210 STRUCTURE Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it Tom shed. Id a joke, so Paul |: is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. Tom is In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, of, so, or yet, and a comma (,). The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests SB ‘A power failure occurred, the lamps went out. (A) then (B) so (©) later (D) next In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure occurred and the lamps went out, This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses. The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: COORDINATE CONNECTORS cand but or <0 yet s v s v She laughed, she wanted to cry. EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). —&_ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, (and) this computer is a laptop. nin the distance, (but)no has fall —— 3. Theyare trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. —L_ 2. The rain clouds can be —— 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon. —— 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water. —— 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) —— 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done. —— 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. —— 9. Oryou can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it ‘SKILL USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences: In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, acomma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests (3/5) [5 as late, I missed the appointment, (A) I (B) Because (©) The train (D) Since he In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, J missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, since, to join the two clauses. 2u1212 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: | ‘ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS oe ca ofter 4s soon as ‘once when os now that as before since whenever because since aslongas by the time until while inasmuch as__ sv adverb connector] S$ V Teresa went inside because it was raining. adverb connector s v sv Because it was raining, Teresa went inside. EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). fhe bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately. —L_ 2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated (before) are admitted to the organization. —— 3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection. —— 4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted. _—— 5. We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. —— 6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. —— 7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room. —— 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifis. —— 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much. —— 10. Inasmuch as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot be announced.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) SKILL USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples: IL we at 7:00 if am ready. Although I was late, I managed to catch the train. In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb con- nectors. In the first sentence, the adverb condition connector ifcomes in the middle of the sentence, In the second sentence, the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests You will get a good grade on the exam provided (A) studying (B) study (C) to study (D) you study In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be fol- lowed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D), which con- tains the subject and verb you study. 213214 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CONDITION, CONTRAST MANNER PLACE if although as where in case even though in that wherever provided though roviding while unless whereas whether Bob went to schoo! even though he felt sick. ee Even though Bob felt sick, _ he went to school. NOTE: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector. The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones fornily arrived an hour later. EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). Itis impossible to enter that program (if) you lack experience as a teacher. The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. Iwill take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures. I will wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable. ‘As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of one. ‘Though snow had been falling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the wedding.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the fol- lowing sentences. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified category. — 2 Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month. _— 3. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sitter in case a problem with the children. —— 4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for. —— 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it. —— 6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his homeland. —— 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized. —— 8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight. — 9. Itisimpossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard. 10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 The president of the United States 3. Like Thomas Berger's fictional character appoints the cabinet members, Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to appointments are subject to Senate find himself where of important approval. events took place. (A) their (A) itwas an extraordinary number (B)_ with their (B) there was an extraordinary number (C) because their : (C) anextraordinary number (D) but their (D) an extraordinary number existed The prisoners were prevented from 4 sucked groundwater from below, speaking to reporters because some parts of the city have begun to sink (A) not wanting the story in the papers Se en (B) the story in the papers the (A) Pumps have superintendent did not want (B) As pumps have (©) the public to hear the story (C) So pumps have (D) the superintendent did not want (D) With pumps the story in the papers216 STRUCTURE 5, Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific community, used extensively by numerous researchers. (A) they are (B) are (C) yet they (D) yet they are 6. According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of the migrate by following magnetic fields. (A) target monarchs (B) target since monarchs (C) target since monarchs are (D) target show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the possibility that other aspects are important. (A) Neural theories (B) Aneural theory (C) Although neural theories (D) However neural theories or refinanced, the lender will generally require setting up an escrow account to ensure the payment of property taxes and homeowner's insurance. (A) Ahomeis (B) Ahome is bought (C) When a home (D) When a home is bought 9. If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth's atmosphere, generally blocked by the ozone concentrated in the atmosphere. (A) it (B) itis (©) soitis (D) thenit 10. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual most of the chromosome does not participate in meiotic recombination. (A) in (B) so (©) and (D) in that TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The three basic chords in tonic, the dominant, and the subdominant. the (A) functional harmony (B) functional harmony is (C) functional harmony are (D) functional harmony they are Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in southern California, scientists can photograph objects several billion light years away. (A) The (B) With the (C) They use the (D) Itisthe 3. Without the proper card installed inside the computer, impossible to run a graphics program. (A) is definitely (B) because of (C) itis (D) is 4, The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for renewal, spared no expense in the fight to win renewal. (A) the lottery committee (B) so the lottery committee and (C) so the lottery committee (D)_ the lottery committee madeSTRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 217 5. While in reality Alpha Centauriisa tiple 8. As its name suggests, the Prairie star, to the naked eye to be a single Wetlands Resource Center the star. protection of wetlands on the prairies of ates the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, and i Nebraska. (B)_butit appears (C) appears (A) it focuses (D) despite it (B) focuses on (©) focusing 6, ‘The Sun's gravity severely distorted the (D) to focus on path of the comet entered its wildly erratic orbit around Jupiter. 9. One of the largest and most powerful w te birds of prey in the world, asix- foot wingspan and legs and talons (B) when roughly the size of a man’s arms and (©) after the comet came into it si (D) once the comet (A) so the harpy has 7. Bach object Jupiter's magnetic (B) the harpy having field is deluged with electrical charges. (©) with the harpy having aro (D) the harpy has (B) itenters 10. creation of such a community was (©) entering (D) enter a desirable step, the requisite political upheaval had to be accepted. (A). Since the (B) The (C) Later, the (D) Itwas the MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test, you should be very familiar with them. ‘SkiLL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Anoun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence. I know [when he will arrive NOUN GLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB Iam concerned about[when he will arrive NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION When he will arrive | is not important. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT218 STRUCTURE In the first example there are two clauses, I know and he will arrive. These two clauses are joined with the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the verb know. In the second example the two clauses J am concerned and he will arriveare also joined by the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the preposition about. The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will arriveas its subject and is as its verb. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (HH) [3A was late caused many problems. (A) That he (B) The driver (©) There (D) Because In this example there are two verbs, was and caused, and each of these verbs needs a sub- ject. Answer (B) is wrong because the driver is one subject, and two subjects are needed. ‘Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because there and because are not subjects. The best answer is answer (A). If you choose answer (A), the completed sentence would be: That he was late caused many problems. In this sentence heis the subject of the verb was, and the noun clause that he was late is the subject of the verb caused. The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS + what, when, where, why, how. + whatever, whenever + whether, if * that NOUN CLAUSEAS OBJECT tknow what you did. NOUN CLAUSES SUBJECT What —-you did” was wrong.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 219 EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). the season starts] is determined by the weather. 2. The manual |(how) the device should be built] —— 3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game. —— 4. He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer. —— 5. Talked about where we should go for lunch. —— 6. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained. —— 7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting. —— 8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due. —— 9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting. —— 10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted. Sxitt 10: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. I do not know [what is] in the box. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB concerned about [who NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION ill do the work] Whoever is coming to the party] must bring a gift. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT In the first example there are two clauses: I do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sen- tence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the con- nector that joins the two clauses. In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are. In the second clause whois the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposi- tion about. In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb és com- ing, and the noun clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.220 STRUCTURE The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests (8) [IA was on television made me angry. @ (B) The story (C) What (D) When In this example you should notice immediately that there are two verbs, was and made, and each of those verbs needs a subject. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because it and the story cannot be the subject for both was and made at the same time. Answer (D) is incorrect because when is not a subject. In answer (C) what serves as both the subject of the verb was and the connector that joins the two clauses together; the noun clause what was on television is the subject of the verb made. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer. The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with them: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who what which whoever whatever. whichever NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT sv noun connector/subject I know what happened. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT. Gomeomenormubies) V] What happened _was great. EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) —€— 1. The game show contestant was able to respond to was asked. | al ich) the best physics department] —— 3. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job descri —— 4 Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office. —— 5. The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.