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Tài liệu kỹ thuật bu lông nở Ramset Triga Z

The document describes concrete strength testing of different anchors embedded in non-cracked and cracked concrete. It provides the ultimate load capacities, failure modes, and recommended embedment depths of various anchor sizes in both conditions based on the test results.

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Nguyen Co Thach
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views24 pages

Tài liệu kỹ thuật bu lông nở Ramset Triga Z

The document describes concrete strength testing of different anchors embedded in non-cracked and cracked concrete. It provides the ultimate load capacities, failure modes, and recommended embedment depths of various anchor sizes in both conditions based on the test results.

Uploaded by

Nguyen Co Thach
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JM\ +\J, {,x+ |{x. }.x+ },x+ +-x{ .~x*

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ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* QMV +\J, ||x- }~xz *{x, ,}x} {|~x+ {-{x}
JMV +\J, {{x, {~x+ |+x~ |*x{ ~*x~ +}xz ry;e+ 0 {x|*
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rt 0 {x~ ry;e+ 0 {x|*
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OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

|=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ q87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

JMV/a = J3MV/a ` X@ QMV/U = Q3MV/U ` X@ ` Xn/Q ` pd0U/Q

J3MV/a r/;317 9=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/U r/;317 -87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ,< , 63736=6 /.1/ .3;<,7-/ c-637d
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
J3MV/a +\J, w {~x+ w w w w ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|*
ry-ez 0 {x*
U^[_ *z +z ,z -z {zz {*z
d^[_ {zz {zz {+z |zz ||z }zz
Q3MV/U +\J, }x, *x~ ,x* {zx| {*xz |-x,
ry-e+ 0 {x*

q87-:/</ -87/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j ~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

JMV/U = J3MV/U ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

J3MV/a r/;317 -87/ :/;3;<,7-/ QMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 ;2/,: :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* QMV/d +\J, {-x, |+x{ }.x} *-x| .}x- {}-x-
J3MV/U +\J, {}x{ {,x| |{x, |+x~ },xz *{x, ry;e+ 0 {x|*
ry-ez 0 {x*

q87-:/</ 9:>f8=< 0,35=:/


~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

QMV/Ua = Q3MV/Ua ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

JMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 </7;35/ :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/Ua r/;317 9:>f8=< :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
JMV/d +\J, {zx, {.x* }zx. ~~x. -}x, {}zx, ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|*
ry;ez 0 {x* Q3MV/Ua +\J, {}x{ }~x} ~}x} *|x. ,}x. {z}x}
ry-e+ 0 {x*

JMV = ^[_ +JMV/a ; JMV/U ; JMV/d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV/U ; QMV/d ; QMV/Ua ,
qJ = JNV 2 JMV ) 4 qQ = QNV 2 QMV ) 4

qJ . qQ ) 415

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3|*y}z {xzz 3~*y** {x}~ ,z {x|
3}zy}, {x{z 3*zy+z {x~z -z {x*
.z]{-z |xz

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ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* QMf/^ +\J, }|x{ ~*x. ,~x- {z*x} {,~x. |*{xz
JMf/^ +\J, {+x+ ||x} }+x+ **x} .,x~ {|~x+ QM\ +\J, |-x* ~|x* +~x, .{x+ {**x- ||+x+
JM\ +\J, {|x, {+x} |.x| ~zx} ,,x~ ..x{

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ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* QMV +\J, ||x- }~xz *{x, ,}x} {|~x+ {-{x}
JMV +\J, -x~ {zx. {.x~ |+x- *{x+ ++x{ ry;e+ 0 {x|*
ry-ez 0 {x*

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JcWU +\J, +xz ,x- {}x. {.x| }+x. ~,x| rt 0 {x~
rt 0 {x~ ry;e+ 0 {x|*
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OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

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q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

JMV/a = J3MV/a ` X@ QMV/U = Q3MV/U ` X@ ` Xn/Q ` pd0U/Q

J3MV/a r/;317 9=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/U r/;317 -87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ,< , 63736=6 /.1/ .3;<,7-/ c-637d
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
J3MV/a +\J, }x+ -x- {{x, w w w ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|*
ry-ez 0 {x*
U^[_ |*z +z ,z -z {zz {*z
d^[_ {zz {zz {+z |zz ||z }zz
Q3MV/U +\J, |x+ }x. *x} ,x} {zx, |zx+
ry-e+ 0 {x*

q87-:/</ -87/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j ~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

JMV/U = J3MV/U ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

J3MV/a r/;317 -87/ :/;3;<,7-/ QMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 ;2/,: :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|* QMV/d +\J, {-x, |+x{ }.x} *-x| .}x- {}-x-
J3MV/U +\J, .x~ {|x} {*x* {-x. |+x~ }+x. ry;e+ 0 {x|*
ry-ez 0 {x*

q87-:/</ 9:>f8=< 0,35=:/


~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

QMV/Ua = Q3MV/Ua ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

JMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 </7;35/ :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/Ua r/;317 9:>f8=< :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
JMV/d +\J, {zx, {.x* }zx. ~~x. -}x, {}zx, ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z {zz {|*
ry;ez 0 {x* Q3MV/Ua +\J, .x~ |~x* }zx. },x, *|x- ,}x-
ry-e+ 0 {x*

JMV = ^[_ +JMV/a ; JMV/U ; JMV/d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV/U ; QMV/d ; QMV/Ua ,
qJ = JNV 2 JMV ) 4 qQ = QNV 2 QMV ) 4

qJ . qQ ) 415

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q a^C XqmQ
3{+y|z zx-{ 3}*y~* {x|{ z]*z {xz
3|zy|* zx.z 3~zy*z {x|- +z {x{
3|*y}z {xzz 3~*y** {x}~ ,z {x|
3}zy}, {x{z 3*zy+z {x~z -z {x*
.z]{-z |xz

{{+
LJH GD O ALN IF M B
OTVQ E W P Y S R K Y S S U ngn

AA0IWeZ`V

pd GJDHPCJAC KD NL?AGJE DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


~9,-371e ; }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;
q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
*z zx+,
+z zx,z zx+,
,z zx,} zx+. zx+,
-z zx,, zx,| zx+. zx+,
{zz zx-} zx,- zx,~ zx,{ zx+,
pd = 318 . d
9ZWX {|* zx.| zx-* zx-z zx,+ zx,{ zx+,
d^[_ < d < dUc/J {*z {xzz zx.| zx-+ zx-{ zx,* zx,z
dUc/J = 6ZWX
{-z {xzz zx.} zx-- zx-z zx,~
|{z {xzz zx.~ zx-* zx,-
pd OWUV EH WUHG IQT HDFK URDFLPJ |~z {xzz zx.z zx-|
LPINWHPFHG VKH DPFKQTU JTQWR }zz {xzz zx.z
},* {xzz

pU/J GJDHPCJAC KD CBEC DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


s.1/e - }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p-ez
q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
I9 I: I43 I45 I49 I53
*z zx,*
+z zx-* zx,*
,z zx.* zx-} zx,*
-z {xzz zx.| zx-} zx,*
pU/J = 3158 . 318 U .z {xzz zx-. zx-{
ZWX {zz zx.+ zx-- zx,*
U^[_ < U < UUc/J
{|z {xzz {xzz zx-* zx,}
UUc/J = 418 k ZWX
{*z {xzz zx-*
pU/J OWUV EH WUHG IQT HDFK GLUVDPFH {,z zx.}
LPINWHPFHG VKH DPFKQTU JTQWR {.z {xzz

pd0U/Q GJDHPCJACB KD NL?AGJE ?JB CBEC BGNO?JAC DKM AKJAMCOC CBEC MCNGNO?JAC GJ NFC?M HK?B

t{} ~wzuxs pzqv{} tp~*szwzu }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;f-e+


q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
F
FOLP {xz {x| {x~ {x+ {x- |xz |x| |x~ |x+ |x- }xz }x|

p;f-e+ {xzz {x}{ {x++ |xz| |x~{ |x-} }x|+ }x,| ~x{. ~x+. *x|z *x,|

pd0U/Q = U U t{} j pzqv{}~ tp~*szwzu }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;f-e+


U^[_ U^[_
q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
F
FOLP {xz {x| {x~ {x+ {x- |xz |x| |x~ |x+ |x- }xz }x|
U
FOLP
{xz zx+, zx-~ {xz} {x|| {x~} {x+* {x-- |x{| |x}+ |x+| |x-. }x{+
{x* zx,* zx.} {x{| {x}} {x*~ {x,, |xzz |x|* |x*z |x,+ }xz} }x}{
|xz zx-} {xz| {x|| {x~} {x+* {x-. |x{| |x}- |x+} |x.z }x{- }x~+
|x* zx.| {x{{ {x}| {x*~ {x,, |xzz |x|* |x*z |x,, }xz~ }x}| }x+{
pd0U/Q = 6U . d U }xz {xzz {x|z {x~| {x+~ {x-- |x{| |x}, |x+} |x.z }x{- }x~+ }x,+
9U^[_ U^[_ }x* {x}z {x*| {x,* {x.. |x|~ |x*z |x,+ }xz~ }x}| }x+{ }x.{
~xz {x+| {x-+ |x{z |x}+ |x+| |x-. }x{, }x~+ }x,* ~xz*
~x* {x.+ |x|{ |x~, |x,~ }xz| }x}{ }x+z }x.z ~x|z
*xz |x}} |x*. |x-, }x{* }x~~ }x,~ ~xz~ ~x}*
*x* |x,{ |x.. }x|- }x*, }x-- ~x{. ~x*z
+xz |x-} }x{{ }x~{ }x,{ ~xz| ~x}} ~x+*

t{} {*vs} qp~s {t tp~*szwzu~

pd0U/Q = 6U . d4 . d5 . d6 . 11111 . d_04 U


6_U^[_ U^[_

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[`bde e^`f _]^
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5ZRDPULQP UNHHXH/
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1~
NWb/Q t9yOO|u 5SWLXDNHPV UVTHUUHG FTQUUwUHFVLQP }.x| ,+x{ {z-x- {,*x}
RW] tOO}u 5NDUVLF UHFVLQP OQGWNWU {|x, }{x| +|x} {z.x|
wz~*pxxp*w{z
I3M\/d t9Ou 3KDTDFVHTLUVLF EHPGLPJ OQOHPV {|x| }zxz *.x- {z~x-
I t9Ou ;HFQOOHPGHG EHPGLPJ OQOHPV *x- {|x~ |~x- ~}x*

{{-
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P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf/^/ QMf/^, 2 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\/ QM\, [_ \J 0 J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMf/^ +\J, |.x* ~{x~ ,,x{ ,~x{
JMf/^ +\J, {-x~ |~x+ ~|x+ ~*x~ QM\ +\J, |}x- }~x~ +~x| ++x{
JM\ +\J, {,x+ {-x, |-x+ }zx-

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV/ QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
0 J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

z}4 +}4
z}. o +}. o
ry-ez ry;e+
OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMV +\J, {,x. |*x. ~-x} ~.x,
JMV +\J, {{x, {|x* {.x{ |zx* ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU/ QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
0 J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

z}4 +}4
z:/- o +:/- o
ry-ez rt
? ry;e+ rt
?

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QcWU +\J, {|x- {-x* }~x* }*x*
JcWU +\J, -x~ -x. {}x+ {~x, rt 0 {x~
rt 0 {x~ ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

{{.
L JHGD O ALN IF MB
KY PTVUS X X K Y S S U A D C B kgn

AA0IWeZ`V 0 J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

|=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ q87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

JMV/a = J3MV/a ` X@ QMV/U = Q3MV/U ` X@ ` Xn/Q ` pd0U/Q

J3MV/a r/;317 9=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/U r/;317 -87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ,< , 63736=6 /.1/ .3;<,7-/ c-637d
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
J3MV/a +\J, w {{x, {~x+ {-x} ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z
ry-ez 0 {x*
U^[_ *z +z ,z -z
d^[_ {zz {zz {+z |zz
Q3MV/U +\J, }x, *x~ ,x* {zx|
ry-e+ 0 {x*

q87-:/</ -87/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j ~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

JMV/U = J3MV/U ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

J3MV/a r/;317 -87/ :/;3;<,7-/ QMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 ;2/,: :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMV/d +\J, {+x| |}x+ }+x. ~*x|
J3MV/U +\J, {}x{ {,x| |{x, |+x~ ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

q87-:/</ 9:>f8=< 0,35=:/


~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/ q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

QMV/Ua = Q3MV/Ua ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

JMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 </7;35/ :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/Ua r/;317 9:>f8=< :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
JMV/d +OiaW Q, +\J, {zxz {-x| |-x- ~|xz ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z
ry;ez 0 {x+
Q3MV/Ua +\J, {}x{ }~x} ~}x} *|x.
ry-e+ 0 {x*

JMV = ^[_ +JMV/a ; JMV/U ; JMV/d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV/U ; QMV/d ; QMV/Ua ,
qJ = JNV 2 JMV ) 4 qQ = QNV 2 QMV ) 4

qJ . qQ ) 415

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q a^C XqmQ
3{+y|z zx-{ 3}*y~* {x|{ z]*z {xz
3|zy|* zx.z 3~zy*z {x|- +z {x{
3|*y}z {xzz 3~*y** {x}~ ,z {x|
3}zy}, {x{z 3*zy+z {x~z -z {x*
.z]{-z |xz

{|z
LJH GD O ALN IF M B
KYPT V U S X X K Y S S U AD C B lgn

P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf/^/ QMf/^, 2 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\/ QM\, [_ \J 0 AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMf/^ +\J, |.x* ~{x~ ,,x{ ,~x{
JMf/^ +\J, {+x} |,x, },x| ~~x~ QM\ +\J, |}x- }~x~ +~x| ++x{
JM\ +\J, {|x{ |}x{ |,x* }{x,

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV/ QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J 0 AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

z}4 +}4
z}. o +}. o
ry-ez ry;e+
OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMV +\J, {,x. |*x. ~-x} ~.x,
JMV +\J, -x{ {*x~ {-x} |{x{ ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU/ QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
0 AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

z}4 +}4
z:/- o +:/- o
ry-ez rt
? ry;e+ rt?

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 63 J2^^5
?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QcWU +\J, {|x- {-x* }~x* }*x*
JcWU +\J, *x- {{xz {}x{ {*x{ rt 0 {x~
rt 0 {x~ ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

{|{
L JHGD O ALN IF MB
KY PTVUS X X K Y S S U A D C B mgn

AA0IWeZ`V 0 AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

|=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ q87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

JMV/a = J3MV/a ` X@ QMV/U = Q3MV/U ` X@ ` Xn/Q ` pd0U/Q

J3MV/a r/;317 9=55f8=< :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/U r/;317 -87-:/</ /.1/ :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ,< , 63736=6 /.1/ .3;<,7-/ c-637d
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
J3MV/a +\J, }x+ +x+ {{x, w ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z
ry-ez 0 {x*
U^[_ *z +z ,z -z
d^[_ {zz {zz {+z |zz
Q3MV/U +\J, |x+ }x. *x} ,x}
ry-e+ 0 {x*

q87-:/</ -87/ :/;3;<,7-/


q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j ~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/

JMV/U = J3MV/U ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

J3MV/a r/;317 -87/ :/;3;<,7-/ QMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 ;2/,: :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z QMV/d +\J, {+x| |}x+ }+x. ~*x|
J3MV/U +\J, .x~ {|x} {*x* {-x. ry;e+ 0 {x}}
ry-ez 0 {x*

q87-:/</ 9:>f8=< 0,35=:/


~<//5 :/;3;<,7-/ q87-:/</ ;<:/71<2 kh zg66j

QMV/Ua = Q3MV/Ua ` X@ ` pd ` pU/J

JMV/d ~<//5 ./;317 </7;35/ :/;3;<,7-/ Q3MV/Ua r/;317 9:>f8=< :/;3;<,7-/


?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45 ?_UZ`c d[jW I9 I: I43 I45
JMV/d +\J, {zxz {-x| |-x- ~|xz ZWX +^^, *z +z ,z -z
ry;ez 0 {x+
Q3MV/Ua +\J, .x~ |~x* }zx. },x,
ry-e+ 0 {x*

JMV = ^[_ +JMV/a ; JMV/U ; JMV/d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV/U ; QMV/d ; QMV/Ua ,
qJ = JNV 2 JMV ) 4 qQ = QNV 2 QMV ) 4

qJ . qQ ) 415

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q a^C XqmQ
3{+y|z zx-{ 3}*y~* {x|{ z]*z {xz
3|zy|* zx.z 3~zy*z {x|- +z {x{
3|*y}z {xzz 3~*y** {x}~ ,z {x|
3}zy}, {x{z 3*zy+z {x~z -z {x*
.z]{-z |xz

{||
LJH GD O ALN IF M B
KYPT V U S X X K Y S S U AD C B ngn

AA0IWeZ`V

pd GJDHPCJAC KD NL?AGJE DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


~9,-371e ; }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;
q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
I9 I: I43 I45
*z zx+,
+z zx,z zx+,
,z zx,} zx+. zx+,
-z zx,, zx,| zx+. zx+,
{zz zx-} zx,- zx,~ zx,{
pd = 318 . d
9ZWX {|* zx.| zx-* zx-z zx,+
d^[_ < d < dUc/J {*z {xzz zx.| zx-+ zx-{
dUc/J = 6ZWX {-z {xzz zx.} zx--
|{z {xzz zx.~
pd OWUV EH WUHG IQT HDFK URDFLPJ |~z {xzz
LPINWHPFHG VKH DPFKQTU JTQWR

pU/J GJDHPCJAC KD CBEC DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B

s.1/e - }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p-ez


q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
I9 I: I43 I45
*z zx,*
+z zx-* zx,*
,z zx.* zx-} zx,*
-z {xzz zx.| zx-| zx,*
pU/J = 3158 . 318 U
.z {xzz zx-. zx-{
ZWX
U^[_ < U < UUc/J {zz zx.+ zx--
UUc/J = 418 k ZWX {|z {xzz {xzz

pU/J OWUV EH WUHG IQT HDFK GLUVDPFH


LPINWHPFHG VKH DPFKQTU JTQWR

pd0U/Q GJDHPCJACB KD NL?AGJE ?JB CBEC BGNO?JAC DKM AKJAMCOC CBEC MCNGNO?JAC GJ NFC?M HK?B

t{} ~wzuxs pzqv{} tp~*szwzu }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;f-e+


q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
F
FOLP {xz {x| {x~ {x+ {x- |xz |x| |x~ |x+ |x- }xz }x|

p;f-e+ {xzz {x}{ {x++ |xz| |x~{ |x-} }x|+ }x,| ~x{. ~x+. *x|z *x,|

t{} j pzqv{}~ tp~*szwzu }/.=-<387 t,-<8: p;f-e+


pd0U/Q = U U
U^[_ U^[_ q:,-4/. ,7. 787f-:,-4/. -87-:/</
F
FOLP {xz {x| {x~ {x+ {x- |xz |x| |x~ |x+ |x- }xz }x|
U
FOLP
{xz zx+, zx-~ {xz} {x|| {x~} {x+* {x-- |x{| |x}+ |x+| |x-. }x{+
{x* zx,* zx.} {x{| {x}} {x*~ {x,, |xzz |x|* |x*z |x,+ }xz} }x}{
|xz zx-} {xz| {x|| {x~} {x+* {x-. |x{| |x}- |x+} |x.z }x{- }x~+
|x* zx.| {x{{ {x}| {x*~ {x,, |xzz |x|* |x*z |x,, }xz~ }x}| }x+{
}xz {xzz {x|z {x~| {x+~ {x-- |x{| |x}, |x+} |x.z }x{- }x~+ }x,+
pd0U/Q = 6U . d U
9U^[_ U^[_ }x* {x}z {x*| {x,* {x.. |x|~ |x*z |x,+ }xz~ }x}| }x+{ }x.{
~xz {x+| {x-+ |x{z |x}+ |x+| |x-. }x{, }x~+ }x,* ~xz*
~x* {x.+ |x|{ |x~, |x,~ }xz| }x}{ }x+z }x.z ~x|z
*xz |x}} |x*. |x-, }x{* }x~~ }x,~ ~xz~ ~x}*
*x* |x,{ |x.. }x|- }x*, }x-- ~x{. ~x*z
+xz |x-} }x{{ }x~{ }x,{ ~xz| ~x}} ~x+*

t{} {*vs} qp~s {t tp~*szwzu~

pd0U/Q = 6U . d4 . d5 . d6 . 11111 . d_04 U


6_U^[_ U^[_

{|}
J HFE B L ?JKG D D @
LQSN CTM V P O I V P P R gel

O`cbfW U`_ec`]]WV WhaT_d[`_ T_UZ`c. ^TVW `X j[_U U`TeWV deWW] X`c fdW [_ UcTU\WV T_V
_`_/UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

LWcX`c^T_UW ITeWc[T] G_deT]]Te[`_

OWUZ_[UT] BTeT

Oc[YT S 6JN 6BX 6JN ] 2RJLL ] ] ;OTBL 6BX 9BMSFT 2RJLL CJT
BNDIOR TIJDK OG TIJDK ;IRFBE EFPTI 2RJLL CJT 4OLF BNDIOR TJHITFN POWFR TYPFvSJZF
EFPTI GJXTURF OG CBSF DLFBRBNDF LFNHTI TORQUF TOOL
MBTFRJBL DOEF
tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu t7Mu
q}n y7:165 g IFG TGJX IMJN E IO EO EG 5 ;JNST
N\ y~xyy}} C8/32172 ~y ~y zyy 6* +y zy z{ zz+ zy 22~{+ 9| 85<:vzy
C9/34142 {y --
C9/34157 |~ zz}
*y z{y 6, ,y z{ z} {~ 22~{+ 9| 85<:vz{
]_^` C9/34177 ~~ z|}
C9/341:7 -~ z+}
Z
C32/37142 {y zz}
Y^`bc X
C32/37157 |~ z{-
+y z}y 6zy -y z~ z+ ~y 22~{+ 9| 85<:vz~
C32/37177 ~~ z}-
C32/371322 zyy z-}
C34/39147 {~ z|{
wn}q{unv C34/39167 }~ z~{
,y z*y 6z{ zy~ z, {y ,y 22~}| 9| 85<:vz,
;IRFBEFE STUE. C34/39187 *~ z+{
:TFFL HRBEF ,w, C34/391322 zyy {y+
C38/46147 {~ z~-
4FXBHONBL NUT. C38/46177 zyy ~~ {yy 6z* z|z {} {* z,- z{y 22~*~ 9| 60>v{}
:TFFL HRBEF ,w, C38/461322 zyy {|}
C42/49147 {~ z-{
=BSIFR. C42/49182 z{~ *y {~y 6{y z~+ {, |z {{+ {yy 22~*~ 9| 60>v{,
:TFFL C42/491322 zyy {*+

:LFFVF.
:TFFL ?_UZ`c IWUZT_[UT] Lc`aWce[Wd
A?M@KJ NOCCH I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
3XPBNSJON DONF.
Xf\ t7xMM{u 6JNw TFNSJLF STRFNHTI ,yy ,yy ,yy ,yy ,yy ,|y
:TFFL
Xi\ t7xMM{u ?JFLE STRFNHTI *}y *}y *}y *}y *}y **y
1OBTJNH. NWb.C tMM{u 3QUJVBLFNT STRFSSFE |~w{ *zw, ,{wy zy}wz z,|w| {++w|
@JND FLFDTROPLBTFE t~oMu RW] tMM|u 3LBSTJD SFDTJON MOEULUS z{w+ |zw{ *{w| zy-w{ {++w~ ~}zwy
I2M\.d t7Mu 1IBRBDTFRJSTJD CFNEJNH MOMFNT z{w{ |ywy ~-w, zy}w, {**w} ~|,w,
ux|}nvvn}uyx I t7Mu 9FDOMMFNEFE CFNEJNH MOMFNT ~w, z{w} {}w, }|w~ zzyw+ {z*wy

z{}
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
LQSN C T M V P O I V P P R hel

P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf.^. QMf.^, 1 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\. QM\, [_ \J / J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMf.^ +\J, {{wy {,w, }+w} *{w+ z{+w* z}-w~
JMf.^ +\J, {ywy |yw| ~yw~ ~-w, zz}wy z|*w, QM\ +\J, z+w| {}w{ }ywy ~+w{ z{zwy z|+w}
JM\ +\J, z+w* {zw- |-w* |+w* *,wz -}w~

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV. QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x{, m ~{, m
rw+cx rw9c~
OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMV +\J, z|w, z-w} |{wy }~w, -*w, zy-w-
JMV +\J, zzw+ z}w* {*w} {~wz }~w} *|wy rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU. QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x8-+ m ~8-+ m
rw+cx rr= rw9c~ rr
=

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QcWU +\J, -w- z|w, {{w- |{w+ *-wz +,w~
JcWU +\J, ,w} zyw} z,w- z+w- |{w} }~wy rr / zw}
rr / zw} rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

z{~
J HFEB L ?JK GD D@
LQSN CTM V P O I V P P R iel

AA/IWeZ`V / J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

z;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

JMV.a = J2MV.a ^ X@ QMV.U = Q2MV.U ^ X@ ^ Xn.Q ^ pd/U.Q

J2MV.a p-91/5 7;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- Q2MV.U p-91/5 +65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 *: * 41514;4 -,/- ,19:*5+- a+415b
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
J2MV.a +\J, v z}w* v v v v ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~
rw+cx / zw~
U^[_ ~y *y +y ,y zyy z~y
d^[_ zyy zyy z*y {yy {{y |yy
Q2MV.U +\J, |w+ ~w} +w~ zyw{ z~wy {,w+
rw+c~ / zw~

o65+8-:- +65- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h |:--3 8-919:*5+-

JMV.U = J2MV.U ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

J2MV.a p-91/5 +65- 8-919:*5+- QMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 90-*8 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMV.d +\J, zzw} z~w{ {}w, |+w- +}w~ ,+w-
J2MV.U +\J, z|wz z+w{ {zw+ {*w} |+wy ~zw+ rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

o65+8-:- 78<d6;: .*13;8-


|:--3 8-919:*5+-

QMV.Ua = Q2MV.Ua ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

JMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 :-5913- 8-919:*5+- QMV.Ua p-91/5 78<d6;: 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
JMV.d +\J, zyw+ z-w~ |yw- }}w- ,|w+ z|yw+ ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~
rw9cx / zw~ Q2MV.Ua +\J, z|wz |}w| }|w| ~{w- +|w- zy|w|
rw+c~ / zw~

JMV = ^[_ +JMV.a ; JMV.U ; JMV.d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV.U ; QMV.d ; QMV.Ua ,
qJ = JNV 1 JMV 3 qQ = QNV 1 QMV 3

qJ - qQ 304

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q _\A XqmQ
1z*x{y yw,z 1|~x}~ zw{z y[~y zwy
1{yx{~ yw-y 1}yx~y zw{, *y zwz
1{~x|y zwyy 1}~x~~ zw|} +y zw{
1|yx|+ zwzy 1~yx*y zw}y ,y zw~
-y[z,y {wy

z{*
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
LQSN C T M V P O I V P P R jel

P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf.^. QMf.^, 1 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\. QM\, [_ \J / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMf.^ +\J, {{wy {,w, }+w} *{w+ z{+w* z}-w~
JMf.^ +\J, z*w* {{w| |*w* ~~w| -+w} z{}w* QM\ +\J, z+w| {}w{ }ywy ~+w{ z{zwy z|+w}
JM\ +\J, z{w+ z*w| {-w{ }yw| ++w} --wz

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV. QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x{, m ~{, m
rw+cx rw9c~

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMV +\J, z|w, z-w} |{wy }~w, -*w, zy-w-
JMV +\J, ,w} zyw- z-w} {*w, ~zw* **wz rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU. QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x8-+ m ~8-+ m
rw+cx rr
= rw9c~ rr
=

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QcWU +\J, -w- z|w, {{w- |{w+ *-wz +,w~
JcWU +\J, *wy +w, z|w- z-w{ |*w- }+w{ rr / zw}
rr / zw} rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

z{+
J HFEB L ?JK GD D@
LQSN CTM V P O I V P P R kel

AA/IWeZ`V / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

z;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

JMV.a = J2MV.a ^ X@ QMV.U = Q2MV.U ^ X@ ^ Xn.Q ^ pd/U.Q

J2MV.a p-91/5 7;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- Q2MV.U p-91/5 +65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 *: * 41514;4 -,/- ,19:*5+- a+415b
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
J2MV.a +\J, |w* ,w, zzw+ v v v ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~
rw+cx / zw~
U^[_ {~y *y +y ,y zyy z~y
d^[_ zyy zyy z*y {yy {{y |yy
Q2MV.U +\J, {w* |w- ~w| +w| zyw+ {yw*
rw+c~ / zw~

o65+8-:- +65- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h |:--3 8-919:*5+-

JMV.U = J2MV.U ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

J2MV.a p-91/5 +65- 8-919:*5+- QMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 90-*8 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~ QMV.d +\J, zzw} z~w{ {}w, |+w- +}w~ ,+w-
J2MV.U +\J, -w} z{w| z~w~ z,w- {*w} |*w- rw9c~ / zw{~
rw+cx / zw~

o65+8-:- 78<d6;: .*13;8-


|:--3 8-919:*5+-

QMV.Ua = Q2MV.Ua ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

JMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 :-5913- 8-919:*5+- QMV.Ua p-91/5 78<d6;: 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
JMV.d +\J, zyw+ z-w~ |yw- }}w- ,|w+ z|yw+ ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy z{~
rw9cx / zw~ Q2MV.Ua +\J, -w} {}w~ |yw- |+w+ ~{w, +|w,
rw+c~ / zw~

JMV = ^[_ +JMV.a ; JMV.U ; JMV.d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV.U ; QMV.d ; QMV.Ua ,
qJ = JNV 1 JMV 3 qQ = QNV 1 QMV 3

qJ - qQ 304

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q _\A XqmQ
1z*x{y yw,z 1|~x}~ zw{z y[~y zwy
1{yx{~ yw-y 1}yx~y zw{, *y zwz
1{~x|y zwyy 1}~x~~ zw|} +y zw{
1|yx|+ zwzy 1~yx*y zw}y ,y zw~
-y[z,y {wy

z{,
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
LQSN C T M V P O I V P P R lel

AA/IWeZ`V

pd GJDHPCJAC KD NL?AGJE DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


|7*+15/c 9 {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9
o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
~y yw*+
*y yw+y yw*+
+y yw+| yw*- yw*+
,y yw++ yw+{ yw*- yw*+
zyy yw,| yw+, yw+} yw+z yw*+
pd = 207 - d
8ZWX z{~ yw-{ yw,~ yw,y yw+* yw+z yw*+
d^[_ < d < dUc.J z~y zwyy yw-{ yw,* yw,z yw+~ yw+y
dUc.J = 5ZWX
z,y zwyy yw-| yw,, yw,y yw+}
{zy zwyy yw-} yw,~ yw+,
pd MUST CF USFE GOR FBDI SPBDJNH {}y zwyy yw-y yw,{
JNGLUFNDFE TIF BNDIORS HROUP |yy zwyy yw-y
|+~ zwyy

pU.J GJDHPCJAC KD CBEC DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


q,/-c + {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p+cx
o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 I42
~y yw+~
*y yw,~ yw+~
+y yw-~ yw,| yw+~
,y zwyy yw-{ yw,{ yw+~
pU.J = 2047 - 207 U -y zwyy yw,- yw,z
ZWX zyy yw-* yw,, yw+~
U^[_ < U < UUc.J
z{y zwyy zwyy yw,~ yw+|
UUc.J = 307 k ZWX
z~y zwyy yw,~
pU.J MUST CF USFE GOR FBDI EJSTBNDF z+y yw-|
JNGLUFNDFE TIF BNDIORS HROUP z-y zwyy

pd/U.Q GJDHPCJACB KD NL?AGJE ?JB CBEC BGNO?JAC DKM AKJAMCOC CBEC MCNGNO?JAC GJ NFC?M HK?B

ry{ |uxsvq nxoty{ rn|}qxuxs {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9d+c~


o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
D
DMJN zwy zw{ zw} zw* zw, {wy {w{ {w} {w* {w, |wy |w{

p9d+c~ zwyy zw|z zw** {wy{ {w}z {w,| |w{* |w+{ }wz- }w*- ~w{y ~w+{

pd/U.Q = U U ry{ h nxoty{| rn|}qxuxs {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9d+c~


U^[_ U^[_
o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
D
DMJN zwy zw{ zw} zw* zw, {wy {w{ {w} {w* {w, |wy |w{
S
DMJN
zwy yw*+ yw,} zwy| zw{{ zw}| zw*~ zw,, {wz{ {w|* {w*{ {w,- |wz*
zw~ yw+~ yw-| zwz{ zw|| zw~} zw++ {wyy {w{~ {w~y {w+* |wy| |w|z
{wy yw,| zwy{ zw{{ zw}| zw*~ zw,- {wz{ {w|, {w*| {w-y |wz, |w}*
{w~ yw-{ zwzz zw|{ zw~} zw++ {wyy {w{~ {w~y {w++ |wy} |w|{ |w*z
pd/U.Q = 5U - d U |wy zwyy zw{y zw}{ zw*} zw,, {wz{ {w|+ {w*| {w-y |wz, |w}* |w+*
8U^[_ U^[_ |w~ zw|y zw~{ zw+~ zw-- {w{} {w~y {w+* |wy} |w|{ |w*z |w-z
}wy zw*{ zw,* {wzy {w|* {w*{ {w,- |wz+ |w}* |w+~ }wy~
}w~ zw-* {w{z {w}+ {w+} |wy{ |w|z |w*y |w-y }w{y
~wy {w|| {w~- {w,+ |wz~ |w}} |w+} }wy} }w|~
~w~ {w+z {w-- |w{, |w~+ |w,, }wz- }w~y
*wy {w,| |wzz |w}z |w+z }wy{ }w|| }w*~

ry{ y}tq{ on|q yr rn|}qxuxs|

pd/U.Q = 5U - d3 - d4 - d5 - 00000 - d_/3 U


5_U^[_ U^[_

z{-
J HFEB L ?JK GD D@
IV MQSRP U U I V P P R ? B A @ gel

LWcX`c^T_UW ITeWc[T] G_deT]]Te[`_

OWUZ_[UT] BTeT
]_^`
Oc[YT S 6JN 6BX 6JN ] 2RJLL ] ] ;OTBL 6BX 9BMSFT 2RJLL CJT
Z BNDIOR TIJDK OG TIJDK ;IRFBE EFPTI 2RJLL CJT 4OLF BNDIOR TJHITFN POWFR TYPFvSJZF
Y^`bc X
EFPTI GJXTURF OG CBSF DLFBRBNDF LFNHTI TORQUF TOOL
MBTFRJBL DOEF
tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu tMMu t7Mu

wn}q{unv IFG TGJX IMJN E IO EO EG 5 ;JNST


;IRFBEFE STUE. C9/34167 *y }~ z{y 6, ,y z{ z} z{} {~ 22~{+ 9| 85<:vz{
:TFFL HRBEF 0} C32/37167 +y }~ z}y 6zy -y z~ z+ z|- ~y 22~{+ 9| 85<:vz~
C34/39137 z~ z{{
4FXBHONBL NUT. ,y z*y 6z{ zy~ z, {y ,y 22~}| 9| 85<:vz,
:TFFL HRBEF 0} C34/39167 }~ z~{
C38/46147 -~ {~ {yy 6z* z|y {} {* z~+ z{y 22~*~ 9| 60>v{}
=BSIFR.
0}
?_UZ`c IWUZT_[UT] Lc`aWce[Wd
:LFFVF.
0} NO?GJHCNN NOCCH ?6 I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
Xf\ t7xMM{u 6JNw TFNSJLF STRFNHTI +yy +yy +yy +yy +yy
3XPBNSJON DONF. Xi\ t7xMM{u ?JFLE STRFNHTI |~y |~y |~y |~y |~y
0}
NWb.C t7xMM{u 3QUJVBLFNT STRFSSFE DROSSvSFDTJON |~w{ *zw, ,{wy zy}wz z,|w|
3XPBNSJON SLFFVF. RW] tMM|u 3LBSTJD SFDTJON MOEULUS |-w{ |zw{ *{w| zy-w{ {++w~
0} I2M\.d t7Mu 1IBRBDTFRJSTJD CFNEJNH MOMFNT zyw* {*w{ ~{w| -zw+ {||wz
I t7Mu 9FDOMMFNEFE CFNEJNH MOMFNT }w} zyw- {zw, |,w{ -+wz
ux|}nvvn}uyx

z|y
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
IVMQ S R P U U I V P P R ?B A @ hel

P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf.^. QMf.^, 1 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\. QM\, [_ \J / J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMf.^ +\J, z-w| {~w{ }zw~ ~}w- zzzw+
JMf.^ +\J, z,w} {}w* }{w* }~w} +yw* QM\ +\J, z*wz {zwy |}w~ }~w+ -|wz
JM\ +\J, z+w* z,w+ {,w* |yw, *zw*

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV. QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x{, m ~{, m
rw+cx rw9c~
OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMV +\J, ,wy zyw~ z+w| {{w, }*w~
JMV +\J, zzw+ z{w~ z-wz {yw~ |}w{ rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU. QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x8-+ m ~8-+ m
rw+cx rr
= rw9c~ rr
=

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QcWU +\J, ~w+ +w~ z{w| z*w| ||w{
JcWU +\J, ,w} ,w- z|w* z}w+ {}w} rr / zw}
rr / zw} rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

z|z
JHFE B L ?JKG D D@
IVMQSRP U U I V P P R ?B A @ iel

AA/IWeZ`V / J`_ UcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

z;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

JMV.a = J2MV.a ^ X@ QMV.U = Q2MV.U ^ X@ ^ Xn.Q ^ pd/U.Q

J2MV.a p-91/5 7;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- Q2MV.U p-91/5 +65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 *: * 41514;4 -,/- ,19:*5+- a+415b
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
J2MV.a +\J, v zzw+ z}w* z,w| v ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y zyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{ U^[_ ~y *y +y ,y zyy
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*
d^[_ zyy zyy z*y {yy {{y
Q2MV.U +\J, |w+ ~w} +w~ zyw{ z~wy
rw+c~ / zw~

o65+8-:- +65- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h |:--3 8-919:*5+-

JMV.U = J2MV.U ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

J2MV.a p-91/5 +65- 8-919:*5+- QMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 90-*8 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMV.d +\J, *w| ,w| z|w* {yw+ }yw+
J2MV.U +\J, z|wz z+w{ {zw+ {*w} {,w~ rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

o65+8-:- 78<d6;: .*13;8-


|:--3 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

QMV.Ua = Q2MV.Ua ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

JMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 :-5913- 8-919:*5+- QMV.Ua p-91/5 78<d6;: 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
JMV.d +\J, ~w, zyw* z*w, {}w} }~w- ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~
rw9cx / {w}
Q2MV.Ua +\J, z|wz |}w| }|w| ~{w- *,w}
rw+c~ / zw~

JMV = ^[_ +JMV.a ; JMV.U ; JMV.d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV.U ; QMV.d ; QMV.Ua ,
qJ = JNV 1 JMV 3 qQ = QNV 1 QMV 3

qJ - qQ 304

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q _\A XqmQ
1z*x{y yw,z 1|~x}~ zw{z y[~y zwy
1{yx{~ yw-y 1}yx~y zw{, *y zwz
1{~x|y zwyy 1}~x~~ zw|} +y zw{
1|yx|+ zwzy 1~yx*y zw}y ,y zw~
-y[z,y {wy

z|{
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
IVMQ S R P U U I V P P R ?B A @ jel

P]e[^TeW H`TVd +JMf.^. QMf.^, 1 AZTcTUeWc[de[U H`TVd +JM\. QM\, [_ \J / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMf.^ +\J, z-w| {~w{ }zw~ ~}w- zzzw+
JMf.^ +\J, z*w| {+w+ |+w{ }}w} *zw~ QM\ +\J, z*wz {zwy |}w~ }~w+ -|wz
JM\ +\J, z{wz {|wz {+w~ |zw+ }zw,

BWd[Y_ H`TVd +JMV. QMV, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x{, m ~{, m
rw+cx rw9c~
OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMV +\J, ,wy zyw~ z+w| {{w, }*w~
JMV +\J, ,wz z~w} z,w| {zwz {|w{ rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

MWU`^^W_VWV H`TVd +JcWU. QcWU, X`c `_W T_UZ`c g[eZ`fe WVYW `c daTU[_Y [_X]fW_UW [_ \J
/ AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

x{2 ~{2
x8-+ m ~8-+ m
rw+cx rr
= rw9c~ rr
=

OCJNGHC > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4 NFC?M > A`_UcWeW decW_YeZ 52 J1^^4
?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QcWU +\J, ~w+ +w~ z{w| z*w| ||w{
JcWU +\J, ~w, zzwy z|wz z~wz z*w* rr / zw}
rr / zw} rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

z||
JHFE B L ?JKG D D@
IVMQSRP U U I V P P R ?B A @ kel

AA/IWeZ`V / AcTU\WV U`_UcWeW

OCJNGHC [_ \J NFC?M [_ \J

z;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

JMV.a = J2MV.a ^ X@ QMV.U = Q2MV.U ^ X@ ^ Xn.Q ^ pd/U.Q

J2MV.a p-91/5 7;33d6;: 8-919:*5+- Q2MV.U p-91/5 +65+8-:- -,/- 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 *: * 41514;4 -,/- ,19:*5+- a+415b
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
J2MV.a +\J, |w* *w* zzw+ v v ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
U^[_ ~y *y +y ,y zyy
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*
d^[_ zyy zyy z*y {yy {{y
Q2MV.U +\J, {w* |w- ~w| +w| zyw+
rw+c~ / zw~

o65+8-:- +65- 8-919:*5+-


o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h |:--3 8-919:*5+-

JMV.U = J2MV.U ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

J2MV.a p-91/5 +65- 8-919:*5+- QMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 90-*8 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~ QMV.d +\J, *w| ,w| z|w* {yw+ }yw+
J2MV.U +\J, -w} z{w| z~w~ z,w- {yw} rw9c~ / {wyy
rw+cx / zw~ GOR 6* TO 6z{
rw+cx / zw, GOR 6z*

o65+8-:- 78<d6;: .*13;8-


|:--3 8-919:*5+- o65+8-:- 9:8-5/:0 if xe44h

QMV.Ua = Q2MV.Ua ^ X@ ^ pd ^ pU.J

JMV.d |:--3 ,-91/5 :-5913- 8-919:*5+- QMV.Ua p-91/5 78<d6;: 8-919:*5+-


?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38 ?_UZ`c d[jW I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
JMV.d +\J, ~w, zyw* z*w, {}w} }~w- ZWX +^^, ~y *y +y ,y -~
rw9cx / {w}
Q2MV.Ua +\J, -w} {}w~ |yw- |+w+ },w,
rw+c~ / zw~

JMV = ^[_ +JMV.a ; JMV.U ; JMV.d, QMV = ^[_ +QMV.U ; QMV.d ; QMV.Ua ,
qJ = JNV 1 JMV 3 qQ = QNV 1 QMV 3

qJ - qQ 304

X@ GJDHPCJAC KD AKJAMCOC XqmQ GJDHPCJAC KD NFC?M HK?BGJE BGMCAOGKJ


A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ A`_UcWeW EcTVW X@ ?_Y]W q _\A XqmQ
1z*x{y yw,z 1|~x}~ zw{z y[~y zwy
1{yx{~ yw-y 1}yx~y zw{, *y zwz
1{~x|y zwyy 1}~x~~ zw|} +y zw{
1|yx|+ zwzy 1~yx*y zw}y ,y zw~
-y[z,y {wy

z|}
JHF EB L ?JK GD D @
IVMQ S R P U U I V P P R ?B A @ lel

AA/IWeZ`V

pd GJDHPCJAC KD NL?AGJE DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B


|7*+15/c 9 {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9
o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
~y yw*+
*y yw+y yw*+
+y yw+| yw*- yw*+
,y yw++ yw+{ yw*- yw*+
zyy yw,| yw+, yw+} yw+z yw*+
pd = 207 - d
8ZWX z{~ yw-{ yw,~ yw,y yw+* yw+z
d^[_ < d < dUc.J z~y zwyy yw-{ yw,* yw,z yw+~
dUc.J = 5ZWX z,y zwyy yw-| yw,, yw,y
{zy zwyy yw-} yw,~
pd MUST CF USFE GOR FBDI SPBDJNH {}y zwyy yw-y
JNGLUFNDFE TIF BNDIORS HROUP |yy zwyy

pU.J GJDHPCJAC KD CBEC DKM AKJAMCOC AKJC MCNGNO?JAC GJ OCJNGHC HK?B

q,/-c + {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p+cx


o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
I8 I9 I32 I34 I38
~y yw+~
*y yw,~ yw+~
+y yw-~ yw,| yw+~
,y zwyy yw-{ yw,{ yw+~
pU.J = 2047 - 207 U
-y zwyy yw,- yw,z yw+{
ZWX
U^[_ < U < UUc.J zyy yw-* yw,, yw+,
UUc.J = 307 k ZWX z{y zwyy zwyy yw,,
z}~ zwyy
pU.J MUST CF USFE GOR FBDI EJSTBNDF
JNGLUFNDFE TIF BNDIORS HROUP

pd/U.Q GJDHPCJACB KD NL?AGJE ?JB CBEC BGNO?JAC DKM AKJAMCOC CBEC MCNGNO?JAC GJ NFC?M HK?B

ry{ |uxsvq nxoty{ rn|}qxuxs {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9d+c~


o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
D
DMJN zwy zw{ zw} zw* zw, {wy {w{ {w} {w* {w, |wy |w{

p9d+c~ zwyy zw|z zw** {wy{ {w}z {w,| |w{* |w+{ }wz- }w*- ~w{y ~w+{

ry{ h nxoty{| rn|}qxuxs {-,;+:165 r*+:68 p9d+c~


pd/U.Q = U U
U^[_ U^[_ o8*+2-, *5, 565d+8*+2-, +65+8-:-
D
DMJN zwy zw{ zw} zw* zw, {wy {w{ {w} {w* {w, |wy |w{
S
DMJN
zwy yw*+ yw,} zwy| zw{{ zw}| zw*~ zw,, {wz{ {w|* {w*{ {w,- |wz*
zw~ yw+~ yw-| zwz{ zw|| zw~} zw++ {wyy {w{~ {w~y {w+* |wy| |w|z
{wy yw,| zwy{ zw{{ zw}| zw*~ zw,- {wz{ {w|, {w*| {w-y |wz, |w}*
{w~ yw-{ zwzz zw|{ zw~} zw++ {wyy {w{~ {w~y {w++ |wy} |w|{ |w*z
|wy zwyy zw{y zw}{ zw*} zw,, {wz{ {w|+ {w*| {w-y |wz, |w}* |w+*
pd/U.Q = 5U - d U
8U^[_ U^[_ |w~ zw|y zw~{ zw+~ zw-- {w{} {w~y {w+* |wy} |w|{ |w*z |w-z
}wy zw*{ zw,* {wzy {w|* {w*{ {w,- |wz+ |w}* |w+~ }wy~
}w~ zw-* {w{z {w}+ {w+} |wy{ |w|z |w*y |w-y }w{y
~wy {w|| {w~- {w,+ |wz~ |w}} |w+} }wy} }w|~
~w~ {w+z {w-- |w{, |w~+ |w,, }wz- }w~y
*wy {w,| |wzz |w}z |w+z }wy{ }w|| }w*~

ry{ y}tq{ on|q yr rn|}qxuxs|

pd/U.Q = 5U - d3 - d4 - d5 - 00000 - d_/3 U


5_U^[_ U^[_

z|~

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