Meeting 4

Modal Verbs And Modals Perfective

Dosen : Naufal Parinduri
A. Tujuan pembelaran
1. Memahami Modal Verbs Dan Modals Perfective.
2. Dapat meggunakan Modal Verbs Dan Modals Perfective dalam kegiatan
sehari-hari.
B. Petunjuk pembelajaran
1. Baca dan pelajari modul atau baca referensi lain yang berhubungan dengan
materi.
2. Kerjakan soal-soal yang diberikan.
C. Uraian materi
Modals
Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. Because they’re a type of
auxiliary verb (helper verb), they’re used together with the main verb of the
sentence. Common examples include can, should, and must.
Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advice,
capability, or requests. They’re used alongside a main verb to change its meaning
slightly. Because they’re auxiliary verbs, they can’t necessarily be used on their
own. (A modal verb should only appear alone if it’s clear from context what the
main verb is.)
Consider the difference between these two examples:
I swim every Tuesday.
I can swim every Tuesday.
The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a
swimming activity every week on Tuesdays.
The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning changes
slightly. The speaker does not swim every Tuesday; they’re saying they are capable
of swimming every Tuesday if they need to. It’s hypothetical.
Modal verbs are quite common in English, and you’ve probably seen them
hundreds of times without actually knowing their name. The most frequently used
ones are :
Present form Past form
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
Must Had to

When are modal verbs used ?

here is a list of when to use modal verbs, along with examples :

Likelihood
Some things seem likely, but we don’t know for sure. In these cases, you can use
the modal verbs should and must to show probability without certainty.
Her parents must be so proud.
My baby brother should be asleep by now.

Possibility
In situations when something is possible but not certain, use the modal verbs could,
may, or might.
Judging by the clouds, it might rain today.
She may become the youngest pro soccer player ever.

Ability
The modal verb can shows whether or not the subject is able to do something, such
as perform an action or demonstrate an ability. Likewise, the negative form, cannot
or can’t, shows that the subject is unable to do something.
She can speak three languages, but none of them well.
You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.
Asking permission
If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may,
or could. Traditionally, in more formal and polite usage, may is better for
permission; if you ask “can I go to the bathroom?” it could be misinterpreted as,
“do I have the ability to go to the bathroom?” (However, in modern usage may and
can are both perfectly acceptable options when describing possibility or
permission.)
May I leave early today?
Could I play too?

Request
Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question
with will, would, can, or could.
Would you get that box off the top shelf?
Will you turn that music down?

Suggestion/advice
What if you want to recommend something, but not command it? If you’re giving
suggestions or advice without ordering someone around, you can use the modal
verb should.
You should try the lasagna.
That guy should wear less cologne.

Command
On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal verbs must,
have to, or need to.
You must wash your hands before cooking.
You need to be here before 8:00.
Obligation or necessity
Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or
requirement. Likewise, the negative form expresses that an action is not necessary.
Use the same modal verbs as with commands: must, have to, or need to.
We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.
You don’t need to come if you don’t want to.

Habit
To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—you
can use the modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and future.
The phrase used to is also acceptable if you’re talking about a habit that no longer
exists.
When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.
I will arrive early and leave late to every meeting.

How to use modal verbs (with examples)

Luckily, using modal verbs in a sentence is pretty simple. For basic sentences—the
simple present tense—just remember these rules:
Modal verbs always come directly before the main verb (except for questions).
With modal verbs, use the infinitive form of the main verb without “to”.
So, if you want to brag about your ability to eat an entire pizza, you take the
infinitive form of “eat” without “to”—which is simply “eat”—and add the modal
verb “can” in front of it. The rest of the sentence continues as normal.
I can eat an entire pizza.
For questions, you still use the infinitive form of the main verb, but the order is a
little different:
[modal verb] + [subject] + [main verb]
So let’s rephrase the example above as a question:
Can you eat an entire pizza?
Because modal verbs largely deal with general situations or hypotheticals that
haven’t actually happened, most of them are in the present tenses. However, some
of them can be used in different verb tenses, so let’s talk a little about how to
construct them.
Formula :
S + Modals + V1 + Complement
Can/could
To state abilities
 I can make a sandwich.
 She could run very fast before her knee was misplaced.

May/might
To state a permission/possibility
 Okay, you may enter the room. (to state permission)
 It may be okay if you leave her. (to state possibility

Will/would
To state activity which will be done.
 I will go to Raja Ampat next month.
 I would eat that if it weren’t overcooked

Shall/should
to state possibility or suggestion
 I shall be the one who win this competition. (to state possibility)
 You should be drink the pills. (to give a suggestion)

Must/had to
To state absolute compulsion or conclusion
 You must be the famous Dwayne Johnson. (to state conclusion)
 She must do stretching before exercise. (to state compulsion)
 Modal Perfective
Modal perfective is used to express the utterance based on the past facts.
Formula :
S + Modal + Have + V3+ Complement
Could have + v3
To state events/actions which could happen in the past, but the fact was on the
contrary.
 You could have been drown, but someone saved you. (fact : you didn’t drown)
 I could have won the race, but I slipped before the finish line. (fact : I didn’t
win)

Might have + v3
To state possibilities that could happen in the past and the fact hasn’t been known
yet.
 Dini didn’t come to the party. She might have been unwell. (fact : she could be
ill)

Must have + v3
To state a conclusion which be drown from the past.
 The room is very hot, Han must have forgotten to turn on the AC.

Should have + v3
To state something wich should happen but in fact it didn’t
 I’m trapped by traffic jam, I should have ridden a motorcycle.

Would have + v3
To state something that would happen in the past because of a couse, but in fact it
didn’t happen. the sentence are usually the same as Third conditional sentences.
 If the cake had been made by someone else, it would have been terrible.
D. Latihan soal/tugas
1. I think it ________ rain today.
a. shall
b. may
c. might
d. ought to
2. It is a rule and you ________ obey it strictly.
a. should
b. could
c. must
d. need to
3. Choose the correct alternative for underline part. Would you like to have some
water?
a. Do
b. Shall
c. Can
d. No improvement
4. ________ I come in?
a. May
b. Will
c. Can
d. Should
5. ________ you play with us?
a. May
b. Will
c. Shall
d. Should
6. I ________ swim across the river when I was young.
a. could
b. can
c. should
d. must
7. It ________ not surprise you if you were eyed coldly by the conductor.
a. should
b. shall
c. will
d. would
8. They ________ be sorry for their behavior.
a. need not
b. ought to
c. should
d. must
9. If you read newspapers, you ________ notice that there is definite space for
letters.
a. would
b. could
c. will
d. can
10. If you had not been there, I ________ differently.
a. might have acted
b. might act
c. might acted
d. may have acted
11. Calamities such as earthquakes _______ by a human being.
a. would not be controlled
b. may not be controlled
c. should not be controlled
d. cannot be controlled
12. You ________ obey the advice of your teacher.
a. could
b. are
c. should
d. can
13. For a better future, we ________ our forests.
a. must conserve
b. conserve
c. cut
d. may conserve
14. All the youngsters ________ respect their elders and teachers.
a. can
b. may
c. might
d. must
15. Your child is safe in the hands of a policeman. You ________ not worry.
a. can
b. dare
c. need
d. should
E. Umpan balik atau tindak lanjut
Jawablah semua latihan pada pertemuan ini.
F. Daftar pustaka
1. Azar, Betty. S. 2017. Basic English Grammar: Forth Edition Grammar. Pretice-
Hall, Inc : Englewood Cliffs, Nj. Pages 74-77

2. Brazil, David. 1995. A Grammar Of Speech. Oxford University Press

3. Nordquist, Richard. 2018. Taken From www.thoughtco.com (Accessed On

Tuesday, June 26, 2018)
 Meeting 5
Concordance, Parallelism, and Elliptical Construction
Dosen : Naufal Parinduri
A.Tujuan pembelaran
3. Memahami Concordance, Parallelism dan Elliptical Construction.
4. Dapat menggunakan Concordance, Parallelism dan Eliptical Construction
dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.
B. Petunjuk pembelajaran
3. Baca dan pelajari modul atau baca referensi lain yang berhubungan dengan
materi.
4. Kerjakan soal-soal yang diberikan.
C. Uraian materi
Concordance
Concordance means balance. Concordance learns about the balance in a sentence.
In grammar points, the sentence must be balanced if there are some certain
conditions, such as :
1. Conditions which need single predicate
 If the subject contains utterances about money, weight, distance, time and
volume
o Five liters of water is enough.
o Twenty dollars is a lot of money.

 If the subject is gerund

o Doing homework early is good for you.
o Eating healthy food makes you stay fit and sharp.

 After certain words or phrases such as neither, every, each, the number of,
one of, etc.
o Neither Han nor Ben likes pink.
o The number of local entrepreneurs is increasing.
  All names, titles, educational subjects which look like plural noun are still
considered singular.
o The three little pigs is a good story.
o Civics is a difficult school lesson to memorize.

2. Conditions which need plural predicate

 After certain words as both, and, several, few, many.
o Both Vikram and agung are going to do a new project.
o Many of the audiences were disappointed

 Several words which is one thing but it is still considered plural

o My jeans are too big.
o The new trousers are quite affordable

3. Conditions whose predicates follow sentence elements

 After certain words as well as, together with, accompanied by, along with,
then the predicate follows the first subject.
o The dean accompanied by the finance manager, is visiting the town
square.

 After certain words as neither…nor, either…or, then the predicate follows

the last mentioned subject.
o Neither Agung nor Acil is able to solve the problems.

Parallelism
Parallelism is also called equity.
a. Equal to coordinate conjunction (and, but, or)
 Aris has been promoted as an accountant and as an editor.
 The man is kind-hearted and patient.
b. Equal to paired conjunction (both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not
only…but also, as well as)
 He is not only polite but also charming.
 I can’t find my key either in my pocket or in my bag.

Elliptical construction
Simply saying elliptical construction is the combination of two simple sentences
into a compound sentence.
1. Positive ellipses
A combination of two positive sentences.
Mr. Jupri likes to sing. Miss Ria likes to sing.
 Mr. Jupri likes to sing, so does Miss Ria.
 Mr. Jupri likes to sing, Miss Ria does too.

2. Negative ellipses
A combination of two negative sentences.
Mr. Tisna can’t speak English. Mr. Henry can’t speak English.
 Mr. Tisna can’t speak English, and Mr. Henry is not either.
 Mr. Tisna can’t speak English, neither can Mr. Henry.

3. Contrastive ellipses
A combination of a positive and negative sentence.
Han likes Genshin Impact. Ben doesn’t like Genshin Impact.
 Han likes Genshin Impact, but Ben doesn’t.
 Ben doesn’t likes Genshin Impact, but Han does.
D. Latihan soal/tugas
1. He came here yesterday and I __________.
A. Does too
B. Did too
C. Doing too
D. Did either

2. He did not buy pizza and _________ I.

A. Neither do
B. Neither does
C. Neither did
D. Either did

3. Father doesn't like milk and mother _________ .

A. Doesn't either
B. Didn't either
C. Don't either
D. Doesn't neither

4. She is not making doughnuts and we ___________

A. isn't either
B. Aren't neither
C. Aren't either
D. Isn't neither

5. He speaks Korean very well and Nina __________.

A. Does neither
B. Did either
C. Do too
D. Does too
6. Ben likes mangoes and Amy __________.
A. Does too
B. So does
C. Does neither
D. Neither does

7. Mary is a student and ___________ Kevin.

A. Is too
B. So is
C. Neither is
D. So does

8. He can do that work and __________ they.

A. So do
B. Neither can
C. So can
D. So will

9. The cat hasn't drunk the milk and the dog __________.
A. Hasn't either
B. Has either
C. Haven't either
D. Hasn't neither

10. He goes to school every day and ________ I.

A. So does
B. So do
C. So did
D. Do too
E. Umpan balik atau tindak lanjut
Jawablah semua latihan pada pertemuan 1 ini.

F. Daftar pustaka

4. Brinton, Laurel J. 2000. The Structure Of Modern English: A Linguistic

Introduction. John Benjamin.
5. Quirk R And Greenbaum S. 1973. A University Grammar Of English. Pearson
Education.

6. Cowan, Ron. The Teachers Grammar Of English : A Course Book And

Reference Guide, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

7. Brazil, David. 1995. A Grammar Of Speech. Oxford University Press

 Penjelasan Penggunaan BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER Dalam Bahasa Inggris

Pada dasarnya, both, either, dan neither dalam Bahasa inggris digunakan untuk membicarakan
dua buah benda, baik itu benda hidup ataupun benda mati. Tapi, masing-masing memiliki
pengertian dan penggunaan yang berbeda-beda.

Lalu apa perbedaanya?

1. BOTH
Both artinya “keduanya” atau dua buah benda dan bermakna positif. Both dapat
digunakan sebagai kata ganti untuk merujuk pada dua hal yang telah disebutkan
sebelumnya.
Both selalu ditandai dengan penghubung/konjungsi “and” (dan) yang terletak diantara
noun (kata benda) atau adjective (kata sifat) yang menjelaskan ide yang sama dalam
sebuah kalimat.
Contoh: John has two children. -Both are married. (Both= the two children).
- This project will take both time and money.
- Luna: do you want the blue dress or the red one?
Alexa: I’ll buy both (= the blue dress and the red shirt= both shirts).
Both+adjective+and+adjective
He’s both smart and diligent. Smart= adjective, diligent= adjective.
Both+noun+and+noun
She speaks both English and Japanese.
Both+plural noun.
Jika kita ingin meletakkan kata benda setelah both, maka kata benda tersebut harus
berbentuk jamak (plural).
Last year I went to Bali and Lombok. Both islands are wonderful.

2. EITHER
Either artinya salah satu dari keduanya. Either digunakan untuk menyatakan salah satu
diantara dua. Either diikuti dengan kata kerja tunggal afirmatif dan Sebagian besar
digunakan dalam pertanyaan dan kalimat negative.

Contoh: -would you like tea or coffee? You can have either.
Pada kalimat di atas terdapat kata either yang menyatakan salah satu teh atau kopi. Jadi,
jika kita menggunakan either, itu artinya menyatakan salah satu diantara dua hal atau
benda.

- There were two pictures on the wall. I don’t like either. Menyatakan bahwa si
pembicara tidak menyukai salah satu dari dua lukisan itu.
- Either you or Felix has to finish report before 4 pm. ( kamu atau Felix harus
menyelesaikan laporan sebelum jam 4 sore).
- You can take either the red shirt or blue one. ( kamu dapat mengambil kemeja merah
atu biru).
  Either+ singular noun
Setelah either kita bisa meletakkan kata benda tunggal (singular noun) setelahnya.
- There are only two choices and I’m not interested in either film. ( hanya ada dua
pilihan dan saya tidak tertarik dengan salah satu filmnya).
- I haven’t read either of these novels. ( saya belum membaca salah satu dari novel ini).

3. NEITHER
Neither mengandung makna tidak kedua-duanya atau tak satupun.

Contoh: - Jacob: Do you want to go to the cinema or the concert? (anda mau pergi ke
bioskop atau konser?)

Jo: Neither. I want to stay at home. ( tak satupun. Saya ingin di rumah saja).
- Neither man wear suit. Kalimat ini menyatakan bahwa ada dua orang laki- laki dan tak
satupun dari mereka yang memakai stelan jas.
- Neither John nor Frank like doing the dishes. ( baik John maupun Frank tidak suka
mencuci piring).
- I want neither the red shirt nor blue one. (= saya tidak ingin kemeja merah atau biru).
- She neither smokes nor drinks. (= dia tidak merokok atau minum alcohol).
 Neither+ singular noun
Setelah neither kita bisa meletakkan kata benda tunggal (singular noun) setelahnya.
 Neither team wanted to lose. (= tidak ada tim yang ingin kalah).
 This tennis game was very close. Neither player was well prepared. (= pertandingan ini
sudah sangat dekat. Tidak ada pemain yang memiliki persiapan matang.)
 Neither of + plural noun
Apabila menggunakan of setelah neither, maka kitab oleh meletakkan kata benda jamak
(plural noun)setelahnya.

- Neither of my friends came to class today. (tak satupun dari teman saya yang dating ke
kelas hari ini.)
- Neither of the parents understood what the baby was trying to say. (tak satupun dari
orang tua yang mengerti apa yang coba dikatakan bayi itu.)
Catatan penting:

 Both……and….. (both berpasangan dengan and)

He’s both handsome and cool.

 Either……or……. (either berpasangan dengan or)

I will take either English or Japanese next semester.

 Neither………nor……… ( neither berpasangan dengan nor).

The book is neither interesting nor accurate.