MODULE 3

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The word Crisis is any event that is going for is expected) to lead to an
unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or
whole society. Crisis are deemed to be negative changes in the security, economic,
political, societal, or environmental affairs, especially when they occur abruptly,
with little or no warning. More loosely, it is a term meaning "a testing time" or an
"emergency event",
In this premise, crisis is a wide variety of concern where collective efforts
must be bundled in, comprising all the vital factors to consider in order to cope
with its negative consequence. Human induced crisis like hostage taking,
kidnapping, bombing, public demonstrations, etc., were among of the crisis
situations occurring in the country. Thus, responders and managers on the ground
are challenged by how to end with much success on the negotiation and
operational process.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students should have;

1. Comprehend the concept of crisis management and identify the phases
and procedures ;
2. Comprehend terrorism;
3. Recognize hostage situation; and
4. Apply the procedures in planning and preparation, as well as negotiation
procedure in hostage situation.
 Lesson 1

BASIC CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF CRISIS

MANAGEMENT

BASIC CONCEPTS
Crisis is a period of disorganization, period of upset during which people
attempts at arriving at solution of problems. It is a crucial or decisive point or
situation; a turning point; an unstable condition, as in political, social, or
economic. It is a state provokes when a person faces obstacles or hazards to an
important life goal.
The term Crisis is derived from the Greek word "krisis" which means to
separate; a turning point decision in a process of an affair or a series of events.
The term Emergency is derived from the Latin: word "emergencia" which
means dipping/plugging. A sudden condition or a state of affairs calling for an
immediate action.

TYPES OF CRISIS
MAN-MADE CRISIS -civil disturbances strike, riot, demonstration revolt such as
mutiny and insurrection revolution, border incident war: conventional or nuclear
crimes: kidnapping. hijacking, hostage-taking, etc.
NATURAL CRISIS- fire, floods, earthquake, tidal waves marine/air disaster,
hazardous spills, power failure, nuclear accidents water/food shortage/scarcity,
drought-volcanic eruption, epidemic, etc.
INDIVIDUAL CRISIS - It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces
unpleasant situation such as frustrations and conflicts. This includes:
1.Physical Crisis-those that are related to health problems or bodily
sickness/sufferings.
2. Economics Crisis- the deprivation of the basic necessities of life like food and
material things.
3. Emotional Crisis- when an individual is affected by negative feelings like
emotional disturbances, fear, etc.
4. Social Crisis- the experiencing lack of interest, confidence and social skills to
relate meaningful, harmonious relationship with Others.
5. Moral Crisis- the person has an irrational or distorted concept of what is right or
wrong, lack of moral values and integrity of the person.
6. Psychosexual Crisis-failure of the person to assume one's sex role and identity
as a man or woman. The person has an inappropriate sex objective, inadequate
and distorted expression of affection.
THE CONCEPT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis management is the proper utilization of all available resources and
the formulation of policies and procedures to effectively deal with progressive
sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or unforeseen state (emergency).

THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT DOCTRINE

The crisis may start as basically police or special unit matter but could
develop in proportion and dimension requiring further military operations. If the
crisis situation is brought about by natural calamities, then it is addressed by the
National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council or NDRRMC [Formerly known
as National Disaster Coordinating NDCC). The general idea is to prevent the
occurrence of a crisis, ensure a probability of success in minimizing or neutralizing
the perpetrator or to return the situation into normalcy.
PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
A. PRO-ACTIVE PHASE is the stage of advance planning, organization and
coordination and control in response to an anticipated future crisis
occurrence. This phase is designed to predict or prevent probability or
occurrence of the crisis while at the same time prepares to handle them
when they occur.
1. PREDICTION -The first stage of anticipating future crisis occurrences through
the following:
 Update Intelligence involves the collection of information from variety of
sources as basis of actions and plan; those that are related to crisis
management contingency planning.
 Events are those incidents that are already passed which can facilitate
analysis necessary for identification of probable threat groups, targets
and necessary for advance planning.
 Threat Analysis of Threat Groups
a. Political Terrorist-ideologically inspire individuals who grouped
together for a common purpose usually for change of government or political
power. Ex. CPP/ NPA, SPT's, etc.
b. Criminals these are people who commit terrorist acts for personal rather
than ideological gains. Some of the terrorist acts such as kidnapping are well
planned, other are not planned, but happens as a result of the fast response time
by LEAs to an ongoing crime. For instance, number of bank robberies have evolved
into unplanned hostage situation when policemen arrive in response to an alarm
robbery is in progress.
c. Mentally Deranged Individuals people commit terroristic acts during a
period of psychiatric disturbance. This type is the most difficult terrorist to deal
with. Many of them are impulsive and unpredictable.
2. PREVENTION-This pro-active phase considers counter measures as part of the
total system of operation. Such counter measures involve the following:
 Operation Security - a counterintelligence measure where all aspect of
awareness and training must be considered to prevent threat groups from
learning the units plans measures taken in conducting operations or
activities in secure and effective manner.
 Personal Security it considers that all personnel are susceptible to terrorist
attack so the is a need for securing them. All security measures designed to
prevent unsuitable individuals of DOUGHTFUL LOYALTY from gaining access
to classified matters or security facilities.
 Physical Security encompasses protection of info, material and people
including perimeter installation. A system intruder and the maween the
potential to be protected.
3. PREPARATION this pro active phase involves organizing training and cq
personnel of In military commanders and officers of the PNP must organize, train
and equip special reaction, security and negotiation elements and provide their
immediate activation when the need arises.
NCCM National Committee on Crisis Management serves as the umbrella
organization for crisis management. The primary concern is the formulation of
crisis management policies, integration of ruil/pol to public efforts towards the
prevention and control of crisis.
The On-site Command Post (OSCP) shall establish with in the crisis incident site.
It is a post or unit within a probable target to be headed by an on-scene
commander (OSC) whose responsibility to take charge of every happening of a
crisis incident scene.
Composition of the OSCP
TACTICAL UNIT-composed of regular military or police placed under the
operational command of the OSC.
1. Reaction Element Special action unit which are specially organized, equipped
and deployed in the region to hold special operation in cases of crisis incident.
2. Security Element military or police personnel task to protect the area of
perimeter security to prevent occurrence of unnecessary incidents.
SUPPORT UNIT-It is a unit that provides the necessary administrative, operational
and logistic support of the OSC.
1. Intelligence Team-responsible for the collection and processing of all
information needed by the OSC
2. Communication Team-responsible for insuring effective communication
between OSC and other units or sub-units.
3. Logistic Team responsible for ensuring mess services, supplies (clothing,
equipment, transportation) and other logistic services.
4. Medical Team responsible for all medical supplies and services in cases of crisis
incidents.
5. Fire Fighting Team-responsible for all services related to extinguishing fires
intentionally set by perpetrators or during the result of operations.
6. Administrative Personnel personnel assigned to OSC to keep written records of
events, in coming or outgoing communications.
7. Legal/Investigation Team services of investigation, preservation of evidence,
documents and legal advice to the OSC.
NEGOTIATION UNIT It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or
more members. Their primary concern is to serve first life, prevent destruction
and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of crisis situations.

B. THE REACTIVE PHASE

When a crisis occurs despite the pro-active effort, the organization
concerned must prepare to perform the crisis management in accordance with
their plan.
PERFORMANCE It is the action stage, the implementation of the crisis
management contingency plan.
1 The Initial Action the stage taken by the Initial Action Unit, which is composed
of police and military personnel immediately organized into team to initially
respond to take incident and begin the containment effort. They are responsible:
 maintain control of the situation report the matter to the RCAG through
channels
 secure the scene by establishing perimeter security
 evacuate by standers if possible
 prevent escape of perpetrator
 take maximum control

2 The Action Stage-The action stage starts as soon as the tactical, support unit
and the negotiation unit arrived and are deployed. The OSC discusses the incident
with his commander and staff and decides on the plans and actions to be taken.
 • Negotiation chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as soon as he has been
properly briefed and received appropriate instruction. from the OSC. He shall keep
the OSCP informed of the progress of negotiations shall take instructions only from
the OSC. No further negotiation shall be undertake when the tactical unit
commander initiates to operations.
 Tactical Action the tactical commander makes a complete estimate of the
crisis situation and plans his courses of action upon arrive at the scene while
negotiation is in progress. He shall maintain and continuous contact with the
OSCP. He shall take over authority on reaction element throughout the
tactical operations. e shall take instructions only from the OSC and
coordinate all support requirements with the OSCP.
3.The Post Action Stage -This stage begins as soon as the perpetrator surrendered,
captured or neutralized ensure that the following Investigation are accomplished:
 Protection of the incident scene
 Investigation of the incident preservation of evidence
 Documentation
 SS witnesses, hostage, perpetrators and other key participants of the
incident
 Recovered, documented, preserve evidence
 Pictorials, written reports
 Filing and prosecution of cases
 Damage Compensation and rehabilitation
He also initiates recommendation for the compensation and provide assistance
to civilian killed. and injured during tactical operations. He initiates
recommendation for the rehabilitation, construction of damage or essential
infrastructures. Training and re training of unit personnel special units and
negotiators. shall continue with their training to improve their proficiency and
enhance their readiness.
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

I. Define the following terms:

1. Crisis

2. Emergency

3. Crisis Management

4. Man-Made Crisis

5. Natural Crisis

II. Enumerate:

1. Types of Crisis

2. Individual Crisis

3. Phases of Crisis Management

 Lesson 2

TERRORISM

TERRORISM
Terrorism is punishable under Republic Act 9372 - Human Security Act of
2007. Under this law: Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the
following provisions of the Revised Penal Code:
 Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the
Philippine Waters): Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
 Article 134-a (Coup de e Etat), including acts committed by private
persons; Article 248 (Murder);
 Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction, or under
 Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
 Republic Act No. 6969(Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990):
 Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of
1968);
 Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law); o Presidential Decree No. 532
(Anti-piracy and Anti highway Robbery Law of 1974); and,
 Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree the Laws on Illegal and
Unlawful Pe Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms.
Ammunitions or Explosives) thereby sowing and creating a condition of
widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order
to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty
of the crime of terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of
imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as provided for under Act No.
4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended.
Terrorism is a threat or actual use of force or violence for political or other
purpose, to foster fear, insecurity, distrust, and unrest among a specific group or
the general population. It is "Violence for effect... not primarily, and sometimes
not all for the physical effect on the actual target, but rather for its dramatic
impact on an audience"; "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence t
attain goals, often political or ideological in nature"; Is violent criminal behavior
designed to generate fear in the community, or a substantial segment of it, for
political purposes.

Classification of Terrorists
 1. National Terrorist- A terrorist who operates and aspires to political power
primarily within a single nation.
2. Transnational Terrorist - This is a terrorist who operates across national
borders, whose actions and political aspirations may affect individual of
more than one nationality.
3. International Terrorists- A terrorists who is controlled by, and whose
actions represent the national interest of a sovereign state.

Types of Terrorist
1. State-Sponsored Terrorist which consists of terrorist acts on a state or
government
2. Dissent Terrorist-terrorist groups which have rebelled against their
government. Example: ISIS, IRA, CPP-NPA
3. Terrorists (LEFT and RIGHT)- terrorist groups rooted in political ideology.
Example: Irish Republican Army (IRA), CPP-NPA, U.S. Patrul Movement.
4. Religious Terrorism -are extremely religiously motivated. Example: Al Qaeda,
ISIS, Jemaah Islamiya (JI)
5. CRIMINAL TERRORISM terrorist acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit.
Example: Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Abu Nidal Organization
6. Lone-Wolf Terrorist- someone who prepares and commits violent acts alone,
outside of any command structure and without material assistance from any group.

PROFILE
(a) The Lone-Wolf acts to advance in ideological or philosophical belief of an
extreme group, they act on their own, without any command or direction.
(b) The Lone Wolf's tactics and methods are conceived and directed solely of their
own.
(c) The Lone-Wolf never has personal contact with the group they identify with.

IDEOLOGY

(a) Anarchist, conservatives, right-wing. and nationalist.

(b) Special interest: religion, environment, anti abortion, and political.
MOTIVATION AND GROUP CLASSIFICATION
What causes a rational thinking human being to terrorize society? Assuming
that the terrorists think rationally and most of them possess a high degree of
rationality), we must look to the terrorist's motives if we are to understand them,
to think like them, and to ultimately them.
1. Minority Nationalistic Groups - groups fighting the majority of the community
where the support base will depend one ethnic, religion, linguistic minorities at
odd with the majority community
2. Marxist Revolutionary Groups here, the terrorists' movement is characterized
by its possession of a coherent Marxist ideology and of a long-term strategy for
bringing about the socialistic revolution
3. Anarchist Group - True Anarchist are difficult to find since true anarchy brings
lawlessness and disorder, which is not a natural state in which the human race
exists.
4. Pathological Groups- problematic individuals who are grouped together for
some terrorist activities for emotional satisfaction
In hostage taking, hostages are usually separated in safe houses to prevent
communications and escape. planning, and intelligence gathering

TERRORIST TACTICS
BOMBING
Delivery to target is done through Vehicle Bomb booby traps with attached
devices, Laid Charges bomb plates, Projected bombs-launched from rifffes by a
mortal device, Postal/mail bombs

ARSON
This is used to destroy or to disrupt public: utilities, political HQs und
industrial facilities.
HIJACKING

Hijacking and skyjacking are commonly used by terrorists. The hijack

supply, ammunitions, fuel cargoes, and vehicles to provide them to gain entry to a
close military area, skyjacking of commercial aircraft to gain publicity or to ask
demands,
ASSASSINATION
 The oldest but the commonly used terrorist tactic where targets are often
police or military officials, or political features and they always claim
responsibility of assassination.
AMBUSH
This is a well-planned, well thought-out, properly rehearsed and precisely
executed operation. The terrorist has time on his side and will spend considerable
time preparing for an operation. Terrorist have an advantage in that they can
choose the time and place of operation.
KIDNAPPING
Kidnapping for ransoms is the most common form of this tactic. The victim
is normally confined in a secret hideout and kidnappers make material demands.
HOSTAGE TAKING
The hostage-taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the victims for
ransom. His demands are more than just material in nature. Political concessions
are the frequency demanded in exchange for the hostage lives.
ROBBERIES/EXTORTIONS
Terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their activities,
terrorists rob banks and armored vehicles carrying large sums of cash. Bank
robberies are also used as graduation exercises for terrorist training programs and
viewed as a tactical operation. The conduct reconnaissance, plan escape routes
and operates in the high degree of efficiency and the progressive taxation scheme
of the CPAA/NPA is a form of extortion through coercion or use of force against the
victim or his property.
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

I. Identification.

______________1. A terrorist who operates and aspires to political power primarily

within a single nation.
______________2. A terrorist who is controlled by, and whose actions represent
the national interest of a sovereign state.
______________3. This is a terrorist who operates across national borders, whose
actions and political aspirations may affect individual of more than one
nationality.
______________4. The most common form of terrorist tactic. The victim is
normally confined in a secret hideout and kidnappers make material demands.
______________5. A terrorist tactic used to destroy public utilities, political HQ’s
and industrial facilities.

II. Enumeration

1. Give the Classification of Terrorists

2. Types of Terrorist
 Lesson 3

MANAGING HOSTAGE SITUATION

MANAGING HOSTAGE SITUATIONS

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
In hostage situation, the general tendency of Hostage Taker, is to focus
their attention on prominent personalities to gain much needed leverage in the
negotiation.
Over the past decades, numerous hostage situation took place and the most
widely among them. were the incidents committed by Arab Terrorists during the 20
games in Munich, West Germany in September 1972: the hostage taking by Iranians
of US Embassy personnel in Iran; the hijacking of an Air France flight 139, July
1976 with mostly Israelis as passengers and which craft was brought to Entebbe,
Uganda by the terrorist.
In the local scene, the attempted hijacking of PAI. took place in Zamboanga
City by the MNLF rebels where all the passengers were held hostage and the Bank
Robbery in Cubao (BPT). A man deranged and taking hostage of a child in a busy
LRT station in Pasay City. Terrorist like the Abu Sayyaf taking numerous hostages
to obtain money and provide protection for their escapes.
In hostage situation, the authorities are faced with individuals or groups of
individuals with psychological mentality, commitment, behavior stress and
behavioral intolerance of varying degree aggravated by the unpredictability of
human behavior.
In dealing with hostage situations, the priorities are to:
1. preserve lives
2 apprehend the captors, and
3. recover or protect properties.
 According to experts, a hostage taking may last for an hour to more than
forty hours. Hostage takers and hostages and even the negotiators become tired
and stressed out of the long period of crisis intervention. Hostage become
impatient waiting for their safe release or rescue. With this, there is a great
possibility of the birth of the Stockholm's Syndrome. This is characterized by
transference of attention between the captors and captives. The hostage towards
his captors may generate positive feelings.
STAGES OF A HOSTAGE SITUATION

1. Alarm Stage
This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous. In the alarm stage, the
emotion of the hostage taker is exceedingly in its highest peak, his rationalization
and proper thinking i is low, He may be extremely aggressive in his reaction to any
perceived threat. E.g. escape of hostages, tactical assault, .
2. Crisis Stage
In this stage, when negotiation attempts are being initiated by the crisis
negotiator. Outrageous demands and unpredictable emotion are marked or
commonly noted in the hostage taker. There is still a great deal of danger since
hostage takers try to consolidate their positions.
To do these, they try to move their hostages to a safer ground area. On the
part of the captive, this is the most critical because this stage may predict the
remainder of the situation. Chances of survival may be enhanced or reduced during
this stage through the hostage-hostage taker interaction. At this stage hostages
may start to feel three (3) problems:

✓ Isolation,

✓Claustrophobia

✓ Sense time
Sense of time becomes important on who are hoping for rescue. This
situation so in favor of the stage taker as they can compliance from their captives.
3.Accommodation Stage
This is distinguished by boredom, and with moments of terror. Though is
considered as the longest yet is the most tranquil. In the crisis stage, and even in
the alarm stage, hostages are considering escape options but in the
accommodation stage, their initiative and planning are narrowed since captors has
increased control over them. The hostages sense of life preserving has increased
and even tries to obey the orders. Stockholm's syndrome will likely to occur
between the captors and the victims. One looks into this phenomenon in the
negative that one must say that cooperation of hostages to the negotiator is
constricted.
4.Resolution Stage
This is the stage when the hostage taker is being stressed out or fatigued of
the situation. He is seemingly losing interest of the situation and lost most of his
bargaining points. Tension between the hostages, hostage taker and the crisis
negotiator are notably low. It should be regarded also that the crisis intervention
techniques of the negotiation team have increased. In this stage, reactions of the
hostages are mixed either blaming their captors or may become hostile and
uncooperative to their rescuers and even accusing them to be the responsible for
the whole situation. They might even appraise their captors taking care (saving)
their lives though their captors placed them into a hell experience.

THE HOSTAGE TAKER

It is a must that a police officer who first arrived at the scene has the
necessary skill to determine what type or personality of the hostage taker is. This
does not mean that he must diagnose the perpetrator. In assessing the situation,
one must be able to determine and know the two kinds of behavior:
1. Instrumental behavior - those who are engaging in this kind of behavior
are having goals to obtain or to be fulfilled. Generally, hostage takers of
instrumental behavior are criminal types and intervention usually needs
bargaining. E.g barricaded criminals, or other organized crime groups.
2. Expressive behavior -This kind of behavior is characterized by their
attempt to display power. Those who engage in this kind are emotionally disturbed
individuals. E.g. mentally insane, etc.
 Mentally Disturbed
This group suffers from They may or may not in touch with reality. A
mentally disturbed individual may be a loner, irresistible act in accordance
with non-existing in force, or on a false belief or a stimulus.
 Psychosis
is a gross and persistent falsification of conventional reality that
leaves the person unable to manage conventional reality with any degree of
effectiveness.
 Delusion
is the faulty belief that is motivated primarily by the individual's
needs and wishes and in fact, has no basis.
 Hallucination
is manifested in a visual image that is quite vivid and real to the
individual who experiences it.
 Paranoia
 is a set of fixed delusional beliefs that are accompanied by clear and
orderly thinking outside the e delusion system, Paranoia manifests itself. A
paranoid has been described as "vigilant suspicious, distrustful, insecure,
and chronically anxious".

 Schizophrenia
is a thinking disorder. Expert says that, approximately 80 percent of
the mentally ill of the s of this schizophrenic. There are subculation are kind
of mental disorder, the catatonic state and the hebephrenic state.
Catatonic state s demonstrated by the patient's rigidly held is position for
some interminable period of time, while Hebephrenic state is when the
subject acts childlike and silly.
 Neurosis
is suffered by a person if most likely to be observed in a continuous
state of anxiety. Erratic behavior would more than likely be displayed by
reaction to anxiety in the form of ego defense mechanism such as
rationalization, projection or displacement. The signs and depression
withouting uncontrollably explanation.
 Manic depressive personality
Depressed individuals are in an incapacitated mental state. He may
frequently know the hostages and the latter might be the cause of his
depression. Negative outlook in life, feeling unworthy, slow speech, suicidal
and unpredictable and extremely dangerous are the characteristics of this
type of mentally disturbed. To a one who is a suicidal type, he might inflict
harm or even kill one of the hostages and the police will
 Inadequate personality
This is a type of person that displays attention-seeking behavior.
Hostage taking is his action to prove himself or his worth. During the
commission of the crime, he tends to delay his actions and be caught in
flagrante in order for him to prove himself ("I'll show them"). o
characteristics are homicidal, loser complex, maybe fired from many jobs
and is in touch with reality. Though they are emotionally disturbed, yet they
are apologetic to their behavior (I'm sorry but I have to do this to prove that
I can be a good worker...").
 Anti-sociality
Those who belong to this kind of are repeatedly having conflict with
the people around them and deviant behavior from groups, a notably having
social values and or individuals. They defend their face from embarrassment
by blaming others in the form or rationalization. Anti socials, when takes
hostages, are generally engages in expressive acts and they are likely to
dehumanize the hostages, and this is an indication that they are dangerous
individuals.
 The estranged person
Domestic problem is the main cause why an estranged individual
takes hostages. The hostages are commonly known to him and mostly are his
 family members. The hostage taker is experiencing from relationship
breakdown in his or her interpersonal relationships and hostage taking is
employed to compel the relationship to be maintained. The hostage taker at
his point is afraid of losing the significant others, In order to carry out
hostage-taking, alcohol and prohibited drugs are used to have thei necessary
courage
 Terrorists
Terrorism throughout the world has been alarming for the past
decades and even at present. Countries around the world have been facing
terrorism problems either local or international groups. In the United States
alone, it has been reported that there are local terrorists sowing fear,
insecurity and unrest amongst the people. They create chaos through
assassinations, bombing, arson and other forms of malicious destruction of
properties.
 Barricaded Criminals
This type might be robbers cornered by the police while in the act of
committing their crime (i.e bank robbers). Either barricaded in a building,
roadblock or on getaway cars. Hostages may be employees, bystanders or
both caught in the process of is reaction of the criminal when cornered.
Some law enforcement officers consider barricaded criminals as attention
seekers, but others describe then in the contrary as they avoid being
identified. Their primary aim is to escape safely taking with them the
hostages: as shield to prevent being shot by the police, Usually barricaded
criminals are engaged in instrumental acts as they demand for material
things such as getaway cars, firearms, money, and safe escape.
 Prisoners
While most prisoners spend most of their time inside the correctional
institutions, some are concentrated on penal colonies under tight guards
and to those who are completely secluded inside their prison cells, they are
haunted by boredom, get tired and hostile. These may be due to the strict
implementation of house rules, favoritism and poor prison conditions (Lack
of recreational activities and inadequate facilities, poor structuring etc.).
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

I. Discuss briefly:

1. The Stages of Hostage Situation

 Lesson 4

NEGOTIATION PROCEDURE

NEGOTIATION MODELS
 Bargaining Negotiation Approach
In this approach, negotiation is viewed in terms of an exchange or
distribution of resources.
 Expressive Negotiation Approach
This approach is mainly focused on the emotional state of the hostage
taker as a powerful tool to resolving of crisis situation. Expressive
negotiation approach came to existence with the u of psychology, human
relations theory and research. Both assume that the nature and quality of
interpersonal relationships play a large role in resolving conflict.
 Communication-based approach
This approach is founded on an interactive assessment if the crisis
[hostage] situation as it unfolds and is created through the interaction of
the negotiator and the perpetrator. Therefore, communication-based
approach is an interactive process wherein negotiators and hostage takers
react to each message behavior.

PRISON HOSTAGE SITUATION

Experience shows, time factor worked both for and against authorities.
Allowing the passage of time generally permits the leader to exploit his position by
consolidating his leadership. Thus, able to create a formidable bastion which
cannot be neutralized without loss of life. Whereas, action taken immediately,
before the prisoners can organize and arm themselves may well be less costly.
 Demand for freedom, normally is non-negotiable. But if, circumstance show,
it is the only to save the hostages, it may be granted with the permission of the
highest authority and must be followed with hot pursuit after.
Demand for Superintendent, Warden, or even Governor, or highest
authority, as negotiator does not give incennated and demands for more. Perhaps,
taker In some some cases, hostage isolation and reason would be the most
effective way to handle this situation.

Technique of Kidnap/Hostage Success

Hall mark of Success: Blending of tactical response and behavior know-how
(calls for, development of tactics, using blocking and containment forces;
expertise in use of weapons: deployment of instant communications: use of
behavioral experts-cool headed and with professional. leadership.
This calls for training programs for the Police in these vital areas,
 Considerable Screening
All members of the team (Negotiators, Admin. Aide, Operational
Aide, Sharpshooters. Patrol Personnel, etc.) in their respective line of
activities, once chosen, they should be given the free reign in handling and
evaluating areas and incident for the should a seniors officer continue to
counter manned orders in the site, the results will certainly be bundled.
 Psychology
Analyze various situations and develop strategies using psychological
technique rather than force to obtain release of hostages. Point of training
is to provide a basis for understanding and anticipating hostage taker's
moves, as well as possible reactions to police tactics.
 Physical Training
Physical conditioning, weapon disarming method, and unarmed self
defense are vital to control the demands of the situations.
 Firearms
Pistols and revolvers, sniper scope rifle, assault weapons such as
shotgun (double barrel) and sub-machine gun, tear gus with bullet proof
vests.
 Electronic Equipment
Familiarization on the use of wireless transmitter, electric taking devices
covert surveillance devices, etc.
 Emergency rescue Ambulance
How to use or operate auxiliary equipment; public address system;
firefighting unit; first gear ambulance may be used as a safe base to start
negotiation.
 Vehicle Operation
Escape vehicle and chase vehicle, with attention placed on street and
routes from various location in the site of incidents to destination (airport
or other terminal) for tactical advantage.
 Liaison
Jurisdiction matters cleared, cooperation with other agencies on
possible routes must be sought.Upon arrival at the scene of incident, the
negotiator should execute/act immediately the following:

1. Containment
controlling situation and area by people involved. Other
people/bystanders must be obliged to get out from the area as
they may add more problems.
2. Establish contact
immediately after positioning at advantage position,
communicate with the leader, he may introduce himself by saying
"My name is _________I am_________ a am willing to help. Never
tell him your rank: the hostage taker might think you can give. So
that he may ask for impossible demand. Neither should the
negotiator give the feeling that he has the authority decide. Do
not bluff.
3. Time Lengthening
Give more time to police to organize and coordinate plan of
action.
4. Telephone Negotiation
Technique be the caller, plan and prepare, be ready with
graceful exit and discipline yourself to listen. Where a demand is
impossible to get, stall time by explaining that you need to talk
other people. Hold on to your concession. But when concession is
granted try to get something in return. Say a grant of food; get
the release of sick or old people in exchange. Then there is no
demand at all.
5. Need for Face-to-face Conversation
don't be ever anxious prepare for proper psychological,
physical and emotional confrontation. Wear body armor and
possess a weapon, but if ask to come without a weapon, ensure
that they too should lay down arms before entering. When
entering, see to it that you are protected with tactical back up
and consider that hostage taker might have window of the
building. Coming on face-to-face situation, maintain proper
distance, observe their movement, elicit a promise or motivate
them to surrender. In retreating, or in getting out of the room,
face hostage takers slowly back out of the door with good cover
or tactical back up.
6. Surrender Approach
start with a position. approach, act as if hostage taker will
surrender. Do not talk too much. Gradually ask him to surrender.
Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk details of surrender
process and explain why now is better than later.
 Advantages of Telephone Conversation
1. Easier to say decline of demands.
2. Easier to conclude the conversation
3. Conversation is quicker

4. Important items are more easily communicated

5. Caller has the advantage
Telephone conversation, however, are impersonal where the negotiator is
unable to see the hostage taker, the hostages, reactions and conditions. Weapons
and ammunitions are non-negotiable.
Hostage Taker and Negotiator Relationship
1 Trust and Rapport- while trust must be there, beware of it.
2 Deceit tell lies but don't be caught.
Demand of Hostage answer: Money. Escapes, Vehicles

Rules of Providing Answer

1. Delay, impress hostage taker even simple demand is hard to get; that you
need to talk with commander or other people, etc.
2. Get something in return for every concession granted, like aged, sick and
young hostages.
3. Don't give concession at once, subject to interpretation that you could
get easily.

Face-to-Face Negotiation
1. Don't be overanxious.
2. Wear body armor.
3. Have tactical back-up (sniper).
4. Traps at doors or windows.
5. Entering without gun being pointed at you.
6. Face-to-face mountain distance;
a. Person distance - 1 to 3 feet.
b. Intimate distance about 6 inches
 7. Withdrawing facing hostage taker slowly backing out of the door.

Effects of Time
1. Hostage taker will wear down emotionally, psychologically.
2. Hostage taker has more demand for food and water.
3. Anxiety reduce, hostage taker given chance to organize his true self.
4. Hostage takers rationality increase,
5. Hostage taker and negotiator relationships improves.
6. Hostage takers demand may be reduced.
7. Stockholm syndrome may be developed.

PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR HOSTAGE SITUATION

In a relatively small town or community where it could merely depend on a
small contingent of police force, it must for purpose of preparation designate a
crisis management task group.
Designation and Duties
1 Field Commander
 Takes charge of all forces
 Provide containment of hostage taker - scale of place, evaluate civilians
 Establish contact with hostage taker
 Consult with Command Officer
2 Operational Aide
 Report to yield negotiator
 Set up temporary headquarters
 Coordinate assignment of off-duty personnel arriving at the scene
 Assisting units as necessary
 Relay orders/information to involved personnel; receive requests
3 Administrative Aide

Report of filed negotiator - Supervise temporary headquarters Maintains

records of operations and units at scene

4. Patrol Personnel - Contain hostage takers (perpetrators) and help evacuate

civilians out scene.
5. Assault Team (with one leader)
  Sharpshooter with high powered arms on flack vests, (protective
armor) Chemical agent
 Need facilities (two-way radio for each of the above and what to do)
which is set in single frequency (strict discipline needed) and
communication to originate from operational aide, form or orders,
request or updating information.

What is Important
1. Dry Run-one way to ensure hostage negotiating unit can establish control over a
situation.
2. Considerable Screening members; one chosen; the team members should be
given free rein in handling and evaluating of any of incident. for should a senior
officer begins countermanding orders in the site, the results will certainly be a
both bundled.
3. Patrol units, assault units, etc., should know exactly whose command they are
under.
4. Rescue efforts must run strictly from the top down.

Implementation of Methods to Deal with Hostage Situation

Hostage situations of the revised PNP Operational Procedures provides the
following,
a. A crisis management task group shall be activated immediately.
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.
c. Unauthorized person/s shall not be allowed for entry and exit to the
incident scene.
d. Witness/es name/s addresses and other information shall be recorded.
Witness shall be directed to a safe location.

The Ground Commander-the only person responsible for the command being the
ground commander in the era.
The Negotiator/s- they shall be designated by the Ground Commander. No one
shall be allowed to talk to the hostage taker without clearance from the
negotiating panel or ground commander.
Assault Team- an assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the
negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily
recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operations. Bonnets shall not be
used.
Assault Plan- the assault shall be planned to ensure minimal threat to life
Support Personnel- an ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be
detailed at the incident.
Coordination- proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to
consolidate efforts in solving crisis.
Safety of Hostage/s- in negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the
hostage shall always be paramount

NEGOTIATION PROCEDURES
 Stabilize and contain the situation.
 Select the right time to contact the hostage taker.
 Take time when negotiating.
 Allow hostage take to speak.
 Don't offer the hostage to offer anything. What he will ask will be part of
the negotiation. .
 Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage
taker.
 Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible: avoid tricks, be sincere.
 Never dismiss any request from the hostage taker as trivial or unimportant.
 Never say "NO."
 Soften the demands.
 Never set deadline. Try not to accept a deadline.
 Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in the negotiation.
 Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the
negotiation process, unless their presence is extremely necessary; do not
exchange a negotiator for a hostage.
 Avoid negotiating face-to-face.
 Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to
participate in hostage negotiations.
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

I. Discuss briefly the three Negotiation Approach.

II. Discuss briefly the advantages of Telephone Conversation in

Negotiation.