FOUNDATION IN

SCIENCE

First Edition 2020

 CONTENTS

Introduction 2

Laboratory Safety Guidelines 3

Safety Declaration From 6

Experiment 1

Handling Techniques of Basic Laboratory Apparatus 7

& Equipment

Experiment 2

Determination of Empirical Formula 10

Experiment 3

Reaction of Aqueous Solution of Halogens 12

Experiment 4

Chemical Equilibrium System 15

Experiment 5

Acid – Base Titration 18

 INTRODUCTION

This manual provides comprehensive laboratory guidelines, safety declaration form and the
experimental procedures for subject of Chemistry 1, Foundation in Science (UniKL MICET). The
manual also contains specific instructions for completing the experiments and general information
covering laboratory conducts and safety rules.

Students are compulsory to read and understand all the laboratory guidelines provided in the manual.
The safety declaration form should be submitted to the lecturer/instructor before starting the experiment
works.

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 LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES
General Guidelines

1. All students must conduct themselves in a responsible manner in the laboratory at all times.
2. Be familiar with the lab experiment before coming to the lab. Follow all written and verbal instructions
carefully. If do not understand a direction/part of a procedure, ask the lecturer/instructor before
proceeding.
3. No student may work in the laboratory alone. The lab instructor/lecturer grants exceptions on a case by
case basis.
4. When first entering a laboratory, do not touch any equipment, chemicals or other materials in the
laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
5. Do not eat, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as
containers for food or beverages.
6. Smoking is strictly not allowed in any indoor area.
7. No music allowed in the laboratory. Radio and other entertainment devices are not permitted.
8. No cellular phone is allowed in the laboratory.
9. Perform only those experiments authorized by the lecturer/instructor. Never do anything in the
laboratory that is not called for the laboratory procedures or by your lecture/instructor. Carefully follow
all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are prohibited.
10. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times.
11. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited.
12. Bring only your laboratory manual, worksheets and report to the work area. Other materials (books,
purses, backpacks, etc) should be stored in the cabinet.
13. Know the locations and operation procedures of all safety equipment including the first aid kit, eyewash
station, safety shower, spill kit and fire extinguisher.
14. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the lecturer/instructor
immediately of any unsafe condition you observe.
15. Label and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the prescribed
apparatus as directed in the laboratory instructions provided by your lecturer/instructor.
16. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. You will be assigned a laboratory station at
which to work. Do not wander around the room, distract other students or interfere with laboratory
experiments or others.
17. Defeating safety devices or using equipment in a manner other than that which is intended will be
grounds for dismissal from the lab.

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 Clothing

1. Lab coat, gloves and safety goggles must be worn whenever you work in lab.
2. Face mask should be worn every time you prepare the chemicals.
3. Safety shoes should be worn every time your enter the laboratory.
4. Contact lenses should not be worn in the laboratory unless you have permission from your instructor.
5. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.
6. Long hair, dangling jewellery and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair
must be tied back and dangling jewellery and loose or baggy clothing must be secured.
7. Sandal, open-toed shoes, high heels or shoes with holes in the sols will not be worn in the lab.
8. Shorts and skirts are not permitted.
9. Instructor and laboratory assistant have a right to dismiss you from the laboratory if they found that
you are not wearing proper safety clothing.

Handling of Chemicals

1. Treat chemicals with respect and understand the chemicals you are using with Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS). The MSDS are available in the analytical room.
2. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Do not touch, taste or smell any
chemical unless specifically instructed to do so.
3. Check the label on chemical bottles before removing any of the contents. Take only much chemical are
you need. Smaller amounts often work better than larger amounts.
4. Label all containers and massing papers holding dry chemicals.
5. Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.
6. Never use mouth suction to fill a pipette. Use pipette bulb or pipette filler.
7. Acids must be handled with extreme care. Always add acids slowly to water, with slow stirring and
swirling, being careful of the heat produced, particularly with sulfuric acid.
8. Handle flammable hazardous liquid over a pan to contain spills. Never dispense flammable liquids
anywhere near a flame or source of heat.
9. Never take chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.
10. Take good care when transferring acids and other chemicals from one part of the laboratory to another.
Hold them securely and in the method demonstrated by the instructor as you walk.
11. All wastes generated during the course of an experiment must be disposed of according to the lab
instructor’s directions.
12. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.
13. Sinks are to be used only for water and those solutions designated by the instructor.

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14. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter paper, and all other insoluble materials are to be disposed of in
the proper waste containers, not in the sink.
15. Checks the label of all waste containers twice before adding your chemicals waste to the container.
16. Cracked or broken glass should be placed in the special container for “broken glass”.
17. Keep hands away from your face, eyes, mouth and body while using chemicals. Wash your hands with
soap and water after performing all experiments.

Accidents and Injuries

1. Report any accidents (spill, breakage, etc) or injury (cut, burn, etc) to the lecturer/lab instructor
immediately, no matter how trivial it may appear.
2. If you or your lab partners are hurt, immediately inform the lecturer/lab instructor.
3. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s), immediately flush with running water from the eyewash
station for at least 20 minutes. Notify the lecturer/lab instructor immediately. Spills should be cleaned
up immediately.

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 SAFETY DECLARATION FORM

The Dean/Head of Campus

Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology
Lot 1988, Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor
Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah
Melaka.

Dear Sir,

SAFETY DECLARATION (Subject : CHEMISTRY 1, FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE)

I ………………………………..…………………………………………............................................ ID No
………………………........, declare that I have read and understood the safety rules and regulations in
UniKL MICET. I hereby agree to abide by all the rules and regulations stated in the safety guidelines.

2. I hereby also understood the contents and disciplinary action will be taken against me, if I do not abide
by the stated rules.

3. I am fully responsible for all my actions during laboratory sessions.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

……………………………….
Name:
Matrix No:
Date:

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 EXPERIMENT 1 Handling Techniques of Basic Laboratory Apparatus & Equipment

Objectives
a) To acquire the correct handling techniques of basic laboratory apparatus and equipment in the
Chemistry Lab.
b) To conduct calibration on different types of apparatus.

Introduction

The knowledge of chemistry and chemical processes largely depends on the ability to obtain correct
and accurate information about the matter. To conduct any chemical experiment, student should firstly get
familiar with names and functions of all basic apparatus and equipment. The student should as well able to
correctly handle the basic apparatus and equipment to ensure getting a valid result of the experiment. But
the most importantly, before conducting any experiment in the lab student must be ware of all safety
precautions so that any potential hazards or accidents could be avoided. Safety is always a Priority.
The first part of this experiment focus on identifying a series of apparatus that commonly found in
Chemistry labs. There are various types of apparatus manufactured for performing several tasks such as
mixing, measuring and heating. Knowing how to use the apparatus is very important to get accurate results.
The knowledge and ease of using laboratory apparatus plays a major role in deciding the outcome of the
experiment. The way to perform an experiment and the apparatus to be used will affect the end results.
Beside many apparatus and equipment in the lab can pose certain level of hazard. Knowing how to handle
laboratory apparatus equipment will help in minimizing risks of accidents.
While in the second part of the experiment, some common apparatus or volumetric glassware used
in the lab like volumetric pipette, volumetric flask and measuring cylinder will be calibrated. Calibration of
apparatus or volumetric glassware is necessary for getting the highest accuracy of measurement during
conducting an experiment. A simple calibration procedure can be performed in the lab by measuring the
mass of water that is contained-in or delivered-by certain apparatus or volumetric glassware. The data is
then converted into the actual volume using the density of water at the temperature of calibration.

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Chemicals
1. Distilled water

Apparatus / Equipment
1. Analytical Balance
2. Thermometer
3. Beaker 50 ml, 100 ml
4. Volumetric Pipette 25 ml
5. Volumetric Flask 50 ml
6. Measuring Cylinder 100 ml
7. Dropper

Experimental Procedure
Part A: Introduction to Various Types of Lab Apparatus
1. Each group will be provided with five (5) types of lab apparatus.
2. Identify the name of each apparatus and state their basic function.
3. Write the answer in the table provided in the Lab Report Sheet.

*The lab instructor / lecturer will demonstrate and brief the students about all the apparatus
that are commonly used in Chemistry Lab.

Part B: Calibration of Lab Apparatus

1. Calibration of Volumetric Pipette 25 ml
i. Obtain a clean and dry beaker of 50 ml and weigh it using an analytical balance.
ii. Transfer accurately 25 ml of distilled water into the beaker by using a 25 ml volumetric pipette.
iii. Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the distilled water.
iv. Then weigh again the beaker using the analytical balance.
v. Record all the data obtained in the lab report sheet.
vi. Repeat the same procedure by using another 25 ml pipette.

2. Calibration of Volumetric Flask 50 ml

i. Obtain a clean and dry volumetric flask of 50 ml and weigh it on the analytical balance.
ii. Then fill-up the flask with distilled water until the mark level.
iii. Then weigh again the flask using the analytical balance.
iv. Pour some of the water into a small beaker and measure the temperature using a thermometer.
v. Record all the data obtained in the lab report sheet.
vi. Repeat the same procedure by using another 50 ml volumetric flask.

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3. Calibration of Measuring Cylinder 100 ml
i. Obtain a clean and dry measuring cylinder of 100 ml and weigh it on the analytical balance.
ii. Then fill-up the cylinder with distilled water until the 100 ml level.
iii. Then weigh again the cylinder using the analytical balance.
iv. Pour some of the water into a small beaker and measure the temperature using a thermometer.
v. Record all the data obtained in the lab report sheet.
vi. Repeat the same procedure by using another 100 ml measuring cylinder.

4. Calculation of Actual Volume of Water

Use the data in Table 1 to calculate the actual volume of water for each calibration procedure.

Temperature (°C) Volume (ml) of 1.000 g

of Water
20 1.0028
21 1.0030
22 1.0033
23 1.0035
24 1.0037
25 1.0040
26 1.0043
27 1.0045
28 1.0048
29 1.0051
30 1.0053
31 1.0056
32 1.0058
33 1.0061

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 EXPERIMENT 2 Determination of Empirical Formula

Objectives
a) To determine the empirical formula of a compound formed by a combination reaction.

Introduction

The empirical formula of a compound is the formula written with the smallest whole no. ratio of moles of
the elements in the compound. The percentage composition of a compound will enable to obtain the
empirical formula.
To determine the empirical formula experimentally, the following is required:
Determine the mass of each element in the compound.
Calculate the number of moles of each element.
Express the ratio of the moles of each element as integers.

In this experiment, magnesium metal (an element) is oxidized by oxygen gas to magnesium oxide (a
compound). Magnesium reacts vigorously when heated in the presence of air.

Chemicals
1. Magnesium ribbon
2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 6 M
3. Distilled Water

Apparatus / Equipment
1. Steel wool
2. Analytical Balance
3. Crucible and lid
4. Clay Triangle
5. Ring Stand
6. Crucible Tong
7. Bunsen Burner
8. Desiccator
9. Dropper

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Experimental Procedure
Part A: Preparation of a Clean Crucible
1. Obtain a clean crucible with the lid. Make sure they are free form any crack or other flaws.
2. Place the crucible and lid on a clay triangle supported on a ring stand and heat it using a direct flame
(Bunsen Burner) for about 5 minutes. This is to make certain that the crucible is dry.
3. Then cool the crucible and lid to room temperature in a desiccator. Use crucible tongs to transfer the
crucible from the clay triangle to the desiccator.
4. Once the crucible and lid are cooled, remove it from the desiccator (use crucible tongs) and measure
the weight using an analytical balance. Record the weight.
*Take note that starting this point, the crucible should not be handled using finger for the rest of the
experiment. This is to maintain the cleanliness of the crucible.

Part B: Combination Reaction of Magnesium (Mg) and Oxygen (O)

1. Preparing of Sample:
a) Polish about 0.200 g - 0.300 g of magnesium ribbon with steel wool.
b) Weigh the clean magnesium ribbon and record the weight to + 0.0001 g. Curl the ribbon and place
it in the crucible.
c) Then, weigh the crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon. Record the weight to + 0.0001 g.

2. Heating of Sample in Air:

a) Place the crucible with the magnesium ribbon and lid on the clay triangle.
b) Heat slowly and lift the lid occasionally (now and then) to allow access of air to the magnesium
ribbon (use crucible tongs).

Caution: Rapid oxidation of the magnesium will occur if too much air comes in-contact with the
magnesium ribbon and it will burn brightly. If it does, place the lid immediately on the crucible, allow
it to cool and repeat the experiment from Part A.

3. To Complete the Reaction:

a) Continue heating until there is no change in the appearance of the magnesium ash in the crucible.
b) Remove the lid using the crucible tongs. Continue heating for about 30 seconds.
c) Remove the heat and cool the crucible to room temperature in a desiccator.
d) Measure the mass of crucible, ash and lid and record the weight.

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4. Test for Completeness of Reaction:
a) Add few drops of distilled water to decompose any magnesium nitride that may have formed. Make
sure to wet the entire surface of the sample.
b) Reheat the sample for 1 minute and then allow it to cool to room temperature.
c) Measure the mass of the crucible, lid and ash. If the mass is greater than ±1% from that recorded in
Part B (3), repeat the test for completeness of reaction.
d) Wash the cool crucible with a diluted solution of 6 M HCl. Discard the solution into the acids waste
container. Rinse with tap water and then with distilled water.

*All the experimental procedure should be repeated twice.

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 EXPERIMENT 3 Reaction of Aqueous Solution of Halogens

Objectives
a) To study the solubility, acidity and reactivity of aqueous solution of halogens.

Introduction

In the periodic table, the elements found in the group 17 are known as Halogens. Halogens are
referred to the 5 non-metallic elements – Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. None of these halogens
could be found in the nature in their elemental forms. They are invariably found as salts of the halide ions
(F‒, Cl‒, Br─, and I─), for example chloride ions are found in rock salt (sodium chloride). Halogens are highly
reactive due to the high electronegativity and high effective nuclear charge. Halogens can gain an electron
by reacting with atoms of other elements.
In this experiment, reactions on aqueous solutions of chlorine, bromine and iodine will be observed.
In the first part, the aqueous solutions will be allowed to react with a non-polar solvent (usually
hydrocarbon). The addition of a non-polar solvent (such as chloroform) into the aqueous solution of halogen
will form a two-layer mixture. Because of halogens are more soluble in hydrocarbon solvent than in water,
the halogens will move to the top layer of the mixture.
The second part of the experiment determine the acidity and bleaching properties of the halogens
aqueous solutions. Halogens form bleaching agents when it dissolved in water. A simple test on the
bleaching properties of halogens can be observed by using universal indicator strips. Generally, halogens
will undergo some displacement reactions to determine their reactivity. When a halogen reacted with a
halide salt of a less negativity halogen, a less reactive halogen is displaced. This property of halogens will
be studied in the last part of the experiment through the displacement reactions.

Chemicals
1. Chlorine Water
2. Bromine Water
3. Iodine Solution
4. Potassium Chloride Solution (KCI) 0.1 M
5. Potassium Bromide Solution (KBr) 0.1 M
6. Potassium Iodide Solution (KI) 0.1 M
7. Chloroform
8. Distilled Water

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Apparatus / Equipment
1. Wheaton Bottle (3 bottles per group)
2. Measuring Cylinder 5 ml
3. Glass Rod
4. Universal Indicator Strip
5. Dropper
6. White Tile

Experimental Procedure
Part A: Reaction of Halogen Aqueous Solution with Hydrocarbon.
1. Pour about 5 mL of chlorine water, bromine water and iodine solution into a separate Wheaton bottle
and label accordingly.
2. Add 5 mL of chloroform to each of the bottle. Put the caps and shake the mixture by inverting the
bottles for a few times.
3. Allow the two layers of the mixture inside the bottles to settle. Observe and record the appearance of
each layer. It may be necessary to shake the test tubes again to transfer more of the halogen from the
water to the hydrocarbon layer.

Part B: Acidity and Bleaching Properties of Halogen Aqueous Solution

1. Place three pieces of universal indicator strip on a piece of white tiles. Transfer 1-2 drops of chlorine
water, bromine water and iodine solution onto each strip using a glass rod.
2. Observe the changes for a few minutes and then record the colour of the strips.
3. Use tissue to wipe the surface of the tile.

Part C: Displacement Reactions

1. On the surface of white tile, put 3 drops of chlorine water, bromine water and iodine solution by using
a dropper (refer diagram below).

2. On the spot no 1, put 2 drops of potassium chloride and observe the changes.
3. On the spot no 2, put 2 drops of potassium bromide and observe the changes.
4. On the spot no 3, put 2 drops of potassium iodide and observe the changes.

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 EXPERIMENT 4 Chemical Equilibrium System

Objectives
a) To study the effects of concentration on chemical equilibrium system and relate with the Le
Chaterlier’s Principle.

Introduction
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of the reactants
and products exhibit no net change over time. This state occurs when the forward reaction rate (conversion
of reactants to products) is equal to the reverse reaction rate (conversion of products to reactants). These
reaction rates are generally greater than zero. But because the rates are equal, reactants are converted to
products at the same rate that products are converted to reactants, yielding zero net change in the
concentrations of reactants and products. A system in this state is said to have a dynamic chemical
equilibrium.
The equilibrium is referred to as “dynamic” because any change to the reaction environment in
concentrations, temperature, volume, or pressure forces a corresponding change in the equilibrium state. For
example, if a chemical reaction has achieved dynamic equilibrium and addition of reactants into the reaction
will make the state of the system changes to achieve a new dynamic equilibrium. Some of the additional
reactants react to form additional products, changing the concentrations of both the reactants and products.
Similarly, if some products were removed from the reaction vessel, the dynamic equilibrium changes
because additional reactants are converted to products. These mean that when an external stress is applied
to a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the reaction will react in a way to minimize the effect of the external
stress. Several factors may be considered as the external stress e.g. increasing or decreasing of concentration
of reactants or products, change of temperature, change of pressure and change of volume. The way how a
chemical system reacts toward any external stress is describes in the Le Chaterlier’s Principle. This
experiment shall explain how concentration (solubility and complex ion) will affect a dynamic equilibrium.

Chemicals
1. Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
2. Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)
3. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
4. Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid
5. Complex Ion Solution of [FeSCN]2+
6. Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), 0.1 M
7. Potassium Thiocyanate (KSCN), 0.1 M
8. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3), 0.1 M
9. Distilled Water

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Apparatus / Equipment
1. Analytical Balance
2. Test Tubes + Test Tube Rack
3. Measuring Cylinder 5 ml
4. Beaker 100 mL
5. Volumetric Pipette 2 ml
6. Small Beaker
7. Glass Rod
8. Black Paper
9. Dropper

Experimental Procedure
Part A: The Effect of Solubility
1. Preparation of Saturated Solution of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
- Weigh about 20.0 g of NaCl and dilute into 50 ml of distilled water in a 100 ml beaker.
- Use a glass rod to stir the solution until the NaCl is completely dissolved.
- Then continue adding the NaCl until some of it remains undissolved at the bottom of the beaker.
2. Preparation of Saturated Solution of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
- Weigh about 1.6 g of Na2CO3 and transfer it into a clean test tube.
- Add 5 ml of distilled water into the test tube.
- Use glass rod to stir the solution until the Na2CO3 is completely dissolved.
- Then continue adding the Na2CO3 until some of it remains undissolved at the bottom of test tube.
3. Preparation of Saturated Solution of Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)
- Weigh about 1.3 g of MgSO4 and transfer it into a clean test tube.
- Add 5 ml of distilled water into the test tube.
- Use glass rod to stir the solution until the MgSO4 is completely dissolved.
- Then continue adding the MgSO4 until some of it remains undissolved at the bottom of test tube.
4. Obtain four (4) dry test tubes and label as A, B, C and D.
5. Transfer 5 ml of NaCl solution into these test tubes. Place a black paper behind the test tube rack to
observe their changes in the next steps.
6. Test Tube A: Add concentrated HCl dropwise while observing any change that occurs as each drop is
added. Continue adding the HCl for about 5 ml.
7. Test Tube B: Add saturated solution of Na2CO3 dropwise while observing any change that occurs as
each drop is added. Continue adding the saturated solution of Na2CO3 for about 5 ml.

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8. Test Tube C: Add saturated solution of MgSO4 dropwise while observing any change that occurs as
each drop is added. Continue adding the saturated solution of MgSO4 for about 5 ml.
9. Test Tube D: Add distilled water dropwise while observing any change that occurs as each drop is
added. Continue adding the distilled water for about 5 ml.
10. Discard the mixture in all test tubes accordingly.
11. Record the observation in the table provided in the lab report sheet.

Part B : The Effect of Complex Ion

1. Obtain four (4) dry test tubes and label as E, F, G & H.
2. Preparation of complex ion solution of [FeSCN]2+ to be prepared by the Technician.
- Mix 2 ml of 0.1 M FeCl3 solution with 2 ml of 0.1 M KSCN solution. Then dilute the solution to
100 ml with distilled water in 100 ml volumetric flask.
3. Pipette 5 ml of complex ion solution of [FeSCN]2+ into each of the test tube.
4. For test tube E: Add 1 ml of 0.1 M FeCl3 solution and observe the changes.
5. For test tube F : Add 1 ml of 0.1 M KSCN solution and observe the changes.
6. For test tube G : Add 0.1 M AgNO3 solution dropwise while observing any change that occur until no
further change is observed.
7. For test tube H : This is for a control to compare the color intensity with test tubes E, F & G.
8. Discard the mixture in the test tubes accordingly.
9. Record the observation in the table provided in the lab report sheet.

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 EXPERIMENT 5 Acid – Base Titration

Objectives
b) To determine concentration of an acid solution from a neutralization reaction with a base solution.

Introduction

Titration is an analytical method that used to determine the exact amount of a substance (called as
analyte) by reacting that substance with a known amount of another substance (called as titrant). In this
experiment, the titrant is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the analyte is potassium
hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The reaction between the titrant and analyte is known as neutralization reaction.
During the reaction, the NaOH will be added to the KHP sample until all the H+ in the KHP sample
has been exactly consumed by the NaOH. At this point, the reaction is completed and no more NaOH is
required. This is called the equivalence point of the titration. In order to know when the equivalence point
is reached, an indicator solution called phenolphthalein is added to the KHP samples at the beginning of the
titration. Phenolphthalein is a pH sensitive organic dye. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic solutions
like KHP or vinegar and deep pink in basic solutions like NaOH. At the equivalence point of the titration,
a drop of NaOH will cause the entire sample solution to change from colorless to a very faint pink.
After the titration procedure is completed, the volume of the NaOH used will be used to determine
concentration of the KHP samples.

Chemicals
1. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP)
2. Sodium Hydroxide Solution
3. Phenolphthalein Indicator
4. Distilled Water

Apparatus / Equipment
1. Erlenmeyer Flask 250 mL
2. Measuring Cylinder 50 mL
3. Burette 50 mL
4. Beaker 100 mL
5. Retort Stand with Clamp
6. Glass Funnel
7. White Paper

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Experimental Procedure
Part A: Set-up of Burette
1. Rinse the burette with a small portion of NaOH solution and drain it out into a “waste beaker”.
2. Clamp the burette on the retort stand. Then fill-up the burette with the NaOH solution.
3. Remember to remove all the air bubbles from the tip of the burette and take note on the initial volume
of the NaOH solution (in ml).

Part B: Preparation of KHP Samples

1. Each group is provided with two (2) samples of solid KHP of similar mass in a separate 250 mL
Erlenmeyer flask (Please label the samples as KHP 1 & KHP 2).
2. By using a measuring cylinder, add 50 mL of distilled water into each of the Erlenmeyer flask and swirl
gently until the solid KHP is completely dissolved.
3. Then add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each flask and swirl to mix the solution.

Part C: Standardization of NaOH Solution

1. Place the Erlenmeyer flask containing the KHP 1 sample under the burette and titrate it with the NaOH
solution while swirling the flask.
2. Control the delivery of NaOH solution once you observe an appearance of pink color inside the conical
flask by allowing only 1-2 drops at a time.
3. Stop immediately the delivery of NaOH solution once the color of sample inside the flask become a
faint pink and it persists for 15 seconds. The pink color will fade as CO2 from the air dissolves in the
solution.
4. Record volume of the NaOH used from the burette.
5. Discard the solution in the flask.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for KHP 2 sample.

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