Frequency

X - Unit Weight

N - Number of Respondents

For Sub Problem 1

1. The study will employ the four-point Likert scale presented below in the

analysis of the Effectiveness of the Police Community affairs and development in

Obando Bulacan, In terms of Crime Prevention, Public Safety, and Programs and

Activities

POINT VALUE MEAN SCALE DESCRIPTIVE VALUE

4 3.26 – 4.00 Very

Very Effective (VE)
Effective (VE)

3 2.51 – 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 – 2.50 Least Effective (LE)

1 1.00 – 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

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For Sub Problem 2

In the test of significant difference among the variables of the study will be

determined using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) –The simple analysis of

variance will use to compute the inferential data in testing the hypothesis of the

study.

For Sub Problem 3 

On other hand, problems encountered by the respondents in the

Implementation of Police Community Affairs and Development in Obando

Bulacan will utilize same formula illustrated above but descriptive rating,

according to degree of seriousness as seen below.

POINT VALUE MEAN SCALE DESCRIPTIVE RATING

4 3.26 – 4.00 Very Serious (VS)

3 2.51 – 3.25 Serious (S)

2 1.76 – 2.50 Least Serious (LS)

1 1.00 – 1.75 Not Serious (NS)

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PNP Memorandum Circular (2019) Police Community affairs and development

MasterPlan“Tagataguyod MC-re-Masterplan Tagataguyod

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masterplan-tagatagu/325711638998794/

History of Obando Bulacan Republic of the Philppines Municipality of Obando

https:obando.gov.ph

Resolution 2019-044. Republic of the Philippines, Department of the Interior and

Local Government National Police Commission

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Clayton County (2012). Clayton County Police Department Community Affairs

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Lindberg (2011). Police Community Partnerships: A Review of the Literature.

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University. Criminology and Criminal Justice Senior Capstone

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Joseph (2011). How community enables the development of community in terms

of having social order and crime reduction.

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Stewart (2022). New York Police Department, Community Affairs Bureau

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Wides (2022). Community Develops Investments. Partners in recovery

Community investment and resilience.

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affairs/index-community-affairs.html

Manwong & Delizo (2006). Law enforcement administration: A textbook in

criminology. Manila: Manwong Production & Publication.

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Pantorilla (2016). Lanao Norte Involves Brgys in peace building.

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building

Bernadas (2022). PNP to intensify Community Engagement under PBBM admin

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Myles (2022). The PNP-PCADG joined in the preparation of Relief Goods for the

victims of the typhoon.

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Dar (2021). PRO-Cor partners with youth in Community Development.

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Louis (2019). Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC) and Community

Policing in Nigeria. Department of History & International Studies

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Kilu (2014). Gender, Community affairs and public relations practice in Ghanaian

mines: A socio0linguistic study of gender and language nuances.

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Devis (2022). Police-Community Partnerships and Community Relation

Promotion in Rwanda National Police (RNP): The Case of Nyaruguru

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Kambiri (2021). Cooperation between Community and Local Governance -A

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Sombrio & Branca,(2017). Jonalyn A Level of Performance of Police Community

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Thaise (2022). Public satisfaction rating of the PNP Region X increased during

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Maita (2021). Level of satisfaction of Community residents on the services of the

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Nicolas (2001). Case Study of Community Action for Rural Development

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Sabijon (2017). Effectiveness of Police Community Relation in Cebu City’s

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chapter-i.pdf

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APPENDIX A
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CURRICULUM VITAE

JODAN R. BALIWAG
289 BMBA 4th avenue Brgy 118,
Caloocan City
[email protected]
Contact No. 09207130779

The researcher was born on March 25, 1999. in Bicol Camarines Sur, baao. he

currently living in barangay 118 in Caloocan City. and finished elementary

school in Bagong Silang elementary school, and took junior high school in Maria

Clara high school in Caloocan City, and senior high in Emmanuel John Institute

of science & Technology inc. for tertiary level, and he Bachelor of Science in

Criminology in Divine Mercy College Foundation Inc. He is a Currently Working

student in construction worker and Play Online games.

He would like to thank his family and specially his parents and wish him to

finish his study and to be successful in the near future.

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MARK ANTHONY G. CAPANAS

Block 5 Lot 8 Pagsibol Village
Barangay Timalan Naic, Cavite
[email protected]
Contact No. 09974471602

The researcher was born on August 31, 1999. He the youngest of three siblings.

He has two sisters, the eldest is 27 years of age and the second is 25 years old.

His father Job is fisherman and his mother is a housewife. His two sisters

graduated from Navotas Polytechnic College. and he is Currently in 4 th Year

College and taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology ar Divine Mercy

College Foundation Inc. His goal is to get Bachelor’s Degree and pass the board

exam to become a Police Officer one day.

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JAIMAR R. DELOS SANTOS

Lawa, Obando Bulacan
[email protected]
Contact No. 09750624654

The researcher was born on December 18, 2000. They are three siblings eldest

daughter is 24 year old and two boys and he is the second of the three siblings.

He is 21 years old and the youngest brother is 17 years old. His father works as

a welder and his mother is a fish vendor. His sister has graduated and has a

family of her own and she and her two siblings are still studying. He completed

elementary from Lawa Elementary School and High school from Obando

National High School and Senior High School from Obando Montessori Inc. He is

4th year College and the course is Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Divine

Mercy College Foundation Inc. and his brother is studying in high school. and he

is also a working student, His job is a Waiter in a Catering Services. He needs to

work harp to help his studies and his dream of becoming a police officer.
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JASTEVE KYLE A. GABUTE

413 Jasmin St. Reparo Baesa Caloocan City
Barangay 161, Zone 14 District 1
[email protected]
Contact No. 09504512459

The researcher was born on February 16, 2001, he has 2 siblings and he is the

eldest who loves political music and he also has his own band, he is happy in

what he is doing because he has been able to share his talent with others who

want to learn when it comes to the use of musical instrument. He attended

elementary and high school in Baesa, Caloocan city, and graduated in the year

2012, as for my high school studies in the same place, he graduated in 2016. as

a person with a dream in life, he continued to be a Senior High School at Ama

University and Colleges Main campus and graduated in the year 2018. being the

eldest, it is his responsibility to complete himself in college currently taking up

Criminology course. One day he will have a job, the important thing he learned in

school he can be use in the course he took.

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ROBERT P. YLARAN
0053 LT(B) LHUPA PHASE IV ST.
GOZOM CMP. TONSUYA MALABON
[email protected]
Contact No. 09215964531

The researcher is 22 years old and from Malabon city was born on July 17, 2000.

we are five siblings and I am the second and we are all boys, the oldest is 23

years, I followed, then the third is 18 years old turning 19 on December 31, and

the fourth one is 17 years old. we are three studying in college now the oldest

one is in civil engineering 4th year of college, and I am taking a bachelor of

science in criminology 4th-year college the third one is an electric engineer first-

year college the other two are in senior high school and elementary. the name of

my parents is Reynaldo and Edna, my father’s job is as a driver and my mother is

a housewife. we studied here in manila, I attended elementary school at Epifanio

Delos Santos elementary school, I attended high school, then senior high school

at are Arellano university, now. I am currently at divine mercy college foundation

inc. 4th year college and I hope to finish this year and graduate and I hope to be

lucky if I can take the board exam and pass and become a police officer

someday.