fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;f khjpupAUf;fs;

fp.Gz;zpa%u;j;jp
1. khw;wj;Jf;fhd jilapid ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; khjpupAU ORC model
(Overcoming Resistance to Change)

,e;j khjpupahdJ Mrpupau;fs;>khztu;fs; kw;Wk; r%fk; Nghd;w fiyj;jpl;lg;

gadhspfs;kPJ fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;Feu;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpy;
tpgupf;fpwJ.mjhtJ ehk; khw;wj;ij tpUk;gpdhy; kf;fspd; re;Njfq;fs; mtu;fspd;
jtwhd Gupjy;fs; njhlu;gpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;Feu;fs; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;>

ngWkhdq;fs;>mDkhdq;fs;>ek;gpf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; fiyj;jpl;lg; gadhspfSf;F
tpsf;fkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; gzpahsu;fSf;F fiyj;jpl;lj;ij
mKyhf;FkhW cj;jutpLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.mtu;fsJ
ftdq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fsJ ftdq;fisg; gpd;tUk; ehd;F
tFjpfSf;Fs; cs;slf;f KbAk;.

1. njhlu;gpy;yhj ftdq;fs; (Unrelated Concerns)

njhlu;gpy;yhj ftdq;fs; vd;gJ Mrpupau;fs; jkf;Fk; jkf;Fg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

khw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit mwpahjpUg;gij my;yJ mwpe;Jk; mJ
jdf;FupaJ vdf; fUjhky; ,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j khw;wj;ij mtu;
vjpu;f;fkhl;lhu;. Vndd;why; ,e;j khw;wk; jdJ njhopy;thz;ikapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gij mtu; czu;e;jpUf;fkhl;lhu;.

2. jdpg;gl;l ftdk; (Personal Concerns)

,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Mrpupau; jd;Dld; njhlu;Ggl;l Gjpa khw;wq;fSf;F vjpuhf

vjpu;tpidahw;Wthu;. Gjpa khw;wk; Vw;fdNt cs;s fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; vj;jifa
njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.

3. gzp njhlu;ghd ftdq;fs; (Task-related Concerns)

,e;j epiy Gjpa khw;wj;jpd; cz;ikahd gad;ghl;Lld; njhlu;GilaJ ,e;jf;
fl;lj;jpy; Mrpupau; Gjpa khw;wj;ijf; fw;gpf;fj; Njitahd Neuk;>nghUl;fs;>gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba cj;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lthu;.
4. jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd ftdq;fs; (Impact-related Concerns)

,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; > Gjpa khw;wk;> kw;wtu;fspy;; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk;

vd;gjpy; Mrpupau; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.
ORC khjpupapy; ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; 2k;> 3k;> 4k;
fl;lq;fs; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

2. jiyik> jil> ghlnewp khjpup

(LOC - Leadership-Obstacle Course model)
,e;j khjpup> khw;wk; njhlu;gpy; gzpahsu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; vjpu;g;gpdpy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. ,jd;gb fiyj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; vjpu;g;gpd;
msT kw;Wk; mjd; ,ay;igj; jPu;khdpf;fj; juTfisr; Nrfupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
Kd;nkhopfpwJ. ,J gpd;tUtdtw;why; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
1. Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gj; (innovation) njhlu;gpy; njspthd Gupjy;fisf;
nfhz;ltu;fshf xOq;fikg;gpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. xOq;fikg;gpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpwd;fs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.mjhtJ xOq;fikg;gpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; GJikfisr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. GJikahf;fj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
4. NjitNaw;gbd; xoq;fikg;gpd; fl;likg;ig khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; GJikahf;fj;Jld; ,zf;fkhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
5. GJikahf;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fs;> GJik ntw;wpngwj; Njitahd Neuj;ijAk;
Kaw;rpiaAk; nrytplj; J}z;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. LOC khjpupahdJ fy;tp khw;wj;ij %d;W epiyfspd; tupirahff; fUJfpwJ.
1. Muk;gk; (initiation)
2. mKyhf;f Kaw;rp (Attempted Implementation)
3. xUq;fpizg;G (Incorporation)
,e;j khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp xU fl;lj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gl;l mKyhf;fy; jilfs; kw;nwhU
fl;lj;jpy; kPsTk; Njhd;wf;$Lk; vd;gjhy; ,e;j khjpupahdJ xUKiw jPu;ff ; g;gl;l
gpur;rpidfs; kPd;Lk; Njhd;Wfpd;wdth? vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;f fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;
gpd;D}l;ly; nghwpKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. ,izg;G khjpup (Linkage Model)

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Nghd;w Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L ikaq;fspy; Gj;jhf;Feu;fs;

,Ug;gij ,izg;G khjpup mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. vdpDk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpYs;s
fy;tpapayhsu;fs; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhff; fz;lwpAk; Gj;jhf;fq;fs;
nghUj;jkw;wjhff; fhzg;gLtjw;Fk; ,lKz;L. vdNt fz;lwpag;gLk;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; fz;lwpag;gLk; Gj;jhf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,izg;G
,Uf;fNtz;baJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;. ,e;j khjpup ,uz;L mikg;Gf;fis toq;FfpwJ
1. gaDfup mikg;G (User System)
2. ts mikg;G (Resource System)

,e;j ,U mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU ,izg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gad; Efup

mikg;gpy; jdpahl;fspd; gpur;rpidfSk; r%fg;gpur;rpidfSk; cs;slq;Fk;.
ts mikg;ghdJ fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jgtupd; gpur;rpidfisg; gw;wpa
njspthd glj;ijf; (Clear Picture) nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ nghUj;jkhd
fy;tprhu; nghjpfis (Educational Packages) cUthf;f my;yJ kPl;nlLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU ntw;wpfukhd ts mikg;G mjd; cw;gj;jpiag; guprPypg;gjw;fhfg; gpur;rpidiaf;
fz;lwpjy;> NjLjy;> kPl;nlLj;jy;>jPu;it cUthf;Fjy;> gug;Gjy;> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL
nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; Row;rpapy; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,izg;G khjpupapd;
mbg;gilr; nrad;Kiw gupkhw;wkhFk;.

4. khw;W Kftu; khjpup(RCA- RCA (Rand Change Agent model)

epWtdr; nraw;ghLfs; khw;wj;Jf;fhd Kf;fpa jilahf miktjhf ,e;j khjpup

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ORC kw;Wk; LOC khjpupfspy; cs;sijg; NghyNt ,e;j khjpup khw;wr;
nray;ghl;by; gpd;tUk; %d;W epiyfis Kd;itf;fpwJ.

1. Muk;gk;

,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fgtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j khw;wj;jpw;fhd

Mjuitg; ngWtjw;Fg; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;fs;.; Fwpj;j Gjpa khw;wk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;J kf;fs; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjD}lhfj; jkJ Mjuit
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;.
2. mKyhf;fk; (Implementation)
fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;f eltbf;iff;Fr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l egu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l MjuT
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; khw;wj;jpd; Njit kw;Wk; mJ vt;thW
epfo Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; Mrpupau;fSf;F tpsf;fkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. xUq;fpizg;G Incorporation

,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;l epfo;rr

; pj; jpl;lj;jpd;
xU gFjpahf khWk;. mKyhf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; ntw;wpfukhf ,lk;ngWtijg; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fspypUe;J Cfpf;fyhk;.
1. Kd;nkhopag;gl;l khw;wj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
2. fy;tp kw;Wk; epu;thf Copau;fspd; jpwd;fs;
3. cs;Su; r%fj;jpd; jahh;epiy
4. xOq;fikg;Gf; fl;likg;G

xUq;fpizg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy; epfo;rr

; pj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahfr; Nru;f;fg;gl;l khw;wq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;jj; Njitahd gzpahsu;fSk; epjpAjtpAk; toq;fg;gLk;.

5. epWtd Nkk;ghl;L khjpup

,J xU epWtdj;jpd; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU ePz;lJ}u Kaw;rpahFk;.

Fwpg;ghf $l;lhfg; gpur;rpidfisf; fz;lwpjy;> kw;WK epWtd Kfhikj;Jtk;> FOg;
gzp> epWtdf; fyhrhuk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,e;j khjpupapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ.
Wendell French and Cecil Bell MfpNahu; VO gz;Gfisg; gl;baypl;Ls;sdu; mitahtd

1. cUthFk; gpur;rpidfisj; FOj;jiyaPl;bd; %yk; jPu;g;gij typAWj;Jjy;

2. FO kw;Wk; jiyaPl;Lf; FO nray;KiwfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jy;
3. nray;epiy Ma;tpidg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
4. epWtdj;pDs; xj;Jiog;ig typAWj;Jjy;
5. epWtdj;jpd; fyhrhuj;ij KOikahd Kiwikapd; xU gFjpahf czu;jy;
6. xOq;fikg;gpd; nghWg;gpYs;stu;fs; MNyhrfu;fshf >cjtpahsu;fshfg;
gzpahWfpwhu;fs; vd;gij czu;jy;
7. njhlue;J khwptUk; #oypy; epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija ,aq;Fepiyiag;
ghuhl;Ljy;
 gpur;rpidia mgptpUj;jp
,dq;fhzy; #o;epiyf;
fzpg;gPL

gpd;D}l;ly; nraw;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lkply;

KbTfisg; mKyhf;fy;
gFg;gha;T jpl;lk;
nra;jy;

juT
Nrfupg;G

1. gy;NtW topfSk; xOq;FfSk;

2. gy;NtW El;gq;fis cs;slf;Fjy;
3. ,yf;if miljy;
4. gzpf; fyhrhuj;ij khw;Wjy;
5. gzpapy; ftdk; nrYj;jp jk;khy; ,aYkhd gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
6. xOq;fikg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfisf; fz;lwpjy;
7. #oikit khw;Wjy;
8. fzpg;gPli
; l Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfisf; fz;lwpjy;
9. juT Nrfupj;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk;

6. mf;fiw mbg;gilapyhd Vw;G khjpupAU (CBAM - Concerns-Based

Adoption Model)

ve;jnthU mwpTWj;jy; Kaw;rpAk; ntw;wpngw Mrpupau;fs; me;j Kaw;rpapd; ntw;wpapy;

Mu;tj;ij ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;fspd; mf;fiwfs; ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. Raeyk; gw;wpa mf;fiw

2. khztu;fspd; ed;ik gw;wpa mf;fiwfs; (Fuller, 1969).

fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;Feu;fs; Mrpupau;fspd; mf;fiwfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j khjpup> fy;tpapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; >tpsf;Fk;>
fz;fhzpf;Fk;> juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. xU
xOq;fikg;gpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j ,e;j khjpup gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j khjpupapy; 03 gupkhzq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

1. GJikf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; (Innovation Configurations)

xU GJikf;fl;likg;G khjpup xU rpwe;j fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;fj;ijj; njspthfg;

glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. gzpahsu;fspd; Kaw;rpfis topelhj;JtjpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ.

2. ftdj;jpd; gbepiyfs; Stages of Concern

tpdhf;nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy;>kw;Wk; Ra mwpf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhfg; Gjpa epfo;rr

; pj;
jpl;lk; njhlu;gpyhd gzpahsu;fspd; mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffis epWtdj;
jiytu;fs; milahsk; fhz ,k;Kiw cjTfpwJ. jpul;lg;gLk; jfty;fisf;nfhz;L
jdpahl;fspd; gpur;rpidfis epWtdj; jiytu;fs; jPu;j;J itf;f eltbf;if vLf;f
KbAk;

3. gad;ghl;L epiyfs; Levels of Use

xU Gjpa epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lj;ij gzpahsu;fs; vt;thW jdpj;jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;f ,k;Kiw cjTfpwJ ,jw;fhf Neu;fhzy;
fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU Gjpa epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lj;ij ahu; mjpfk;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;>ahu; Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs>; ahu; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy
vd;gij epWtdj; jiytu; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. mJjtpu Kjy;fl;l
mtjhdpg;gpD}lhfTk; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;j KbAk;.