f

, � ter
A N KS:
T
Mfi:i'- ���,-,.,.1,____ F ��!MR E N TALS
lntrod_uctory: Wa te r ta
.1.
11 of three kinds: tank n ks
• • tFttttm@fW@f'Wif&ffl@ are used to
I s re s t·in g store water. These tan
�sll al Y CC tanks are used for sm o n g r o un d ks are
· R all d ' undergr ound tank
S a s and elevated
1a11k tanks are a I so kno wn as s tor n Iarge capaci·tY o f storag
r ag e . Large capacity
,,,ate round storage reservoir (USR) e rese rv oirs. T h
e ro :V� nd reservoi_rs include
l)fld r!wrage reserv oir (HG LR). Sim ' ?lar und storage rese �:( S and hig h ground
l y elevated w G R)
Jev l e vated storage reservoir (ESR) • I
el
ater tanks may be referred to
85 e . .
Basic .prmc1ples and meth . ods 0 f des1g . n·
me I uded here may als
r sin11la r structures li ke swim · m o be app 1·ied to
oth e m g p ools ba�ement walls,
or s ew age treat ment plants etc T sett lement t anks in
ivatrear of liquids of different . h'e prmciples may equally app
lied to
ge . dens,ifies. Th e tan
sto I and h o t 1·1qu1ds may also be ks s t o r .
mg penetra ting liquids like
•ds petro
tbacet all owable crackwidth for such strue tures w 1
. ned with similar methods however
desig
·n b e rtmited
' '
ing structures · as compa red to no r mal
water retain .
:337 -20
JS 0 09 part I and part II (code O f practice - concrete structu res for
ids) part I
storage of liqu Gene a 1 r equirements and part
_ � II Reinforced concrete
str u c tu r es w1 '11 b e use d for - des1gn mg liquid re t •
ammg . st r uctures. This .
code permi. ts
• l
two meth O d s O f d estgn
·
_
, viz., imit state met hod and working stress method of design.
We shall follow working stress method in chapters t o follow.
Geotechnic�l investigation of the site is sincerely required since the type of the
soil at foundation level not only affect the design of foundation but also affect the
forces on various elements of the tank du e to ear thquake loads. Effects of diffe rential
sett�ement should be properly taken into account. The subsuil water if exists, may
affect the allowable bearing pressure and m ay als o induce forces in the elements of
underground structures. Minimum 10 m deep bore ho les of 150 mm diam e ter sh all
be tak en to determine the soil properties at found ation level. If corrected N value
perly comp acted
(standard penetration test) is less than 15, th e gr ound s hall be pro
d ation going to
to achieve N > 15 and other measures shall be t aken or pile foun
dition, th e found ation
strong er strata may b e adopted. Under sub-soil w ater level. con
1 tmg p osSi'b'l 1 't
1 Y·
n e u nd str uc tur es sha ll be checked for upl'f
a d und r gro e of
. . 1 s h a II als o be inv estigated to check th e prese nc
Chem1ca . l properties of soi
. als in soil that may corrod e the rem · forcements. In
sulP h at es or em c recommended
other harmful ch i ros .
10 n r esist ant ste e l is
corrosive e i
nv ronment sometimes
CRS cor
partic' ularly near costal' area. quality
.oints must b e prop erI y detailed using . 'de
Construction 1· oints and movement J w ater logg ed are a
or ms1
u c tu re s in
Water s ing str m ay be
t ops. Construction of water reta1'n e pr o P erly attended. Sheet pi I es and
\\tater W
ill requu .
e dewatering tha
t shall b c t '
m g u nder gr ound structures
fo a s
e ad O p ted
r
Prov·1 d e m ay b
faun da � a n d w
de at er in g . .
making
tions under water. ns req uir ed for
ns·1d eratio
• s• The spec1. a1 co follows..
n . as
tein1r7 ·2. Special consideratiog strUC tures are
o re e d c n
oncrete liquid retai· ni·
 .
366 . p• erv ious, durable . and main tanance free: Th
'-
'l
· 1, ·
',J

rrLe concret
(1) .1u e sh ou id• be ,m ctures shall be 1mperv1 . 0 us, dura ble and n-. e . c oner
e�
. . . . retaining stru . . and 1mpermea 6. . ••1a1ntana,l\.
used fo r li q m d . ' e
f • D ura bi lity 11 1ty ar e
ble service lI suppl Ce
.. .
as o n a 'I l'ity
. is m e
free fo r a re
ret . e w1'ti1 less pe rm . ea b or d u r a b l . D erneh••t
e
C n c Ur b·
er . protect10n against corros10n of reinfo c· a •lit
oth 0
to each '
o da a ge a n d
et r elllen y
includes resistanc
m
. i·ound su
mps may be unt reated (e
he li qui ds s to re d i n u n d er g
g (s we e settling tan k s ). M �
g
• r w ;\'atts;
a
T ses i irn u e
itain 11 armfu l a
e g
lll 1h,
sump) or may coi ' d ma.XI•mum free wate r cement ratio and .. ?'a de
measurements as spe c1·r·1e d by IS:3370 · UltJ.
of concrete t o b e us e lll1 n1zn
nte nt a r s me' O f th e
ceme nt co e
_ m ?
ay, pe rmit flow of liquid and shall be avB�d
· ly
eta ile d JO ts m o id ed
desig11ed/d
duri ng design sta ge .
kin g con cre t e sho uld be limited to prevent leakage: Coneret e
{2) The crac / h
wi• dth permits leakage of liquids and s hall as
0
s cra c k s . L arge r crac k
numerou be
ted Tv; o typ es of cra c k s sha11 be giv en attention.
restric .
(i) Cracks due to shrm . kage and temperature . These.. cracks are . unifo .
rm through
out
cracks can be h . m1t ed b y res1stmg th e s hr
the deptI1 of c oncre t e • Such . . in kage
reinf orc m nt. Mm1 mum r e1'nfiorcement as su
a
and temper ture force s by e e g gest ed.
by code shall take care of such crac ks.
(ii) Cracks due to applied loads. These c�acks are wider a� surface and can­
permit water which may corrode the re1nforceme �t �nd finally may lead.to
disintegration of concrete. Surface cracks shall be hm�ted to a predetermined
values as suggested by respective codes of practice . As per IS:456, a
surface crack width of 0.3 mm is p ermitted for normal structures, upto
0.2 mm for elements exposed to moisture or in contact with soil or ground
· water and up to 0.1 mm for aggressive environment such as 'severe' cate gory.
On the other hand IS:3370-2009 stipulates for liquid retaining struct ures
the exposure as 'severe' and permits crack width up to 0.2 mm. This
requirement necessiates limiting tensile stresses in concre te to permissible
value. The_ design method developed considering limiting crack width is _
known as no-crack design or uncrack theory.
17-3. Special requirements: The above special considerations for liquid
re�aining structures lead to some special requirements for makin g RCC water tanks as
laid by JS:3370-2009 and are described below:
(1) Min i"':um grade of concrete: Considering the
. concept: of durability of water
retamm g structures, the minimum grade . 0 f concret
small capacity water tanks up to 50 m3 e shall be M30 grade. For
•
ma· .
king M30 grade concrete, the concre
and wh ere there 1s 1 1cult y ·of ·
a d'ff'
te of grade M2S may b e used ·except
for coast�! areas. For plain concrete,
the minimum grade shall be M20. Plain
concrete 1s used to retain water
· for dams, check dams, e
(2) Maximum free water cement ratio· tc.
dense and durable concret e · • L 0 :'ermg . the water cement ratio produc� s
The maximUm free
retaining structures shall be . water cement ra tio for }'iq Ul. d
O- · 45 •.for rein forced concrete, and 0.50 for plain .
concrete. Lower water ceme
�t f1.0 may be ach
like plasticizers o·r super-p ieved by using suitable admiXtures
la�� ic 1ze rs. As per IS:
for design mix. ·concret 10262-20 07 code of practice
e th a ount
than 2% by mass of m of such plasticize r
ce�ent:f10u at shall not be rnor;
additives -lik e fly -ash., s m e rial ,
granu 1ar lag ' i.e., sum of m'ass of cement all
s SI·1·ICa funi.es,
etc.
 .. ,uer Tank s
: Fundamen
11-41 tals

gr:;��1
111• • ;,s 011 ceme11t conten t: Min• . 367
i
1,,,n.. d l (
imum cement
; :i�
: �! a: !J' respective lndi ::��: c�u1i"tadditives like fly ash
(l) 0 r ,
e ro c co cr
and 250 kg/m3 r/. \ � all not be less than
0
320so.na ble wate r tightn ess. � :tc t p am con crete to a chieve
ea
rjike S im1larly' the
fly ash a�d gran ulated slag shall o b c e m ent c onte nt e:uludi 11g the additives
a ckmg due
n t e m ore than 400
agai·nst cr . .
, lo d.1 Yt· ng shrink · kg/m·3 to safeguard
a e · T e u
not for additives, smce additives do not g, . I h pr_ er limit is for cement and
P•Hl c ipatc m erack'
ete c over: F•or li qui mg cl ue to shrinkage.
C o n cr .
d retuin in g s t.t uctures
' the .
(4) 'severe, • The mm . · i· um c o
m
.
ncrete cover lo l\1e re exposure is considered to be
6. mforcement shall be it5 mm as
per IS:45 .
R e du ce d stresses in steel: Permissible sties . ses m steel .m wo� k'mg
(5) duced to decrease the tendency of stress method are
re .
crack'mg. These are discussed
in next article
o o r s r estm g on grou nd shoul d
.) fl be pr • ded wi. th a screed laye
r of M 15 grade
(o c oncrete with 75 mm m inimum th'icknes ov1
s · If the floors ar e rest·mg on mJunous · · ·
so�·1s or aggressive ground wa ter are expected, the screed layer shall have
nun.tn um l M20 grade· If necessary, sulphate
resisting or other special cement
may be used. Th e floor shall be cast m ·
· a smg1 e 1ayer. A separating layer of
lyt h ylene shee t of mas s 1 kg/m2 should be prov1'ded m
Po · between the flo ar
sla b a nd the layer of lean concrete.
(7) Where reservoirs are prov_ided with an internal impermeable lining, inview of
the concrete eventually drymg out, allowance for a drying shrinkage of 300 x 10-6
should be made.
(8) Watertightness of the tanks shall be checked in accordance with IS:3370 (part I)
(9) Liquid retaining structures shall be protected from lightening by providing
suitable lightening conductor. Also minimum required ven tilation (usually 0.04%
of surface area) shall be ensured by providing actual ventilation or by fixing
cowl ventilators 100 mm to 150 mm diameters on cover slab. The number of
such cowls shall be based on 0.04% of the surface area of water and shall b e
uniformly distributed on cover slab or cover dome.
17-4. Control joints: Proper control joints like contraction joint, expansion
joint, sliding joint, construction joint, etc. should be provided to reduce the cracking
of the concrete. These are briefly described below.
(1) Contraction joint: This is shown in fig. 17-1. In t_his ty�e _o_f joint � delib�rat
e
1s provided.
discontinuity in co n crete or concrete and steel with no m1tial gap
te and steel
Fig. 17-1 (a) shows a com plete contraction joint where bot� c�n�re
JOmt where only
are interrupted while fig. 17-1 (b) shows a partial contract10n
the concrete is in terrupted.
ded to accommodate either expans
ion
(2) Expansion 1·oint·• Expansion joint is inten
or contraction of the structure where a c?m�1 et_ e d_is · continuity in both concrete
. fig. 17_2(a) . . Here
and steel is provided. A typical e xpans10n JOtnt is shown m ter barners and
an initial gap of about 30 mm is provt'ded. ':"1� . h or, w1'thout wa
. (n. ') water bar.
a po rtion of the joint is filled up with (1) JOmt filler and
• a·i con t ·
mm ·tY 1·n b oth reinforcement an d
- (3) Sliding joint: There is a complete s h ilitate
� re � u bbe ad w ich fac
. concrete [refer to fig. 17-2(b)l. The ma in f e atu re� �e� :ith joint sealing
relative mov ement in place of the j o int. The J Orn t i s sea k.
f t h e wa l ls of water tan
at the ba e o
- c ompounds. This j o int is prov1. ded
s
 o1. u
d Co nc rete - v
Reinfo rc e
368 .Joint sealing\ Strip painting
com pound \ �
Discontinuitynoin
-- Water bar \ r

.__--�
concrete but ,./ .
initial gap
. .
·- .)

T
,
I 1·
/#AV� ;�;_�/,0� �-
L Discontinuity
in steel L Continui1y in steel
Discontinuily
concrete but no initial gap
(b) Partial contraction joint
on joint
(a) Complete contracti . .
con tr acti on 1omts
Typica l
FIG. 17-1

Strip painting
/ Joint sealing
Water bar ·. ·. ·. /compound
\ -Initial gap . . . /.1
/
. - . . . .

.. j . . . . . . . . .
. . - - . - . . . -

. . . . . . . . - ..
. - . . . . . . - .

[ Joint filler
L Prepared sliding surface
Discontinuity in both
or rubber pad
concrete and steel
(a) Expansion joint (b) Sliding joint
Typkal expansion a�d sliding joints
FIG. 17-2
(4) Construction joints: T hese are provided for the convenience in constr uction.
Subsequently continuity is restored. A typical construction joint in a wall is.
shown in fig. 17-3(a) and a horizontal construction joint is shown in fig. 17-3(b):

Prepared joint surface

-Prepared
joint surface
"-- �ontinuity
m steel

Continuity in steel
(a) Vertical joint
(b) Horizontal joint
Ty
· pical cons truction
joints
FIG. 17-3 ·
· :
17-5. Fundamental s of R.c.c. d
. n
.
of eleme ts: W rki ng s treses,s _
method: IS:3370-2009 stipulates two th 4: g
s i n o .
eones of design for liquid .retaini ng structur ,
_namely, limit state method and work·ing
stress method. In disc� 55
working stress method. • this book, we shall
,;'· stress method, \v
.o o•orking c have 369
J ttc glh des i gn an
s n d
(l Ser,riccabilH}' design.
2
( ) ..t: arc bne. fl)'• d"tscussed b
e·1 OW;
'fl,e'S
S.tren.g.th,
,
design.· Rcinfotc
) . . cd concrete
{l nncip I� 0 f ignonng the te s
p . · mem l ler are designed with the usual
n ile r e.c;
steel arc re du 'c . ,�tRnce of
stress es m d to redu .
concrete, however. permis iblc
o as c l' t . 1 le tcnclenc.y of rackin
rrferred l strcngtli dtsff!,n
or dr . g, The design i
in con cre te and · s t ee l for for (M( k,d tond iliori Per;
s'lrcngtl s?n. . 1 i$sible stresses
urther detail s, , { cs,gn nrc given in tab
'f or f co d e • b le 17- l and table 17-2 .
f ·. . . may c consHlted
. ue s or a 1 · R c d u c
the ·, al m11tmg crack d citresse
. s in steel represent
r Wt.cl l I \ of () 2 m n .,. I
a ]owe va ue, e.g., 1or retn inin
l r _ . · t . 10 im lt the crack width to
g ) cnetrating
red uced. Speci R.lisl liter � liq uids like acids. stresses may be
further a ure may be
consulted.

-
TABLE 17-1
PERMISSIBLE STRESS ES IN CONCRE
TE - sTRENGTH DESIGN
Bending
Concrete Direct Average bond stress
compression
grade compression for plain bars in
Ocbc, N/mm2 crc, N/rnm2 tension 'tbd, N/mm2
8.5
0.9
}\{25
6.0
M30 10.0 8.0 1.0
Note: Bond stress 'tbd shall be increased
- by 250/o for bars i n compression
- by 600/o for deformed bars confirming to IS: 1786

TABLE 17-2
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
FOR STRENGTH CALCULATIONS
M.S. bars HYSD bars
Condition cr5 t, N/mm2 cr 9t, N/mm 2

In tension, bending and shear 115 130

In column bars in compression 125 140

ln working stress method, the modular ratio m, i.e the ratio of modulas of ela�tici�
: _
of steel to the modulas of elasticity of concrete cons1denng long term deformation 1s
�ven by
280
m =
3 a cbc .
ssion g
.w
in b en mg
d' compre
�here s cre te en
in con
ache = pe rm .
1ss "bl
1 e tress
in table 17-1.
/ m2,
For M25 grade concrete, Ocbc = 8 . .5 N m
.. 280
= 10.98.
m=
�
3 >< 8 . .:, -
.
10 N/mm ,
2
·For M30 grade concrete, Ocbc -
_ 280 === 9.:i3. . .
in a s1nular manner.
1( h · m - 3 x 10 . co n st ants may b e. clerived
-
h tes are used '
ig' er ,grade concre
.
 u/U 1'.t:lllJV.& -- -

' , I
Thus values of m for our use are:
Concrete Value of m

M25 10.98
M30 9.33
Similarly development length Ld for HYSD bars in tension are obtained as
# (JS
Ld = 4
'tbd
For M25 grade concrete
*X 130
Ld = 4 X 0.9 X 1.6 = 3
2 *
For M30 grade concrete
# x 130
Ld = = 21 #.
4 X 1 X J.6
(2) No-crac k (serviceabilit ) design: Reinforced concrete memb rs are additionall
y � y
checked for uncracked conditions, i.e., to limit the crack width of concrete to ·
0.2 mm. The permissible stresses in concrete for this. condition are given in
table 17-3. If the concrete stresses are within the limit, elaborated calculations
for checking crack-width are not necessary. Permissible stresses for shear design .
shall be as per IS:456. A few values are given in table 17-4.
TABLE 17-3
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE FOR NO-CRACK CONDITION
Grade Direct tension Bending tension
2
of concrete O'ct, N/mm2 O'cbt, N/mm
-
M25 1.3· 1.8
M30 1.5 2.0
TABLE 17-4
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE IN SHEAR, N/MM2
100 A5
M25 M30
hd
< 0.15 0.19 0.20 Refer to the
0.25 0.23 0.23 code for details
0.50 0.31 0.31
0.75 .0.36 0.37
1.00 0.40 0.41
'tc,max 1.9 2.2
17-6. Minimum reinforceme�t: Minimum reinf
orcement is b�sed on sur(ace,
zo es of the member. T�e surface zones are defi
� ned as shown in fig. 17•4. Whe0.
thickness of the member 1s upto 500 mm i e D < 500 -
' . · ·, - .mm, assume each sur"1•ace z. on.e. ,
to be of thickness·equal to �. When the thickness
of the ��mber exceeds 500 Jil�,':
assume each surfa ce zone of . 250
. mm thickness and the mterna h ll be.
. _igno
·
·
red for the purpose of mmtmum reinforce . ·· ] concrete s a · · :•.
. men t ca Icu1·a t·ions.- '
 371-
r
�1-.f--+--t--r-�-f-._p:.... ln12 -f
'

Lzone II
1 D/2

D<500
(a) D>500
S urface ones (b)
z by definition
FIG. 17-4
.,. unum reinforcement in walls floors nd roof . b
inJO be less than 0.35% of the 'surf acea m oth_the perpendicular directions
shals l not O · 64% for mil d steel b ars · z on e cros s-section for HYSD bars and not
t h a n
Jes r o rc�ment . ca If the length of the member is less than 15 m,
se e i fo n be r e duce d to 0.24%
the s, for HYSD bars and 0.4% for mild steel
I f the thickness of the member is less
bar tha n 200 mm, the calculated reinforc em en t
{llBY all be pl aced o n o ne face .
For slab s up �o 500. mm d e �th, calculated steel area is divided equally on both
faces. This steel i s r e qui red against temperature strain across the depth of the slab.
Temperature strains are m uch smaller at the centre of depth. Therefore for depth more
than 500 mm, the central portion is ignored as shown in fig. 17-1 {b). Thus for depth
of slab more than 500 mm, the minimum reinforcement at both faces remains constant
with the depth. Minim um steel for a few thicknesses is calculated in table 17-5. Bars
spacing shall not exceed 300 mm or thickness of the section.
TABLE 17-5 ·
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN WALL
HYSD BARS, mm 2 / m width
Longer than 15 m Up to 15 m

Surface zones Minimum Provide Minimum Provide

Re in forcement Reinforcement
D per zone,
per zone, Zone I Zone II mm2 (0.24%} Zone I Zone II
mm I II
mm2 {0.35%)
100 50 50 175 175 175 120 120 120
200 100 ·350 350 350 240 240 240
100
300 525 525 360 360 360
150 150 525
40() 700 700 480 480 480
200 200 700
soo 250 250 875 875 875 600 600 600
.. 600 600 600
600 875 875
250 250 875 600 600
875 875 600
�. 250
':---- 250 87 5
1' . n of temperature on upper part of slab . The ternperature
.
helo he ground slabs have va ri atio n 100c. Temperature crackmg on
l ss tha
lo ew the slab remains constant and usual ly fne different surface zones for ground
e

•!� r Part is v ery small. This nece ssiates to d�� slabs as shown in fig. 17-5(a). The
oll
teous ' IS:33.70 defines surface zo nes . of gr r particular depth. with respect to the case
,•red
1, l
� n
reinforcement is also ca1 culated fo
xplanatory.
- g: ,17�_5(b). This is self e
 350mm2 /m
350 mm2/m

D<\oof 7
i -
zI I I I
No Bottom RF
1sI 012
I
2001
J_
No Bottom RF

Example
Requirement
(a) D < 300mm 2
� 700mm /m
2

1 100mm Im
.
8r . "" -
T '
l 200
..
V)

400
V

. f± 100.'
..
0 C
V
. - .
8
,::.
y .,.
L3so� 2 1m
I"'") -
I - .•
L
350mm Im
I ••

Requirement Example
(b) 300 < D < 500 mm

I
I
I t I
"" - -
250. 250
I
D>SOO 600 >

l
c>

II i - = - - -
J_ 4-100 �
I
L L350�2,m
350mm Im
Requirement Example
-
(c) D > 500 mm
Minimum reinforcement in ground slab
FIG. 17-5
. Minimum· reinforcement as calculated above is based on steel required to restain. .
the cracks due to early thermal movement. It is necessary to distribute the over�II
strain in wall between reinforcement. (and also movement joint if provided). This will,, ··
restrain cracking and the width of crack will remain acceptable. - ·

Conside� ·� wall of overall depth D as shown ,in fig. 17-6 reinforced with totaLarea '
of reinforcement. A 5 ( on both faces).··
The steel ratio p is defined as:
. . . '
.
P= � '.. ,' . ' . 7.1)
. '
bD . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (1'
A8 A ·. ·
s ,. . - , . . . .• :.·,.,
Th e re m
. 1orcem
r ·en t
2 T+.
, . . A s _ .
i s .me harge of
· 'Yidth h 'as shown, and steeI ra tio . t
. , . •:·' �
. p is given by equation 17-1. •·.
,y.
 te sion only: For �h� rrlembers'.stibject�d
17-7. Members subjected to axial n should be satls ied.
to axial tension only the following requirements � ..
the ten sile force . Pennis sib
(1) There should be sufficient reinforcement to resiSt all tab le 17- 2. le
all be tak en fro m
stress in steel reinforcement 0'8 t, sh
and reinfo�cement act together to
(2) Assuming that the concrete is uncracked s 1 concre�e should no
resist the direct force, the calculated tensile stre� � sion, crct, givent
e stre ss in con cre te in dire ct ten
exceed the maximum permissibl
in table 17-3.
Consider a wall of 1 m length and t mm overall thicknesS.
Let T = tensile force in newtons
As = area of steel in mm2/m
t = overall thickness of wall in mm.
Then from condition ( 1)

As = -T
CJ st
From condition (2)
T < 1000
Substituting As = T

T < 1000 t O'ct + (m - 1) T x

T - (m - 1) T act < 1000 t O'ct

0st
T [1 - (m - 1) : : ] .................. (17-3)
or t >
1000 <Jct :
The minimum thickness of the member required can be calculated from equation
(17-3). For different combination of materials, it is tabulated in table 17-6.
TABLE 17-6
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF MEMBERS
IN DIRECT TENSION (UNCRA CKED CONDITION)
Thickness of members in
Grade of concrete mm for force Tin newtons
mild steel HYSD bars
M25 T/1465 T/1444
M30 T/1682 T/1660
Example 17-1.
Design a section to resist an axial tensile force of 250 kN/m. Use M30 grade
concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415.
Solution:
Method 1: Minimum thickness required from table 17-6

t
= _I_ _
1660 -
250 X
1660
103
= lS0.6 mm
provide t = 160 mm.
 TABLE 17-8
BALANCED DESIGN FACTORS FOR MEMBERS
IN· BENDING FOR HYSD BARS

M25 mix M30 mix

d
M
Pt
-M
bD 2 Pt
hD 2

0.75 0.313 0.353 0.347 0.390

0.80 0.317 0.333 0.350 0.368
0.85 0.320 0.316 0.354 0.349
0.90 0.324 0.301 0.358 0.332
0.95 0.329 0.288 0.363 0.317

M
bD 2
0.58

0.54

0.50

0.46

0.42

0.38

0.34

0.30

0,26

0.22 fck=30 N/mm 2

fy =250N/mm

0.18 -t----'-'"'-'t--t--t-�+---1-- Pt
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40- 0.50 0.60
M30 mix HYSD steel ,
Member subj�cted to moment .only - rectangular section
M30 HYSD steel · ,
FIG. 17-13
 .&_hapter ·
f1 BJ M'itWtfflttettt.. . . ... . .. CIRC. ULA-RT A�,��.
·-;;;i&i&W:-. "·:-,.
❖• ,.,

18-1. Introductory: Circu l ar water tanks are used for a large capacity in the
,.,.,,-:-,-:::-, .

fi elds of water supply, sewage treatm ent pumping stat ions, che� ical p roc �i�� in g and
large underground su mp s. Th e per imeter of circula r shape for a g iven J. rea 1�'th� least
than any other shape . This makes it economical than any oth er shapes. However, for
tanks of small capac ity, formwork for circular tanks is costly and rec t�n gular tanks are
used. Two types of construct i ons are adopted for circular tan ks :is g i r en b .1°w:
(1) The side wall is free to expand or contract as the joint between floor an d side
wa ll is flexible .
(2) The movement of side wal l is restricted by providing fixity or con tinuity with
the ba se.
These are dis cussed in the follow ing articles:
1 8-2. Circular tanks with flexible joint at the· base: A cir cular tank
with flexible joint at the base, defl ection curve of side walls and pressur e diagram are
shown in fig. 18-1. The hydrostatic pressure increases with the d ep th . At _an � depth h
from top, the p ressure is 'Ywh where 'Yw is the unit weight of water (or hqu1d as the
case may be) whi ch may be taken as 9.8 kN/m3 .
� -----
I - J.
\
/_ t ◄- \'- Deflected
I ◄ D_L► \ shape
I H \
I 1 Sliding joint I \
L_ T -�
->-' YwH '-◄-
(a) Elevation (b) Pressure diagram
Circular water tank
FIG. 18-1
At base, maximum water pressure = 'Yw H. •
'Y w HD
This causes hoop tension per meter -
2
The sec tion of wall should be designed for the hoop tension as explained in
art. 17-7. As the hoop tension decreases from base to top, the reinforcem ent may be
reduced accordingly. Thickness of wall also can be reduced, however, this will be done
for large capacity ta nks (refer to example 17-2).
Hoop steel is main steel (hor izontal) and is circular in shape . Vertical steel is a
distribution steel. To reduce the labour of fixing the reinforcement, horizontal steel
will be placed on outer layers . Horizontal steel should be f)roperly curved in a
hooping machine, and not bent in a series of kinks. It will not be possible to use one_
bar for a complete perimeter of the wall. Ther efore, lapping of bars is necessary.
For an ordinary slab or beam, we lap the bars at the region where stresses are
reduced to 50 per cent. In circular tank walls, however, at all sections of the horizontal
bar, the stress is the same. Therefore, it is preferable to carefully plan
the splicing of
 ,w · nt to s ee that splices ar e
- -.. "-::.
Jll e ve ry Well 391
,l iorc� '�1 to 2 Ld. Al l the b ar s s s ta
,re·°�l1
]d 1be edq u
ore h ould not ggered . When lapped ' the lap length
Not m t h a n o .
ne bar IU t be lapped at one
5!1 ggevre ti· al secti. on a
pe'sta h re e s section and should
er c , xial tensio i h hould be lapped
n s s are at
oY
, f'At a• a l J·oint, only steel resists te nsion an d b y concrete an any vertical section.
d th e re fore d steel ' however ' at
,ert:l c
The b ars s h ouId not be stee l 1s provided to carry all the
lapped at o
r n ea r the ver· f
1 j oO
·
tef1S of the tank resting on ground ica1 JOm
· · t.
J3 a s e s h o u I .
ickness of base slab shall be 200 d be th ic k enough to make it non-porous.
. 010 th
M;1u ar einforcement is provide d in b
ase �m. The base slab shall be cast in single layer.
�ro[ll fr 15 grade which will b
i n . he floor should rest on at
i, do M e covered with least 75 mm thick
cree eet of m a
· ss 1 kg/m2 to distroy the a sep art .
mg 1 ayer of bitumen paper or
5
e th Y Ien. e sh bo nd betw
01y een the screed and floor concrete.
ie 1 8 - 1.
P p --:--�---:--�--:--- -- -
iiaJll - -------------­
� e s i g a c ircular water tank with flex1'bl
D n
. e base and open at top for a capacity · of
O O l it res r estmg o n gro und. The materi
6ooO als are M30 grad e concrete an d HYSD
.einforcement of grade Fe 415 .
r
Solution:
Provi de 5 m depth with 0.3 m free board. If Dis the diameter of tank, considering
water proof plaster
20 mm thick
Net diameter = D - 2 x 0.02 = (D - 0.04) rn.
Net h eight = 5.0 - 0.3 - 0.02 = 4.68 m.
7t
Th e n (D - 0.04 )2 x 4.68 = 600 m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ·; 1 m3 - 1000 litres)
4
D = 12.81 rn.
Provide 12.85 m diameter of the tank.
'Y w HD 9.8 X 5 X 12.85
=
Maximum hoop tension at base = 2 2
314.83 kN

T 314.83 X 103 = 189.6 6 mm

Trial th ickness - 1660 1660
Provide 200 mm thickness.
314.83 X 10 = 2422 mm 2 /m.
3

Are a of steel r e quired - 130

Since maximum plane dim ens

.
io n f t °
h e tank is less
than 15 m

minimum steel
0. 240/o =
0. 24 x 1000 x 200 s: 480 mm2
Minimum steel - 100
Le.
240 mm 2 per face . steel).
on b oth faces (circular hoop
Provide 16 mm =#= @ 160 mm c/c
2
1000 x 201 x 2 � 2 512 mm .
Ast === 160
, Let t be the thicknes s of wall in m
m- 3
-314.83 X 10
2 51 2
T === 10 00 X 200 + (9 33 1) X
]ensile stress ----;-�- 1)- Ast
Oct =. 1000 t + ( rn 2 . . •· . .
. .
. . . . . . . . . .....
.. (0.K.)
2 < 1.5 N/m
m
1.43 N/ m m
=
 II
392 Reinforced Concrete - Vol. [Ch. 18
Vertical reinforcement (minim um steel)
= 240 mm 2/face.
Provide 8 mm # @ 200 mm c/c on both faces
4 - lOOO
s x 50 = 250 rnm 2/face.
,: ' - 200
As the pressun� decreases from·.
b ottom to t op, the main reinforcemen t ma b ·
. . Y e
reduced. However, in this case, it is nearer to minimum. Hence, roam reinforcement
cannot be reduced.
At 4 m height from top
9.8 >< 4 x 12.85 =
T= 251.86 kN
2
103
Ast = 251.86 x = 1937 mm2/m.
130
Provide 16 �m # @ 200 mm c/c on both faces.
Ast = 2010 · mm2 .
At 3 m height from top
9.8 3 X 12.85
X
T= = 188.90 kN
2
188.90 X 103
Ast = = 1453 mm 2/m.
130
Provide 12 mm # @ 150 mm c/ c on both faces
Ast = 1507 mm2 .
At 2 m height from top
;: 9.8 x 2 x 12.85
T = 125_93 kN
2
125.93 X 10 3 =
A st = 130
. 969 mm 2/m.

Provide 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/c on both faces

Ast = 981 mm2 .
At 1 m height from top
9.8 x 1 x 12.85
T= = 62.97 kN
2
62.97 X 103
Ast =
130 = 484 mm2 /m
Minimum steel = 480 mm 2/m
Provide 8 mm =If @ 200 mm c/c on both faces .
Ast = 500 mm2 .
Base:
For 5 m head of water, provide 200 mm minimum thickness of the b ase.
Minimum steel
0.24 200
Ast = 100 ·X l000 X = -240 mm2/m/face.
·· 2
For ground slab, bottom reinforcement is, not required.
 is-21
ovide 8 mm =II= @ 20 0 mm cl c b
r
'fbell Po oth ways a t top and no reinforcement
bott ill•
at 1000
As === 200
x SO = 250 mm2.

'f h e desi
gned section with propo se d 1 aps for h
· onta1 steel is shown in fig. 18-2.
onz
200
-H---+--c-

- --- 8 # @ 200 c c
/ (bo th faces) Horizontal steel
1000

I
· · -8 #@ 200 c/c (both fac
es) vertical steel

-i
960 - -1 0 #@ 160 c/c (both faces) Horizontal steel
◄- 20 thick plaster

12850 internal diameter -->---)-

1050 -l2 # @ 150 c/c (both faces) Horizontal steel

1000 16 #@ 200 c/c (both faces) Horizontal steel

t
960
- - 16 # @ 160 c/c (both faces) Horizontal steel
16 # @ 160 c/c(both faces) Horizontal steel
- - Prepared sliding surface or rubber pad
✓-- Strip paintingcompound

1. ·
� Joint sealing
200
10 0 r-�Yi
100 ··· . . •: ·.,.. · .... · ,, .. ., ..... ,_. .,. ·1�·•··.>•1:•.·� ..·:_\ '·•.�·-: - 100 .
1
-

er of polyth elene sheet.@ 1 k g/ m2

M 30 Separating lay
top
M 15 8 mm#@ 200 c/c both ways at
(a) Elevation
11Olt: (l) maximum free water
For wall an d b a s e slab ' con crete shall· b e of M30 grade with
· cern ent ratio of 0.45.
ed.
(
Gr a F 415 co nfirming to IS: 1786-2009 shall b e us
; IIYSD reinforceme nt of de e
1: splic�s shall be staggered
l ngth = ·2 L = 42 dia m eters. Lap
· Lap e d
FIG. 18-2{i)
 - g # tie at every 8th bar
✓ Lap in first ring
-

I , -- Lap in third ring

Lap in first ring
/
Lap in third ring Minimum la p=2 Ld
I
, Four bnr in each ring
Lap in second ting __.,,, -'( - - Lap in second ring

r ·· ,,1

""( - Lap in first ring

(b) Proposed laps in horizontal bars

FIG. 18-2(ii)
18-3. Analysis of circular tanks: If the wall of circular tank is fixed or
hinged with base, the walls are subjected to horizontal shear in addition to hoop
tension. If a tank is· tall with a small diameter, it will resist the liquid pressure
primarily ·by ring (hoop) tension and to a lesser degree by horizontal shear at base.
If a tank is shallow and the diameter is large, it will resist liquid pressure primarily
by cantilever action from base and to a lesser degree by hoop tension. If the tank is -
medium, it will resist the loads by both hoop tension and by cantilever action.
A circular tank fixed with base (or may be continuous with base) is shown in fig. 18-3.
Define: ->--J t �-

Pc = pressure per unit area transferred I

by cantilever action H-x
I
Pr = pressure per unit area transferred -f-o-)>-,....
by hoop tension IX
t = thickness of wall
I = moment of inertia per unit length
t3
- 12 (1 - µ 2 )
µ = poisson's ratio (a) (b)

y = unit weight of liquid Analysis_ of circular tank

. T = hoop tension FIG. 18-3
E -. modulus of elasticity" of concrete
Yr = radial expansion due to Pr
Ye = outward deflection due to cal)tilever action.
At any height x from -base
Pc + Pr = 'Y (H - x) ·.,
-Hoop tension at height X from base
D I'
 ed Co nc re te - Vol. 11
Reinforc
396 E ly= 0
i.e.
o
at x = 0, deflection is zer dy
i.e. El =0
dx
at x -= 0, slope is zero
d3y
1.. e. E dx3·
l =O
zero
at x = H, shear force is
d2y = o.
. ·i.e. EI --
t 1s zero dx 2
at x = H, bending momen
c curve is known. Hence, value s
t
f wn of ela sti
the �olu JSi3370 (part IV) giv
es the hoo
From the above equations, re nt h e ig hts .
t at diffe . l ts an d shear at the base
in tables g
of Pc and Pr can be found ou n t he1g ' h 'o �
differe -3 · For f ull d etails t e c d e
tension and bending moment at 1 � - 2 an d 18
table 18-1,
and 1 I. They are partly given in
shall be referred.
TABLE 18-1 BASE
CIR CUL A R RI N G WA LL, FIXED LOAD
TENSI ON IN TO TRIANGULAR
FREE TOP AND SUBJECT -
I◄
D- I

►I
f--(-R-

. II
'
-r -
I
:

I
--
·' -
H . -
T = Coefficient x yHR . . . . . . . . . {kN/m)
l -
' -
' ' �-
:\ I 'A��A�
/��ffe� i
i
/✓

f--(-�-�
t 'YH

Coefficients at points
H2 0.6H 0.7 H 0.8H 0.9H
0.0H 0.1 H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H
Dt (11)
(5) (6) ( 7) (8 ) (9 ) ( 10)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

0 + 0.142 + 0.099 + 0.054 + 0.016

1.2 + 0.283 + 0.271 + 0.254 +0.234 +0.209 +0.18
+0.185 + 0.134 + 0.075 + 0.023
1.6 + 0.265 + 0.268 +0.268 +0.266 + 0.250 + 0.226
0.232 + 0.172 +0.104 + 0.031
2.0 + 0.234 +0.251 +0.273 + 0.285 +0.285 +0.274 +
+0.339 +0.403 +0.429 +0.409 + 0.334 + 0.210 + 0.0 73
4.0 + 0.067 + 0.164 +0.256
+0.469 + 0.398 +0.259 + 0.092
°
+0,24.5 +0.346 +0.428 +0.477
5.0 + 0.025 +0.137
+0.344 + 0.441 + 0.504 + 0.514 + 0.447 + 0.301 + 0.11�
6.0 + 0.018 + 0.1 19 + 0.234
+ 0.218 + 0.335 + 0.443 + 0.534 + 0.575 + 0.530 + 0.381 + 0.151
8.0 - 0.001 +0.104
+ 0.323 +0.437 +0.542 +0.608 +0.589 + 0.440 +0.17 9
10.0 -0.001 + 0.098 +0.208

16.0 -0.000 + 0.099 +0.19 9 + 0.304 + 0.412 +0.53 1 + 0.641 + 0.687 +0.582 + 0.265
'
---
ght of the liquid
. Note 1: y == Unit wei
.•

indicates tension on the outside.·

Note 2: Positive sign
 1· ra1115�; '
o
i·, A' c ..
T--
....
tension, coeffici ent x
f!oO P YHR .. .. ... .
Mom nt, M = co fficient X yH3
e e

Shear, V = coefficient x yH2

......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (k.N/m)
· · · · · · · · · · · · · • • • .. . . . .. (k.Nm/m)
for trian ul
g ar pressu re. . ......... ( 18-2)
B

r
MOMENTS IN CYLI�t LE 18-2
FREE TOP AND SUB �iC�t WALL, FIXED BASE
JE

-----------,
O TRIANGULAR
LOAD

H- D i
H--R ►I
I
f
'

j
:
Moment = coefficient x ylf3 · · · · · · · kN/m)
I

I
'
· ( H , '
I .�
+/A\--0'/X�
'
I

I .
I
I H-►-H-� 'i 0'-A��,1',>-,.'-\:

t YH
�r---�--- ----��----1
Coefficients at points
I
;H2 0 1 H 0.2 H 0.3H 0.4 H
- - . 0.5 H 0.6 H 0. 7 H 0.8H 0.9H 1.0 H
1

1
Dt
'

I (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) {8) (9) {10) (11)

[
I
L2 + 0.0012 + 0.0042 + 0.0077 + 0.0103 + 0.0112 + 0.0090 + 0.0022 - 0.0108 - 0.0311 - 0.0602
1.6 +0.0011 + 0.0041 + 0.0075 + 0.0107 + 0.0121 + 0.0111 + 0.0058 - 0.0051 - 0.0232 - 0.0505
2.0 + 0.0010 + 0.0035 + 0.0068 + 0.0099 + 0.0120 + 0.0115 + 0.0075 - 0.0021 - 0.0185 - 0.0436

I.O + 0.0003 + 0.0015 + 0.0028 + 0.0047 + 0.0066 + 0.0077 + 0.0069 + 0.0023 - 0.0080 - 0.0268

+ 0.0002 + o.0008 + 0_0016 + o.0029 + 0.0046 + o.oosg + 0.0059

50 + 0.0028 - 0.0058 - 0.0222
·
60 + 0.0029 - 0.0041 - 0.0187
+ 0 .0008 + 0.0019 + 0.0032 + 0.0046 + 0.005
1
· +0.0001 + 0.0003
8·0 28 + 0.0038 + 0.0029 - 0.0022 - o.0146
0.0000 + 0_0001 + 0_0002 +· 0_0008 + 0.0016 + 0.00
19 + 0.0029 + 0.0028 - 0.0012 - 0.0122
0
IO.o .0000 0.000 + 0.O00l + 0.0004 + 0.0007 + 0.00

j- 0-0004 + O.0013 + 0.0019 + 0.0001 - 0.00 9

, 160 o 0 0 l +
7
� · 000 0.0 02 - :OOO
. 000 0.0001 - 0:00
Nott 1: . .
y === Unit weight of the liquid
��2 ·
: Po s i h• ve sign indic . n the outside.
_ ates tension o
I
 TABLE 18-3
RICAL WALL
SHEAR AT BASE OF CYLIND
)
H2 Newton (triangular

--
V = coefficient x fp H N
ewton (rectangular)
bas
M!H Newton (moment at
Triangular or

-
-
H2 Triangular load Rectangular load
fixed base
rectangular load
Moment at
edge
D fixed base hinged base

1.2 + 0.339 + 0.460 + 0.220 -2.00

1.6 + 0.317 + 0.407 + 0.204 -2.28
2.0 + 0.299 + 0.370 + 0.189 -2.57

4.0 + 0.236 + 0.271 + 0.137 -3.68

5.0 + 0.213 + 0.243 + 0.121 -4.10
6.0 + 0.197 + 0.222 + 0.110 -4.49
8.0 + 0.174 + 0.193 + 0.096 -5.18
10.0 + 0.158 + 0.172 + 0.087 -5.81

16.0 + 0.127 + 0.137 + 0.068 = 7.36

Note 1: y = Unit weight of the liquid.

Note 2: Positive sign indicates shear acting inward.

Case 2: Circular tank with hinged base and free top: At the top shear force and
bending moment are zero while at the bottom, deflection and bending moment are
zero. These conditions give the following equations: •.
d3y
at x = H, shear force is zero i.e. EI
dx3
=O
d2 y
at x = H, bending moment is zero 1.e. EI
dx2 =O
2
at x = 0, bending moment is zero i.e. EI d y2 = 0
dx
at x = 0, deflection is 'zero 1.e. Ely = O.
Knowing the four conditions, Pc and Pr can be solved. IS:3370 (part IV) gives the ·
hoop tension and bending moment at different heights and shear ,
at the base in ta�J:e_
12, 13 and 11, and hoop tension, moment and shear forces
at various locations �r.e. ·
determined similar to equations (18-2). They are partly
given in tables 18-4, 18-5 a�d
18-3. For full details, the code shall be referred.
 ,.
Nole tho follmvlng. in ronnt•ctl un with lht•
i'/�11.• cl ·slRH of und1·•r grnn
. nd tanks .
1) Jn design condit1on (2) '
( . . it is ns.um ,<1 ti\I\ t no cnrt
outsH i e. l t ts nssllt1H'<
· l ti\ h 11rcssun·• is· acting. ft·oill
. tness, or n 1 ti\c tnnk is' t• cq n I l'ed t.o
tigh the ca rt h fill'mg he chocked ror wutcr�
outsl
.., dt• tiic I nn k s 1 trinks 1iwn
give nny snpport to tho wi\ll. y so thnt il will not

{2) .Eventhough the condition (�) ,s , ,,s .. s1t111ed i11 de s l g n , ,

a l ongw,t. ll t 1 1c earth filling , 1L I ,ti oc.I vbiccl to use stones
so l I int jf the so · il l , k s, t J ,c stones will. p rovide
11 irm
pnrtrn. 1 support to the wnll.

TADLE l8-1l
TENSION IN C C
· �jt,R
FREE TOP AJ� · ' R ING WALL, HINGED DASE,
� E' C T T 0 TRIANGULAR L OAD

H -- • -· D --- - ►I
� R - ►-l
.
I . -- -
---
. -
-- - ----
II ---·-
-
- ---
:
T = Coefficient x yHR . ... . . (kN/m) -· -
. - --·-
-- ---- -··
-- .--- --
.. -
.
--- -
- --
- - I
I -
---- -- -·-
-- --
-
--
-
-- --
-- --
--
r --- I . -
- -·-
<i
.:.

H-�◄-►+-c ·-►I
p YH

Coefficients at points
-
H2
0.0H 0.1 H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4 H 0.5 H 0.6H 0.7 H 0.BH 0.9H
Dt
(1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) (6 ) (7 ) (8) (9) ( 10) ( 11)

+ 0.350 + 0.355 + 0.361 + 0.362 + 0.358 + 0.342 ' + 0.309 + 0.256 + 0.186 + 0.098
1.2
1.6 + 0.271 + 0.303 + 0.341 + 0.369 + 0.385 + 0.385 + 0.362 + 0.314 + 0.233 + 0.124
2.0 + 0.205 + 0.260 + 0.321 + 0.373 + 0.411 + 0.434 + 0.419 + 0.369 + 0.280 + 0.151

4.0 + 0.017 + 0.137 + 0.253 + 0.367 + 0.469 + 0.545 + 0.579 + 0.553 + 0.447 + 0.256
5.0 -0.008 + 0.114 + 0.235 + 0.356 + 0.469 + 0.562 + 0.617 + 0.606 + 0.503 + 0.294
6.0 - 0.01 I+ 0.103 + 0.223 + 0.343 + 0.463 + 0.566 + 0.639 + 0.643 + 0.547 + 0.327
8.0 -0.015 + 0.096 + 0.208 + 0.324 + 0.443 + 0.564 + 0.661 + 0.697 + 0.621 + 0.386
10,Q -0.008
+ 0.095 + 0.200 + 0 31 1 + 0.428 + 0.552 + 0.666 + 0.730
+ 0.678 + 0.433
.

0.764 + 0.776 + 0.536

�,_+0.002 + 0.100 + 0.198 + 0.299 + 0.403 + 0.521 + 0.650 +
Note 7 • y
,,_ · = u mt. we1g. h t of th.e liquid
Note 2· .
· p0s1hv on the outside.
. e sign indicates tension J
 TABLE 18-5
MOMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL WALL, HINGED BASE,
FREE TOP AND SUBJECT TO TRAPEZOIDAL LOAD
� o--�
H-R--ll--l

l I -r--.
--
'
.. - I
--
I
-
--
Moment = Coefficient x (wl/3 + pH2) .... (kN/m) H . .
-- . .
·-
·--
---
--
·-·
.. -
,-
--
£ "---

-
�-Jo---1-<C-ll--l
t 'YH

y2
Coefficients at points
-
0.l H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4 H 0.5H 0.6 ll 0.7 H 0.8H 0.9H l.OH
Dt
( l) (2) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(3) (5)
-

1.2 + 0.0016 + 0.0058 + 0.0111 + 0.0177 + 0.0237 + 0.0280 + 0.0296 + 0.0263 + 0.0171 0
1.6 + 0.0012 + 0.0044 + 0.0091 + 0.0145 + 0.0195 + 0.0236 + 0.0255 + 0.0232 + 0.0155 0
2.0 + 0.0009 + 0.0033 + 0.0073 + 0.0114 + 0.0158 + 0.0199 + 0.0219 + 0.0205 + 0.0145 0

4.0 + 0.0001 + 0.0007 + 0.0016 + 0.0033 + 0.0057 + 0.0083 + 0.0109 + 0.0118 + 0.0092 0
5.0 0.0000 + 0.0001 + 0.0006 + 0.0016 + 0.0034 + 0.0057 + 0.0080 + 0.0094 + 0.0078 0
6.0 0.0000 + 0.0000 + 0.0002 + 0.0008 + 0.0019 + 0.0039 + 0.0062 + 0.0078 + 0.0068 0
8.0 0.0000 + 0.0000 - 0.0002 + 0.0000 + 0.0007 + 0.0020 + 0.0038 + 0.0057 + 0.0054 0
10.0 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002 - 0.0001 + 0.0002 + 0.0011 + 0.0025 + 0.0043 + 0.0045 0
'

16.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 - 0.0001 - 0.0002 - 0.0004 + 0.0008 + 0.0022 + 0.0029 0
Note 1: y � Unit weight of the liquid
Note 2: Positive sign indicates tension on the outside.
Example 18-2.
Design the wall of a water tank 'of example 18-1 if it is fixed at base and free at ·
top. Consider y = 10 kN/m3 . The materials are M30 grade concrete and HYSD
reinforcement of grade Fe 415.
Solution:
For the tank, internal diameter
D = 12.85 m
fl=-5.m
Assume thickness t = 250 mm . 0.25 m
]f2 5 X 5
D t = 12.85 x0.25 ::::. 7· 78·
 (a) Coefficients k 1 for direct tension (table 18-7)
� 0.1 H 0.2 H 0.3 H
o.O JI 0.1056 0.2197 0.3360 0.4 H 0.5 H 0.6 H 0.7 H 0.8 H 0.9 H
0.0011 0.4428 0.5307 0.5684 0.5210 0.3723 0.146 8
L..----.-:" Coefficients k2 for bendrng mom
(b) ent (table 18-2)
0.1 H 0.2 H 0.3 H 0.4 H 0.5 H 0.6 II 0.7 1-l 0.8 H 0.9 H H
0 0.00012 0.00027 0.00092 0.00177 0.003 0.00394 0.0029 - 0.00241
i.--
0.01505
(c) Hoop tension: Typical calculation
. yHD 10 5 12.85
u
noop tension T -- k1 k1 x
X X
= 321.25 k1
2 2
At 0.0 6 H, k1= 0.5 684
T= 0.56 84 x 321.25 = 182. 6 kN
= 182·6 x l03
Hoop steel
130 = 1404 mm2.
Thickness = 250 mm
. . 0.24
m1n1mum steel = 1 OO x 1000 x 250 = 600 mm2.
maximum spacing = 300 mm.
Provide 12 mm =#= @ 160 mm c/c (both faces)
1 000
Ast = 2 X 1 60 x 113 = 1414 mm2
Tensile stress in concrete
182.6 X 10 3
let = 1000 X 250 + (9.33 - 1) X 1414
=::!: 0.70 N/mm2 < 1.5 N/mm2 .
Other calculations are tabulated in table 18-6.
TABLE 18-6
REINFORCEMENT IN WALL FOR HOOP TENSION
-

o A st for Ast for T

Sr. Depth fr m D T DB Oct
No. G.L. mm k1 kN
T (req)
mm
Spacing (pro) mm 2 N/mm 2
- {mm) mm2 (2-layers)
1 0.0H 0 0.0011 0.4 600 8 160 628 0.00
2 0.lH 500 0.1056 33.9 600 8 160 628· 0.13
3 0:2 H 1000 0.2197 7 0.6 600 8 160 628 0.28
4 0.3 H 1500 0.3360 107.9 830 10 180 873 0.42
5 0.4 H 2000 0.4428 142.2 1094 12 180 1256 0.55
6 0.5H 2500 0.5307 170.5 1312 12 160 1414 0.65
7 0.6H 3000 0.5684 182.6 1404 12 160 1414 0.70
8 0.7 H 3500 0.5210 167.4 1287 12 160 1414 0.64
9 O.BH 0.3723 119.6 92·0 10 160 981 0.46
4000
10 0.9H 0.1468 47.1 600 10 160 981 0.18
4500
.__ 11 I.OH 5000 0.0000 0.0 600 10 160 981 0.00
 - Vol. II
Rein forced C oncr e te
402
. fior maximum B.M.
. l calcu latr on
(d) Bending moment: Typica
M = k 2 yH
3

= k2 x IO x 5
3 = 12 50 k2
. .
18 .81 k N m (ten s10n on liquid face)
=
At base M = 1250 x 0.015047
D = 250 mm
ve r) - 10 - 5 (second lay er) = 190 mrn
d = 250 _ 45 (co
J_
D - 250
100
= 0 76 ⇒
Q, = 0.347

6
18.81 X 10
D= 0.347 'x 1000
• • · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · · · · · · · (0.K)
= 233 mm < 250 mm ..
18.81 x 106 = 885 mm2.
Ast = 130 X 0.86 X 190
Provide 10 mm =#= @ 170 mm c/c (= 462 mm2) for full height of th e wall + 10 mm
=#= @ 170 mm c/c (= 462 mm2) for short length of 1000 mm as shown in fig. 1
8-4.
Ast = 462 + 462 = 924 mm2. Other calculations are tabulated in table 18-7.
TABLE 18-7
REINFORCEMENT IN WALL FOR BENDING MOMENT
Depth Ast for Ast for
Sr. Depth M DB
from k1 M (req) Spacing M (pro) Comment
No. mm kN.m mm
G.L. (mm) mm2 mm 2
1 0.1 H 500 0.0000H 0.01 300 8 140 359
2 0.2H 1000 0.000122 0.15 300 8 140 35 9
3 0.3H 1500 0.000265 0.33 300 8 140 359
4 0.4H 2000 0.000920 1.15 300 8 140 359
5 0.5H 2500 0.001774 2.22 300 8 140 359
6 0.6H 3000 0.002996 3.75 300 8 140 359
7 0.7 H 3500 0.003942 4.93 300 8 140 359
0.BH 4000 0.002900 3.63 300 8 140 359 -
9 0.9H 4500 - 0.002407 - 3.01 300 8 140 359
10 LOH 5000 - 0.015047 - 18.81 885 8 140 359 Short
10 140 + 561 Long
92 0
Maximum shear force at th e base (table
18_3)
V = 0.17 7 x 10 x 52 = 44.25 kN
44.25 X 103
1000 x 199 = 0.222 N/mm2
-
't V -

100 A s 100 X 920

bd - 100 0 X 199 == 0.464
 'tv < 'tc ....
.... ....... 403
designed wal l heigh . .. .
fbe rn le 18-1 t is d etailed i� ........... ... .
I ;o
e xa p ,!! , however' Wall reinfor ;.� . ... . ... ... .. O
. . . . ( .K.J
I �• foO ting. . c g. 1 8. 4. Ba s e sl ab details rern i
rnent, are n
I tJI e x t e d n ded as sho a sirnilar to
S
, 1�
l
u f<- 250 •>i wn to serve as
f J. 8 0A
I

iI sso --
O
\0 0

�--
- 2 0 rnm th.ic
k W.P .Pl aster
---- 10
l f 00 mm#@ 140
nun c/c (outer face)
-- 10
! 540 mm #@ 140 mm c/c (liqu
I id face)

---- 12 850 internal

I diameter -�
540

Concrete : M 30 Grade with maximum

free
5000 u water cement ratio 0.45
Steel : HYSD reinforcement of
tJ

grade Fe 415
0
§
2080
N
\0 II

-
@J X
=#: C""l

�
N

8 mm # @ 140 mm c/c (long)

+ 1 0 mm # @ l40 mm c/c (short)
960 1000

l
100 x 100 Cement vata

I
Base slab r 20 mm thick plaster

r
20
t

l=�==�==�==�====�:==�;��=�� -----z
200
=- I 1
L_�8]��1m::#i@ 200 mm c/c
'�-,300 � -),-j �-300 -H bothways at �op

l re.· f
';!_� 'om'ent
r ce (Not To Scale)
Details of w al
 Behaviour and
19 .. 1; cal as the fo desi n•
i rn1work is gc :u• Fo
ec
o o o " d ed · o .r �rnall storage capacit
1 � re p r o v • y F or srnall y, circular tanks
s
· a
�s
90 a ex act analysis of recta ngu
l ora ge C ap acit. y, the rectangulare
r
I ,,.., he. ate me tho ds. B ased o n lar tank . s i, s diffi
cult and the
exact an
Pp
ro� n men t , axial t
u o ension and 1 ys .
,s, IS : 3370 ( se tanks are designed by
� d out mte method in this s hear� n rect part IV) contai
i, a bo ok Tw • an g ula r n, tables to
,� �r o n . o c ases are con tan k s . We will consider only
:,pp
L < 2: In this c . side red.
ase , tank w
(I) "jj a II ' behave

1
h drostatic p ressure . a, continuous fram
e subjected to
y However, bottom
I m or

1
whichever is more behaves
a s c a n tileve r f rom b ase. Thus bottom
I m or whichever is more is designed
as cantilever and top portion as conti
nuous frame, the moment w
be found out b y moment distribution. In in hich may
t te nsion due to the hydrostatic addi tio n to th is , the wall s are subjected
to direc pres su re, . .
e g long walls are subJected
to direct tension due to hydrostatic pressure on
short walls.
(-) (+) (-)

t_
I.
�I I I. I
I Tension on liqmd face
·H-h

·l
-►

l
(+) Tension on
H remote face -►

th= �or Im �
i
' .
�____l,__.J.....____

4------=--- L----rI L
(a) Elevation (b) Plan
FIG. 19-1
Direct tension in long wal1s (refer to fig. 19· 1)
'Yw (H-h)xB

. shar t walls .
Direct tension tn
'Yw (H _ h)
xL
-
2
signed as cantile . . ver from base.
L
(2) - > L 2, the long walls>. ar e de
H or 1 m
B 2: W he n -
B . alls. Bo tto m 4
te d on Jong
w
su o .
The short walls are d est·gned as pp . lever. Refer to fig. 19-2.
r

tis c an ·
Whichever is greater 1. 5 designed a
at base
ll s ... , ..... (- ve)
· · · · · · · . . . . . . .· .
}\.f
v1axim
um B.M. 1.n l on g w a
H == --
-- 'Yw 6H3-
= l 'Yw H X H >< 3
2
 • - •1, 19
(-)

I t T

f I
◄- -►

I ◄- Cantilever tension
H-h

t
(+)
◄-
on liquid face B

l
H
-
t i
◄-

i
►
\ h = �or 1 m
.I
f-,( L ..,
(-)
f◄ L ..,
(a) Elevation (b) Plan
FIG. 19-2
Maximum (- ve) B .M. in short walls at support
'Yw
(H - h) X B 2
12
Maximum (+ ve) B.M. in short walls at centre
2
'Yw (H-h)xB

16

w H h2 ·y H
For bottom portion M= _'Y .:.o..-==-- or -'-'-'-w__ whichever is greater.
6 6
'Yw (H - h) X B
Direct tension in long wall =
2
Direct tension in short wall 'Yw (H - h )_ x 1.
=
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
Example 19-1.
Design a rectangular water tank resting on ground for a capacity of 75000 litres.
The materials are M30 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415.
Solution:
Provide 6 m · x 4 m x 3.5 m tank with free board of 300 mm.
Consider 20 mm thick plaster
Net L = 6.0 - 2 x 0.02 = 5.96 m
Net B = 4.0 - 2 x 0.02 = 3.96 m
Water depth = 3.5 - 0.3 (tree board) - 0.02 = 3.18 m
Capacity = 5.96 x 3.96 x 3.18 = 75.05 m3
- 75050 litres > 75000 litres ... ... ....... ... ........ . ..... (O.K.) ·

4 =. 1.5 < 2.
L 6
Now - =
. B . . .
The top portion of side walls will be designed as a
contin�ous frame.
4H ,, 3 5 = 0_.875 m..
· ·-
= 4
Bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
, Water pressure at 3.5 - 1
= · 2.5 m height from top
= 2.5 x 10.0 = 25 kN/m 2.
 ·
p ..
men ts in ·side_ wall,
lr1'o fi�.dt Jllo
bution method 1s used 431
Jeri
is ri
' t d e is symmetncal about -(---
,,ofll . . 6 m --- ....!
1• tlle
fral11"es, on Iy one Joint
is

-i-
AS tbe a ◄-
j
2.5 m I I I I
I
botn F �- -► 4 I
-
1ved· d end moments: 25 kN/rn2__ 3.S m +-- m

1
.0
it e l Ill ,,·
' f 62 = I

MAB ::::: 2
5 x
12 75 kNm '
f-oc- ....,
J
D _�_-
1
--'---'--I-.I.
1 _:_j:
42 35 kNtm2 C
MAD ::::: 25
x IT = 33.33 kNm (a) El e v ati on
(b) Plan
nt distribution: FIG. 19-3
Motn.&
Joint
A
Member
AB AD
DistribuUon factor
0.4 0.6
F.E.M. - 75.00
Balancing + 33.33
+ 16.67 � 25.00
Final - 58.33 + 58.33
Support m oment = 58.33 kNm
centre of long span - 25 X 6 2
B.M . at - 58.33 = 54.17 kNm
8
25 X 42
B.M. at centre of short. span - 8 - 58.33 = - 8.33 kNm
.- . 25 x 4 --
Direct tens10n 1n 1 ong wa 11 - 2
50 kN
25 X 6
Direct tension in short wall = = 75 kN
2
A 54.17 B A B
50kN

I 58.33 I
� �
58.33
V'l
r--

· 1 8.33 s.33 1
�
58.33 ss.33
I -50kN
C
D 54.17 C D
(b) Tensions
(a) Moments
d tensions in walls
Design moments an 4
FIG. 19-
Deszgn
· of long walls
At sup11 ort
ension on liqm· d f
" ace)
33 kNm (t
M= 58.
T = 50 kN
!!:_ = 0.85 => Q, = 0.354.
Assume D
5 8.33 x !O6 = 405.92 mm
·])
· r .i e 4
eqll. r d for moment only = 1000 x 0.35
 ◄
432 Reinforced Concrete - Vol. II [Ch. 19
Provide D = 450 mm, d = 450 � 45 - 8 = 397 mm
Ast 1 for moment = 58.33 x 10 6 = 1313 mm2 ............ .
130 X 0.861 X 397 Cl)
Ast2 for direct tension = 50 x 10 3 = 385 mm 2
130
i.e. 193 mm2 per face . ... • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • (2)
0.2 4 1000 _ 540 mm 2 per face . . . . . . . 3
Minimum steel = 4 -
2 x 50 x 100 ( )
Ast on liquid side - 1313 + 193 = 1506 mm2
Ast on remote side = 540 mm2 (minimum)
At centre
M = 54.17 kNm (tension on remote face)
T = 50 kN
Ast for moment = ------- 54.17 X 106 - 1219 mm 2
1 130 X 0.861 X 397
A.rt2 for direct tension - 193 mm2 per face
Ast on remote side - 1219 + 193 = 1412 mm2
Ast on liquid face .:.., 540 mm2 (minimum).
Horizontal secti�n of_ tank is now drawn and provided reinforcement areas shall be
indicated as shown in fig. 19-5.
540 1412 540

I I
Vertical steel ➔ minimum 540 mm2 per face.
Provide 12 mm # @ 200 mm c/c = 565 mm2 on 1160-2 __5_4_0 --1602 ,
both faces.
Design of short walls 540 540
I 1 11
At support
· M = 58.33 kNm (tension on liquid face) 1602__ -5_40__1602 1
T = 75 kN 11 1
6
· · Ast 1 for m oment = 58.33 X 10
130 x p.861 x 397 540 1412 540
(a) Required areas of horizontal steel
- 1313 mm2
, 75 X 10 3 = 577 mm ·
FIG. 19-5
Ast2 for tension - 2
130
i.e. 289 mm2 per face.
Ast on liquid side - = 1313 + 289 = 1602 mm2
Ast on remote side = 540 mm2 (minimum)
At centre
M = 8.33 kNm (tension on liquid face)
T = 75 kN
8.33 X 10 6
Ast1 for, moment = 130 x 0.861 x 397 - 188 mm2
Ast2 for tension = 289 mm2 per face
Ast on liquid side = 188 + 289 = 477 mm2 ·
i.e. 540 mm2 (minimum)
Ast on remote side , 540 mm2 (minimum)
-◄
 oi.si.o n U'} ltHl"}UTCements
pro on tal reinforcemen
o riz t
433
}l ote face
}l e J1l

centre sho rt side _ 1

long side 2 llllll
_ 12 # @
mlll # @ 200 nun c/c == 56
+ 16 200 mm 5 mm2 marke
d a
Support
=
1570 : # @ 2 0
c/c
0 mm c/c
ma rked a
marked b
ce - 1 2 m m
Liquid fa # @ 200
mm c/c mark
G e n tre-s ho rt a nd lon g sid e - 12 Il ed a
lm # @
200 mm c/
Support =
565 mm2
12 mm #
c marked a
@ 200 mm
� 16 mm # clc marked a
@ 200 mm c/c
= 1570 mm2 marked b
Prov1"ded reinforcemeuts are indicated in fig
. 19-6 and detailed
in fig. 19-7.
a+b

af ITa:b___.__a _•_a+b � 1 a
a = 12#@200mmc/c

• r i a a�J· b,.. 16#@200 mm c/c

Vertical steel
c = 12#@200mmc/c
ap� � �J. both faces

a+b
. . n of reinforcements
Prov1s10
FIG. 19-6
'
Cantilever momen t
- l X 35 x 1 x -l = 5.83 kNm, tension on l"qu , id face.
M= - 3
2 5 . 83 x 10 6 = 132 mm2 < m1"nimum steel
Ast = 130 x 0.861 x 397
. le = 565 mm 2
Provide 12 mm 4F @ 200 m m c
Checking for stresses in concrete w all . e. Refer to fig. 19-7.
sid
n sh ort
at support ' o
'fhis will be done for en·tical secti on '
T"' 75 kN
M = 58.13 kNm, 2
1 10mm
221.93

-- --- t
5
T8 07

l --:.> -
D- J: "I
xl IT 22 .
397
f 53
1T
I
1.
r:
X
2

nun
es
e te stress
,g for5c
cr
Che cki. n Mtn. 1 9 - 7
6 5
o n
 ...
Vol. II , , [Ch.: 19
434 Reinforced Concrete -

The neutral axis is determined as

A X + A2 X2 + A3 X3
x= 1 1
A 1 +A 2 +A3
Then A 1 = 450 x 1000 = 450000 x1 = 225 mm A 1 Xt - 1012soo00
A2 = 565 (9.33 - 1) - 4-706 x2 = 53 mm A2 X2 - 249418
x = 397 mm A3 X3 - 5191955
A 3 = 1570 (9.33 - 1) - 13078 3
sum = 1066913 84
sum - 467784

= I 06691384 = 228.07 mm
.t 467784
D-x = 450 - 228.07 = 221.93 mm
(228.033 + 221.933 ) X 1000
I= + 4706 X 175.072 + 13078 X 168.9 32
3
= 75979 91200 + 144236570 + 373211400
= 8.12 x 109 mm 4
= 75 x 10 = 0· 16
3
2
.rct
Jc 46778 4 · N/mm

= 58.13 x 106 x 221.93 = 1.59 N/mm2

fcbt
8.12 X 109
fct fcbt
Checking = + -- -< l
act crcbt
1.g
Oi.�6 + 9 � 0.106 + 0.795 = 0.901 < 1 .............. (O.K.)
Base slab - .

Provide minimum 200 mm thick b ase slab.

Provide minimum steel.
200
Thickness of surface zone = = 100 mm.
2
Only upper surface will be rein f orced.
_ 0.24 X 1000 X 100
Ast - 100 - 240 mm2
_
Provide 8 mm =#= @ 200 mm c/c b oth ways on upper surface zone at t op .
Ast = 250 mm 2 .
The d�signed water tank is detailed in fig. 19-8 .
Cover slab
This will be designed as simply supp orted tw_o-way slab. Assume D = 200 mm.
dx = 200 - 45 - . 6 = 149 mm - (assume 12 =#= bar)
fly = 200 - 45 - 12 - 5 = 138 mm. _ (assume 10 # bar)
ly . 6 + 0.15 = 6.15 m
lx = 4 +·0.15 = 4.15 m
- ly 6· 15
lx = 1 48
4.15 :::s:: • �
15
• •. . _

Clx = 0.104 and Cl =. 0.046·.

y
 f
I

c--
,1
a= 12mm # @ 200m m
c/c
b= 16m m#@ 200mm c/c
-,
r
A
A --a
c= 12mm #@200mm c/c a- -a

-- c

-a+b
l I
C a
I
a+b-
1
300+
I
->--t---J◄- I ,. I
I•
300 a+b 300
(a) Plan

1 10 mm#@200 c/c
1, •• - - ............ -. ---.---. ..... -······--------···-- I• •
L 12mm#@140mm c/c I•
I
1, •
1, ► - c= 12mm# @ 200mm c/c •
,, ► I• •
!,
1, ! - a= 12 rrim# @ 200mm c/c ' ►
I, • I• •
1,1-(- • - c == 12 mm # @ 200mm c/c I• •
1, • I• •
3500
L- •-a= 12mm#@200mmc/c 1, ►
I• ► I• ►
'
1,
I, •
•
►
I• •
I• •
I, ,,
.'
. I
.
•
••
I • f: 8 mm# @ 200mm c/c both ways at top
20of
lOOi
1,
' .• '.
I• •

I 450 600 600 450

�--►► -ilc◄�--�------- 6000 ---- ----'-' ��-
100 100
(b) Section A-A
FIG. 19-8
loads on sla
b DL LL
Self 0.2 x 25 - 5 + 0
floor finish - 1 + 0
live load . 0 + 1.5
6 + 1.5 kN/m2.
. w ;::: 7.5 kN/m2
Mx === 0.104 x 7.5 x 4.12 =s. 13.12 kNm
My === 0.046 x 7.5 x 4.12 = 5.80 kNm
 436 Reinforced Concrete - Vol. II . [Ch. ·-1-9
,·.
1 49
For d
D - 200 = 0. 74-5, Q, = . 4-
03 7

13.12 x 106
D =. 0.347 X 1000 = 194 mm < 200 mm ......... .. ... . .... (0.K.)

A st. (short) 13.12 x 106

=
130 x 0.861 X 14-9
= 787 mm2
Provide 12 mm -# @ 14-0 mm c/c = 807 mm 2
5.8 X 106 _ 375 mm 2
Ast (long) = 130 X 0.8
61 X 138 -
Provide 10 mm -# @ 200 mm c/c = 392 mm2
Check for shear
ly
1.49
r = lx -

+2 =
r
0.427
r
1
Shear on short edge - 3 wfx.
1
- 3 x 7.5 x 4.1 - 10.25 kN
r
Shear on long· edge = + wfx.
r 2
= 0.427 x 7.5 x 4. 1 s 13.13 kN
Shear on long edge is critical
V = 13.13 kN. ·
d = 138 mm
100 Ast 100 X 392
- 1000 X 138 -
0.28 4
bd
tc = 0.24 N /mm
2

13.13 X 103
tv = 1000 X 138 = 0.095 (O.K.)
Joint concreting
At" the joint of base slab and side walls, there is a jumble of steel and careful
concreting is required. It is not practicable to cast the base and side walls at a time.
First, the base slab is cast with 50 mm starter for side walls. Next day, the form of.
starter is removed and reinforcements of side walls are fixed. Formwork of the first
lift (max. 1200 mm) is erected and concreting is done. These operations may require
two or three or more days. Every time, before concreting, the joint is cleaned thoroughly
and extra cement is used for the initial concreting.
• Example, 19-2.
Design a rectangular water tank open at top (may be a raw water s�mp) resting.
on ground having a size of 3. 6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high. The materials are M30 grade
concrete and HYSD reinforcements of grade Fe 4 15.
 r :
OJl
filti 3.6 m x 8 • o m X 3
5° sJ·ie of tank: .0 Ill I1ig
h.
L _ 8 >
B - 3.6 =· -
2 22 2

e J ong walls are designed as vertical c

f b as supported on 1ong Walls. If �ntile . v ers from the base,
n e d . The short walls
esig thickness of Iong
,re • short wall = 3.6 + o. 36 -
d _ walls 360 mm, the sp an
3 .96 m. Bottom H . 3 "
th , reater i.e. h = I m, is. 4 (1.e . -
4 - - 0. 75 m) or 1 m
of
ichever is g .
des·igned as a can t'Il
ever.
h
,, .
J,{ornents and tensions
. n long wa11 s at the b ase
Ma,dillurn B.M i
1 fl3 = - 1 X
- - "II
IW 10 X 33 - - 4 5 kNm.
6 6
MaxiIJ1Uffi (- ve) B.M . i· n s hort walls at support
Yw (H - h) B2 = 10 (3 - 1) X 3.962
-
12
= 26.13 kNm.
12
Maidmum (+ ve)
B.M. in short walls at centre
Yw (H - h) B2 = 1Q X 2 X 3.96 2 � 19.6 kNm.
:s
16 16

For bottom portion

M = 'Yw H h
2 1
x 10 x 3 x 12 = 5 kNm.
6 - 6
walls
Direct tension in long
36
Yw (H - h) B _ 10 x � x . .::: 36 kN.
=
walls
Direct tension in short 2 I = 20 kN.
= Yw (H - h) X 1 - 10
X X

Design of long walls: v ertical steel)

ate r fa c e-
M (-) = 44.1 kNm (w r to momen
t steel)
pendicula
T= 35.28 kN (per

= 0.9, Q, "" 0.358

Assume �
45 x 10 - === 355 rnm
6 -
= o
D 0.358 x 1 o o
Take D = 360 mm = 291 mm•
5 - 16 - 8
d = 3 60 - 4
0110 •
2

= 1382
�
0 . 8 6 1 >< 29 1 3 6 t0 m 2·
top, Fo r economwy,e
A - 130 )(
st _
t0 m C /c - - 14 c es
e t.o
from bas 1 o b e reduced.
as
Prov'ld e 16 mm # @ 1 4 0 e du
nt rness of wall can a s
. - T h e oIIletb1 ·ck
Iiote• T ba s e, , Ill e
he esign · is made at the d o Ir t h
. . the d · nt c a n b e c urt_a•·t. e aJ . '
r einforceme etau u ng -w
haw" rlnni:> fnr cantilever r
438 Reinforced Concrete - Vol. II [Ch.·

Distribution steel = 0.24°/o for 360 mm depth

0 24 x 1000 x 360 = 864 mm2 .
As = -
100
On each face = 432 mm2 . . . ..... • • , • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · •. (1)
Steel ·required for direct tension
103 = 277 mm 2 Ji
= 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ,.,;:', (2)
X
130
From ( 1) and (2), minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 12 mm # @ 260 mm c/c = 436 mm 2 horizontal Steel I
Provide 12 mm # @ 260 mm c/c = 436 mm 2 on outer face.
Design of short walls
At support M = 26.13 kNm
T = 20 kN

Ast 1 for moment = 26.13 x 10 6 = 663 mm 2

130 X 0.861 X 305
Ast2 for direct tension = 20 X 103 = 154 mm2
130
Total 817 mm2
Provide 12 mm =II= @ 130 mm c/c = -869 mm 2.
----- 1000 ------
T T t
I
I 1s2.46

l
360 305 t--,.>_
122.53
• • • • • •
t i
L869 mm 2
FIG. 19-9
Checking:
Referring to fig. 19-9
360 1000 X 180 + 869 (9.33 - 1)
X 305
X = 360 X 1000 + 8.33 X 869
X

- 182.46 mm
D -· x = 177.54 mm
d-x = 122.53 mm.
AT = bD + ( m - I) A st
A st = 1000 X 360 + 8 .33 X 869
= 367 239 mm 2.
lxx = ½ ·x ·1000 (182A63 _ + 177.543) + 8 .33 ·x 869 · x 122.532
= 3.998 x 109 mm4.
 . ••
_ 20 X 103 J cl.Ilks
/ct - 367 239
= 0.054 Nh 2 439
uni

_ 26.13 x I06x ,
1 -
Jcbt 122.53
3 ' gg8 >< 1 Q9
= 0.8 N/
'
mm2 .
Cntck
Ji_ + /cbt $ 1
O'c t O'cbt

� + 0.8 $ 1
1.5 2
0.036 + 0.40 $ 1
0.436 $ 1.0 . . . . . . . . .
.. . . .. .... . . .
At centre . . . .. . · · · ·
'
· · · · · · · · .. (O.K)
M::; 19.6 kNm
T = 20 kN
/4t 1 for moment = 19.6 x 10 6
130 x 0.861 x 305 = 574 mm2

As t2 for direct ten sion = 20 x 1 o3 = 154 mm2

130
Total 728 mm2
Minimum steel on each face = 432 mm2
Pr ovide 12 mm # @ 260 mm c/c � 436 mm 2 .
Distribution steel - 12 mm =II= @ 260 mm clc on both faces.
Bottom cantilever
M == 5 kNm, d = 305 - IO = 295 mm
5 X 106 = 151 mm2.
As t = 130 x 0.861 x 295
h face.
Minimum steel = 432 mm on eac
2

2 on each face.
Provide 12 mm 41= @ 260 mm c/c on both face s = 436 mm
Base slab
of 3 m.
Provide 200 m m thick base slab for a water head
Minimum steel for surface zo ne
200 = 240 mm 2.
0.24 x 1000 x -2
= Too
top.
Provi de 8
mm =II= @ 200 m m c/c both ways ,
251 mm -
=
2
Ast
n m
·
· fig . 19-8· .
Designe ion , etc. are sh o w
as a o e-w ay sp ann.mg
d section, elevat . ne d '
ay be desig
n
lf the . lab m
tank is cove r e d at top, the top
s
slab f 2
or a live load of 1.5 kN lm •
 C
b
. .• .• '. . I
. .. .• •• .• .. ..• .• . .. • .
. 'I . . ... . . ..................... . ."
I

., . . • • . . • . . . •
/ .
• •
360 ! •
'
• • • •
-
-..::..J.
•
'f
• • • • /. • • r.\ • • • • • • •

. ..
• I • • • • /
l
•
I • ,,

.,• ••
le
• La
-d •
2000 .. ..
/.
..
..
◄----- �
• r . 1--•

.•
b---. ( �
)
b .
Vertical (first layer)
•
..
r--. •

.. ..
• •
•
• a= 16 mm#@ 140 mm c/c
• ,---c
.. ..
C
•
•
. b = 12 mm #@ 260 mm c/c

.. ..
3600 •
•
• •
Horizontal (Second layer)
•
.. ..
•

I
• c = 12mm @ 260 mm c/c
• '
.•
•
•

--r
I
, J' �
t (�
d= l2mm#@ 130 mm c/c
.
/.

1- ® ..
• •
.•
• •
�·.. .
�
900 ►

2000 ----�
..
/. ◄

• I
•
• T
• • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . • • . .••••• •.•
- - - . - . . �- . . - . ,.
•

�·'
• • • ""'\..
• • • •
- - - . - . . . . . . . "/- .
•
•
- - - .
•

. - - - --
• • • •

. - . - - . . -
• • • •
360 . .. . - - ,;

i.
-�+ -------- ·►

c!D
8000
L
·- ·-
I◄ ◄-----
360
360 ►

Plan

FIG. 19-I0(i)
 360
Y-�.
'. ,
I
I�

T
. .
• I■

.. .. �

I
I
. .
• • •
-
i.

.. . ... •
�-!:,- 12mm#@260mmc/c 12mm#@260mm c/c i'.;��
'-

i . lo,

• •
12mm#@260mmc/c - .
•
. 12mm#@260mmc/c
. ��� -

. . 12mm# 260mmc/c . .
:),,-
I■

3000

. .
,
1 - @ 12.mm#@ 260mm c/c -·� i-
i
. .
-;

.
• I■

..
, . · 8 mm#@200mmc/cat top 8 mm # 200mmc/cat top •
..
@ ,
\

... ..... . ...

• • i ' I

. . .
•
/\
r \
� . . . . .'I
I . . . . . . . . �
'
I

. . ... . .. .
'
�
• • ✓
-<' '> ' '
T
10 I M:15 M:15
+
Section A-A Section B-B

FIG. 19- lO(ii)