Mole Concept Chem.

XI

1. INTRODUCTION
There are a large number of objects around us which we can see and feel. Anything that occupies
space and has mass is called matter. Ancient Indian and Greek philosopher’s believed that the wide
variety of object around us are made from combination of five basic elements: Earth, Fire, Water, Air and
Sky. The Indian philosopher Kanad (600 BC) was of the view that matter was composed of very small,
indivisible particle called “parmanus”. Ancient Greek philosopher also believed that all matter was
composed of tiny building blocks which were hard and indivisible. The Greek philosopher Domocritus
named these building blocks as atoms, meaning indivisible. All these people had their philosophical views
about matter, these views were never put to experimental test.

It was John Dalton who firstly developed a theory on the structure of matter, latter on which was known as
Dalton’s atomic theory.

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY:

 Matter is made up of very small indivisible particle called atoms.
 All the atoms of an element are identical in all respect i.e. mass, shape, size, etc. and atoms of different
elements are different in nature.
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed by any chemical process.

Classification of matter

On the basis of physical behaviour On the basis of chemical behaviour

Pure substances Mixtures

Solids Liquids Gases Element Compound

2. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by the following five basic laws.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:

It states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789. He performed careful experimental studies for
combustion reactions for reaching to the above conclusion. This law formed the basis for several later
developments in chemistry.
Lavoisier stated that “during any physical or chemical change the total mass of the products
produced is equal to the total mass of the reactants reacted”. He showed that when mercuric oxide
was heated the total mass of mercury and oxygen produced was equal to the total mass of mercuric oxide.

LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS:

This law was given by, a French chemist, Joseph Proust. He stated that a given compound always
contains exactly the same proportion of elements by weight.
Irrespective of the source, a given compound always contains same elements in the same proportion. The
validity of this law has been confirmed by various experiments. It is sometimes also referred to as Law of
definite composition.
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
This law implies that irrespective of how a compound is prepared or from where the compound originates, it
is always made up of the same elements combined in the same proportion by the weight.
For example, if water is taken from difference sources, such as rivers, oceans, wells etc. they all contain
hydrogen and oxygen, combined in the same proportion by weight in it.

LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS:

This law was proposed by Dalton in 1803. According to this law, if two elements can combine to form
more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other
element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

For example, carbon and oxygen combine to form CO and CO2. In CO, 12 parts by mass of carbon
combines with 16 parts by mass of oxygen while in CO 2 12 parts by mass of carbon combines with 32 parts
by mass of oxygen. Therefore the ratio of the masses of oxygen that combines with a fixed mass of carbon
is 16:32 that is 1:2.

LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTIONS:

This law which was proposed by Ritcher (1792) states that “when two elements combine separately
with fixed mass of third element then the ratio of their masses in which they do so is either the
same or some whole number multiple of the ratio in which they combine with each other”.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Carbon, Sulphur and Oxygen form CO2, SO2 and CS2. In CO2 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 32
parts by mass of oxygen while in SO2 32 parts by mass of Sulphur combine with 32 parts by mass of
oxygen. Ratio of masses of carbon and Sulphur which combine with fixed mass of oxygen is 12:32 or 3:8.In
CS2 12 parts by mass of carbon combines with 64 parts by mass of Sulphur therefore the ratio of mass of
carbon to Sulphur in carbon disulphide is 12:64i.e. 3:16.
3 3
Therefore, the ratios : or 2:1
8 16

GAY - LUSSAC LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES:

This law which was proposed by Gay – Lussac states that, the volumes of gaseous reactants reacted
and the volumes of gaseous products formed, all measured at the same temperature and pressure
bear a simple ratio.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The reaction involved in Haber’s Process (Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia)
N 2  g   3H 2  g   2NH3  g 
1vol 3 vol 2 vol
It is observed that the ratio of the volumes of N2 and H2 reacted and volume of NH3 produced is equal to
1:3:2 which is a simple ratio.

 This law is applicable only for gaseous reactions and should not be used for non–gaseous
reactants and products.

3. ATOMIC MASS & MOLECULAR MASS

Analysis of water shows that it contains 88.89% oxygen and 11.11% of hydrogen by mass. Thus the
ratio of masses of hydrogen and oxygen in water is 11.11: 88.89 or 1:8. Moreover the ratio of number of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecule can be shown to be2:1.
Therefore oxygen is 16 times heavier than hydrogen. Therefore relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16 units if
we take mass of hydrogen atom as 1 unit. In 1961 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists
(IUPAC) selected the most stable isotope of carbon, C–12 as the standard for comparison of atomic
masses of elements. The mass of C–12 atom is taken as 12 atomic mass unit.
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
The scale in which the relative atomic masses of different elements are expressed is called atomic mass
unit or amu.

1
Atomic mass Unit (amu) = the mass of a C - 12 atom = 1.660539 x10-24gm
12

Mass of one atomof the element

Atomic mass of an element 
1
 Mass of one atomof 12
6 C
12
One amu is also called one Dalton (Da). Now amu has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified
mass.
MOLECULAR MASS:
Molecular Mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a molecule. It is obtained by
multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of its atoms and adding them together. For
example, molecular mass of methane which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms can be
obtained as follows:
Molecular mass of methane, CH4 = (12.011) + 4 (1.008) = 16.043
Similarly, molecular mass of H2O = 2 × atomic mass of hydrogen + 1 × atomic mass of oxygen
= 2 (1.008) + 16.00 = 18.016

4. MOLE CONCEPT
One mole is an amount of substance containing Avogadro's number of particles. Avogadro's number is
equal to 602,214,199,000,000,000,000,000 or more simply, 6.02214199 × 1023.
A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons or any other elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12
gm of 12C. The number of atoms in 12 gm of 12C is called Avogadro’s number (NA).

NA = 6.022  1023

From mass spectrometer we found that there are 6.022 x 1023 atoms present in 12 gm of C – 12 isotope.
The number of entities in 1 mol is so important that it is given a separate name and symbol known as
Avogadro constant denoted by NA. i.e. on the whole we can say that 1 mole is the collection of6.022 x 1023
entities. Here entities may represent atoms, ions, molecules or even pens, chairs , paper etc. also include
in this but as this number (NA) is very large therefore it is used only for very small things.

 HOW BIG IS A MOLE?

One mole of marbles would cover the entire Earth (oceans included) for a depth of three miles. One mole of
$100 bills stacked one on top of another would reach from the Sun to Pluto and back7.5 million
times. It would take light 9500 years to travel from the bottom to the top of a stack of 1mole of $1
bills.
GRAM ATOMIC MASS:
 The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass of that element.
 It is also defined as mass of 6.022 x 1023 atoms.
 It is also defined as the mass of one mole atoms.
 It is also defined as the mass of 1 gram atom of the element.
For example for oxygen atom:
Atomic mass of ‘O’ atom = mass of one ‘O’ atom = 16 amu
Gram atomic mass = mass of 6.022 1023 ‘O’ atoms
= 16 amu x 6.022 1023
= 16 x 1.66 10 -24 x 6.022 x 1023 16gm/mole
1.66 1024  6.022 1023  1
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS:
 The molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram is called the gram-molecular mass of the
substance.
 It is also defined as mass of 6.022 x 1023 molecules.
 It is also defined as the mass of 1 mole molecules.
 It is also defined as the mass of 1 gram molecule.
For examples for ‘O2’ molecules:
Molecular mass of ‘O2’ molecule = mass of one ‘O2’ molecule
= 2  mass of one ‘O’ atom
= 2  16 amu
= 32 amu
Gram molecular mass = mass of 6.022 1023 ‘O2’ molecules
= 32 amu 6.022 1023
= 32  1.66  10-24 gm 6.022 1023
= 32 gm/mole
AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS:
Equal volume of the gases have equal number of molecules (not atoms) at same temperature and pressure
condition.
S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
Temperature = 0o C or 273 K
Pressure = 1 bar = 0.987 atm
Volume of one mole of any gas at STP is found to be experimentally equal to 22.7 litres which is known as
molar volume at STP.
Earlier the STP condition were
Temperature = 0o C or 273 K
Pressure = 1 atm
Volume of one mole of any gas at old STP is found to be experimentally equal to 22.4 litres.

T-MAP: INTERCONVERSION OF MOLE-VOLUME,MASS AND NUMBER OF PARTICLES

x NA x22.7 lt
Number of entities Mole
 22.7 lt
Volume at STP
 NA

 mol. wt x mol. wt
 At. wt x At. wt

Mass

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
FORMULA SHEET FOR MOLE CALCULATIONS:

S. No. Items Formula

Wt. in gm
1. Molecules
Molecular mass
Wt. in gm
2. Atom
Atomic mass
Volume at STP
3. Gases
Standard molar Volume at STP
Number of particles
4. Any Particle
Avogardro number
5. Moles of A in AxBy x
For Gases at any P(in atm), V(in PV
6. n where R = 0.0821 lit-atm/mol K
litres)& T(in K) RT

IMPORTANT NOTES:

1. STP conditions: STP means that temperature is 0C or 273K and pressure is one bar.
2. 1 gm-atom is same as 1 mole of an atom & hence will have weight equal to atomic weight
expressed in grams.
3. 1 gm – molecule is same as 1 mole of the molecule & hence will have weight equal to molecular
weight expressed in grams.
4. 1 gm – Ion is same as 1 mole of an ion & hence will have weight equal to ionic weight

 Remember 1 gm of atom & 1gm– atom are two different phrases. Former is mentioning weight
(equal to 1gm) & latter is mentioning moles.

e.g. (1) “ x g atom of nitrogen “ = x moles of N atom =  x  NA  number of N atoms

(2) “ x g molecule of nitrogen” = x moles of N2 molecules =  x  N A  molecules of N2

=  2x  NA  number of N atom
5. AVERAGE WEIGHT
AVERAGE ATOMIC WEIGHT:
For elements, which have atoms with different relative masses (isotopes) the atomic mass is taken as
weighted mean of the atomic masses.

Average atomic weight = ∑ % of Isotope X Atomic Wt. of Isotope

For example, chlorine contains two isotopes ofatomic masses 35 amu and 37 amu. The relative abundance
of these two is in the ratio of 3:1. Thus the atomic mass of chlorine is the average of different relative
35  3  37  1
masses. Therefore atomic mass of chlorine is equal to = 35.5 amu.
4
Shortcut to calculate % abundance when an element X is having only two isotopes XA& XB& average
atomic wt isXavg
X avg  wt of X B
 % of X  A
100
wt of X A  wt of X b
% obtained above is mole %.
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

For homogenous mixture of several substances having number of moles, ni& molecular mass M(i) for ith
species, the average molecular weight is given as
n1  M1  n 2  M 2  ....
Average Molecular wt. =
n1  n 2  .........


Total weight

n M
i i

Total no.of moles. n i

MINIMUM MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

It is the molecular weight of a compound shown by presence of minimum number of atoms
[i.e. for monomer = 1 , Dimer = 2 , Trimer = 3 , Tetramer = 4 ]

e.g. Insulin contains 3.4% of Sulphur, Find its Minimum Molecular Weight.
100g insulin contains 3.4g S (Sulphur). Assuming it to be monomer [as nothing specified] one Sulphur
atom  32 amu (atomic mass), we can write, 3.4 g S is contained in 100g insulin
 100 
32g S is contained by  32  = Minimum Molecular Weight
 3 .4 

6. DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR & EMPERICAL FORMULAE

The molecular formula of a compound may be defined as the formula which gives the actual number of
atoms of various elements present in the molecule of the compound. For example, the molecular formula of
the compound glucose can be represented as C6H12O6. A molecule of glucose contains six atoms of
carbon, twelve atoms of hydrogen and six atoms of oxygen.
In order to find out molecular formula of a compound, the first step is to determine its empirical formula from
the percentage composition.

Mass of that element

Mass % of an element = × 100
Molar mass
EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
The empirical formula of a compound may be defined as the formula which gives the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms of the various elements present in the molecule of the compound. The empirical
formula of the compound glucose (C6H12O6) is CH2O which shows that C,H and O are present in the
simplest ratio of 1:2:1
Empirical formula mass of substance is equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in the empirical
formula of the substance. Molecular formula is a whole number multiple of empirical formula.
Thus Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)  n where n = 1,2,3…

Molecular Formula Molecular Mass

n 
Empirical Formula Empirical Mass

STEPS FOR WRITING THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA:

The percentage of the elements in the compound is determined by suitable methods and from the data
collected, the empirical formula is determined by the following steps:
 Divide the percentage of each element by its atomic mass. This will give the relative number of moles
of various elements present in the compound.
 Divide the quotients obtained in the above step by the smallest of them so as to get a simple ratio of
moles of various elements.
 Multiply the figures, so obtained by a suitable integer if necessary in order to obtain a whole number
ratio.
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
 Finally write down the symbols of the various elements side by side and put the above number as the
subscripts to the lower right hand corner of each symbol. This will represent the empirical formula of
the compound.

STEPS FOR WRITING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA:

 Calculate the empirical formula as described above.
 Find out the empirical formula mass by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in the
empirical formula of the compound.
 Divide the molecular mass (determined experimentally by some suitable method) by the empirical
formula mass and find out the value of n.

DENSITY:
Density is of two types,

 Absolute Density

 Relative Density

For liquid and solids:

mass
Absolute density =
volume
density of the substance
Relative density or specific gravity =
density of water at 4o C
For Gases :
Molar mass PM
Absolute density (mass / volume) = 
Molar volume RT
Where P is pressure of gas, M = mol. Wt. of gas , R is the gas constant , T is the temperature.
VAPOUR DENSITY:
Vapour density is defined as the density of the gas with respect to hydrogen gas at the same temperature
and pressure.
PMgas
d gas M gas M gas
Vapour density =  RT => V. D. = 
d H2 PM H 2 M H2 2
RT
Mgas = 2 (V.D.)

Relative density can be calculated w.r.t. to other gases also.

7. STOICHIOMETRY
The word ‘Stoichiometry’ is derived from two Greek words – Stoicheion (meaning element) and metron
(meaning measure). Stoichiometry, thus, deals with the calculation of masses (sometimes volumes also) of
the reactants and the products involved in a chemical reaction. Before understanding how to calculate the
amounts of reactants required or those produced in a chemical reaction, let us study what information is
available from the balanced chemical equation of a given reaction. Let us consider the combustion of
methane. A balanced equation for this reaction is as given below:

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

The above balance reaction gives the following information:

 For every 1 mole of CH4, 2 mole of O2 will be required to produce 1 mole of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O.
this signifies Mole – Mole relation
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
 For every 16 grams of CH4 , 64 grams of O2 will be required to produce 44gms of CO2 and 36 grams of
H2O this signifies Mass – Mass relation
 Ratio of moles of CO2 : H2O at any time = 1 : 2
 There will be no change in total mass of all reactants and products at any time for any chemical
reaction.
 For the above reaction only, there will be no change in total number of moles of all reactants and
products.
In order to solve the problems based on chemical calculations the following steps, in general, are quite
helpful.
 Write the balanced chemical equation.
 Write the atomic mass/molecular mass/moles/molar volumes of the species involved in calculations.
 Calculate the result by applying unitary method.

7.1 INTERPRETATION OF BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Once we get a balanced chemical equation then we can interpret a chemical equation by following ways
1. Mass – mass analysis
2. Mass – volume analysis
3. Volume – volume analysis

MASS – MASS ANALYSIS:

Consider the reaction, 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
According to stoichiometry of the reaction
Mass – mass ratio: 2 x 122.5 : 2 x 74.5 : 3 x 32
Mass of KClO3 2  122.5
Or 
Mass of KCl 2  74.5

Mass of KClO3 2  122.5


Mass of O2 3  32

MASS – VOLUME ANALYSIS :

Now again consider decomposition of KClO3
2KClO3  2KCl  3O2
Mass Volume ratio, 2 x 122.5 gm : 2 x 74.5 gm : 3 x 22.4 lt at N.T.P.
we can use two relation for volume of oxygen.
Mass of KClO3 2  122.5
 …(i)
volume of O2 at NTP 3  22.4 lt
Mass of KCl 2  74.5
And  …(ii)
volume of O2 at NTP 3  22.4 lt

VOLUME – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP:

It relates the volume of gaseous species (reactants or product) with the volume of another gaseous species
(reactant or product) involved in a chemical reaction.

7.2LIMITING REAGENT
In many situations one of the reactants is present in excess therefore some of this reactant is left over on
completion of the reaction. For example, consider the combustion of hydrogen.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
Suppose that 2 moles of H2 and 2 moles of O2 are available for reaction. It follows from the equation that
only 1 mole of O2 is required for complete combustion of 2 moles of H2 ; 1 mole of O2 will, therefore, be left
over on completion of the reaction. The amount of the product obtained is determined by the amount of the
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction. This reactant is called the limiting reagent. Thus,
limiting reagent may be defined as the reactant which is completely consumed during the reaction.
In the above example H2 is the limiting reagent. The amount of H2O formed will, therefore, be determined
by the amount of H2. Since 2 moles of H2 are taken, it will form 2 moles of H2O on combustion.

 The best method to identify limiting reagent is by dividing given moles of each reactant by their
stoichiometric coefficient, the one with least ratio is limiting reagent. It is particularly useful when
number of reactants are more than two.

7.3 CALCULATION INVOLVING PERCENT YIELD

In general, when a reaction is carried out in the laboratory we do not obtain actually the theoretical amount
of the product. The amount of the product that is actually obtained is called the actual yield. Knowing the
actual yield and theoretical yield, the percentage yield can be calculated as
Actual yield
%yield =  100
Theoretical yield

7.4PRINCIPLE OF ATOM CONSERVATION (POAC)

In chemical reaction atoms are conserved, so moles of atoms shall also be conserved. This is known as
principle of atomic conservation. This principle is helpful in solving problems of nearly all stoichiometric
calculations e.g.
KClO3(s)  KCl(s)+ O2(g)
Applying POAC for K atoms
Moles of K atoms in KClO3 = Moles of K atoms in KCl
Since one mole of KClO3 contains 1 mol of K atom. Similarly 1 mol of KCl contains one mole of K atoms.
WKClO3 WKCl
 1 n KClO3  1 n KCl  1  (Mass-mass relationship)
M KClO3 M KCl
Applying POAC for ‘O’ atoms Moles of O atom in KClO3 = Moles of O atom in O2
WKClO3 Vol.of O2 at STP
 3  nKClO 3 = 2  nO 2  3 × =2×
M KClO3 Standard Molar Volume
(Mass volume relationship of reactant and product)
In this way applying POAC we can break the chemical equation into a number of arithmetic equations
without balancing the chemical equation. Moreover number of reactions and their sequence from reactants
to products are not required. It is important to note that POAC can be applied for the atoms which remain
conserved in chemical reaction.
 Please note that the balanced reaction is essential in Mole method of solving .Only while using
POAC (which would be applicable only in certain cases), balanced reaction is not required.
 You can use POAC for all atoms in the compound only if all the reactants and products are known.

8. CONCENTRATION TERMS
Many chemical reactions occur in the solution state and hence stoichiometric problems may sometimes
involve different concentration terms of solutions to give an idea of amount of solute and solvent present in
the solution. There are various ways to represent concentration of the solution as mentioned below.
 In a solution the designation of solute and solvent is often a matter of convenience, however many a
times the one present in smaller quantity is termed as solute. Also, a solution may have more than one
solute but solvent cannot be more than one.
 All the concentration terms given below are applicable only when there is a homogenous solution or
when solute completely dissolves in the solvent.

The following concentrations terms are used to expressed the concentration of a solution. These are
1. Molarity (M)
2. Molality (m)
3. Mole fraction (X)
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
4. % calculation
5. Normality (N) (will be discussed in volumetric analysis)
6. ppm
Please remember that all these concentration terms are related to one another. By knowing one
concentration term you can also find the other concentration terms. Let us discuss all of them one by one.

8.1 MOLARITY (M)

The number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L (1000 ml) of the solution is known as the molarity
of the solution.
number of moles
Molarity of solution =
volume of solution in litre
Let a solution is prepared by dissolving w gm of solute of mol. wt. M in V ml water.
w
 Number of moles of solute dissolved =
M
w
 V ml water have mole of solute
M
w 1000
 1000 ml water have
M  Vin ml
w × 1000
 Molarity (M) =
 Mol. wt of solute  × Vin ml
Some other relations may also useful.
mass of solute
Number of millimoles = × 1000 =  Molarity of solution × Vin ml 
 Mol. wt. of solute 
Number of millimole of solute
Molarity =
Total volume of solution in ml
 If a particular solution having volume V1 and molarity = M1 is diluted to V2 mL then
M1V1  M2 V2 M2 : Resultant molarity

 If a solution having volume V1 and molarity M1 is mixed with another solution of same solute
having volume V2 mL & molarity M 2
M1V1  M 2 V2
MR = Resultant molarity =
V1  V2

 Molarity is a unit that depends upon temperature. It varies inversely with temperature.
Mathematically : Molarity decreases as temperature increases.
1 
Molarity  
temperature volume

8.2 MOLALITY (m)

The molality is the number of moles of solute present in one Kg of solvent

wsolute × 1000
m =
Molecular Mass of solute × wsolvent  gm
 Molality is independent of temperature changes.
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
MOLARITY(M) AND MOLALITY(m) FOR PURE SUBSTANCES:

1. Water:
Let the sample of water has 1000 ml
Mass of water = 1000 gm [density of water = 1gm/mL.]
1000
Moles of water  mol
18
 1000   1000 
    mol
Molarity   18   55.55M & molality =  18   55.55 m
1 1 kg

2. Pure ethanol :
dgm/ml (density of ethanol)
(C2H5OH) let volume of ethanol taken be 1000 ml.
wt of ethanol in 1000 ml = 1000  d gm
1000d 1000d
Mol of ethanol =  Molarity =
46 46
 1000d 
  mol 1000
& molality of ethanol =
 46 

 1000d  46
  kg
 1000 

 Parts per million (ppm)  Amount of solute ( in g ) with 106 g solvent

 Parts per billion ( ppb)  Amount of solute ( in g ) with 109 g solvent

8.3 MOLE FRACTION (X)

The ratio of number of moles of the solute or solvent present in the solution and the total number of moles
present in the solution is known as the mole fraction of substance concerned.
Let number of moles of solute in solution = n
Number of moles of solvent in solution = N
n
 Mole fraction of solute  X1  
nN
N
 Mole fraction of solvent  X 2  
nN
Also X1  X2  1
 Mole fraction is a pure number. It will remain independent of temperature changes.

8.4 PERCENTAGE CONCENTRATION

The concentration of a solution may also be expressed in terms of percentage in the following way.

1. % WEIGHT BY WEIGHT (W/W):

It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 gm of solution.
mass of solute in gm
% w/w = × 100
mass of solution in gm

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
2. % WEIGHT BY VOLUME (W/V) :

It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 ml of solution

mass of solute in gm
% w/v = × 100
volume of solution in ml

3. % VOLUME BY VOLUME (V/V) :

It is given as volume of solute present in per 100 ml solution.

Volume of solute in ml
% V/V = × 100
Volume of solution in ml

EXERCISE - 1A
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

1. Potassium combines with two isotopes of chlorine (35Cl and 37Cl) respectively to form two samples
of KCl. Their formation follows the law of:
(A) constant proportions (B) multiple proportions
(C) reciprocal proportions (D) none of these
2. H2S contains 5.88% hydrogen, H2O contains 11.11% hydrogen while SO2 contains 50% sulphur.
These figures illustrate the law of:
(A) conservation of mass (B) constant proportions
(C) multiple proportions (D) reciprocal proportions

3. Irrespective of the source, pure sample of water always yields 88.89% mass of oxygen and 11.11%
mass of hydrogen. This is explained by the law of:
(A) conservation of mass (B) constant composition
(C) multiple proportion (D) constant volume

MOLE CONCEPT

4. The best standard of atomic mass is:

(A) carbon-12 (B) oxygen-16 (C) hydrogen-1.008 (D) chlorine-35.5
5. The chemical formula of a particular compound represents:
(A) the size of its molecule
(B) the shape of its molecule
(C) the total number of atoms in a molecule
(D) the number of different types of atoms in a molecule

6. Two containers P and Q of equal volume (1 litre each) contain O 2 and SO2 respectively at 300 K
and 1 atmosphere. Then
(A) Number of molecules in P is less than that in Q
(B) Number of molecules in Q is less than that in P
(C) Number of molecules in P and Q are same
(D) Either (A) or (B)

7. 7.5 grams of a gas occupy 5.675 litres of volume at STP. The gas is
(A) NO (B) N2O (C) CO (D) CO2

8. The weight of a molecule of the compound C60H122 is

(A) 1.4  1021 g (B) 1.09  1021 g (C) 5.025  1023 g (D) 16.023  1023 g

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
9. 1.0 mole of CO2 contains:
(A) 6.02 × 1023 atoms of C (B) 6.02 × 1023 atoms of O
(C) 18.1 × 1023 molecules of CO2 (D) 3 g-atoms of CO2

10. The number of atoms in 1.4 g nitrogen gas is:

(A) 6.02 × 1022 (B) 3.01 × 1022 (C) 1.20 × 1023 (D) 6.02 × 1023

11. Which of the following has the smallest number of molecules?

(A) 22.7 × 103 ml of CO2 gas at STP (B) 22 g of CO2 gas
(C) 11.35 litre of CO2 gas at STP (D) 0.1 mole of CO2 gas

12. The number of grams of H2SO4 present in 0.25 mole of H2SO4 is

(A) 0.245 (B) 2.45 (C) 24.5 (D) 49.0

13. At STP 1.0 g of hydrogen gas has volume in litre:

(A) 1.135 (B) 22.7 (C) 2.27 (D) 11.35

14. 19.7 kg of gold was recovered from a smuggler. The atoms of gold recovered are: (Au = 197)
(A) 10 (B) 6.02 × 1023 (C) 6.02 × 1024 (D) 6.02 × 1025

15. The molecular mass of CO2 is 44 amu and Avogadro’s number is 6.02 × 1023. Therefore, the mass
of one molecule of CO2 in gram is :
(A) 7.31 × 10–23 (B) 3.65 × 10–23 (C) 1.01 × 10–23 (D) 2.01 × 10–23

16. The number of moles of H2 in 0.227 litre of hydrogen gas at STP is:
(A) 1 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.001

17. Choose the wrong statement:-

(A) 1 Mole means 6.02  1023 particles
(B) Molar mass is mass of one molecule
(C) Molar mass is mass of one mole of a substance
(D) Molar mass is molecular mass expressed in grams

18. 3 mol of ammonia contains:

(A) 18 gm of hydrogen (B) 42 gm of nitrogen
(C) both (D) None

19. Total number of protons in 36 ml of water at 4°C (where  of water = 1 g/ml) is

(A) 20 (B) 16 (C) 20 NA (D) 16NA

20. In which of the following pairs both members have same number of atoms
(A) 1 gm O2, 1 gm O3 (B) 1 gm N2, 2 gm N
(C) Both (D) None

21. The molecular wt. of green vitriol is M0. The wt. of 103 NA molecules of it is
(A) M0gm (B) M0 mg (C) 103 M0gm (D) 103 M0 mg

22. Which of the following has the highest mass

(A) 1g atom of C (B) ½ mole of CH4 (C) 10ml of H2O (D) 3.0111023 atom of oxygen.

23. Which one of the following samples contains the largest number of atoms.
(A) 2.5 mole CH4 (B) 10 mole He (C) 4 mole SO2 (D) 1.8 mole S8

24. The number of atoms in 52 a.m.u. of He is

(A) 131023 (B) 1.31023 (C) 13 (D) 103

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
25. The number of electrons in 2 gm ion of nitrate ion (NO3-) is
(A) 64 (B) 64NA (C) 32 (D) 32NA

26. The mass of carbon present in 0.5 moles of K4[Fe(CN)6] is

(A) 1.8 g (B) 18 g (C) 3.6 g (D) 36 g

27. The largest number of molecules is in

(A) 28 g of CO2 (B) 46 g of C2H5OH (C) 36 g of H2O (D) 54 g of N2O5

28. How many electrons are present in 180 gm. of water

(A) 1 NA (B) 10 NA (C) 18 NA (D) 100 NA

29. How many molecules of H2O are contained in 2.48 g of Na2S2O3.5H2O (at. wt. of Na=23,S=32)
(A) 31020 (B) 31021 (C) 31022 (D) 31023

30. The no. of silver atoms present in a 90% pure silver wire weighing 10 g. is (at.wt. of Ag=108)
(A) 8x1022 (B) 0.62x1023 (C) 5x1022 (D) 6.2x1029

31. The number of molecules of water in 333 g of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O is

(A) 186.021023 (B) 96.021023 (C) 18 (D) 36

32. The number of water molecules present in a drop of water weighing 0.018 g is
(A) 6.021026 (B) 6.021023 (C) 6.021020 (D) 6.021019

33. If NA is Avogadro’s number, then the number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ion ( N3 ) is
(Given One atom of N has 5 valence electrons)
(A) 2.4 NA (B) 4.2 NA (C) 1.6 NA (D) 3.2 NA

34. A person adds 3.42 of sucrose (C12H22O11) in his cup of tea to sweeten it. How many atoms of
carbon does he add?
(A) 132.44  1021 atoms (B) 66.22  1021 atoms
(C) 0.1 atoms (D) 72.27 1021 atoms

35. The total number of protons in 8.4 g of MgCO3 is (NA = 6.021023) :

(A) 2.521022 (B) 2.521024 (C) 3.011024 (D) 3.011022

36. 4.4g of CO2 and 2.27 litres of H 2 at STP are mixed in a container. The total number of molecules
present in the container will be
(A) 6.022 10 (B) 1.2044 10 (D) 6.023 10
23 23 24
(C) 2mole

37. Which sample contains the largest number of atoms:

(A) 1mg of C4H10 (B) 1mg of N2 (C) 1mgof Na (D) 1mL of water

38. The atomic weight of a triatomic gas is a. The correct formula for the number of moles of gas in its
w gram is:
3w w a
(A) (B) (C) 3wa (D)
a 3a 3w

39. Number of atoms in 558.5g Fe  at.wt 55.85  is:

(B) 6.023 10

22
(A) Twice that in 60g carbon
(D) 558.5  6.023 10
23
(C) Half in 8g He

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

40. How many moles of Calcium phosphate, Ca 3  PO 4 2 will contain 0.25mole of oxygen atoms?

(A) 0.02 (B) 3.125 102 (C) 1.25 102 (D) 2.5 102

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

41. The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% by mass of element X (at. wt. 10) and 50% by
mass of element Y (at. wt. 20) is ;
(A) XY (B) X2Y (C) XY2 (D) X2Y3

42. The hydrated salt Na2SO410H2O undergoes X% loss in weight on heating and becomes anhydrous.
The value of X will be
(A) 10 (B) 45 (C) 56 (D) 70

43. An oxide of iodine (I =127) contains 25.4 g of iodine and 8 g of oxygen. Its formula could be
(A) I2 O3 (B) I2O (C) I2 O5 (D) I2O7

44. The chloride of a metal contains 71% chlorine by weight and the vapour density of it is 50. The
atomic weight of the metal will be
(A) 29 (B) 58 (C) 35.5 (D) 71

STOICHIOMETRY

45. What quantity of limestone (CaCO3) on heating will give 56 Kg of CaO?

(A) 1000 Kg (B) 44 Kg (C) 56 Kg (D) 100 Kg

46. 2 mol of H2S and 11.35 L SO2 at S.T.P. reacts to form x mol of sulphur; x is
SO2 + 2H2S  3S + 2H2O
(A) 1.5 (B) 3 (C) 11.2 (D) 6

47. How many grams of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) would be needed to neutralise 100 g of magnesium
hydroxide (Mg(OH)2).
(A) 66.7 g (B) 252 (C) 112.6 g (D) 168 g

48. If two mole of methanol (CH3OH) completely burns to carbon dioxide and water, the weight of water
formed is about
(A) 22 g (B) 18 g (C) 36 g (D) 72 g

49. In an experiment, it is found that 2.0769 g of Pure X produces 3.6769 g of pure X 2O5. The number of
moles of X is
(A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.40 (D) 0.02

50. 2.7 g of Ag2CO3 on being heated strongly yields a residue weighing

(A) 2.11 g (B) 2.48 g (C) 2.32 g (D) 2.64 g

51. If 1 mole of ethanol (C2H5OH) completely burns to CO2 and H2O, the weight of CO2 formed is
about.
(A) 22 g (B) 45 g (C) 66 g (D) 88 g

52. The percent loss in weight after heating a pure sample of KClO3 (molecular weight = 122.5) will be
(A) 12.25 (B) 24.50 (C) 39.18 (D) 49.0

53. Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18g of steam on it.
2Fe  3H 2 O  
 Fe 2 O 3  3H 2 .
(A) 37.3 gm (B) 3.73 gm (C) 56 gm (D) 5.6 gm
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
54. A 10.0 g sample of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is treated with Na 2CO3 to
precipitate the calcium as calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium to
CaO and the final mass of CaO is 1.62 gms. The % by mass of CaCl2 in the original mixture is :
(A) 15.2% (B) 32.1% (C) 21.8% (D) 11.07%

55. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4, the maximum number of mol of Ba3(PO4)2 that
can be formed is
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.1

56. 0.5 mole of H2SO4 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Ca(OH)2. The maximum number of mole of CaSO4
formed is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (D) 1.5

57. For the reaction A + 2B  C + 3D, 5 moles of A and 8 moles of B will produce
(A) 5 moles of C (B) 4 moles of C (C) 8 moles of C (D) None of these

58. 2.4 kg of carbon is made to react with 1.35 kg of aluminium to form Al4C3. The maximum amount in
kg of aluminium carbide formed is
(A) 5.4 (B) 3.75 (C) 1.05 (D) 1.8

59. Consider the reaction 2A  2B, B  2C, 3C  4D. The no. of moles of D formed starting 4
moles of A, are
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 4 (D) 10.67

60. Vapour density of air is (considering air as 80% N 2 and 20%O2 )

(A) 0.001293 (B) 1.293 (C) 14.4 (D) 28.9

61. The density of chlorine relative to air as mentioned in above problem is

(A) 2.44 (B) 3 (C) 71 (D) 4

62. A gaseous oxide contains 30.4% of nitrogen, one molecule of which contains one nitrogen atom.
The density of the oxide relative to oxygen gas is
(A) 0.9 (B) 1.44 (C) 1.50 (D) 3.0

CONCENTRATION TERMS

63. An aqueous solution of urea containing 18 g urea in 1500 cc of solution has a density of 1.052 g/cc.
If the mol.wt.of urea is 60, then the molality of solution is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.192 (C) 0.064 (D) 1.2

64. Molarity of 1g H2SO4 solution in 1 lit. water is nearly

(A) 0.1 (B) 0.20 (C) 0.05 (D) 0.01

65. 20 ml of 0.2 M Al2(SO4)3 is mixed with 20 ml of 0.6 M BaCl2. Concentration of Al3+ ion in the solution
will be
(A) 0.2 M (B) 10.3 M (C) 0.1 M (D) 0.25 M

66. 50 ml of 0.01 M FeSO4 will react with what volume of 0.01 M KMnO4 solution in acid medium?
(1 mole KMnO4 requires 5 mole of FeSO4 for complete reaction)
(A) 50 ml (B) 25 ml (C) 100 ml (D) 10 ml

67. The number of H+ ions present in 100 ml of 0.001M H2SO4 solution will be
(A) 120.4  1019 (B) 1.20  1020 (C) 6.023  1020 (D) 6.023  1021

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
68. 3.0 molal NaOH solution has a density of 1.11 g ml . The molarity of the solution is
(A) 2.97 (B) 3.05 (C) 3.64 (D) 3.050

69. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65 grams of Na2CO3. If 10 ml of this solution is
diluted to one litre, what is the concentration of the resultant solution? (mol wt. of Na2CO3 = 106)
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.001M (C) 0.01 M (D) 104 M

70. The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution containing 1 mole of NaCl in 1000g of water is:
(A) 0.0177 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.5 (D) 1.5

EXERCISE - 1B
1. The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The number of moles in 46 g of sodium is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2.3 (D) 4.6

2. The number of atoms in 1.4 g nitrogen gas is:

(A) 6.02 1022 (B) 3.011022 (C) 1.20 1023 (D) 6.02 1023

3. A quantity of aluminium has a mass of 54.0 g. what is the mass of the same number of
magnesium atoms? (At. Wt, Al = 27, Mg = 24)
(A) 12 g (B) 24 g (C) 48 g (D) 97g

4. The number of grams of H2SO4 present in 0.25 mole of H2SO4 is

(A) 0.245 (B) 2.45 (C) 24.5 (D) 49.0

5. The number of moles of H 2 in 0.227 litre of hydrogen gas at STP is:

(A) 1 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.001

6. Which of the following contains the greatest number of atoms?

(A) 1.0 g of butane  C4 H10  (B) 1.0 g of nitrogen  N 2 
(C) 1.0 g of silver  Ag  (D) 1.0 g of water  H 2 O 

7. A gaseous mixture contains CO 2  g  and N 2 O  g  in 2:5 ratio by mass. The ratio of the number
of molecules of CO 2  g  and N 2 O  g  is
(A) 5:2 (B) 2:5 (C) 1:2 (D) 5:4

8. How many O3 molecules are in 3.20 g of O3?

(A) 4.0 1022 (B) 6.0 1022 (C) 1.2 1023 (D) 6.0 1023

9. Density of ozone relative oxygen under the same temperature & pressure is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1.5 (D) 2.5

10. A nugget of gold and quartz was found to contain x g of gold and y g of quartz and has density d.
If the densities gold and quartz are d1 and d 2 respectively then the correct relation is:
x y xy
(A)   (B) xd1  yd 2   x  y  d
d1 d 2 d
x y xy xy x y
(C)   (D)   0
d 2 d1 d d d1 d 2

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
11. 1.135 L of CO2 at STP is bubbled through an NaOH solution. Reaction occurring:
2NaOH  CO2 
 Na 2CO3
What is the mass of Na 2CO3 formed?
(A) 10.6g (B) 5.3g (C) 1.12g (D) 2.24g

12. What volume of water can be formed from 2.27 L of O 2 at on STP reacting with sufficient
hydrogen?
(A) 2.24L (B) 1.12L (C) 1.8mL (D) 3.6mL

13. If 5L of SO2 is burned in excess air to form SO3 , what is the volume of SO3 formed?
(A) 2.5L (B) 10L (C) 5L (D) 7.5L

14. If the mass of SO2 used in the reaction 2SO2  O2  2SO3 is 2g then the mass of SO3 produced is?
(A) 2.5g (B) 2g (C) 1g (D) 1.5g

15. What weight of Fe is required to form 16 g of Fe2O3

(A) 16 g (B) 5.6 g (C) 11.2 g (D) 8g

16. For the reaction 2P  Q  R,8 mol of P and 5 mol of Q will produce
(A) 8 mol of R (B) 5 mol of R (C) 4 mol of R (D) 13 mol of R

17. What weights of P4O6 and P4O10 will be produced by the combustion of 31 g of P4 in 32 g of
oxygen leaving no P4 and O 2 .
(A) 2.75g, 219.5g (B) 27.5g,35.5g (C) 55g, 71g (D) 17.5g,190.5g

18. What is the volume of the gaseous products if 12 g of C is burnt in 24 g of O 2 at 273 K and 1 atm?
C  O2  CO2
(A) 16.8L (B) 11.2L (C) 22.4L (D) 33.6L

19. The number of H  ions present in 100 ml of 0.001M H2SO4 solution will be
(A) 120.4 1019 (B) 1.20 1020 (C) 6.0231020 (D) 6.0231021

20. 500mL of a glucose solution contains 6.02 1022 molecules. The concentration of the solution is
(A) 0.1M (B) 1.0M (C) 0.2M (D) 2.0M

21. The molality of a sulphuric acid solution is 0.2 mol/ kg. Calculate the total weight of the solution
which contains 1 kg of solvent.
(A) 1000g (B) 1098.6g (C) 980.4g (D) 1019.6g

22. The volume of water that must be added to a mixture of 250 ml of 0.6 M HCl and 750 ml of 0.2
M HCl to obtain 0.25 M solution of HCl is:
(A) 0.75 (B) 100ml (C) 200ml (D) 300ml

23. 20 ml of 0.2 M Al2  SO4 2 is mixed with 20 ml of 0.6 M BaCl2 . Concentration of Ba 2 ion in
the solution will be:
(A) 0.3 M (B) 0.2 M (C) 0.1 M (D) 0.6 M

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
24. One mole of potassium chlorate is thermally decomposed and excess of aluminium is burnt in the
gaseous product. How many mole of aluminium oxide are formed:
(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 2 (D) 3

25. The density of a 3.60M phosphoric acid solution that is 29% H3PO4 (molar mass 98 g mol 1 ) by
mass will be:
(A) 1.22 (B) 1.45 (C) 1.64 (D) 1.88

26. 10 moles N 2 and 15moles of H 2 were allowed to react over a suitable catalyst. 10 moles of NH3
were formed. The remaining moles of N 2 and H 2 respectively are:
(A) 5 moles, 0 mole (B) 0 moles, 5 mole
(C) 9 moles, 12 mole (D) 0 moles, 0 mole

27. Reaction is: Fe2  SO 4 3  BaCl2  BaSO 4  FeCl3

1
How many moles of BaCl2 is needed to produce mole of FeCl3 ?
2
5 1 3
(A) moles (B) mole (C) mole (D) 2moles
2 2 4
28. How many gms of copper  at.wt  64  would be displaced from the copper sulphate solution by
adding 27 gm of aluminium  at.wt  27 
(A) 32 (B) 64 (C) 96 (D) 160

29. 5 moles of CH4 is burned with 8 moles of O 2 then calculate mole of CO2 formed and remaining
moles of excess reagent
(A) 4,1 (B) 1, 4 (C) 0,5 (D) 5,0

30. 2.5moles of a hydrocarbon C10H x requires 32.5moles of O 2 for complete combustion. Calculate
value of x ?
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 12 (D) 22

31. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 according to the reaction,
CaCO3  s   2 HCl  aq   CaCl2  aq   CO2  g   H 2O  l  . The mass of CaCO3 required to react
completely with 25mL of 0.75MHCl is
(A) 0.1 g (B) 0.84 g (C) 8.4 g (D) 0.94 g

32. 25.0 ml of HCl solution gave, on reaction with excess AgNO3 solution, 2.125g of AgCl . The
molarity of HCl solution is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.6 (C) 1.0 (D) 0.75

33. Element X reacts with oxygen to produce a pure sample of X2O3 . In an experiment it is found that
1.00g of X produces 1.16g of X2O3 . Calculate the atomic weight of X .
Given: atomic weight of oxygen, 16.0 g mol1 .
(A) 67 (B) 100.2 (C) 125 (D) 150

34. If half mole of oxygen gas combine with Al to form Al2O3 , the weight of Al used in the reaction is:
(A) 27 g (B) 40.5 g (C) 54 g (D) 18 g

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
35. 8 g of Sulphur is burnt to form SO2 which is oxidized by Cl2 water. The solution is treated with BaCl2
solution. The amount of BaSO4 precipitated is
(A) 1 mole (B) 0.5 mole (C) 0.24 mole (D) 0.25 mole

36. A mixture of KBr and NaBr weighing 0.560 gm was treated with aqueous Ag + and all the bromide
ion was recovered as 0.970 gm of pure AgBr. The weight of KBr in the sample is
(A) 0.25 gm (B) 0.212 (C) 0.36 (D) 0.285

37. Maximum no. of hydrogen atoms are in:

(A) 16g of CH4 (B) 31.2g of C6H4
(C) 34.2g of C12H22O11 (D) 36g of C6H12O6

38. A sample contains 200 atoms of hydrogen, 0.05 gm atom of nitrogen, 1020gm atom of oxygen.
What is the approximate no. of total atoms
(A) 200 (B) 6223 (C) 31022 (D) none of these

39. The element A at wt.=75 and B at wt. =32 combine to form a compound X. If 3 mol of B combine
with 2 mol of A to give 1 mol of X, the weight of 5 mol of X is
(A) 246 gm (B) 1230 amu (C) 1.23 kg (D) None of these

40. Which of the following has greatest number of oxygen atoms

(A) 10 mole water (B) 200gm of C12H22O11
(C) 144 gm O3 (D) 2.5 mole H2SO3

41. Which of the following substances contains the greatest mass of chlorine
(A) 5 gm Cl2 (B) 60 gm NaClO3
(C) 0.10 mole of KCl (D) 0.5 mole of Cl2

42. Which of the following samples contains the smallest number of atoms?
(A) 1 g of CO2 (g) (B) 1 g of C8H18 (l) (C) 1 g of C2H6 (g) (D) 1 g of LiF (s)

43. The weight of NO having the same number of oxygen atom present in 9.2 gm of NO2 is
(A) 9.2 gm (B) 6 gm (C) 12 gm (D) 24 gm
44. The number of moles of carbon dioxide which contain 8g of oxygen is
(A) 0.50 mole (B) 0.20 mole (C) 0.40 moles (D) 0.25 moles
45. Which of the following weighs the least
(A) 0.2 g atom of N (at. wt. N=14) (B) 3x1023 atoms of C (at. wt. C = 12)
(C) 1 mole atoms of S (at. wt. S=32) (D) 7 g silver (at. wt. Ag=108)
46. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(A) One gm atom of silver equals 108 gms
(B) One mole of CO2 and NH3 at NTP occupies same volume
(C) One mole Ag weighs more than one mole of Zn
(D) One gm molecule of CO2 is 44 times heavier than one molecule of CO2
47. A mixture contains n moles of H2 and 2n moles of CH4.The ratio of no. of C:H atoms in the mixture is:
(A) 1/5 (B) 2/3 (C) 4/5 (D) 1/3

48. The charge on 1 gram ion of Al3+ is (e represents magnitude of charge on 1 electron)
(A) 1/27 NAe coulomb (B) 1/3 NAe coulomb
(C) 1/9 NAe coulomb (D) 3 NAe coulomb

49. Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The weight
percentage of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. What is the molecular weight of cortisone?
(A) 176.5 (B) 252.2 (C) 287.6 (D) 360.1

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
50. A partially dried clay mineral contains 8% water. The original sample contained 12% water and 45%
silica. % of Silica in the partially dried sample is nearly
(A) 50% (B) 49% (C) 55% (D) 47%

51. A compound contains 28% nitrogen and 72% metal by mass if 3 atoms of the metal combine with 2
atoms of nitrogen. The atomic mass of metal is
(A) 36 (B) 20 (C) 24 (D) 36

52. An organic compound on analysis was found to contain 0.014% of nitrogen. If its molecule contains
two N atoms, then the molecular mass of the compound
(A) 200 (B) 2000 (C) 20,000 (D) 200000

53. An element, X, have three isotopes X20, X21 and X22. The percentage abundance of X20 is 90% and
its average atomic mass of the element is 20.11. The percentage abundance of X21 should be
(A) 9% (B) 8% (C) 10% (D) 0%

54. The O18/O16 ratio in some meteorites is greater than that used to calculate the average atomic mass
of oxygen on earth. The average mass of an atom of oxygen in these meteorites is ………. that of a
terrestrial oxygen atom.
(A) equal to (B) greater than (C) less than (D) None of these

55. 6.023 × 1023 molecules of Ca (OH)2 react with 3.01 × 1022 molecules of HCl, number of moles of
CaCl2 obtained are
(A) 0.05 (B) 0.10 (C) 0.025 (D) 3.01

56. A copper sulphate solution contains 1.595% of CuSO4 by weight. Its density is 1.2 g / ml, Its molarity
will be
(A) 0.12 (B) 0.06 (C) 1.20 (D) 1.595

57. Which of the following samples contains 2.0  1023 atoms?

(A) 8.0 g O2 (B) 3.0 g Be (C) 8.0 g C (D) 19.0 g F2

58. Simplest formulae of a compound containing 20% of element X (atomic weight 10) and 80% of
element Y (atomic weight 20) is
(A) XY (B) X2Y (C) XY2 (D) X2Y3

59. At room temperature and pressure two flask of equal volumes are filled with H2 and SO2
respectively. Which particles are equal in number in two flasks
(A) Atoms (B) Electrons (C) Molecules (D) Neutrons

60. Chlorophyll contains 2.68% of magnesium by mass. Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in
3.00 gms of chlorophyll.
(A) 2.01  1021 atoms (B) 6.023  1023 atoms
(C) 1.7  10 atoms
20
(D) 2.8  1022 atoms

61. What is the total number of atoms present in 25.0 mg of camphor C10H16O?
(A) 9.89  1019 (B) 6.02  1020 (C) 9.89  1020 (D) 2.67  1021

62. The number of electron in the telluride ion. 52Te2– is

(A) 50 (B) 52 (C) 53 (D) 54
63. An ore contains 1.34% of the mineral argentite, Ag2S, by weight. How many grams of this ore would
have to be processed in order to obtain 1.00 g of pure solid silver, Ag?
(A) 74.6 g (B) 85.7 g (C) 134.0 g (D) 171.4 g
64. Hydrogen evolved at 273 K and 1 atm on complete reaction of 27 gm of Al with excess of aq NaOH
would be (Chemical reaction: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O  2NaAlO2 + 3H2)
(A) 22.4 lit (B) 44.8 lit (C) 67.2 lit (D) 33.6 lit
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

PYQ : JEE-Main
MCQs with One Correct Answer

1. Which of the following concentration factor is affected by change in temperature ?[AIEEE 2002]
(A) Molarity (B) Molality (C) Mole fraction (D) Weight

2. Number of atoms in 560g of Fe (atomic mass 56g/mol) is : [AIEEE 2002]

(A) Twice that of 70g N (B) Half that of 20g H
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

3. In an organic compound of molar mass 108 g/mol C, H and N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by
weight. Molecular formula can be : [AIEEE 2002]
(A) C6H8N2 (B) C7H10N (C) C5H6N3 (D) C4H18N3

4. What volume of hydrogen gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6 gm
of elemental boron (atomic mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride by hydrogen?
[AIEEE 2003]
(A) 44.8 lit. (B) 22.4 lit. (C) 89.6 lit. (D) 67.2 lit.

5. 6.02 ×1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration of urea solution
is [AIEEE 2004]
(A) 0.001 M (B) 0.01 M (C) 0.02 M (D) 0.1 M

6. If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass
unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will [AIEEE 2005]
(A) decrease twice (B) increase two fold
(C) remain unchanged (D) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance

7. Density of a 2.05M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/ml. The molality of the solution is :
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) 1.14 mol/kg (B) 3.28 mol/kg (C) 2.28 mol/kg (D) 0.44 mol/kg

8. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will contains 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
(A) 0.02 (B) 3.125 x 10 -2 (C) 1.25 x 10 -2 (D) 2.5 x 10– 2 [AIEEE-2006]

9. The density (in g/mL) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% by mass will be
[AIEEE-2007]
(A) 1.22 (B) 1.45 (C) 1.64 (D) 1.88

10. The reaction,

2Al(s) 6HCl(aq) 2Al3 (aq) 6Cl (aq) 3H 2 (g)
(A) 33.6 L H2(g) is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole of Al that reacts
(B) 67.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of Al that reacts
(C) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of HCl (aq) consumed
(D) 6 L HCl (aq) is consumed for every 3L H2 (g) produced [AIEEE-2007]

11. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH is supplied. What is the mole fraction of
methyl alcohol in the solution
(A) 0.86 (B) 0.086 (C) 0.043 (D) 1.0 [AIEEE-2007]

12. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea ( Mol.Mass = 60u ) in 1000 g of water
is 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this solution is
(A) 1.02 M (B) 0.50 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 1.78 M [AIEEE-2007]

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
13. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 250 mL of 2M HCl will be (A)
(A) 1.75 M (B) 0.975 M (C) 0.875 M (D) 1.78 M [AIEEE-2013]

14. Number of atoms in the following samples of substances is the largest in [JEE Main Online 2013]
(A) 4.0 g of hydrogen (B) 70.0g of chlorine (C) 127.0 g of iodine (D) 48.0 g of magnesium

15. The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in a molecule of heavy water are respectively
[JEE Main Online 2013]
(A) 8, 10, 11 (B) 10, 10, 10 (C) 10, 11, 10 (D) 11, 10, 10

16. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO 2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is [JEE Main Online 2013]
(A) C2H4 (B) C3H4 (C) C6H5 (D) C7H8

17. The density of 3M solution of sodium chloride is 1.252 g mL–1. The molality of the solution will be
(molar mass, NaCl = 58.5 g mol–1) [JEE Main Online 2013]
(A) 2.60 m (B) 2.18 m (C) 2.79 m (D) 3.00 m

18. 10 mL of 2M NaOH solution is added to 200 mL of 0.5 M of NaOH solution. What is the final
concentration? [JEE Main Online 2013]
(A) 0.57 M (B) 5.7 M (C) 11.4 M (D) 1.14 M

19. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1:4. The ratio of
number of their molecule is [JEE Main Offline 2014]
(A) 1:4 (B) 7:32 (C) 1:8 (D) 3:16

20. The amount of BaSO4 formed upon mixing 100ml of 20.8% BaCl2 solution with 50 ml of 9.8% H2SO4
solution will be
(Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5, S = 32, H = 1 and 0 = 16) [JEE Main Online 2014]
(A) 23.3 g (B) 11.65 g (C) 30.6 g (D) 33.2 g

21. Dissolving 120 g of a compound of (Mol. Wt 60) in 1000g of water gave a solution of density 1.12
g/ml. The molarity of the solution is [JEE Main Online 2014]
(A) 1.00M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.50 M (D) 4.00 M

22. A gaseous compound of nitrogen and hydrogen contains 12.5% (by mass) of hydrogen. The density
of the compound relative to hydrogen is 16. The molecular formula of the compound is
[JEE Main Online 20014]
(A) NH2 (B) N3H (C) NH3 (D) N2H4

23. 3g of activated charcoal was added to 50 ml of acetic acid solution (0.06M) in a flask. After an hour
it was filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be 0.042 M. The amount of acetic acid
adsorbed (per gram of charcoal) is [JEE Main Offline 2015]
(A) 18 mg (B) 36 mg (C) 42 mg (D) 54 mg

24. A  2B  3C AB2C3
Reaction of 6.0g of A, 6 1023 atoms of B and 0.036 mol of C yields 4.8 g of compound AB2C3 . If
the atomic mass of A & C are 60 and 80 amu respectively the atomic mass of B is
(Avogadro number  6 1023 ) [JEE Main Online 2015]
(A) 70 amu (B) 60 amu (C) 50 amu (D) 40 amu

25. A sample of a hydrate of barium chloride weighing 61g was heated until the water of hydration is
removed. The dried sample weighed 52g. The formula of the hydrated salt is (atomic mass of
Ba  137 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu) [JEE Main Online 2015]
(A) BaCl2 .H2O (B) BaCl2.2H2O (C) BaCl2. 3H2O (D) BaCl2.4H2O

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
26. An organic compound contains C, H and S. The minimum molecular weight of the compound
containing 8% sulphur is: (atomic weight of S = 32 amu) [JEE Main Online 2016]
(A) 200 g mol-1 (B) 400 g mol-1 (C) 600 g mol-1 (D) 300 g mol-1

27. 5 L of an alkane requires 25 L of oxygen for its complete combustion. If all volumes are measured at
constant temperature and pressure, the alkane is: [JEE Main Online 2016]
(A) Ethane (B) Propane (C) Butane (D) Isobutane

28. Hemoglobin contains 0.34% of iron by mass. The number of Fe atoms in 3.3 g of hemoglobin is:
Atomic mass of Fe is 56u, NA in 6.022 1023 mol1 ) [JEE-MAIN 2022(II)]
(A) 1.21105 (B) 12.0 1016 (C) 1.211020 (D) 3.4 1022

29. Compound A contains 8.7% Hydrogen, 74% Carbon and 17.3% Nitrogen. The molecular formula of
the compound is,
Given: Atomic masses of C,H and N are 12,1 and 14 amu respectively
The molar mass of the compound A is 162gmol1 [JEE-MAIN 2022(II)]
(A) C4 H6 N2 (B) C2 H3 N (C) C5H7 N (D) C10 H14 N2

30. A commercially sold conc. HCl is 35% HCl by mass. If the density of this commercial acid is 1.46
g/mL, the molarity of this solution is:
(Atomic mass: Cl  35.5amu, H  1amu ) [JEE-MAIN 2022(I)]
(A) 10.2 M (B) 12.5M (C) 14.0M (D) 18.2 M

31. Amongst the following statements, that which was not proposed by Dalton was:
[JEE-MAIN 2020(I)]
(A) Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
(B) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in mass.
(C) When gases combine or reproduced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by
volume, provided all gases are at same T & P.
(D) Matter consists of indivisible atoms

32. The percentage composition of carbon by mole in methane is: [JEE-MAIN 2019(II)]
(A) 75% (B) 80% (C) 25% (D) 20%

33. An unknown chlorohydrocarbon has 3.55% of chlorine. If each molecule of the chlorohydrocarbon
has one chlorine atom only, chlorine atoms present in 1 g of chlorohydrocarbon are:
(Atomic wt. of Cl  35.5u ; Avogadro constant  6.0231023 mol1 [JEE-MAIN 2018)]
(A) 6.02310 9
(B) 6.02310 23
(C) 6.02310 21
(D) 6.0231020
34. 250g solution of D-glucose in water contain 10.8% of carbon by weight. The molality of the solution
is nearest to (Given: Atomic Weights are H,1u;C,12u;O,16u ) [JEE-MAIN (2022)(I)]
(A) 1.03 (B) 2.06 (C) 3.09 (D) 5.40

35. SO 2Cl2 on reaction with excess of water results into acidic mixture [JEE-MAIN (2022)(I)]
SO2Cl2  2H2O  H2SO4  2HCl
16 moles of NaOH is required for the complete neutralisation of the resultant acidic mixture
The number of moles of SO2Cl2 used is:
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 2
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
36. Production of iron in blast furnace follows the following equation
Fe3O4  s   4CO  g   3Fe  I   4CO2  g 
When 4.640 kg of Fe3O4 and 2.520kg of CO are allowed to react then the amount of iron (in g)
produced is: [Given: Molar Atomic mass  g mol 1  : Fe  56 ; Molar Atomic mass  g mol 1  ; O  16
Molar Atomic mass  g mol 1  : C  12 ] [JEE-MAIN (2022)(I)]
(A) 1400 (B) 2200 (C) 3360 (D) 4200

37. If a rocket runs on a fuel  C15 H30  and liquid oxygen, the weight of oxygen required and CO2
released for every litre of fuel respectively are:
(Given: density of the fuel is 0.756g / mL ) [JEE-MAIN (2022)(I)]
(A) 1188gand1296g (B) 2376gand 2592g
(C) 2592gand 2376g (D) 3429g and3142g

38. Complete combustion of 1.80 g of an oxygen containing compound  C x H y O z  gave 2.64 g of CO2
and 1.08 g of H2O . The percentage of oxygen in the organic compound is:
[JEE-MAIN (2021)(I)]
(A) 50.33 (B) 53.33 (C) 51.63 (D) 65.53

39. 5 moles of AB2 weigh 125 103 kg and 10 moles of A 2 B2 weigh 300 103 kg . The molar mass of
A  M A  and molar mass of B  M B  in kg mol1 are: [JEE-MAIN (2019)(I)]
(A) MA  10 103 and M B  5 103 (B) MA  50 103 and M B  25 103
(C) MA  25 103 and M B  50 103 (D) MA  5 103 and M B  10 103

40. The minimum amount of O 2  g  consumed per gram of reactant is for the reaction: (Given atomic
mass : Fe  56,O  16,Mg  24,P  31,C  12,H  1 ) [JEE-MAIN(2019)(II)]
(A) 4Fe  s   3O2  g   2Fe 2O3  s 
(B) P4  s   5O 2  g   P4O10  s 
(C) C3H8  g   5O2  g   3CO2  g   4H 2O  l 
(D) 2Mg  s   O2  g   2MgO  s 

41. A sample of NaClO3 is converted by heat to NaCl with a loss of 0.16 g of oxygen. The residue is
dissolved in water and precipitated as AgCl. The mass of AgCl (in g) obtained will be: (Given:
Molar mass of AgCl  143.5g mol1 ) [JEE-MAIN(2018)(I)]
(A) 0.35 (B) 0.54 (C) 0.41 (D) 0.48

42. 1 gram of carbonate  M 2CO3  on treatment with excess HCl produces 0.01186mole of CO2 . The
molar mass of M2CO3 in g mol1 is: [JEE-MAIN (2017)]
(A) 1186 (B) 84.3 (C) 118.6 (D) 11.86

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

Numerical Value Answer

43. In the given reaction.


X  Y  3Z   XYZ3

If one mole of each of X and Y with 0.05 mol of Z gives compound XYZ3 . (Given: Atomic masses
of X,Y and Z are 10,20 and 30 amu, respectively). The yield of XYZ3 is _______ g. (Nearest
integer) [JEE-MAIN 2022(I)]

44. Chlorophyll extracted from the crushed green leaves was dissolved in water to make 2L solution of
Mg of concentration 48 ppm. The number of atoms of Mg in this solution is x 1020 atoms. The
value of x is ________ (Nearest integer)
(Given: Atomic mass of Mg is 24g mol1 ; N A  6.02 1023 mol1 ) [JEE-MAIN 2022(I)]

45. 56 L of nitrogen gas is mixed with excess of hydrogen gas and it is found that 20 L of ammonia gas
is produced. The volume of unused nitrogen gas is found to be ______ L.
[JEE-MAIN 2022(II)]
46. The complete combustion of 0.492 g of an organic compound containing ‘C’, ‘H’ and ‘O’ gives
0.793 of CO2 and 0.442g of H2O . The percentage of oxygen composition in the organic compound
is _________ (nearest integer) [JEE-MAIN 2022(II)]

47. Two elements A and B which form 0.15 moles of A2 B and AB3 type compounds. If both A2 B and
AB3 type compounds. If both A2 B and AB3 weigh equally, then the atomic weight of A is _______
times of atomic weight of B. [JEE-MAIN 2022(I)]

48. The number of N atoms in 681g of C7 H5 N3O6 is x 1021 , The value of x is ________
N A  6.02  10 23 mol 1  (Nearest Integer) [JEE-MAIN 2022(I)]

49. The number of atoms in 8 g of sodium is x 1023 . The value of x is _________ (Nearest Integer)
[Given: N A  6.02 1023 mol1 ; Atomic mass of Na  23.0u ] [JEE-MAIN 2021(II)]

50. The molarity of HNO3 in a sample which has density 1.4g/mL and mass percentage of 63% is
______ . (Molecular Weight of HNO3  63 ) [JEE-MAIN 2020(I)]

51. On complete combustion of 0.492 g of an organic compound containing C,H and O, 0.7938g of
CO2 and 0.4428g of H2O was produced. The % composition of oxygen in the compound is _____
[JEE-MAIN (2022)(I)]
52. A protein ‘A’ contains 0.30% of glycine (molecular weight 75). The minimum molar mass of the
protein ‘A’ is ________ 103 gmol1 [nearest integer] [JEE-MAIN(2022)(II)]

53. Sodium oxide reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide. 20.0g of sodium oxide is dissolved in
500 mL of water. Neglecting the change in volume, the concentration of the resulting NaOH solution
is _________ 101 M (Nearest integer)
 Atomic mass :Na  23.0, O  16.0, H  1.0 [JEE-MAIN (2021)(II)]

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

54. If the concentration of glucose  C6 H12O6  in blood is 0.72g L1 , the molarity of glucose in blood is
_________ 103 M . (Nearest integer)
[Given: Atomic mass of C  12, H  1,O  16u ] [JEE-MAIN(2021)(II)]

55. Complete combustion of 750 g of an organic compound provides 420g of CO2 and 210g of H2O .
The percentage composition of carbon and hydrogen in organic compound is 15.3 and _______
respectively. (Round off to the Nearest Integer). [JEE-MAIN(2021)(I)]

56. 4.5 g of compound A  MW  90  was used to make 250 mL of its aqueous solution. The molarity of
the solution is x 101 . The value of x is ______(Rounded off to the nearest integer)
[JEE-MAIN(2021)(I)]

57. The mole fraction of glucose  C6 H12O6  in an aqueous binary solution is 0.1. The mass percentage
of water in it, to the nearest integer, is _________. [JEE-MAIN (2020)(I)]

58. 10.30 mg of O 2 is dissolved into a litre of sea water of density 1.03g / mL . The concentration of O 2
in ppm is __________. [JEE-MAIN (2020)(II)]

EXERCISE - 2A
1. N2 and H2 are mixed in 14:3 mass ratio. After certain time ammonia was found to be 40% by mol.
The mole fraction of N2 at that time in the mixture of N2, H2 and NH3 is
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.45 (D) none of these

2. Two flasks of equal volumes are evacuated, then one is filled with gas A and other with gas B at the
same temperature and pressure. The weight of B was found to be 0.80 gm while the weight of gas A
is found to be 1.40 gm. What is the weight of one molecule of B in compared to one molecule of A
(A) 1.40 times as heavy as A (B) 0.40 times as heavy as A
(C) 0.57 times as heavy as A (D) 0.80 times as heavy as A
3. On reduction with hydrogen, 3.6 g of an oxide of metal left 3.2 g of the metal. If the atomic weight of
the metal is 64, the simplest formula of the oxide would be
(A) M2O3 (B) M2O (C) MO (D) MO2

4. A certain compound has the molecular formula X4O6. If 10 g of X4O6 has 5.72 g of X, atomic mass of
X is :
(A) 32 amu (B) 37 amu (C) 42amu (D) 98 amu

5. If 224 ml of a triatomic gas has a mass of 1 g at 273 K and 1 atm pressure, then the mass of one
atom is
(A) 55.31023 g (B) 0.5531023 g (C) 5.531023 g (D) 5531023 g

6. The weight of 350mL of a diatomic gas at 00C and 2 atm pressure is 1g. The wt of one atom is
16 32
(A)16 NA (B) 32 NA (C) (D)
NA NA
7. 25.4 g of iodine and 14.2g of chlorine are made to react completely to yield a mixture of ICl and ICl3.
Calcualte the ratio of moles of ICl and ICl3.
(A) 1:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:3 (D) 2:3

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
8. A mixture contains FeSO4 and Fe2  SO 4 3 . If both FeSO4 and Fe2  SO 4 3 provide equal number of
2 3
sulphate ions then, the ratio of Fe and Fe ions in mixture is
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 :3 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 3 : 2

9. In what volume ratio a 0.36 M HNO3 solution should be mixed with another 0.15 M HNO3 solution
to obtain a 0.24 M HNO3 solution?
(A) 4 : 3 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 4 : 9 (D) 3 : 4

10. One atom of an element weighs 3.981023g. Its atomic mass is

(A) 18 (B) 29.9 (C) 24 (D) 108

11. Weight ratio of Fe:C in Fe2[Fe(CN)6] is:

(A) 3/7 (B) 7/5 (C) 7/3 (D) 5/7

12. Which of the following has the highest mass:

(A) 12g of C atom (B)13 g of H atom (C)9 moles of NH3 (D)80g molecule of H2SO4
13. Ratio of carbon to hydrogen atom is maximum in:
(A) 16 g CH4 (B) 31.2 g C6H4 (C) 34.2 g C12H22O11 (D)36 g C6H12O6
14. How many grams are contained in 1 g atom of Nitrogen
(A) 14 g (B) 7 g (C) 1 g (D) Data Insufficient

15. The volume of 3M HCl required to completely react with 1.431g of sodium carbonate
(A) 10 ml (B) 9 ml (C) 8 ml (D) 4.5 ml

16. In which of the following pairs do 1 g of each have an equal number of molecules?
(A) N2O and CO (B) N2 and C3O2 (C) N2 and CO (D) NO2 and CO2
0
17. How many spherical colloidal oil particles 20 A in radius can be made from a spherical oil drop
whose radius is 2 microns?
9 6 4 2
(A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 10 (D) 10

18. A 10 g sample of KClO3 , gave on complete decomposition , 2.24 L of oxygen at 273 K and 1 atm.
What is the percentage purity of the sample of potassium chlorate?
(A) 61.2 (B) 81.6 (C) 96.6 (D) 24.6

19. A 0.65 M BaCl2 solution is prepared by dissolving pure solid BaCl2 .2H 2O in water. Determine the
mass of hydrated salt dissolved per milliliter of solution and mass of anhydrous BaCl2 present per
milliliter of solution. Molar masses are : Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5.
(A) 0.158 g, 0.135 g (B) 0.226 g, 0.135 g (C) 0.248 g, 0.163 g (D) 1.1 g, 2.2 g

20. What volume of a 1.36 M HCl solution should be added to a 200 mL 2.4 M HCl solution and finally
diluted to 500 mL so that molarity of final HCl solution becomes 1.24 M.
(A) 29.2 mL (B) 102.94 mL (C) 46.34 mL (D) 9.4 Ml

21. Potassium salt of benzoic acid  C6 H5COOK  can be made by the action of potassium
permanganate on toluene as follows:
C6H5CH3  KMnO4 
 C6H5COOK  MnO2  KOH  H2O
If the yield of potassium benzonate can’t realistically be expected to be more than 71%, what is the
minimum number of grams of toluene needed to achieve this yield while producing 11.5 g of
C6 H5COOK ?
(A) 6.23 (B) 9.3 (C) 4.23 (D) 5.63

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
22. A mixture of CuSO4 .5H2O and MgSO4 .7H2O is heated until all the water is driven-off. If 5.0 gm of
a mixture gives 3g of anhydrous salts, what is the percentage by mass of CuSO4 .5H2O in the
original mixture?
(A) 44% (B) 64% (C) 74% (D) 94%

23. Aspirin C9 H8O4 is prepared by heating salicylic acid, C7 H6O3 with acetic anhydride, C4 H6O3 The
, .
other product is acetic acid, C2 H4O2 C7 H6O3  C4 H6O3   C9 H8O4  C2 H4O2
,
when 2.00 g of salicylic acid is heated with 4.00 g of acetic anhydride? If the actual yield of aspirin is
2.1 g, what is the percentage yield?
(A) 80.7% (B) 40.7% (C) 25.2 % (D) 43.9%

24. An element X forms an iodide XI3 and a chloride XCl3 . The iodide is quantitatively converted to the
chloride when it is heated in a stream of chlorine
2XI3  3Cl2 
 2XCl3  3I2
If 0.5000 g of XI3 is treated, 0.2360 g of XCl3 is obtained. Calculate the atomic weight of the element X.
(A) 246 (B) 139 (C) 180 (D) 196

25. A solution of palmitic acid in benzene contains 4.24 g of acid per litre. When this solution is dropped
on a surface, benzene gets evaporated and palmitic acid forms a unimolecular film on the surface. If
2
we wish to cover an area of 500cm with unimolecular film, what volume of solution should be
used? The area covered by one palmitic acid molecule may be taken as 0.21nm2 .
Mol. Wt. of palmitic acid = 256.
5 5 41
(A) 4.38 10 (B) 2.4 10 (C) 4 10 (D) 5.6 10
5

26. An element (X) reacts with hydrogen leading to formation of a class of compounds that is analogous
to hydrocarbons. 5.00 g of X forms 5.625 g of a mixture of two compounds of X  XH 4 and X 2 H 6  in
the molar ratio of 2:1. Determine the molar mass of X.
(A) 28 (B) 58 (C) 72 (D) 83

27. The molecular mass of an organic acid was determined by the study of its barium salt. 4.290 g of
salt was quantitatively converted to free acid by the reaction with 21.64 mL of 0.477 M H2SO4 . The
2
barium salt was found to have two mole of water of hydration per Ba ion and acid is mono basic.
What is molecular weight of anhydrous acid?
(A) 122 (B) 142 (C) 108 (D) 110

28. What volume of 0.010 M NaOH  aq  is required to react completely with 30 g of an aqueous acetic
acid solution in which mole fraction of acetic acid is 0.15?
(A) 108.55 lt (B) 18.55 lt (C) 34.66 lt (D) 42 lt

29. A mixture of ethane  C2 H6  and ethene  C2 H 4  occupies 40 litre at 1.00 atm and at 400 K. The
mixture reacts completely with 130 g of O 2 to produce CO2 and H2O . Assuming ideal gas
behavior, calculate the mole fraction of C2 H 4 and C2 H 6 in the mixture.
(A) 0.34, 0.66 (B) 0.66, 0.34 (C) 0.50, 0.50 (D) 0.20, 0.80

30. A crystalline hydrated salt on being rendered anhydrous, looses 45.6% of its weight. The
percentage composition of anhydrous salt is: Al = 10.5% , K = 15.1% , S = 24.8% and O = 49.6%.
The empirical formula of the crystalline salt.
(A) KAlS2O8 .12H2O (B) K 2 Al2S2O8 .12H2O
(C) KAl2S2O8 .12H2O (D) None of these
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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
31. A crystalline polymer molecule is uniform prismatic in shape with dimensions as shown in below,


300 A


100 A

If density of this polymer is 1.2 g/cm3, the molar mass is.

(A) 1000 (B) 939 103 (C) 939 (D) 2300 103

EXERCISE - 2B
MORE THAN ONE CHOICE

1. Select dimensionless quantity(ies):

(A) vapour density (B) molality (C) specific gravity (D) mass fraction

2. Solutions containing 23 g HCOOH is/are:

(A) 46 g of 70%(w/V) HCOOH  dsolutions  1.40g / mL 
(B) 50 g of 10 M HCOOH  d solution  1g / mL 
(C) 50 g of 25%  w / W  HCOOH
(D) 46 g of 5M HCOOH  d solution  1g / mL 

3. 35 drops of a liquid having density 1.2 g/mL, weigh 2.4 g. assuming molar mass of liquid to be 70,
select the correct statements:
(A) Volume of one drop of liquid  0.057 mL
(B) Mass of one drop of liquid  0.068g
(C) Number of molecules in one drop of liquid  5.85 1020
(D) Number of molecules in 35 drops of liquid  2.05 1022

4. 2 litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 is allowed to react with 2 litre of 0.1 M NaOH. Select the correct statement:
(A) Molarity of Na 2SO4 formed is 0.1 M
(B) Molarity of SO24 is 0.025M
(C) Mass of Na 2SO4 formed is 7.1 g
(D) Strength of Na 2SO4 solution formed is 3.55gL1

5. Among the following, which solutions contain equal numbers of millimoles?

(A) 100mLof 0.05M H2SO4 (B) 200mLof 0.02MNaOH
(C) 100 mLof 0.10 M Na 2C2O4 (D) 200mLof 0.025MKOH

6. 11.2 L of gas at NTP weighs 14.0g . The gas could be:

(A) N2O (B) NO2 (C) N 2 (D) CO

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
7. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
The following reaction occurs:

2Al  3MnO   Al2O3  3Mn
108 g of Al and 213.0 g of MnO was heated to initiate the reaction
(A) Al is present in excess (B) MnO is present is excess
(C) 54.0 g of Al is required (D) 159. 0 g of MnO is in excess
8. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) 21.0 g of lithium reacts with 32.0g of O2 . 4Li  O2  2Li 2O
(ii) 3.9 g of K reacts with 4.26 g of Cl2
2K + Cl2  2KCl
(A) In reaction (i), O 2 is in excess (B) 45.0 g of K reacts with 4.26 g of Cl2
(C) In reaction (ii), Cl2 is in excess (D) 7.45 g of KCl is formed is reaction (ii)

The density of 3M sodium thiosulphate  Na 2S2O3  is 1.25g mL . Identify the correct statements
1
9.
among the following:
(A) % by weight of sodium thiosulphate is 37.92
(B) The mole fraction of sodium thisoulphate is 0.065
(C) The molarity of Na  is 2.53 and S2 O32 is 1.25.
(D) The molality of Na  is 7.732 and S2 O32 is 3.866
3
10. The density of air is 0.001293g / cm at STP. Identify which of the following statement is correct.
(A) Vapour density is 14.48
(B) Molecular weight is 28.96
3
(C) Vapour density is 0.001293g / cm
(D) Vapour density and molecular weight cannot be determine

11. Which of the following has same mass

(B) 3.01110
23
(A) 1.0 moles of O 2 molecules of SO 2
(C) 0.5 moles of CO2 (D) 1 g atom of sulphur

12. 100 mL of 0.06 M Ca  NO3 2 is added to 50 mL of 0.06 M Na 2C2O4 . After the reaction is complete.
(A) 0.003 moles of calcium oxalate will get precipitated
(B) 0.003 M of excess of Ca 2 will remain in excess
(C) Na 2C2O4 is limiting reagent.
(D) Ca  NO3 2 is excess reagent.

13. A sample of mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 4.44 gm was treated to precipitate all the Ca as
CaCO3 , which was then heated and quantitatively converted to 1.12g of CaO .
(At. Wt. Ca = 40, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
(A) Mixture contains 50% NaCl (B) Mixture contains 60% CaCl2
(C) Mass of CaCl2 is 2.22 gm (D) Mass of CaCl2 is 1.11 gm

14. 1 M 100 ml NaCl is mixed with 3 M 100 ml HCl solution and 1 M 200 ml CaCl2 solution.
(A) The ratio of concentration of cation and anion = 3/4
(B) The ratio of concentration of cation and anion = 2
(C)  Cl   2M (D)  Cl   3 / 2 M
 

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
15. Number of hydrogen atoms are equal in
(A) 16 gm CH4 (B) 52 gm of C6H6 (C) 34.2 gm C12H22O11 (D) 36 gm water

16. 3 mole of ammonia contains

(A) 9 gm hydrogen (B) 42 gm nitrogen
(C) Total 18.06 x 1023 molecules (D) Total 7.226 x 1024 atoms

17. 1g molecule of V2O5 contains:

(A) 5 mole of oxygen atom (B) 2 mole of V atom
(C) 1mole of oxygen atom (D) 2.5 mole of oxygen atom

18. Which of the following quantities are independent of temperature

(A) Molarity (B) mole fraction (C) molality (D) % (w/v)

19. Which of following will be present in the solution formed when 50mL of 0.1MHCl is mixed with
50mL of 0.1M NaOH ?
(A) 4.5 m mol of H  (B) 0.05 m mol of OH  (C) 0.05M NaCl (D) 107 M of H  ion

20. Which of the following expressions is correct ( n  no. of moles of the gas, NA  Avogadro
constant, m  mass of molecule of the gas, N  no. of molecules of the gas, M = Molar Mass)
mn
(A) n  mNA (B) m  M / NA (C) N  nN A (D) M 
NA

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. Hexachlorophere, C13H6Cl6O2 (M wt = 407) is a germicide is soap & helps to clear germs. Match the
two columns regarding composition of the germicide.
Column I Column II
(I) wt % of C (A) 1.47%
(II) wt % of H (C) 1: 35.5
(III) ratio of wt% of H: Cl (E) 6.5 : 1
(IV) ratio of mol of C:O (P) 38.33%

2. Column – I Column – II
(a) Vapour density of SO 2 with respect to O 2 (P) 22
(b) Specific gravity of the solid with mass 10 gm and volume 5 cc (Q) 32
(c) Molar mass of the compound having V.D. 16 (R) 9
(d) Number of atoms in 132 amu CO2 (S) 2

3.
Column – I Column – II
(a) 100 ml of 0.2 M AlCl3 solution + 400 ml of (P) concentration of cation = 0.12 M
0.1 M HCl solution
(b) 50 ml of 0.4 M KCl + 50 ml H2O (Q) SO 4 2    0.06M
(c) 30 ml of 0.2 M K 2SO4 + 70 ml H2O (R) SO 4 2    2.5 M
(d) 200 ml 24.5% (w/v) H 2SO4 (S)  Cl    0.2 M

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
4. Column-I Column-II
(A) 0.5 mol of SO2  g  (p) occupy 11.2L at NTP
(B) 1g of H 2  g  (q) weights  24g
(C) 0.5 mole O3  g  (r) total no. of atoms  1.5  N A
(D) 1g molecule of O 2  g  (s) weight 32 gm

COMPREHENSIVE TYPE

PASSAGE-1

The terms mole first used by Ostwald in 1896 refers to the ratio of molecular weight of molecule to mass of
one molecule of substance in gm. Also, 1 mole of gaseous compound occupies 22.4 litre at NTP and
contains 6.022 x 1023 molecules of gas.

1. Weight of 1 atom of hydrogen is:

(A) 1.66 x 10 -24amu (B) 3.32 x 10 -24 g (C) 1.66 x 10 -24 g (D) 3.32 x 10 -24 amu

2. The amount of Sulphur required to produce 100 mole of H2SO4 is:

(A) 3.2 x 103 g (B) 32.65 g (C) 32 g (D) 3.2 g

3. A substance contains 3.4% Sulphur. If it contains two atoms of Sulphur per molecule the molecular
weight of substance will be:
(A) 941 (B) 1882 (C) 470.5 (D) 1411.5

4. The volume of air at NTP required for burning 12 g carbon completely is: (Assuming air contains
20% oxygen).
(A) 22.4 litre (B) 112 litre (C) 44.8 litre (D) 50 litre

PASSAGE-2

The concentration of solutions can be expressed in number of ways such as Molarity, Molality, Mole
fraction, % weight, % by volume % by strength and many others. All these are inter-convertible if certain
data like density of solution, molecular mass of solute and solvent are known. Also, addition of water to a
solution changes all these terms, though a change in temperature does not change molality, mole fraction
and % by weight terms.

5. A 6.90 M KOH solution in water has 30% by weight of KOH. The density of KOH solution is:
(A) 1.288 g/mL (B) 12.88 g/mL (C) 0.1288 g/ml (D) None of these

6. Two litres of NH3 at 30o C and 0.20 atm is neutralized by 134 mL of acid H2SO4. The molarity of
H2SO4 is:
(A) 0.12 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.06 (D) 0.03

7. The volume of water required to make 0.20M solution from 1600 ml of 0.2050 M solution
(A) 40 ml (B) 80 ml (C) 120 ml (D) 180 ml

8. What volume of 0.2 M H 2SO4 is required to produce 34.0 g of H 2S by the reaction?

8KI  5H 2SO4 
 4K 2SO4  4I2  H 2S  4H 2O
(A) 25 litre (B) 50 litre (C) 75 litre (D) 100 litre

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
PASSAGE-3

The term mole was introduced by Ostwald in 1896. In Latin word ‘moles’ meaning heap or pile. A mole is
defined as the number of atoms in 12.00 g of carbon – 12. The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon -12 has
been found experimentally to be 6.022 1023 . This number is also known as Avogadro’s number named in
honour of Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856).
The mass of one mole atoms of any element is exactly equal to the atomic mass in gram (gram atomic
mass) of that element. One mole of a gas occupies 22.4 litre at S.T.P. Atomic mass unit is the unit of
atomic mass.
1amu  1.66 1024 g

9. Mass of one molecule of water is approximately:

24 23
(A) 1 g (B) 0.5 g (C) 1.66 10 g (D) 3 10 g
10. x L N 2 gas at N.T.P. contains 3 10 23
molecules. The number of molecules in x L ozone at N.T.P.
will be:
(A) 3 1023 (B) 4 1023 (C) 6.0231023 (D) 3 1024

11. If Avogadro’s number is 11023 mol1 then the mass of one atom of oxygen would be:
16
(A) amu (B) 16  6.02amu (C) 16amu (D) 16 1023 amu
6.02

12. The maximum number of atoms presents are in:

(A) 4 g He (B) 4 g O2 (C) 4 g O3 (D) 4 g H2O2

PASSAGE-4
The concentration of solutions can be expressed in number of ways such that Normality, Molarity, Molality,
Mole fractions, Strength , % by weight , % by volume and % by strength. The molarity of ionic compound is
usually expressed as formality because we use formula weight of ionic compound. Addition of water to a
solution changes all these terms, however increase in temperature does not change molality, mole fraction
and % by weight terms.

13. The weight of AgCl precipitated by adding 5.77 g AgNO3 to 4.77g NaCl in a solution is:
(A) 4.88 g (B) 5.77 g (C) 4.77g (D) None of these

14. The weight of H2SO4 in 1200mL of 0.1M solution is:

(A) 11.76g (B) 5.83g (C) 16.42g (D) 2.92

INTEGER TYPE
3
1. Number of moles of electrons in 0.5 mole of N will be ________.

2. How many gm atoms of carbon are there in 132 gm CO2.

3. A sample of metal chloride weighing 0.22 g required 0.51g of AgNO3 to precipitate the chloride
completely. The specific heat of the metal is 0.057. Find out the valency of metal, if the symbol of
the metal is ‘M’. (Ag = 108, N = 14, O = 16, Cl = 35.5) [Dulong & Petit’s law says approximate
atomic weight  specific heat  6.4 ]

4. A complex compound of iron has molar mass = 2800 and it contain 8 % iron by weight. The number
of iron atoms in one formula unit of complex compound is

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
5. If x mL 5 M HCl is mixed with 20 mL, 2 M HCl, a 2.6 M HCl is produced. The x is

6. A gaseous alkane Cn H2n 2 on explosion with O 2 gives CO2 , the volume of O 2 required for
complete combustion of alkane to CO2 formed is in the ratio 7 : 4 the value of n is

7. The number of moles of fullerene  C 60  (a soccer ball structure molecule discovered in 1980) in
1.44 kg Fullerene are

8. Weight of a 5% by weight of a NaCl solution to yield 0.3 g of NaCl is

9. Haemoglobin contains 0.25% iron by weight, the molecular weight of Haemoglobin is 89600.
calculate the number of Iron atoms per molecule of Haemoglobin.

3
10. 1g of dry green algae absorbs 4.7 10 mole of CO2 per hour by photosynthesis. If the fixed
carbon atoms were all stored after photosynthesis as starch,  C6 H10O5 n , how long would it take
for the algae to double their own weight assuming photosynthesis takes place at a constant rate?
Answer should be reported to the nearest integer value.

EXERCISE - 2C
MOLE CONCEPT

1. The atomic wt. of two elements A and B are 20 & 40 resp. If X g of A contains Y atoms, how many
atoms are present in 2X g of B.
2. Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.6g of CH4.
3. Calculate the total number of electrons present in 18 ml of water
4. Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in 1 mole of O2 ions

5. Mass of one atom of ‘X’ is 6.6421023 g. What is its atomic mass?

6. Mass of one atom of an element A is 3.98541023 g. How many atoms are contained in 1 g of the
element of A?
7. From 200mg of CO2, 1021 molecules are removed. How many moles of CO2 are left?

8. Find the charge in coulomb on 1 g ion of N3

9. Calculate the ratio of no. of oxygen atoms present in 3.2 mg of SO 2 to the no. of S atoms present in
5 millimoles of Na2S2O3.5H2O

10. Calculate the total no. of oxygen and nitrogen atoms present in a mixture containing 8.2 gm of
calcium 10 millimoles of sodium nitrate and NA/6 molecules of NO2.
11. How many year it would take to spend Avogadro number of rupees at the rate of 10 Lack rupees per
second?

12. One atom of an element X weighs 6.644 ×1023 g. Calculate the number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it.
13. A dot at the end of this sentence has a mass of about 1microgram.Assuming that the black stuff is
carbon; calculate the approximate number of atoms of carbon needed to make such a dot.

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
14. How many iron atoms are present in a stainless steel ballbearing having a radius 0.1 inch? The
stainless steel contains 85.6% Fe by weight and has a density of 7.75g/cc.
15. A sample of potato starch was ground in a ball mill to give a starch like molecule of lower molecular
weight. The product analyzed 0.086% phosphorus. If each molecule is assumed to contain one
atom of phosphorus, what is the molecular weight of material?
16. Calculate volume of 3.4 g NH3 at STP.
17. Oxygen is present in a 1 litre flask at a pressure of 760 mm of Hg. Calculate the number of oxygen
molecules in the flask at 0°C.

18. 600 ml of a mixture of O3 and O2 weighs 1 g at 1 atm and 273 K. Calculate the volume of ozone in
the mixture.

EMPERICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

19. Potassium manganate is a dark green crystalline substance whose composition is 40.2% K, 26.8%
Mn and rest P. What is empirical formula?

20. A drug marijuana owes its activity to tetrahydrocannabinol, which contains 70% as many carbon
atoms as hydrogen atoms and 15 times as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. The number of
mole in a gram of tetrahydrocannabinol is 0.00318. Determine the molecular formula.
21. A given sample of Xenon fluoride contains molecules of a single type XeFn where n is a whole
number. If 9.03×1020molecules has a mass of 0.311 g then find the value of n.

22. A poisonous compound cadaverinehas 58.77%C,13.81%H , and 27.42% N . Its molar mass is
102g mol . Determine its molecular formula.

23. What is the empirical formula of a compound 0.2801 gm of which gave on complete combustion
0.9482gm of carbon dioxide and 0.1939gm of water.

DENSITY AND VAPOUR DENSITY

24. An alloy has Fe, Co and Mo equal to 71%, 12% and 17% respectively. How many cobalt atoms are
there in a cylinder of radius 2.5 cm and a length of 10 cm? The density of alloy is 8.20 g/mL. Atomic
weight of cobalt =58.9.

25. The vapour density (hydrogen = 1) of a mixture consisting of NO 2 and N2O4 is 38.3 at 26.7°C.
Calculate the number of moles of NO2 in 100 g of the mixture.

26. An aqueous solution of ethanol has density 1.025 g/mL and it is 8.0 M. Determine molality m of this
solution.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

27. Determine the percentage composition of a mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate from the following data:
wt. of the mixture taken = 2g
Loss in weight on heating = 0.124 g.
28. LSD is a complex compound whose mass is made up of 74.27% carbon, 7.79% hydrogen, 12.99%
nitrogen and 4.95% oxygen. What percent of the atoms in LSD are carbon atoms?

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
29. In a process for producing acetic acid, oxygen gas is bubbled into acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, under
pressure at 60°C in presence of suitable catalyst.
2CH3CHO(l) + O2(g)  2CH3COOH(l)
In a laboratory test of this reaction, 20 g CH3CHO and 10 g O2 were put into a reaction vessel.
(A) How many gram of acetic acid can be produced by these amounts of reactants?
(B) How many gram of the excess reactant remain after the reaction is complete?
(C) If actual yield is 23.8 g, calculate percentage yield.

30. Reaction Yield of reaction

(i) 2A + B  3C + D 20%
(ii) 2C + E  4F 40%
(iii) 7H + 3F  8G 50%
where B, E and H given in excess
Starting with 10 moles of A. Moles of G formed are

31. A 5.0 g sample of a natural gas consisting of CH4 ,C2H 4 was burnt in excess of oxygen yielding
14.5g CO2 and some H2O as product. What is weight percentage of CH4 and C2H4 in mixture.

STOICHIOMETRY

32. 27.6 g of K2CO3 was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its carbon to
K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2. Calculate the moles of the product.

33. Find the mass of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O produced by dissolving 10g of copper in nitric acid and then
evaporating the solution.

34. What weight of AgCl will be precipitated when solution containing 4.77 g of NaCl is added to a
solution of 5.77 g of AgNO3? (Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ag = 108, N = 14, O =16)

35. 1.84 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was heated to a constant weight. The constant weight of
the residue was found to be 0.96g.Calculate % composition of the mixture.

36. Potassium chlorate (KClO4) is made in the following sequence of reactions:

Cl2  g   KOH(cold &diluted)   KCl  KClO  H 2O
KClO 
 KCl  KClO3
KClO 3 
 KClO 4  KCl
What mass of Cl2 is needed to produce 1.385 kg of KClO4?

37. For the above set of reactions what will be amount of KCl produced when 142 g of Cl2 is taken?

38. 1 gm sample of KClO3 was heated under such conditions that a part of it decomposed according to
the equation
(i) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 and the remaining underwent change according to the equation
(ii) 4KClO3  3KClO4 + KCl
If the amount of O2 evolved was 146.8 ml at NTP, calculate percentage by weight of KClO4 in the
residue.

39. Based on the following information, determine value of x and y:

 x CH 4 ( g )  yCl   Al 3 3  AgCl ( s )
(CH 3 ) x AlCl y 
AgNO

0.643 g 0.222 g 0.996g

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
40. How much quantity of zinc will have to be reacted with excess of dilute HCl solution to produce
sufficient hydrogen gas for completely reacting with the oxygen obtained by decomposing 6.125 g of
KClO3?

41.
A + 2B  7C
(t=0) 4/3 moles 1 mol

(A) What is Limiting reagent?

(B) Which is in excess?
(C) Formed moles of C?

42. By the reaction of carbon and oxygen, a mixture of CO and CO 2 is obtained. What is the
composition of the mixture obtained in moles when 20 grams of O2 reacts with 12 grams of carbon?

CONCENTRATION TERMS

43. What is the strength in g/litre of a solution of H2SO4, 12 cc of which neutralizes 15 cc of M/10
NaOH?

44. 100 ml solution of KOH contains 10 millimoles of KOH. Calculate its strength in molarity and
gram/litre.

45. Calculate the number of sulphate ions in 100 ml of 0.001 M H2SO4 solution.

46. What weight of CuSO4 .5H2O must be taken to make 0.5 lt. of 0.01 M Cu2+ ions.

47. To 50 ml of 0.5 M H2SO4, 75 ml of 0.25 M H2SO4 is added. What is the concentration of the final
solution?

48. 3 g of a salt of molecular weight 30 is dissolved in 250 g of water. Calculate the molality of the
solution.

49. Mole fraction of I2 in C6H6 is 0.2. Calculate molality of I2 in C6H6.

50. The density of a 10% by mass KCl solution in water is 1.06 g/ml. Calculate molarity of KCl solution.

51. 105 ml of pure water (4°C) is saturated with NH3 gas producing a solution of density 0.9 g/ml. If this
solution contains 30% of NH3 by wt. Calculate the volume of the solution.

52. An aqueous solution of ethanol has density 1.025 g/mL and it is 8.0 M. Determine molality of this
solution.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

53. If 5 moles each of SO2 and O 2 at STP reacts and form SO3 then calculate number of moles of SO3
gas produced at STP,
2SO 2  O 2 
 2SO3

54. Calculate the no. of moles of Fe2O3 produced at STP when 600gm of FeS2 reacts with 800gm of O 2 .
4FeS2  11O 2 
 2Fe 2O3  8SO 2

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI
55. Calculate the weight of NH3 required to neutralize 146gm of HCl
NH3  HCl 
 NH 4Cl

56. 6.00gm of H 2 reacts with 29.00gm of O 2 to yield H2O

(i) which is limiting reagent
(ii) Calculate the maximum amount of H2O that can be formed
(iii) Calculate the amount of reactants which remains unreacted
2H 2  O 2 
 2H 2O

57. What mass of NaCl would contain the same total number of ions as 245 g of MgCl2 ?

58. A mixture of pure AgCl and pure AgBr is found to contain 60.94% Ag by mass. What are mass
percentages of Cl and Br in the mixture  Ag  108, Cl  35.5, Br  80 
59. How much gas (in litres) will be produced at 0 C and 760mm of pressure when 10 g of oxalic acid
(H2C2O4) was heated with concentrated sulphuric acid?

60. 0.607 g of a silver salt (Ag3A type) of a tribasic organic acid (H3A type) was quantitatively reduced to
0.370 g of pure silver. Calculate the molecular weight of the acid.  Ag  108 .

61. Cobalt is precipitated with  - nitroso -  - naphtol as Co C 6 H10 O  NO   3 and ignited in a stream of
O 2 to Co3O4 . Alternatively, the precipitate is ignited in stream of hydrogen gas and weighed as Co.
what weight of cobalt would have been obtained from the same weight of sample that produced
0.2125 g Co3O4 ? What was the weight of precipitate that gave 0.2125 g Co3O4 ?

3
62. 0.5 g Fe is precipitated as hydrated ferric oxide. During ignition, 90% of iron is converted into
Fe2O3 and the remainder is present as Fe3O4
(a) What does the ignited precipitate weigh?
(b) What should it would have weighed if all the iron were in Fe2O3 form?

63. A mixture contains NaCl and an unknown chloride MCl.

(i) 1 g of this is dissolved in water. Excess of acidified AgNO3 solution is added to it. 2.567 g of a
white precipitate is formed.
0
(ii) 1.0 g of the original mixture is heated to 300 C . Some vapours come out which are absorbed in
acidified AgNO3 solution. 1.341 g of a white precipitate is obtained. Find the molecular weight of the
unknown chloride.

64. 0.220 g of a sample of a volatile compound, containing carbon, hydrogen and chlorine yielded on
combustion in oxygen 0.195 g of CO2 , 0.0804 g of H2O . 0.120 g of the compound occupied a
0
volume of 37.24 mL at 105 C and 768 mmHg pressure. Calculate the molecular formula of the
compound.

65. Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes whose atomic weights are 10.01 and 11.01. The
atomic weight of natural boron is 10.81. Calculate the percentage of each isotope in natural boron.

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

PYQ : JEE-Advanced
Objective Questions

1. A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 1:4 by weight. Therefore, the ratio of
their number of molecules is (JEE 1979)
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:8 (C) 7:32 (D) 3:16

2. The total number of electrons in one molecule of carbon dioxide is (JEE 1979)
(A) 22 (B) 44 (C) 66 (D) 88

3. The largest number of molecules is in (JEE 1979)

(A) 36 g of water (B) 28 g CO
(C) 46 g of ethyl alcohol (D) 54g of nitrogen pentaoxide (N2O5)

4. When the same amount of zinc is treated separately with excess of sulphuric acid and excess of
sodium hydroxide, the ratio of volume of hydrogen evolved is (JEE 1979)
(A) 1:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 2:1 (D) 9:4

5. 2.76g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields a residue weighing (JEE 1979)
(A) 2.16g (B) 2.48 g (C) 2.32 g (D) 2.64 g

6. If 0.50 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.20 mole of Na3PO4, the maximum number of moles of
Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is (JEE 1981)
(A) 0.70 (B) 0.50 (C) 0.20 (D) 0.10

7. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of solute in (JEE 1986)
(A) 1000g of solvent (B) 1.0 L of solvent (C) 1.0 L of solution (D) 22.4 L of solution

8. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a solution remains independent of temperature?

(JEE 1988)
(A) Molarity (B) Normality (C) Formality (D) Molality

9. How many moles of electron weights one kilogram? (JEE 2002)

1 6.023 1
(A) 6.023 1023 (B) 1031 (C) 1054 (D) 108
9.108 9.108 9.108 6.023

10. Which has maximum number of atoms? (JEE 2003)

(A) 24 g of C(12) (B) 56 g of Fe(56) (C) 27 g of Al(27) (D) 108 g of Ag(108)

11. Given that the abundances of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe are 5%, 90% and 5% respectively, the
atomic mass of Fe is (JEE 2009)
(A) 55.85 (B) 55.95 (C) 55.75 (D) 56.05

12. Dissolving 120g of urea (mol.wt. 60) in 1000g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is (JEE 2011)
(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00M (C) 2.05M (D) 2.22M

13. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of
number of their molecules is
(A) 3 : 16 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 7 : 32 (D) 1 : 8 (JEE2014)

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 Mole Concept Chem. XI

14. To check the principle of multiple proportions, a series of pure binary compounds  Pm Qn  were
analysed and their composition is tabulated below. The correct option(s) is (are)

Compound Weight % of P Weight % of Q

1 50 50
2 44.4 55.6
3 40 60
(A) If empirical formula of compound 3 is P3Q4 , then the empirical formula of compound 2 is
P3Q5
(B) If empirical formula of compound 3 is P3Q2 and atomic weight of element P is 20, then the
atomic weight of Q is 45.
(C) If empirical formula of compound 2 is PQ , then the empirical formula of the compound 1 is
P5O4 .
(D) If atomic weight of P and Q are 70 and 35, respectively, then the empirical formula of
compound 1 is P2 Q .
[JEE-ADV (2022)]

Integer type

1. 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol–1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution 0.4 M HCl is
(2012)

2. If the value of Avogadro number is 6.023 1023 mol1 and the value of Boltzmann constant is
1.380 1023 J K1 , then the number of significant digits in the calculated value of the universal gas
constant is (2014)

3. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of 0.4 g mL–1.
Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is
(2014)

4. The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1. At 298 K, molarity of this solution is the same as its
molality. Density of this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm–3. The ratio of the molecular weights of the
 MWsolute 
solute and solvent,   , is (2016)
 MWsolvent 

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