GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 1|Page

COURSE OUTLINE

Course Code : GE 5
Course Description : Purposive Communication
Target Population : All Students
Instructor :
Contact Information :

COURSE OVERVIEW

Purposive Communication is a three-unit course that develops students’ communicative competence

and enhances their cultural and intercultural awareness through multimodal tasks that provide them
opportunities for communicating effectively and appropriately to a multicultural audience in a local or
global context. It equips students with tools for critical evaluation of a variety of texts and focuses on the
power of language and the impact of images to emphasize the importance of conveying messages
responsibly. The knowledge, skills, and insights that students gain from this course may be used in their
academic endeavors, their chosen disciplines, and their future careers as they compose and produce relevant
oral, written, audio-visual, and/or web-based output for various purposes.
COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the students are expected to:

Knowledge

1. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various
and multicultural contexts;
2. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication;
3. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images; and
4. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive (listening, reading, viewing) skills.
Skills
1. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target
audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers;
2. Create clear, coherent, and effective communicative materials; and
3. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial expressions, and
gestures.
Values
1. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in the communication of ideas;
2. Appreciate the differences in the varieties of spoken and written language; and
3. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world.

The following are the topics to be discussed:

UNIT 1 Evaluating Messages and Communication Aids and Strategies

UNIT 2-3 The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids in Communication

UNIT 4-5 Communication for Various Purposes

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 2|Page

 MIDTERM | UNIT 1 EVALUATING MESSAGES AND
COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive skills (i.e., listening,

reading, viewing).
2. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual and/or web-presentations for different
target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers.
3. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.

THE POWER OF WORDS AND IMAGES

Look at the illustration on international arrivals below. Answer the key questions that follow.

Five Key Questions:

1. What is the message?

2. What is the purpose of the message?
3. How is the message conveyed (by the text and/or image)?
4. Who is the target audience of the message?
5. What other ways of presenting the message are there?

Before effectively engaging in multicultural communication, people have to be ready and

knowledgeable for situations such as the one demonstrated in the illustration. If anything, unplanned or

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 3|Page

unanticipated comes up, there must be alternative ways of communicating the same message without
being offensive.

The illustration above sends a relatively vivid and powerful message not just through the use of a
careful juxtaposition of text and illustration, but also because of the other semiotics or elements such as
color combinations. This is called a multimodal presentation.

Multimodality

Multimodality is a fairly new concept in the general academic setting, but can be a very powerful
tool in light of digital and multicultural communication. A text or output is considered multimodal if it uses
two or more communication modes to make meaning. It shows different ways of knowledge
representations and meaning-making, and investigates contributions of semiotic resources (language,
gestures, images) that are co-deployed across various modalities (visual, aural, somatic, etc.). Most
importantly, multimodality highlights the significance of interaction and integration in constructing a
coherent text.

A multimodal text can either be one of the following:

• Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)

• Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages, social media, animation, film, video games

• Live (performance or an event)

• Transmedia (A story is told using multiple delivery channels through a combination of platforms,
such as comics, film, and video games all working as part of the same story with the same message.)

The creation of multimodal texts and outputs requires a creative design concept that orchestrates
the purposive combination of text, color, photo, sound, spatial design, language, gestures, animations and
other semiotics, all with the unitary goal of bringing meaning to life.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 4|Page

The following are examples of posters that showcase good multimodality.

This is a poster entitled “Run for Rio”, a run-for-a-cause event

organized for the benefit of the Philippine International Volunteers
for the 2013 World Youth Day which was held in Rio de Janeiro Brazil.

The inclusion of the multi-colored bird, the official mascot of

that year’s World Youth Day, is crucial in juxtaposing it with the actual
text on top of the photo. Since Blue is used as the poster’s dominant
color, the multi-colored symbol is highlighted that even if the onlooker
fails to read the text, the purpose of the event will still be obvious.

The same reason goes with the use of the silhouette of a man
running (suggestive of the nature of the event) and the Christ the
Redeemer statue on top of mountain (the symbolic representation of Rio de Janeiro.)

The use of Red in the text for the amount and the running distance puts attention to the event details
without overshadowing the other details. The inclusion of the biblical quote and the cross also add to the
religious motive of the event, thus making it coherent.

The poster is titled “Concert for Kids”, which is fund-raising

concert for the New Jersey (NJ) Kids Foundation in the U.S.

The dominant photo is that of a guitar, suggesting the music-

inclined nature of the event. The use of candies is suggestive of the
concert’s beneficiaries, who are kids with special needs. The use of
various colors adds to the notion on the playful nature of kids.

The font used is also playful rather than sharp, and the
dominant color of light blue is light on the eyes, as well as the other
color palettes used in the poster.

Both posters, Run for Rio and Concert for Kids, demonstrate
purposive use of semiotics to forward a specific message. These are successful in meaning making through
the interplay of various elements.

In creating a multimodal text, the Purpose, Audience, Context must all be considered.

• As to purpose, the creator of the text must be clear on the message and the reason(s) why the
message has to be delivered.

• As to audience, the nature, interests and sensitivities of the target audience must be considered
so the text will not be offensive and hurt people’s sensibilities.

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 • As to context, the message should be clearly delivered through various semiotic resources, and
in consideration of the various situations where and how the text will be read by different people
having different cultural backgrounds.

Linguistic Landscapes

Linguistic landscape is the visibility and salience of language on public and commercial signs in a
given territory or region (Landry and Bourhis, 1997). It is a thing that one can see that do not necessarily
need words to express a thought. Examples of this are billboards, signages, street names, traffic regulations,
graffiti, memes, tweets. Official signs are produced with a top-down discourse. Signs produced by an
individual or a group but not officially recognized has bottom-up discourse.

Geomiotics

Geomatics is the study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world. By
sings, we mean to include any semiotic system including language and discourse.

Kinds of Signs

1. Regulatory -it indicates authority and its official or legal prohibitions.

2. Infrastructural -it labels things or direct for the maintenance of a building or any
infrastructure.
3. Commercial -advertises of promotes a product, an event, or a service in commerce.
4. Transgressive -it violates (intentionally or accidentally) the conventional semiotics or is
in wrong place.

Online Landscapes

Netizen are people who go online. It is an abstraction of the word’s internet and citizen. Netizens are
metaphorically considered as the citizen of the virtual world.

1. YouTube -is an American video-sharing platform headquartered in Sa Bruno, California, USA.

2. Twitter -is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users posts and
interact with messages as TWEETS.
3. Memes -is a term to any posts, language or photo that has an uptake to a social, moral, or political
idea that most of the time seems funny.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 6|Page

 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES

What is Communication Aid?

A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people around
them. Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and Alternative
Communication, which is defined as… a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken
communication. These include gesture, signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards and books,
as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs).

Two Main Types of AAC System

1. Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture,
vocalization, signing are typically used.
2. Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods,
with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with words and with alternative
hardware options available to provide access.

Using Tools of Technology

Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio,
images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only
rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced
material.

Presentation Media is a standalone presentation that includes information, presented with slides,
video or digital presentation and includes sound.

Transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet of
transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn.
These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience. Many companies
and small organizations use a system of projectors and transparencies in meetings and other
groupings of people, though this system is being largely replaced by video projectors and
interactive whiteboards.
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and
display of moving visual media.
Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital
inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental
music, or sound effects.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 7|Page

Strategies Using Tools of Technology:

Keep it simple
Emphasize your key ideas
Show what you can't say
Use close up shots and other images
Keep the number of images you present manageable
Combine variety with coherence
Use large lettering

PowerPoint Presentation Tips:

Go for creativity- create your own design, try different combination and let your creativity
flow.
Colors are nice - flat colors are beautiful and contrast is your friend.
Use good fonts - Comic Sans and Georgia will do.
Text is evil- use the 10-20-30 rule, too many texts will catch the attention of the audience
from you.
Images say more than a thousand words- make the images more powerful.
Big is beautiful- think big, think bold.
Info graphics are amazing- use simple info graphics.
Get inspired- remember your ultimate goal.

Always Remember this:

10 - 20 - 30 - 10 Slides, 20 Minutes, 30 Font Size

1 - 6 - 6 - 1 Main Idea, 6 Bullets point, 6 Words per Bullet.
7 - 7 - 7 Lines, 7 Words.
9Ps – Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Performance of the Person Putting on the
Presentation.

Communication Strategy

Communication strategy is the blueprint or plan. It maps the how’s to conveying a message and is
designed to help people communicate effectively and accomplish individual or organizational objectives.

Kinds of Communication Strategies

1. Verbal Communication Strategy -can either be written and/or oral communication.

2. Non-verbal Communication Strategy -is more on visual cues such as facial reactions, body
language, voice tone, and the physical distance between communicators.
3. Visual Communication Strategy -provides documentation in school and in workplaces.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 8|Page

 Factors to Consider in Developing a Communication Strategy

1. Objectives -communication strategy should be aligned closely to your individual or

organizational plan.
2. Audience -identify your target audience whom you need to communicate with to achieve your
personal or organization goal or objectives.
3. Messages -communication is all about storytelling; thus, always use an interesting narrative,
human interest stories, and imagery.
4. Context -influences what you say or how you say it.
5. Tools and Activities -identify the most appropriate tools and activities to be used in
communicating the messages to the audience.
6. Resources and Time -ensure the availability of the resources and set an expected timescale for
your communication strategy.
7. Evaluation -assess oneself of the factors being considered for effective communication.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 9|Page

 MIDTERM | UNIT 1 ACTIVITY
(ONLINE & MODULAR)

Instructions: Provide what is being asked in the following items. 50 points in total.
For ONLINE students: Construct your answers in a word document. Convert the word document to
PDF for LMS submission. The LMS will only accept activities in a PDF file.

1. Create a poster or infographics showcasing a good multimodality based on the current issues or
based on your own interest. (20 points)
2. Create a PowerPoint Presentation consisting of 10 slides based on your own interest. Follow the
given tips above. (30 points)

For MODULAR students: Construct your answers in clear/transparent bond paper (if available) or
yellow pad paper. Submit your activities to your assigned Community Teacher.

1. Create a poster or infographics showcasing a good multimodality based on the current issues or
your own choice of interest. (20 points)
2. Provide pictures or examples of the following geomiotics. (30 points)

End of Unit 1
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GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 10 | P a g e

 MIDTERM | UNIT 2-3 THE RISE OF NEW MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
AIDS IN COMMUNICATION

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Identify the proper strategies in communication using social media and other
advancements in technology.
2. Evaluate language in new media and adopt an awareness of proper use of language
in these media platforms.
3. Develop an appreciation on the importance of proper communication planning.

SOCIAL MEDIA USE

Social media has undoubtedly altered the

world operates. The rapid and vast adoption of
new media platforms have changed the way
people relate and communicate with each other
in the social, economic, and political arenas.

Though there are minor social media

platforms available since the 90s, the social
media that we know today – the one with millions
of active and interactive users - started with
MySpace in 2004, when it reached a million active
users. Since then, other sites started mushrooming, and people began getting hooked to these new media.

Some media platforms have been so popular that the number of users rise at such an exponential
rate. TikTok, for example, became such a craze in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, when people were
mostly at home and thus have “nothing to do” because of the worldwide call to “Stay Home”. It was launched
in 2016, and had half a billion users by 2018. This number even got higher in mid-2020, with over 800
million active users within that time span.

However, not all social media platforms last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace, and Friendster
were close competitors to the social media giant, Facebook. In 2012, all three had virtually disappeared as
shown by very poor performance of market shares. Interestingly, the social media platforms that survived
did so because of their continuous evolution and response to the needs and interests of its users.

For example, Twitter used to disallow the uploading of videos or images, but because of the high
demand and the stiff competition, this feature was allowed in 2011. Today, more than half of the content
that can be seen in Twitter includes photos and videos. The exponential rise in the use of social media can
be partly attributed to the emergence of technologies that enable modern communication (that is, FAST,
CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE communication). These include computers, laptops, and smart phones,
among others. In addition, the rise of social media is a unique manifestation of how quickly and drastically
patterns of social behaviors change.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 11 | P a g e

 Interesting Statistics on Social Media Use

Here are a few interesting statistics on social media use. All data are extracted from [Link] as
of July 2020.

Global digital population

Active internet users – 4.57 billion

Unique mobile internet users – 4.17 billion

Active social media users – 3.96 billion

Active mobile social media users – 3.91 billion

Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by number of active users

1. Facebook (2.6 billion)

2. YouTube (2.0 billion)

3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion)

4. Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion)

5. Weixin/ WeChat (1.2 billion)

6. Instagram (1.1 billion)

7. TikTok (800 million)

Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by reach/ active usage penetration

1. Facebook (63%)

2. YouTube (61%)

3. WhatsApp (48%)

4. Facebook Messenger (38%)

5. Instagram (36%)

6. Twitter (23%)

7. Snapchat (13%)

Countries with the greatest number of Facebook users

1. India (290 million)

2. United States (190 million)

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 12 | P a g e

 3. Indonesia (140 million)

4. Brazil (130 million)

5. Mexico (89 million)

6. Philippines (76 million)

7. Vietnam (64 million)

8. Thailand (50 million)

9. Egypt (42 million)

10. Bangladesh (38 million)

In a 2017 report by the Global Web Index, around 42% of people use social media platforms to stay
in touch with what their friends are doing, while 39% said they want to stay up-to-date with news and
current events. The other top reasons for using social media are filling up spare time, general networking
with other people, looking for entertaining content, sharing photos or videos, sharing one’s opinion,
meeting new people, and researching or finding out products to buy.

English Language and the New Media

Question: Does the language we use dictate the language of new media, or do new media shape the
language that we use?

Let me rephrase that: Are we using new media, or are new media using us?

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 13 | P a g e

 What is New Media?

New media refer to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily processed, stored,
transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and
accessed.

Generally, these can be classified as:

➢ Blogs
➢ Social media
➢ Online newspaper
➢ Virtual reality
➢ Computer games

Language in new media is sometimes referred to as Computer-mediated communication (CMC),

though it may also be called any of the following:

➢ Netspeak
➢ Computer-mediated discourse
➢ Digital discourse
➢ Electronic discourse
➢ e-communication
➢ Digitally mediated communication
➢ Keyboard-to-screen communication

The Internet is the largest area of language development we have seen in our lifetimes. Crystal
(2011) said that only two things are certain: it is not going to go away, and it is going to get larger. Hence,
we must be prepared for its inevitable expansion.

Digital discourse illuminates social and cultural processes, which is under the domain of
sociocultural linguistics.

Types of Computers – Mediated Communication (CMC)

1. Vernacular -it uses language that is common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or
race.
Examples:
➢ Acronyms (LOL, yolo, momol, bae)
➢ Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, idk, jk, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!)
➢ Emoticons/emojis
➢ Expressive Punctuations
o Hello VS Hello?!?
o No VS No!!!
o <3 ; </3 ; ☺ ☺

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 2. Interpersonal -it is relationship-focused rather than subject-oriented. This can be explained by the
number of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and the number of individuals and GCs a person
engages simultaneously.
The interpersonal nature of CMC is characterized by the following:
➢ Turn-taking
➢ Topic development
➢ Back-channels
➢ Repairs
3. Spontaneous -it is usually unplanned, unstructured, and sometimes impulsive. This spontaneity
also gave rise to Net Neologisms through Lexical Creativity, such as the use of “b4n” and “f2f”, or
such terms as trolls, meme, hashtag, and meh. These can be described as mediatized stylization and
popular representation.
4. Dialogical -it carries expectation of continuous exchange. This is why most media platforms have
a “reply” or “comment” option, while some have a “leave a comment” button, to ensure continuous
interaction.

Communication Planning

The communication planning process involves defining the types of information you will deliver,
who are the intended recipients of that information, the format for communicating it, and the timing of its
release and distribution.

The key goal is to make sure everybody gets the right message at the right time. It serves various
purposes:

1. To inform

2. To persuade

3. To prevent misunderstanding

4. To present a point of view or reduce barriers

Steps in Communication Planning

1. Research and analyze current situation.

2. Establish goals and objectives (short and long term).

3. Identify the target audience (what they know, what influences them, communication
impediments, etc.). 4. Conceptualize on key messages.

5. Strategize on communication styles and platform(s).

6. Evaluate and anticipate.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 15 | P a g e

 Communication Technology

Communication is the transfer of information and some means of ensuring that what is sent is also
received. Technology increases the ways in which information can be communicated, the speed of
transmission, and the total volume that can be handled at any one time. Students need to experience
firsthand how technology helps people communicate more information to more people in less time, with
greater accuracy and fewer misunderstandings.

Types of Communication Technology

1. Radio - In 1906, Reginald Fessenden, creator of the first sophisticated radio transmitter, expanding
on the ideas of Guglielmo Marconi, sent music and speech across the airwaves. This invention of the
radio allowed sound and information to be broadcast to an extremely wide audience. Radio reached
its golden age during the 1920s, and companies advertised their products to consumers around the
world. During the 1930s radio expanded further into news, politics, vaudeville routines and
sporting events, broadcasting into millions of homes every day.
2. Television – was introduced to the public in 1946, even though it had been experimented with since
the late 1920s. Television exploded in homes around the world, going from 940,000 households in
the beginning to 20 million by 1953. Corporations suddenly had the opportunity to show their
products, not just describe them. Over the following decades, television became the predominant
source of communication to a wide audience, and it changed the political and cultural landscape
forever. People were suddenly able to witness iconic events, such as the first moon landing and the
progression of the civil rights movement.
3. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized the way people communicate with his patent
on the telephone in 1876. Over the past century, advances in technology have replaced the heavy
hardware and metal wiring of the original design with lightweight micro circuitry. These
advancements have also allowed for the transition from landlines to wireless, freeing people to
communicate from remote locations. All over the world, millions of people can talk to each other,
expanding businesses and improving relationships that might not otherwise have survived across
long distances.
4. Internet - The creation of the Internet allowed computer networks from around the globe to
network with each other, giving individuals access to an incredible wealth of information. In 2010,
about half of the world's population has access to the Internet, growing from only 6 percent of the
population in 2000. Email, social networks, newsgroups and video transmission have connected the
world like never before. Privacy concerns have arisen with the proliferation of the Internet,
especially with government monitoring and certain social networking sites, but the Internet has
woven itself into the fabric of society and business. High-speed connections allow for an immense
amount of information to be transferred in seconds.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 16 | P a g e

 MIDTERM | UNIT 2-3 ACTIVITY
(ONLINE & MODULAR)

Instructions: Provide what is being asked in the following items. 50 points in total.
For ONLINE students: Construct your answers in a word document. Convert the word document to
PDF for LMS submission. The LMS will only accept activities in a PDF file.
For MODULAR students: Construct your answers in clear/transparent bond paper (if available) or
yellow pad paper. Submit your activities to your assigned Community Teacher.

1. Read the article “The Flight from Conversation” written by Sherry Turkle. Write a 2-3 pages
reflection essay or analytical paper about the article. Your paper should include the following:
a. Introduction
b. Body or Summary
c. Reflection or Analysis
d. Conclusion

Link: [Link]
by-sherry-turkle/view

Format:
Font Style : Times New Roman
Font Size : 11
Margin and Spacing : Normal margin; 1.5 spacing

Rubric for Essay Writing:

LEVEL DESCRIPTION

OUTSTANDING Well written and very organized. Excellent grammar mechanics.

(40-50 points) Clear and concise statements. Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the topic.
GOOD Writes fairly clear. Good grammar mechanics.
(30-40 points) Good presentation and organization. Sufficient effort and detail.
FAIR (20-30 points) Minimal effort. Good grammar mechanics. Fair presentation. Few supporting details.

POOR Somewhat unclear. Shows little effort. Poor grammar mechanics.

(10-20 points) Confusing and choppy, incomplete sentences. No organization of thoughts.
VERY POOR Lacking effort. Very poor grammar mechanics. Very unclear. Do not address the topic.
(0-10 points)

End of Unit 2-3

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GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 17|P a g e

 MIDTERM | UNIT 4-5 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Convey ideas through oral, audio/visual, and/or web-based presentations for

different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers.
2. Create clear, coherent and effective communication materials.
3. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial
expressions, and gestures.
4. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.

COMMUNICATION PURPOSES

Communication is made for numerous purposes. The way messages are crafted depends highly on
the intention of the sender.

Informative Communication

This communication involves giving than asking. As an informative communicator, you want your
receiver to pay attention and understand, but not to change their behavior. By sharing information,
ignorance is reduced, or better yet, eliminated. The informative value of a message is measured by how
novel and relevant the information is or the kind of understanding it provides the receivers.

Osborn (2009) purports that informative communication arises out of the three deep impulses:

a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.

b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are made.

Persuasive Communication

It is an art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view. It:

a. Provides a choice among options.

b. Advocates something through a speaker.
c. Uses supporting material to justify advice.
d. Turns the audience into agents of change.
e. Asks for strong audience commitment.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 18|P a g e

 f. Gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
g. Appeals to feelings.
h. Has higher ethical obligation.

Argumentative Communication

It relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has been studied since the Golden Age
of Greece and has been improved through time. According to Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the three
primary forms of proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars have confirmed the presence of a fourth
dimension of proof, mythos, which suggests that we respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our
culture and to the legends and folktales that embody them.

Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective argumentation, the following must be avoided:

1. Defective evidence
• Misuse of facts
• Statistical fallacies
• Defective Testimony
• Inappropriate evidence

2. Defective Patterns of reasoning

• Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
c. Red herring
d. Myth of the mean
• Flawed proofs
• Defective arguments

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 19|P a g e

 THE ORAL PRESENTATION

Preparing a Speech or Oral Report

Being able to speak effectively in front of an audience will always be an advantage. Some professionals
become most sought-after speakers because of their good oral communication skills.

Things to consider:

1. Audience –know the profile of your listeners. It is important that you know who will listen to you
–their age, gender, educational background, religion, economic status, and interests. Also, know how
much the audience knows about the topic. Know how to read the posture and gestures of your
audience members as these will signal to you what kind of audience they are.
2. Logistics –it is something basic or essential for every speaker to know who is organizing the event.
Know who will be introducing you and who will be speaking before and after you. That way, you
will be able to tie up the earlier presentation with your own resulting in a more coherent
presentation. You may even give the audience ideas as to what the next talk is going to be.
a. Venue –the venue is equally important. Locate the lights and if you have movable visual aids,
know where to position them. As a speaker, know how to position yourself, work on your
posture, avoid bad habits, do not block the view of you visual aids, do not lean on any object
that will give support to your weight for these give the impression that you lack confidence
and authority.
b. Facilities –ask beforehand about the pieces of equipment available for you. These facilities
should match the presentation aids that you will use. If there is no available projector, find a
way to have one. Know how to trouble-shoot electrical problems or technical glitches.
3. Content –if the purpose of the event is to inform, it is expected that you are able to contribute new
information. If the purpose is to entertain, your speech should be lighthearted, amusing, and lively.
If the purpose is to persuade, your presentation should sound convincing enough.

Tips to prepare:
1. Read a lot.
2. Prepare your oral presentation with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
3. Rehearse by practicing aloud and getting the feedback of those who will act as your audience during
the rehearsal stage.
4. Use technology.

GE 5 – Purposive Communication – 2nd Semester 20|P a g e

 Delivering the Report/Speech/Talk

1. Paralinguistic Cues –subsumed under this category are facial expression, posture, gesture, and
movement. For facial expression, the eyes and eye-to-eye contact are very important. There is a
saying: “The eyes are window to the soul.” This means that by establishing eye contact or through
glazing, one can detect the emotional state of a person.
Posture, on the other hand, refers to the speakers’ stance. How speakers carry themselves
during the presentation will show whether or not they possess credibility. How do you execute a
correct posture? Simply stand comfortably with your feet at least six to eight inches apart, with one
foot over the other. Your weight should also rest on the balls of your feet and your hands should
hang naturally at the sides. Ask yourself if you are comfortable enough with the way you stand.

Another important variable is gesture. Gestures are used to make a point more emphatic.
However, they should be used only for important points raised as they can become distractive when
used often. Gestures abound so as a speaker should know how to create variety.

Finally, there is movement. Movement is made by the entire body. Swaying one’s body from
left to right, side to side, front to back, or pacing from one side of the stage/platform to the other,
can be exhibiting a negative non-verbal cue. A speaker should know how to move on stage so that
his movement will not be distracting to the audience.

Dress or attire is not considered as a paralinguistic sue, but it is classified as non-verbal. One
way to attract the attention of the audience is by dressing up properly. As a speaker, you should look
good and pleasing to the eyes of the listeners.

2. Prosodic features –when you speak, aim at delivering your message clearly through intelligible
and comprehensible pronunciation. You need to articulate the sounds clearly by paying attention to
how you move your lips, tongue, and teeth. As aspect of articulation is assimilation. It means
blending the final sound of a preceding word with the initial sound of the following word. Consider
the examples below.

To each his ow the pros and cons the splendor in the grass

To eachizown the prosend cons thus plendor in the grass

Finally, note that successful communication depends on prosodic features such as

intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Pauses on phrases and sentences are likewise prosodic feature.

Overcoming Anxiety or Stage Fright

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 Many speakers become tense when making small and big presentations. This is normal. Becoming
nervous only shows that you care about your presentations. Note that a little amount of nervous tension is
needed if you aspire for an excellent performance.

Eugene White and Claire Henderlinder (1956) stated that: “we do not actually fear the process of
speaking as such but a negative response from the listeners.” This is indeed true. What people actually fear
is not the process of speaking but the negative response, comment, or feedback from the listeners.

There are ways by which you can overcome stage fright. One way is by preparing thoroughly for your
presentation. It is important that you know about the topic and that you know more than your listeners.
Another way is practice. The more you practice or rehearse, the more confident you become.
Stage fright then can be minimized. It is not also a negative feeling all the time. Learn how to convert
this social fear into something positive so that you can aspire for top performance.

The Debate

The exchange of arguments follows a certain procedure or a set of rules and has a definite format.

Types of debate:

1. Formal debate –are held in formal settings such as in school, the House of Representatives and in
Senate. Debaters come prepared, equipped with the knowledge they need to be able to reason out
effectively. A topic is debated upon and the debaters listen to the arguments raised by the other
debaters from which they build their arguments and argue their position.
2. Informal debate –do not follow strictly a structure. While there are also two sides –the affirmative
and the negative –it takes place anywhere and does not have to involve two teams. It may take place
between two or more people, arguing for or against a certain issue.

Skills Needed in Debate

1. Reading
For you to become a successful debater, you should be a wide reader. Many say that through
reading, you can visit places, experience other cultures, and learn new things. In fact, if you read
extensively, you are able to look at things differently. Your knowledge of things is not restricted to a
single perspective but to many.

2. Speaking
You’re being a voracious reader or a bookworm will certainly manifest itself in the way you speak.
You never run out of thoughts and words once you are asked on a certain topic. The knowledge you
have gained from reading can manifest in your wide vocabulary and in a distinct use of a speaking style
that can change the minds of your listeners, sway and win them over to your side.

3. Writing

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 It is in the writing skill where the ‘making of a full man’ is achieved. Reading and writing are skills
that got together. As a passionate reader, you increase your vocabulary significantly. You are able to
express in writing your full understanding of yourself, the world you are in, your views about life, and
your perspectives of people.

4. Listening
Though not usually emphasized, listening is equally important as the other skills, thus, it should not
be taken for granted. Just like reading and writing, listening and speaking go together. In a debate, if
you do not listen carefully to the arguments of your colleagues and the members of the opposing team,
you cannot build on your teammate’s arguments and refute convincingly the claims of the other team.

Jimmy Hendrix once said: “knowledge speaks but wisdom listens.” Indeed, it is true. For aside from
reading, it is only through listening intently that you are able to gain knowledge and wisdom, it is also
through listening that you’re able to show respect to others.

PUBLIC SPEAKING

Public speaking is a process of speaking in a structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain
an audience. It is a human activity that involves the person speaking, making it individualistic in nature;
and a listening audience, making it a social in nature.

Why study Public Speaking? Factors Affecting Public Speaking

• Learning to say what you mean 1. Personality

• Developing self-confidence 2. Intelligence
• Learning more about yourself 3. Integrity
• Learning to relate to others 4. Training
• Enjoying freedom of speech 5. Technique

Be a Confident Speaker!

1. Face your fears

Nobody is perfect when it comes to public speaking, thus it is nothing but normal for
anyone to entertain a feeling of fear; so, accept fear and allow it to pass. Overcoming fear
begins with acknowledgement of the existence of your fears. Don’t run from your fears;
face it.

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 2. Create positive images in your mind
If you are new to the game of public speaking; you can try focusing on images and thoughts
that will help you relax and develop a positive mental attitude.
3. Free your mind
Before engaging in any public speaking event, try getting rid of negative thoughts and
issues bothering you. You can free your mind by trying to calm yourself and gaining a firm
foothold of any situation by using deep and gentle breathing exercises to help you gain
composure
4. Lighten your spirit with positive affirmations
Positive affirmation is probably the best strategy for overcoming the fear of public
speaking. You can attempt using positive biofeedback by telling yourself you can overcome
fear and take control of the situation. You can also use supportive and self-encouraging pep
talk to boost your morale and self-esteem.
5. Be focused; concentrate
Never ever lose track of reality, never let go of your consciousness. Concentrating on the
importance of the task at hand can make you break through your fears.
6. Find your inner strength
If you are going to forget any of these ten action steps for overcoming your fear of public
speaking, never forget this because it’s the best antidote to fear. The best way to overcome
the fear of public speaking is to call upon your inner strength. If you are good at storytelling,
use it in your speeches. If you are good at telling jokes, use it. Dwell on your strength and
make it the driving force that will push you to try out anything new and to conquer your
fears.
7. Take baby steps
Take things one at a time. Do not take on situations too seriously or you could lose focus and
lose track of what helps you draw your strength towards achieving your desired goals.
8. Be prepared
Always be prepared ahead of time, avoid hasty preparation and fire brigade approach to
things. Hasty preparation results to cramming and cramming is one of the contributing
factors that can foster fear from within.
9. Boost your self-esteem
Always harbor and develop a good sense of self-esteem, even if sometimes you do not feel
confident about yourself. Self-esteem is the key to influencing others so make it a point to
always have a high degree of self-esteem; it will help you overcome your fears.
10. Monitor your performance
Before going public with your public speaking skills, it’s advisable you work om yourself
indoors and gauge your performance. How about trying out your skills in front of a mirror?
Or making a speech in front of your family and friends? The two situations are practical ways
you can test and evaluate your public speaking skills without making a mess of yourself.

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 Types of Speeches (According to Purpose)

I. Speech to Entertain
• Designed primarily to amuse the audience
• Consists of humorous reference worked around a central
theme, and does not need much of date gathering nor
clear-cut division between introduction and conclusion
• Usually delivered during victory banquet, class reunions,
club meetings, dinners, parties, and other social affairs.

II. Speech to Inform

• Speaker must be able to master the skills necessary for a
clear, simple but understandable, informative speaking.
• Speaker must be ready to discuss, explain and describe
events or ideas; to teach, guide, and instruct the audience
on how to do or operate something.
• You can only say you have served the purpose if there is
learning achieved buy the audience.

Forms of Speech to Inform

A. Process Speech
• Telling others how to do or make something or how it works.
• Issues we need to consider are: topic selection, speaker expertise,
organization of steps, visualization, and presentation.

B. Descriptive Speech
• Provides an excellent opportunity for mastering the important language skills
of description the goal of which is to give a vivid, accurate, informative picture.
• Essentials of description include the size, shape, weight, color, composition,
age, condition, and relationship among parts of particular object, place or
structure being describe.

C. Definition Speech
• Words can be defined through classification and differentiation, synonyms
and antonyms, structure and function, etymology and historical sketches,
examples and comparisons.
III. Speech to Persuade

• If your purpose is to persuade, your material is most likely to succeed if the specific purpose
is clear, reasonable and supportable.
• The speech uses materials that are logical, emotional, credible, and ethical; the speech is
organized to suit audience’s attitudes and the speech is delivered with conviction.

Sub-types of Persuasive Speech

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 A. Speech to stimulate
• Reinforces a belief which is usually based on such universally held conviction
such as patriotism, moral, ethical guidelines, and justice.
• Occasions for this kind are usually graduation, church sermons, and other
festive and solemn celebrations.
B. Speech to convince
• Aims to alter or change a belief.
• People who usually render this purpose in their speeches are court lawyers,
legislators proposing a bill, reformers, or pleaders for a cause.
C. Speech to actuate
• Intends to move the audience to action and clearly states the action supposed
to be taken. Action speeches are usually motivational.
• The audience may or may not believe in the logic of the proposition, but the
speaker wants more than intellectual agreement.
• Speakers of this purpose may be a candidate for a public office, the salesman,
or the scientist offering a new theory.

Methods in Delivering a Speech

Speech is the term used to refer to the body spoken expressions of information and ideas. A speech
may be delivered in any of the following modes: read from a manuscript, memorized and delivered
extemporaneous or impromptu. The choice of the mode of speech delivery is determined by factors such
as length of preparation, complexity of message, purpose, and occasion.

I. Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate when the speech is long and when details are
complicated and essential such as they need to be given completely. Reading is also appropriate
when one is asked to deliver a prepared speech on behalf of another speaker. Reading may pose the
least challenge in public speaking but the speaker may be tricked into thinking that no preparation
is needed. When a message is delivered through reading, the force, naturalness, and eye contact may
be demised because the eyes have to travel from page to the audience and vice versa.

Guide in manuscript reading:

• The manuscript should be typed or computerized.

• For words that you have difficulty in pronouncing, use phonetic spelling, accent marks to
help you in your pronunciation.
• Make markings that will help you determine pauses, places of special emphasis, or places
where to slow down or speed up. Make sure that the last sentence on each page is
completed on that page to assure no unintended pauses.
• Number pages boldly so that pages kept in their proper order.
• Double check that there will, in fact, be a lectern or speaker’s stand upon which the

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 manuscript can be placed.

II. Memorized speech requires a speaker to commit everything to memory. This method is excellent
for short messages although it is also used for long pieces in oratorical, declamation and other
literary contests. Just like a read speech, memorized speech also poses challenge in naturalness. The
worst experience one could have in delivering a memorized speech is to forget the lines and fail to
shift smoothly to another mode of delivery.

Methods of memorizing a speech:

• Read the selection attentively many times without a thought of memorizing the words.
Then reread the selection paragraph by paragraph, section by section, to fix in your mind
your central idea of each.
• Close the book or manuscript and silently recall the sequence of ideas, sentence by
sentence. Read the entire selection sentence by sentence in order to get the sequence of
ideas.
• Next, fix your attention on the printed page in order to stamp a picture on your mind.
Close the book or manuscript and recall the typographical picture.
• Next, read the selection aloud in order to become familiar with the pattern of its sounds.
Close your eyes and recall aloud the entire section, idea by idea, word by word.
• Next, stand up and read the selection with the bodily movements that you feel impelled
to use.
• Finally, in your rehearsal, deliver the entire section from memory, under those conditions
as to place, lighting, acoustics, etc. which are as much as possible like the conditions
under which you are to speak later.

III. Extemporaneous speaking may have a short or long preparation. The speaker may use an outline
to guide him through his speech to achieve better organization and to avoid leaving out details. But
unlike reading, extemporaneous speaking necessitates the speaker to formulate his sentences while
he is speaking. Extemporaneous is a method that most lecturers and teachers use. A good
extemporaneous speaker must be spontaneous.

Pointers for extemporaneous speakers:

• Prepare the context thoroughly. Organize the content into a full-sentence outline.
• From the full-sentence outline, extract a key word or a short-phrase outline to use in materials.
Place the word or short-phrase outline on the side of a card. Hold the card in your hand as you
rehearse the speech.
• Find new, fresh language for each idea every time you rehearse the speech. If the speech is short,
strive to get rid of the card as quickly as you can or leave it on the table and refer it only if
absolutely needed.

IV. Impromptu means speaking at the spur of the moment. Since there is very minimal or no time for
preparation given for impromptu, the content and organization may suffer. Impromptu may not
deliver the best thought in the best way but it brings out the most natural thing to say at the moment.

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 Principles in giving an impromptu talk:

• Formulate the central idea; don’t try to discuss the entire subject. Limit yourself to a
specific aspect which you can discuss in a few minutes.
• Open your talk with a sentence that says something.
• The body of your speech must be unified. Be concrete and specific as possible.
• Conclude on a strong note.

Organization of Speech

I. INTRODUCTION
• Should include all that you say from the first sentence up to the actual discussion.
• Aims to get the attention of the audience, to gain credibility and to build rapport.
• You can start by asking questions, making statements, citing real life drama incidents or
giving statistical reference.

Tips on Opening
1. Memorize your opening sentence
2. Get to the point
3. Have faith in yourself
4. Open with short, forceful sentences
5. Make your opening inviting

II. BODY
• The big middle part of your speech.
• The development of your main idea. This development consists of breaking the idea into
major points and supporting them with details. Each detail becomes evidence to
strengthen a major point and each major point becomes evidence to support the central
idea.
• Techniques of logical development can be analogy, cause and effect, problem to solution,
chronological order, and order of importance.

Tips on the Body of Speech

1. Conduct through research and get as much support or evidences

2. Expand your major points with strong evidence in detailed form
3. Extract from your sources of information the most important evidence
4. Implement your purpose by means of an orderly plan
5. Remove details that do not support your main idea
III. CONCLUSION
• A review or summary of information shared in order to remind the audience of what the

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 speech is all about.
• If you want to leave the effect of logic on your listeners, you may simply summarize what
you have said.
• If you want to touch their feeling, you may make an emotional appeal or project them
into the future.
• If you want to get them to do something, you make definite appeal of action.
• If you want to highlight the main idea, you may use a clever story or a quotation to drive
home a point.

Polishing you Conclusion

1. Don’t bore your audience by being long-winded and rambling. Be brief.

2. Don’t stop too abruptly.
3. Don’t introduce any new material in your conclusion.
4. Don’t use long involved sentences.
5. Don’t try to save a lost cause in your last few words.
6. Don’t forget to plan the concluding sentences of every talk. Practice them
conscientiously.

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 MIDTERM | UNIT 4-5 ACTIVITY
(ONLINE & MODULAR)

Instructions: Provide what is being asked in the following items. 100 points in total.
For ONLINE students: Construct your answers in a word document. Convert the word document to
PDF for LMS submission. The LMS will only accept activities in a PDF file.
For MODULAR students: Construct your answers in clear/transparent bond paper (if available) or
yellow pad paper. Submit your activities to your assigned Community Teacher.

A. On the communication purposes (Informative, Persuasive, Argumentative), construct a 2-3 pages

blog on the current issues in communication and globalization. Your paper should include the
following (50 points):
a. Introduction
b. Body
c. Conclusion

Format:
Font Style : Times New Roman
Font Size : 11
Margin and Spacing : Normal margin; 1.5 spacing

B. Construct a spoken word poetry piece based on your choice of interest. Record or make a video
presentation or interpretation of your piece. You may refer to some spoken poetry videos in
YouTube as your reference. (50 points)

*Note: The video presentation or interpretation must be submitted to MS TEAMS for viewing and
evaluation. The softcopy of your spoken word poetry piece must be submitted to LMS for grading

End of Unit 4-5

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