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C++ Introduction
Programming language:

 Programming Language is a set of instructions that can be used to construct a

program.

 C++ like FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal are high-level language (they are closer to

human languages and further from machine languages )

 C++ is predominantly a complied language program (executable programs), and it

is a general-purpose language.

 Machine language: the only programs that can be used to operate a computer.
 Assembly language: substitution of a word like symbols for the binary of codes

(operating codes) and both decimal numbers and labels for memory address.

 Assembly language programs must be translated into a machine language program

before it can be executed on a computer.

 Source Code (Source program): programs are written in a computer language, this

must be translated into the machine language of the computer on which a compiler will

run it. Therefore C++ is a compiled language

On a fundamental level, all computer programs do the same thing:

Input data process the data Output result

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

What is C++?

C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications.

C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell labs in 1979, as an extension to the C language.

C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.

The language was updated 3 major times in 2011, 2014, and 2017 to C++11, C++14, and C++17.

Why Use C++

C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.

C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems.

C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and
allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.

C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple
platforms.

As C++ is close to C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa
Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical
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To start using C++, you need two things:

A text editor, like Notepad, to write C++ code

A compiler, like GCC, to translate the C++ code into a language that the computer will
understand

There are many text editors and compilers to choose from. We will use an IDE.

C++ Install IDE

An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is used to edit AND compile the code.

Popular IDE's include Code::Blocks, Eclipse, and Visual Studio. These are all free, and they can be
used to both edit and debug C++ code.

Note: Web-based IDE's can work as well, but functionality is limited.

We will use Code::Blocks in our lectures.

You can find the latest version of Code blocks at http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads/26.

Let's create our first C++ file.

Open Codeblocks and go to File > New > Empty File.

Write the following C++ code and save the file as: Myfirstprogram.cpp (File > Save File as):

myfirstprogram.cpp

In Codeblocks, it should look like this:

Then, go to Build > Build and Run to run (execute) the program. The result will look something
to this:

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

C++ Syntax

Example explained

Line 1: #include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us work with input and output
objects, such as cout (used in line 5). Header files add functionality to C++ programs.

Line 2: using namespace std means that we can use names for objects and variables from the
standard library.

Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space.

Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ program, is int main(). This is called a function.
Any code inside its curly brackets {} will be executed.

Line 5: cout (pronounced "see-out") is an object used together with the insertion operator (<<)
to output/print text. In our example it will output "Hello World".

Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon;.

Note: The body of int main() could also been written as:
int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; return 0; }

Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. However, multiple lines make the code more
readable.

Line 6: return 0 ends the main function.

Line 7: Do not forget to add the closing curly bracket} to actually end the main function.

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

Omitting Namespace

You might see some C++ programs that run without the standard namespace library. The using
namespace std line can be omitted and replaced with the std keyword, followed by the::
operator for some objects:

Example:

#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

Note: It is up to you if you want to include the standard namespace library or not.

Note: one of the most common syntax errors is indeed to forget to include some semicolon after
a statement.

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

C++ Output (Print Text)

The cout object, together with the << operator, is used to output values/print text:

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

You can add as many cout objects as you want. However, note that it does not insert a new line
at the end of the output:

Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

C++ New Lines

To insert a new line, you can use the \n character:

Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World! \n";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Tip: Two \n characters after each other will create a blank line:

Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World! \n\n";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Another way to insert a new line, is with the endl manipulator:

Programming C++ Samir Bilal Practical & Theoretical

Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}

Both \n and endl are used to break lines. However, \n is used more often and is the preferred
way.

Q1) what is Programming Language?

Q2) what is C++?

Q3) what is IDE?

Q4) what is file format or file extension of c++ file code?

Q5) what is c++ output?

Q6) what is c++ newline?