ANSIIIES-RP-7-1991

Revision of ANSIIIES-RP-7-1983

Prepared by the IES

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Published by
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.

Copyright 0 1991 by the

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or othelwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-87995-032-3
Approved April 9,1990
IESNA Board of Directors as a Transaction of the
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
Approved January 22,1991 by the
American National Standards Institute, Inc.
Contents
Page

Foreword............................................................................................................
.i
Preface ...............................................................................................................
ii
Introduction...................................................................................1
..
General cond~t~ons 1
Factors affecting indu

Contrast .........................

Age and subnormal visio

Factors of good illumi

% >*.."'
Low-bay areas...........................................................................
a
. ,i_
7
'-'& .V
-,, ,
Medium-bay areas +; ................................................................. 7
High-bay areas .............................. ............................................ 7
Office area 7
Outdoor areas ........................................................................................8
Daylight . ...................................................8
General .................................... . ..................................................8
Building orientation and site conditions ..............................................8
General .........................................................................................
8
North elevations....................................................................................
8
Sunny elevations ..................................... 8
Building architectural sections .................... .................. . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Sidelighting ...............................
...... ......................................... 9
Toplighting .............................................................................................9
Transmitting materials and shielding elements ...................................10
Transmitting materials .........................................................................10
Shielding elements .............................................................................11
Dirt accumulation.................................................................................11
. . .
Electric lighting ....................................................................................11
General ................................................................................................
11
.
Types of lumtnatres
. ............................................................................
: 12
General................................................................................................
12
Direct ........................................................
;..........................................12
Semi-direct ......................................................................................... 14
General diffuse and direct indirect.......................................................
14
Semi-indirect .......................................................................................
14
Indirect.................................................................................................
14
Summary .............................................................................................
14
Lighting methods for industrial areas ..................................................
15
Introduction..........................................................................................
15
General lighting ...................................................................................
15
. .
Localized general hghting.................................................................... 15
Supplementary lighting........................................................................
15
Special concerns and techniques........................................................18
. .
Emergency ltghting..............................................................................
22
Factors of special consideration.................... .
................................ 22
Security lighting................................................................................. 23
Maintenance ........................................................................................24
Importance ......................................................................................... 24
. . .
Depreciation in illum~nance.................................................................24
General ...............................................................................................
24
Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD).......................................................25
Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) ....:..................................................... 25
Room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD) ..............................................
25
Access to equipment ...........................................................................
25
Dirt accumulation.................................................................................
25
Cleaning ..............................................................................................25
General ................................................................................................
25
. .
Luminatre.............................................................................................
25
 Room surfaces.................................................................................... 26

Group relamping.................................................................................
26

Safety..................................................................................................26

importance..........................................................................................
26

Illuminance levels ...............................................................................25

Other factors .......................................................................................

27

Lighting evaluation..............................................................................
27

References ........................................................................................................27

Annex

Method of prescribing illuminance ............................... .................. 30 .

.
llluminance selection procedure...................................................... 30

Limitations of the selection procedure............................................. 30

Example of illuminance selection................................ .................... 31

Currently recommended illuminance categories and values for
industrial lighting design (target maintained levels) ............................ 33

Disability glare .................................................................................. 45

Measurement.....................

Calculations .........

Applications of veiling luminanc

Control of disability glare.

........................................... 47

Incandescant filament lamp

Fluorescent lamps .......

Ballasts .................................

Lamp performance factors

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps ........................ .

.................... 49

Lamp performance factors ........................

........................................ 49

Ballasts ............................................................................................. 49

Electronic ballasts.............................................................................. 50
Foreword vhis foreword is not a part of the American National Standard Practice for
Industrial L~ghting,ANSIIIES RP7-1991.)
I n 1915 the Illuminating Engineering Society prepared and issued The Code of
Lighting: Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places. This code was revised under
the procedures of the American National Standards Institute in 1921, 1930, 1942,
1952, 1973, 1979, and 1983 under the title, "American Standard Practice for In-
dustrial Lighting."
This revision continues to emphasize the principles of good industrial lighting to
achieve improvements in productivity, product quality, and accident prevention.
Energy management is also an important consideration. In addition, the IES Com-
mittee o n Industrial Lighting has included the procedure for establishing appropri-
ate ranges of illuminance for various industrial interiors. Portions of the existing
material have been edited to provide a clearer and more concise document.

IES Committee o n industrial lighting

R.G. Iwine, Chairman (1987-1989)
P.F. Lienesch, Chairman (1989-1991)
T. ..Ake*
.... C.H. Loch'
C.L. Amick J.A. Lowe'
R.W. Barnes' A.J. Maillet
J.A. Bastianpillai' D.G. Meredith*
R.S. Beckford C.M. Merjave'
P.C. Belding K. Nesbin
A.S. Birkenbach D.S. Paulin'
J.F Branson' E.L. Peck
F.P. Buenaventura* M.J. P&
K.H. Cannino R.J. Platania
R.E. condo; J.L. Ponzer'
D. Cosgrove J.A. Rey-Barreau'
C.L Crouch' G.D. Rowe'
RE. Dahlin' E.J. Russo'
R.G. Davis' R.P. Senecal*
N. Falk M.R. Sanders
.I.L. Fetters
~ ~
J.L. Sinciair
D.H. Finch R.J. Sledz
R.J. Figuerido' E.L. Smith'
M.D. Fontaine' R.L. Steele'
H.A. Fouke R.W. Stockis
C.P. Franks* D.L. Stymiest
J.P. Fr~er T.J. Sullivan
B.G. Helton W.A. Tavlor
D.B. Hiza W.Z. ~aylor
R.F. Hughes J.D. Todd
R.G. Hughes' E.H. Unruh
W.H. Johnson' P.M. Wang'
J.S. Jolly' J. Walfish
FD. Justice D.M. Warfield'
J.M. ~ e n d e r R.C. Webb^
E.G. Kiener RE. Weber
R.L. Knott' G.L. Westergren'
F. Kohlmeier' C.A. Whitley'
K.A. Kondos' A. Willingham'
M.L. Lee' L.A. Williams
Advisory
 Preface (This Preface is not a part of the American National Standard Practice for ln-
dustrial Lighting, ANSIIIES RP7-1991.)
Human needs

Good industrial lighting contributes to human needs because it helps to enhance

safety, facilitate seeing, and create or influence emotional response. Historically,
the physical needs have had the greater industrial emphasis: lighting systems de-
signed to supply sufficient task illumination for safe human performance with a
minimum of seeing effort. In recent years, there has been additional emphasis on
safety and energy efficiency and in the creation of attractive work places. The in-
telligent use of light can improve the visual environment-frequently at little or no
added cost-which, in itself, contributes to safety and a sense of well-being.

Energy concern

Today, energy costs and ener management are significant elements in the de-
sign and operation of lighting." The need for the prudent use of energy necessi-
tates conscientious analysis and informed decision with respect to the benefits of
industrial lighting. The goals outlined in this practice can be achieved with effec-
tive energy management if the designer and user will:
1) Use lamps and luminaires appropriate to the purpose.

2) Follow sensible operating procedures.

3) Develop and follow a planned maintenance program.
Fortunately, modern lamps, luminaires, and design techniques permit opportuni-
ties for energy and cost savings. Thus, industrial lighting--properly designed, op-
erated, and maintained-becomes a "tool of production," which is an economical
instrument to conserve human and electrical energy.

Illuminance recommendations
In 1979, the IES adopted the policy of recommending iliuminance in ranges, re-
placing the previously recommended single values for specific :asks.6 These
ranges were derived by consensus from many individuals in North America and in
other countries in the world. The designer can make an appropriate illuminance
selection within the ranges to recognize: (1) the decreased visual capabilities of
older people; (2) the added difficulty of tasks of small size or of poor contrast, or
both, and (3) the varying need for speed and accuracy.
This standard describes the illuminance range method. in addition, repre-
sentatives of certain industries have established tables of single iliuminance val-
ues that, in their opinion, represent appropriate illuminances for the listed tasks
and may be used in preference to the iliuminance range method.

Research
Research has shown that there is significance in the way lighting is applied and
that certain design techniques contribute to improved visibility: that visibility is re-
lated to illuminance. It is almost intuitive that high illuminances are needed to
make dark-colored, low- contrast tasks as readily visible as light-colored, high-
contrast tasks under low illuminances. Research further demonstrates that in ad-
dition to visibility, other factors affecting the ease of seeing suggest a minimum of
200 lux [20 footcandles] on all industrial tasks where there is a sustained seeing
requirement?
 Environment. Industrial management is increasingly aware of the following: that
people are more satisfied in a pleasant environment; that good lighting contrib-
utes to safety, visibility, and better housekeeping; and that good lighting improves
morale, motivation, and productivity. Much is being done to create pleasing visual
conditions: industrial managers can now select from light-colored interior finishes
and machines, good color combinations, and interesting patterns and textures.
Value of Lighting. The value of a properly applied industrial lighting system is de-
termined by its cost as related to its benefits. The investment in efficient, high
quality lamps and luminaires can contribute to high productivity. It can contribute
to real savings in human and electrical energy. Conversely, a poorly designed
lighting system with low illuminances can increase costs of operation and reduce
productivity.

iii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSVlES UP-7-1991

American National Standard

Practice for Industrial Lighting -

1 Introduction 2 General conditions

The purpose of industrial lighting is to provide en- 2.1 Factors affecting industrial seeing tasks
ergy efficient illumination in quality and quantity
2.1.1 General
sufficient for safety and to enhance visibility and
productivity within a pleasant environment. It is One sees an object (and, usually, its identifying
essential to investigate and to understand the features) by reflection, transmission, or silhouette.
task, the environment, and the lighting--and their
lndustrial tasks vary in visual difficulty-from
interrelationships. To these ends, the following
highly visible to barely visible. Several factors af-
recommendations should be considered in any
fect task visibility: size, contrast, time, and lumi-
lighting design and implemented in its operation:
nance (photometric brightness). (See 2.1.5.) They
1) Design lighting for expected activity (light for are sufficiently interdependent that compensation
seeing tasks with less light in surrounding non- for a deficiency in one may be made by augment-
working areas). ing (within limits) one of the others to maintain
equal visibility.
2) Design with more effective luminaires.
2.1.2 Size
3) Use light sources of the highest practicable
efficacy (high lumens-per-watt output). It is more difficult to see small things than large
ones. If the size of an object is too small to be
4) Use more efficient luminaires. readily visible, its apparent size may be increased
by optical magnification, or if practicable, by mov-
5) Use air-handling recessed luminaires if ap- ing it closer to the eye. Also, increased illumi-
propriate in clean rooms and other industrial in- nance is usually effective in compensating for
teriors where either air supply or air return (or small size.
both) luminaire functions may be desirable.
Ventilated- and heat-dissipating luminaires may 2.1.3 Contrast
increase light output, decrease dirt collection on
To be readily visible, each detail of a visual task
reflecting surfaces of luminaires, or improve bal-
must differ in luminance or color from its back-
last life.
ground. If discrimination is dependent solely upon
6) Use the lightest appropriate finish on ceilings, luminance differences, visibility is at a maximum
walls, floor and equipment. when contrast of an object with its background is
greatest. For example, there is high contrast of the
7) Determine the need for high color rendering black letters against the white background of this
sources. page. Conversely, there is very low contrast of
black thread on dark cloth. In its relation to size,
8) Provide controls to permit turning off lights
the visibility of very small objects increases as
when not needed.
contrast increases; therefore, within' practical lim-
9) Determine the accessibility of luminaires for its, task contrast should be made as high as pos-
maintenance. sible. Contrast sometimes may be improved by a
more effective angular relationship between the
10) Make use of daylighting as is feasible. light source and the task (see section 4.3.4). Up to
a point, a higher illuminance may help compen-
11) Keep lighting equipment clean and in good
sate for poor contrast.
operating condition.
2.1.4 Time
12) Provide instructions covering operation and
maintenance of lighting equipment. The time spent to evaluate and to complete a job
is one measure of productivity. It takes longer to objects far away from the eye, the thickness of the
see an object of low luminance than one of high crystalline lens decreases allowing the curvature
luminance. It usually requires less time to see of the lens to decrease. Accommodation de-
tasks of high contrast and large size than those of creases rapidly with age. By the mid-forties, most
low contrast and small size. individuals can no longer see clearly at normal
working distances and may -ssd optical assis-
2.1.5 Luminance tance. By age 60, there is vet) M e accommoda-
Luminance is frequently the one controllable factor tive ability remaining in most of the population.
in task visibility. Luminance resulting from the light The need for optical aids can be delayed in such
on the task and its surroundings may be controlled persons when contrasts are optimized by appro-
by varying the amount and distribution of light. Lu- priate lighting design.
minances for good seeing are usually many times 2.1.6.4 Other age factors
those necessary for mere discernment. Higher lu-
minance may compensate for deficiencies in the Other aspects of visual performance that deterio-
other contributing factors. rate with aging include: visual acuity, speed of vi-
sion, ability to detect peripheral movements, abil-
2.1.6 Age and subnormal vision ity to see under sudden changes of lighting, and
2.1 6.1 General resistance to glare.

Illuminance recommendations in this standard 2.2 Factors of good illumination

consider the ages of the workers. Because age
generally debilitates vision, higher illuminance is 2.2.1 General
needed by older workers to compensate for loss in Because good illumination involves many factors,
vision. lighting installations should be designed by a com-
petent lighting designer. The factors may be ex-
2.1.6.2 Pupil size
pressed as quality(the distribution of luminance in
The size of the pupil decreases with age; thus, to a visual environment including the color of light, its
have retinal illuminance equal to that in younger direction, diffusion, and freedom from glare) and
eyes, it is necessary to increase task luminance. quantity (the amount of illumination that produces
the luminance of the task and its surroundings).
2.1.6.3 Accommodation
Accommodation refers t o the ability of the eye to 2.2.2 Quality of illumination
focus on an object or to change its focus from one 2.2.2.1 General
object to another. This is accomplished by in-
creasing or decreasing the refracting power of the Quality of illumination pertains to the distribution
eye's crystalline lens. For objects closer to the of luminances in the visual environment. The term
eye, the thickness of the crystalline lens increases is used in a positive sense and implies that all lu-
allowing the curvature of the lens to increase. For minances contribute favorably to visual perform-
ance, visual comfort, ease of seeing, safety, and
esthetics. Glare, diffusion, direction, uniformity,
Figure 1. Work is performed on delicate meter mechanisms in an
aSSembly mom. Recommended mom surface reflectanas and dif- color, luminance, and luminance ratios all have a
fuse source help to achieve g w d luminance relationships. significant effect on the ability to see easily, accu-
rately, and quickly. Severe seeing tasks (such as
discerndent of fine details over a long period) re-
quire higher quality illumination than those that are
casual or of relatively short duration (see Figure 1).
Although poor quality lighting is easily recognized
as visually uncomfortable and possibly hazardous,
moderate deficiencies are not readily detected.
The cumulative effect of even slightly glaring con-
ditions can result in material loss of visual effi-
ciency and in fatigue.
2.2.2.2 Glare
Glare is the sensation produced by luminance
within the visual field that is sufficiently greater
than that to which the eyes are adapted. Glare Light finishes throughout the space interior further
may cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in vis- contribute to illuminationon the upper surfaces.
ual performance and visibility.
2.2.2.2 Reflected glare and veiling reflections
2.2.2.2.1 Direct glare
Reflected glare is glare from images of high lumi-
Glare resulting from high luminances or from in- nance soukes or from luminance differences re-
sufficiently shielded light sources in the field of flected from any specular (shiny) surface. If the
view is known as direct glare. It usually is associ- seeing task is on a shiny surface, reflected im-
ated with bright luminaires, ceilings, and windows ages of bright, overhead light sources may pro-
that are outside the visual task or area viewed. duce reflected glare. Less obvious are veiling re-
flections that obscure or reduce the visibility of
Direct glare may be reduced by: (1) decreasing task details. In certain instances, controlled reflec-
the luminance of light sources or lighting equip- tions from properly located local light sources may
ment, or both; (2) reducing the area of high lumi- be used to increase the visibility of details such as
nance causing the glare condition; (3) increasing scribe marks on metal (see 4.3.4, Supplementary
the angle between the glare source and the line of Lighting).
vision; and (4) increasing the luminance of the
area surrounding the glare source and its back- Reflected glare is frequently more annoying than
ground. direct glare because it is close to the line of vision
and the eye cannot avoid it. In addition, veiling re-
Unshaded windows are frequent sources of direct flections may reduce task contrast; hence, it may
glare. They may permit direct view of the sun, become difficult to discern detail. There are sev-
bright portions of the sky or bright adjacent build- eral ways to minimize these conditions:
ings. These often constitute large areas of very
high luminance. For a discussion of the methods 1) The luminance of the source should be as
available to control these luminances, see 3.4. low as possible, consistent with the type of work
and the surroundings. Luminaires with low-lumi-
Luminaires that are too bright for their environ-- nance light sources or with adequate shielding
ment will produce glare: discomfort glare or dis- or diffusing media (or both) help to keep the lu-
ability glare, or both. Discomfort glare produces minance of reflected images within reasonable
visual discomfort without necessarily interfering limits. Windows should have suitable shielding.
with visual performance or visibility. Disability
glare reduces both visibility and visual perform- 2) If the luminance of the light source or lumi-
ance and is often accompanied by visual discom- naire cannot be reduced, it may be possible to
fort. To reduce direct glare, luminaires should be position either the lighting equipment or the task
selected and positioned so that luminances in the so that the reflected image will be directed away
workers' normal line of sight are controlled within from the 0 b s e ~ e r .
acceptable ratios (see able 4). This precaution
includes the use of supplementary lighting equip- 3) Increasing the number of luminaires may di-
-an+
,,,cx,L.
minish the effect of reflected glare and veiling
reflections by increasing the illiminance on the
There is such a wide divergence of industrial task that is from luminaires located in positions
tasks and environmental conditions that it may not other than those causing reflections.
be economically feasible to recommend a degree
of quality satisfactory to all needs. Glare-control 4) In special cases it may be practical to reduce
depends on the task, the length of time to perform the reflections from specular surfaces by chang-
it. and those factors that contribute flexibility of ing the character of the offending surface.
f;nctions and equipment and assure more uniform
luminances. Alternate areas of extreme luminance 2.2.2.3 Distribution, reflections, and shadows
differences are undesirable because it tires the
eyes to adjust to them. Uniform horizontal illuminance (where the maxi-
mum level is not more than one-sixth above the
To reduce the luminance difference between the average level; or the minimum, one-sixth below) is
lighted surface of the luminaire and the adjacent frequently appropriate for specific industrial inte-
ceiling areas, both the outer surfaces of the lumi- riors where tasks are closely spaced and where
naires and the ceiling should have high reflec- there are similar tasks requiring the same amount
tances. The luminaire should emit an appropriate of light. In such instances, uniformity permits flexi-
upward component of light to brighten the ceiling. bility of functions and equipment and assures
more uniform luminances. If the luminance ratio is 2.2.3 Quantity of illumination (illuminance)
high, there may be a reaction of discomfort.
2.2.3.1 General
The illuminance on the vertical plane is important.
The desirable illuminance for a space depends
Many tasks involving machining processes, con-
primarily upon the use of that s p a c e t h e seeing
trol panels, assemblies, levers, gauges, s-elving,
tasks, the workers, and the importance of speed
and stacks are located in the vertical plane and re-
and accuracy in performing the tasks
quire separate lighting design.
(see Annex A).
It is potentially a waste of energy to maintain uni- Illuminance recommendations for tasks and
formity between contiguous areas that have sig- spaces are given in Table 1. Recommendations
nificantly different visibility and illumination re- are in illuminance categories (letters A through I)
quirements. (An example of such contiguous ar- and their associated illuminance value ranges.
eas is a storage space adjacent to a machine Recommended illuminance categories for interior
shop.) In such instances, it is prudent to design facilities (Table 61) and illuminance for outdoor fa-
and apply illumination appropriate to each area. It cilities (Table 82) are given in Annex B.
may be accomplished by practicing one or a com-
bination of the following two methods: using lumi- In specific instances, industty representatives
naires of different wattage or changing the quan- have established tables of single illuminance val-
tity and spacing of luminaires in those areas. Lo- ues that, in their opinion, are preferable to employ-
cal lighting restricted to a small work area is usu- ing Tables 1 or B1 for interior areas. These single
ally unsatisfactoty unless there is sufficient gen- illuminance values can be found in Table 83 and
eral illumination. IES reports covering specific industries (see Bibli-
ography). However, illuminance values for specific
Reflections of light sources in the task can fre- operations in those industries can also be deter-
quently be useful if they do not create reflected mined using illuminance categories of similar
glare or veiling reflections. In the machining and tasks and activities found in Tables 1 and B1. In
inspection of small metal parts, reflections can in- any case, the values given are considered to be
dicate faults in contour, make scribe marks more target maintained illuminance.
visible, and so on. Such reflections are usually
created by carefully positioned local sources. (See In Tables 1 and 61, the target values of illumi-
4.3.4 and "Lighting for Machining Small Metals nance for Categories A to C refer to average main-
~arts.?) tained illuminance values. The lumen method, us-
ing zonal-cavity calculated coefficients of utiliza-
Shadows can accent the depth and form of ob- tion for luminaires or for daylighting, predicts such
jects, but harsh shadows should be avoided. average values for categories A to c ? , ' ~ Illumi-
Shadows may be softer and less pronounced nance values for categories E to I are maintained
when an object is illuminated from many sources illuminance on and in the plane of the task, and
or from large, diffusing luminaires; nevertheless, it point calculation methods are appropriate." The
is equally necessaty to avoid confusing shadow procedure for determining light loss factors should
patterns caused by neatby, multiple point sources. always be used in calculating maintained average
Clearly defined shadows without excessive lumi- or point illuminance. (See 5.2.)
nance differences are distinct aids to some special
functions such as engraving polished surfaces, Illuminance levels for individual tasks should be
some types of bench layout work, and certain tex- increased where workers wear eye-protective de-
tile inspections. When such shadow effect is vices with occupationally-required tinted lenses
needed, it is best obtained by supplementaly, di- that materially reduce the light reaching the eye.
rectional lighting combined with ample, diffused 2.2.3.2 Illuminance selection for interior
general illumination. spaces
2.2.2.4 Color quality of light source As a beginning, the designer must have informa-
tion about the tasks to be performed in each
With equal illumination, the various, currently- space being illuminated. When acquiring the basic
used white light sources probably have little or no information necessary for the kind of task that will
effect upon the speed of seeing. However, these be performed in the space and how it will be actu-
sources should be carefully selected where color ally carried out in day-to-day activity, the designer
discrimination is important. (For further discussion will need to inquire:
see 4.3.5.1 .) Coior of light does affect the appear-
ance of a room (see 2.3.3). 1) What are the tasks?
 Table i--Currently recommended illuminance categories and iliuminance ranges for interior industrial lighting design
(target maintained levels)
I
I Type of activity i lllurni- Ranges of illuminances i Reference work-
i plane
Ii IX I fc
I
i Public spaces with dark surroundings A 20-30-50 2-3-5
Simple orientation for short temporary B 50-75-100 5-7.5-10 General lighting
visits 1 throughout spaces

1IWorking spaces where visual tasks are C 100-150.200 10-15-20 i

/
oniy occasionally performed
Performanceof visual tasks of high
contrast or large size
D 200-300.500 20-30-50 ~
1
performance of visual tasks of medium
contrast or small size
500-750-1000 50-75-100 / illuminance on task

j Performanceof visual tasks of low F 1000-1500-2000 100-150-200

contrast or very smail size
1 Performance of visual tasks of low
i contrast and vely small size over a 1 G 2000-3000-5000 200-300-500 Illuminance on task,
obtained by a
i prolonged period
i Performance of very prolonged and
exactinq visual tasks
H 5000-7500-10000 500-750-1000 1 combination of
general and local
(supplementary
I
Performanceof very special visual tasks
of extremely low contrast and smail size
I ( 10000-15000-20000 1 1000-1500-2000 1
lighting)

Table 2-4lluminance categories of Table 1 for measured

.-- .-
- .- equivalent contrast
. .- -
values of- --
task visual displays
.- .- Tables 1 and B1 contain the recommended illumi-
' nance categories for many commonly occurring
Equivalent contrast C' 1
illuminance category2
industrial tasks. For tasks not included in Table
over 1.0 !
.75- 1 .o I D B1, choose a listed task that closely resembles
6 2 - .75 i E i the one in question. Select one that has a similar
S O - 62 ! F contrast and degree of visual difficulty.
i .40- S O ! G If the task is not similar to any listed, refer to the
.30- .40 H "Type of Activity" column in Table 1. This column
under .30 I I includes. general descriptions of tasks and activi-
'Use 200 lux [2O footcandies] and omit use of Table 2 and 1
ties that correspond to illuminance categories.

I
footnote (') below.
' If task reflectance is between 5 and 20 percent use next If an equivalent contrast value, E (a numerical de-
higher illuminance category; i.e.
scription of the relative visibility of a taskl2), can
D to E., E to F,, etc. if less than 5 percent use two categories
higher. be determined for the task, Table 2 may be used
AS determined using a visibility meter and the procedure to select an illuminance category.
outlined in Reference 10.
The range of illuminance that corresponds to each
: Note: Although specific equivalent contrasts are established
scientifically,, a concensus procedure has been used in/ illuminance category is listed in Table 1. Table 3 is
establishing corresponding illuminance Categories. used to determine which value within the range
should be chosen.
Each characteristic is to be reviewed to determine
2) What are the background reflectances for
its weighting factor. Weighting factors are then
each task?
added algebraically to determine the aggregate
3) How much time is spent on each task? weighting factor (AWF). If the AWF is less than or
equal to -2, use the lower illuminance value in the
4) What percentage of time is spent on each
appropriate category ofTable 1. If the AWF is from
task?
-1 to +I, use the middle illuminance value. If the
5) How important is each task? AWF is greater than or equal to +2, use the higher
illuminance value. It should be noted that the char-
6) How important is speed?
acteristics in Table 3 for illuminance categories A
7) How important is accuracy? through C and D through I differ.
8) Which tasks are most difficult (visually)? If there is more than one task and they require dif-
ferent illuminances, the designer must choose be-
9) Which tasks are most fatiguing (visually)?
tween them. There are several alternative meth-
10) What are the ages of the workers? ods for combining many criteria.
The illumination requirements of many tasks may 2.2.3.3 Illuminance selection for outdoor
be satisfied by the use of a variable lighting sys- spaces.
tem. For example, by designing for the highest Table 82 can be used for outdoor spaces by locat-
level and providing dimming or switching capabili- ing the area or activity and selecting the value
ties. the user may adjust the lighting from task to listed as the target maintained
illuminance for de-
task Multilevel lighting systems may be suitable.
sign,
If variability is not possible, the designer may be 2.2.3.4 Illuminance selection for safety
forced to choose one criterion value for the entire
For recommended illuminance values for safety,
system. There are various ways that this may be
see Section 6, Table 9, and Table 84 in Annex B.
done.
2.3 Influence of environmental factors
The worst case approach may be taken whereby
the designer sets the lighting level equal to the re- 2.3.1 Luminance and luminance ratios
quirements for the task needing the highest illumi- The ability to see task detail depends upon the lu-
nance. Care should be taken to avoid selecting minance contrast of the detail against its back-
tasks that are relatively unimportant or not per- ground. Within limits, the greater the contrast, the
formed frequentiy. more easily the task is seen. Also, the eyes func-
tion most comfortably and more efficiently when
An aggregate illuminance value may be deve'- the luminances within the surrounding environ-
oped by averaging individual task reCOmmenda- ment are relatively uniform, -rherefore, all lumi-
tions. This method, however, does not account for nances in the field of view should be carefully con-
the importance of specific tasks, nor the time trolled (see Figure 2),
-
soent oerformina them.
It may not always be practical to achieve the de-
A more sophisticated approach is to develop a sirable luminance relationships (see Figure 3). Ta-
time-and-importance weighted average that would ble 4 lists the varying degrees of practical environ-
weight a task's illuminance higher when more time mental control and recommends luminance ratios
is required to perform it and if its importance is for each type of area. (See also the "American
greater. Th~smethod relies heavily on data ob- National Standard Practice for Office ~ighting."'~)
tained by the survey above. For normal viewing, luminance ratios in large in-

Table &Weighting factors to be considered i n selecting specific illuminance within ranges of values for
each category (refer to section A3 In text)
a. For illuminance cateqories A through C
Room and occupant 1 Weighting factor i
characteristics ! -1 0 +1 I

b. For illuminance categories D through I

Weighting factor
Task and worker characteristics I
I
-1 ! 0 ! +I
w e r ' s ages Under 40 1 40-55 Over55
Speed and/or accuracy1 Not important ! Important / critical 7
Reflectance of task Greater than 70 I
30 to 70 percent Less than 30 percent j
I back~round' i percent
-Average weighted surface refledances,, including wall., floor and ceding reflectances., if they encompass a large portion of the/
!task area or visual surround. For instance.. in an elevator lobty., where the ceiling height is 7.6 meters [25 feet],.. neither the task]
i nor the visual surround enmmpass the ceiling,, so oniy the floor and wall refiedanceswould be mnsidered.

j,
in determining whether speed and/or accuracy is not important,, impportant or critical,, the following questions need to be;
i answered: What are the time limitations? How Important is it to performthe task rapidly? Will errors produce an unsafe condition or;
product? Will errors reduce productivity and be costly? For example,, in reading for leisure there are no time limitations and it is not ;
! important to read rapidly. Errors will not be costly and will not be related to safety. Thus., speed and/or accuracy is not important. If 1
I however,, a worker is invoived in exacting work,, accuracy is critical because of the Close tolerances., and time is important!
! because of production demands. I

-
he task background is that Dortion of the task upon which the meaningfulvisual display is exhibited. For example,, on this pagej
l the meangingful visual display includes each letter which combines with other letters to form words and phrases. The display i
I medium,, or task background,, is the paper,, which has a reflectance of approximately 85 percent.
dustrial spaces should not exceed those given in psychologically warm and tend to make a room
Table 4. These ratios are recommended as maxi- appear smaller. Green, blue-green, and blue are
mum; reductions are generally beneficial. If possi- cooland tend to make a room appear larger. Light
ble, it is usually better to have the task brighter gray finishes are neutral and are excellent either
than the surroundings. Whether the task is lighter for background or for equipment and machinery.
or darker than its surroundings, the luminance ra- The use of gray for both, however, can be suffi-
tios should not exceed those shown in lines (1) ciently monotonous, resulting in a dull, unappeal-
and (2) of Table 4. To achieve the recommended ing environment. The use of stronger colors re-
luminance ratios, it is necessary to select the re- quires considerable care to assure a harmony that
flectance~of all room-surface and equipment fin- will wear well in an eight-hour environment.
ishes and to control the distribution and luminance Strong colors should usually be limited !o a rela-
characteristics of the luminaires relative to the per- tively small portion of the visual field.
tinent space. (See 2.2.2.4; 2.3.2; 2.3.3; and 4.2.) Colors for industrial spaces and machines should
Surfaces with high reflectances are generally de- be chosen under the light sources that will used in
sirable to provide the recommended luminance ra- the space.
tios and high utilization of light. They also improve
2.4 Industrial building construction
the appearance of the work space (see Figure 4).
2.3.2 Room and equipment finishes 2.4.1 General

The reflectances of the walls, ceiling, and floor- Industrial building construction is classified as low-
and even those of equipment--determine the lu- bay, medium-bay, and high-bay areas.
minance pattern and influence seeing. Room and 2.4.2 Low-bay areas
equipment finishes are significant in affecting utili-
zation of light, and hence, upon energy. Recom- Low bay areas are generally considered to be
mended reflectance values are presented in those in which the bottom of the luminaire is ap-
Table 5. proximately 5.5 meters (18 feet) or less, above the
floor (Figure 5).
2.3.3 Color of machines and surroundings
2.4.3 Medium bay areas
High-reflectance, matte surfaces are generally
beneficial because they provide a better lumi- Medium bay areas are generally considered to be
nance pattern, a higher utilization of light, more those in which the bottom of the luminaire is 5.5 to
economical use of energy, and improved appear- 7.5 meters (18 to 25 feet) above the floor.
ance of the room (see Figure 4). Many companies
paint machines in colors harmonious with the inte- 2.4.4 High bay areas
rior. It is preferable to have the background slightly High bay areas are generally considered to be
darker than the seeing task. Painting stationary those in which the bottom of the luminaire is more
and moving parts of machines with contrasting than 7.6 meters [25 feet] above the floor (Figure
colors may reduce hazards by aiding identifica-
tion.
Color can make the working environment more in- 2.4.5 Office area
teresting and pleasant. Cream, ivory, and buff are For recommendations concerning the lighting of

Table N e c o m m e n d e d maximum luminance ratios

1 Environmental classification

1
1 A B C
1) Between tasks and adjacent darker surroundings 3to1 3 to 1 5 to 1
2) Between tasks and adjacent lighter surroundings 1103 1113 1 to 5
3) Betweentasks and more remote darker surfaces 10 to 1 20 to 1
i
4) Between tasks and more remote lighter sufaces 1tO10 1 It020
5) Between luminaires (or windows, skylights, etc.) and surfaces adjacent to them
6) Anywhere within normal field of view
20 to 1
4010 1
1 1
*

'Luminance ratio control not practical.

A-Interior areas where reflectances of entire space can be controlled in line with recommendations for optimum seeing conditions.
&Areas where reflectancesof immediate work area can be controlled, but control of remote surround is limited. 1
iC-Areas (indoor and outdoor) where it is completely impractical to control reflectances and difficult to alter environmental/
 offices, see the 'American National Standard quate electric lighting system is always necessary
Practice for Office ~ighting."'~ because daylight varies with time and weather
from zero to thousands of lux.
2.4.6 Outdoor areas
3.2 Building orientation and site conditions
For recommendations concerning the lighting of
outdoor areas, see section 4.3.7 and the IES 3.2.1 General
Lighting ~ a n d b w k ~ .
Fenestration should suit the orientation, variations
3 Daylight14.15 in topography, and landscaping related to each
exterior wall. All fenestration should be equipped
3.1 General with control devices appropriate for any luminance
problems.
Several factors affect the advantageous use of
daylight. These factors include variations in the 3.2.2 North elevations
amount and direction of the incident sunlight: the
luminance distribution of clear, partly cloudy, or In latitudes above 30 degrees north, no direct sun-
overcast skies as well as the effect of local terrain, light will strike near vertical-surfaces within about
landscaping, and nearby buildings. Daylight avail- 20 degrees of true north; therefore, the control
able for use inside the building depends upon the media should be designed for sky luminances in
architectural design of the fenestration (windows) the range of 1700 to 17,000 cd/m2[170 to 1700
and the decoration and furnishings of the interior. cdlf?] .

Fenestration can serve at least three useful pur- 3.2.3 Sunny elevations
poses in industrial buildings. It admits, controls, Special attention should be given to glare control
and distributes daylight for seeing, provides a dis- for latitudes where fenestration frequently receives
tant focus to relax eye muscles, and eliminates direct sunlight. Methods used to control glare in
the cloistered feeling some people experience in sunny elevations include diffuse glazing, and fixed
complete closed-in structures. However, an ade- or adjustable louvers.
Table 5-Recommended reflectance valws applylng to
A and
.8 of Table 4 -- 3.3 Building architectural sections
- .-envlronmenial ClasSIfi~bons
-- - - -
Reflectance*
Surfaces 3.3.1 Sidelighting
(percent)
Cellcng 80 to 90 Windows in the sidewalls admit daylight and natu-
ral ventilation and afford occupants a view out-all
I Desk and bench tops,,
, machtnes and equcpment
Floors
1 25 to 45
not less than 20
of which may be desirable. Nevertheless, their un-
controlled luminance may be troublesome and the
'.~efiectanceshould be malntamed as near as pract~cal
to 11 presence of windows usually adds to the heating
i recommended values. and cooling load for the building.

Figure 2. Trimmer rwm in a paper mill finishing department. The Figure 3. A basic oxygen furnace area in a steel plant where the re
use 01 high retleEtance rwm finishes help to create an environ- tlectances of the liwr, wails, and ceiling are not easily controlled.
ment with relatively uniform luminances. Luminaires with high in High bay luminaires with IOW-wanhigh inten& discharge lamps
tens@ discharge lamps are mounted 6.4 meters 121 feet] above the are installed 29 meters [a6 feet1 above the floa.
floor.
3.3.1.1 Unilateral 3.3.2.1 Clerestory
Unilateral design (see Figure 6) lends itself to con- The additional fenestration on the roof facing in
tinuous fenestration and curtain wall construction. the same direction as the main window (see Fig-
Window headers are usually placed close to the ure 8) aids in overcoming the room width limita-
ceiling line. For good daylight distribution, the dis- tions of the unilateral section. Brightness control
tance from the inner wall to the outdoor wall must be used on some exposures; brightness
should be limited to 2 to 2.5 times the room height control is not as prominent a problem as with bilat-
measured from the floor to the window header. eral designs. The roof adjacent to the clerestory
Extreme luminance at the window, due to sun or window should be a reflecting-type roof.
sky, should be reduced by using shades or tinted 3.3.2.2 Roof monitor section
glass.
A roof monitor is a clerestory section with a flat
3.3.1.2 Bilateral roof and windows on both sides (see Figure 9). It
is advantageous where a high-bay area is located
Bilateral daylighting design (see Figure 7) permits between two low-bay areas.
doubling the room width. The second set of win-
dows often occupies only the upper part of the 3.3.2.3 Sawtooth
wall. A reflecting roof under the secondary win-
This fenestration is used principally in low-roof,
dows acts like ground light and contributes materi-
large-area, industrial buildings (see Figure 10).
ally to the light entering the room. At leas! one set
The windows usually face north in northern lati-
of windows faces a sun exposure, necessitating
tudes; brightness controls are not then required.
brightness control. Sloping ceilings sometimes
Slanting the windows increases the admission of
employed with this design generally have little ef-
daylight, but may increase dirt collection on the
fect on quantity or distribution of illumination. High
glazing, in addition to increased thermal stresses
reflectance materials used in the ceiling, however,
in the tinted glazing.
do contribute to the utilization of light entering the
space. 3.3.2.4 Skylight
3.3.2 Toplighting Modern skylights assume many forms and are
widely used in contemporary architecture (see
Toplighting has the advantage that it can be used Figure 11). These forms include domes, panels
without limitation across the width of the day- with integral sun and brightness control, panels of
lighted space but affords a view of only the sky. glass-fiber reinforced plastic, and louvers for heat
Consequently, such buildings often have small and brightness control. In addition to effective light
sidewall windows to permit an outdoor view. Top- distribution, skylight design should be carefully de-
lighting should be effectively controlled to keep lu- tailed to provide for effective seals against mois-
minances within desirable limits. ture penetration and possible dripping from con-

Figure 4. A pleasant environment is provided for die makers in a Figwe 5. A low bay area used for meter assembly w o k Fluores-
machine shop. Supplementary lighting is used to maintain close Cent luminaires with 30 percent upward light are mounted 2.2 me-
tolerances of die produclion. Carpet, green plants and a modern ters v.5feet] above the work-plane.
wall treatment contribute to making a stimulating area.
densation. They also may be used to provide heat view to the outdoors from the room is not notice-
control and ventilation. Codes and regulations ably affected. At night, the view into the room is in-
should be checked to determine any limitations on creased while the view from the room to the out-
the extent, placement, and mechanical properties doors is reduced.
of skylights.
3.4.1.3 Reflective (high reflective, low
3.4 Transmitting materials and shielding transmittance materials)
elements
Reflective glasses and plastics also offer a meas-
The various materials and shielding elements ure of brightness control that increases as their re-
used for daylight are somewhat similar to those flectance~are increased. These materials act as
employed for electric lighting: they are selected for one-way mirrors depending on the ratios of the in-
their ability to transmit, diffuse, refract, absorb, or door and outdoor illuminance values. Also, they
reflect light. may reflect more heat while transmitting more light
than non-reflective, low transmittance material.
3.4.1 Transmitting materials
3.4.1.4 Diffusing materials
3.4.1.1 Transparent (high transmittance
materials) These include translucent and surface coated or
patterned glass, plastics, and diffusing glass
These include sheet, polished plate, float and
block. Transmittance is directionally non-selective.
molded glass, rigid plastic materials, and formed
The amount of diffusion varies over a wide range
panels, all of which transmit light without apprecia-
depending on the material and surface. As a rule,
bly changing its direction or color and allow vision
transmittance and brightness decrease as diffu-
in either direction. Some of these materials are
sion increases. Some types may require bright-
available as sealed, double, or triple glazed units,
ness control because they become excessively
all of which reduce conductive heat flow.
bright under sun exposure. The brightness of
3.4.1.2 Transparent (low transmittance nearly diffusing materials is nearly constant from
materials) all viewing angles.
Low transmittance glasses and plastics offer a 3.4.1.5 ~ i ~ transmitting
~ ~ t materials
i ~ ~ ~ l
measure of brightness control which increases as
their transmittance is decreased. Reduction in ra- These include prismatic surfaced glass and plas-
diant solar heat accompaniesthe reduction in vis- tics to obtain the desired directional control of light
ible light. With such materials, the view into the and brightness. They are used in either horizontal
room during daylight hours is reduced while the or vertical panels.

1-7
Figure 6. nf atera lg mg s e mn.

L A[
Figure 9. Root monltor lhghtmg section.
'I
3.4.1.6 Specularly selective transmitting egg crate. Matte textures and suitable reflec-
materials tances should be used where possible.
These include the various heat absorbing and re- 3.4.2.5 Landscaping
flecting materials that are designed to pass most
Trees are effective shading devices when properly
of the visible light but absob or reflect a portion of
located with respect tc t i e wilding and its fenes-
the infrared radiation. The absorbed heat is then
tration. Deciduous trees provide shade and pro-
reradiated in approximately equal proportions in-
tect against sun glare durtng the warm months but
side and outside the building. Stained glass
allow the sun to reach the building during the win-
comes under this classification as it is selective in
ter. Deciduous vines on louvered overhangs or ar-
the visible portion of the spectrum. However, the
bors provide a similar seasonal shade.
primary purpose of stained glass is to create an
esthetic ambience rather than as a means of light- 3.5 Dirt accumulation
ing specific visual tasks.
Accumulation of dirt on fenestration reduces trans-
3.4.2 Shielding elements
mitted light. The amount of reduction depends
3.4.2.1 Overhangs upon the location, the mounting angle, and the fre-
quency of cleaning. Under typical industrial condi-
Overhangs shade the window from direct sunlight tions, the reduction at the end of a six-month pe-
and reduce the luminance of the upper part of the riod can amount to one-half for vertical fenestra-
window at a sacrifice in the amount of light reach- tion and two-thirds for horizontal fenestration.
Ing the far-side of the room. Overhangs of practi-
cal width do not provide complete shielding at all 4 Electric lighting
times. They can be designed to shade the window
in summer and let solar light in during the winter. 4.1 General
In multi-story buildings, projecting balconies serve
Electric lighting is always required for all industrial
as overhangs.
areas because daylight is often not available in
3.4.2.2 Vertical opaque element sufficient quantities throughout the space, even
under optimum daylight conditions. During the
Vertical opaque elements are effective on east daylight hours, the area adjacent to the windows
and west walls as sun controls. Matte textures may have the most light. At night, however, the
and suitable reflectances should be used. Combi- electric lighting must contribute sufficient illumina-
nations of vertical and horizontal elements as sun tion. To ensure adequate lighting throughout the
controls are most common in the tropics and entire work area during the day and night, the
southern states. electric lighting system must be designed, in-
3.4.2.3 Shades and draperie stalled, and operated so that the general interior il-
luminance is not seriously reduced in those areas
These include opaque or diffusing shades and adjacent to windows and walls during nighttime
draperies for excluding or moderating daylight and working hours.
solar energy. For darkening a room, the material
must be opaque and should tightly cover the en- The designer of an industrial lighting system
tire window. should consider the following steps as the first
and all-important requirements of good planning:
3.4.2.4 Louvers
(1) Determine the quality and quantity of illumi-
These are widely used as shielding elements in nation desired for the industrial activity.
daylighting design. The slats may be fixed or ad-
(2) Select lighting equipment that will meet the
justable, horizontal or vertical. They may prevent
quality and quantity requtrements. This may be
entrance of direct sunlight and reduce radiant
done by examining photometric characteristics
heat, while reflecting a high proportion of sun, sky
and luminaire construction, and providing equip-
and ground light into the interior. With fixed lou-
ment that will meet installation, operating, and
vers, spacing and height of the slats should be de-
actual maintenance conditions.
termined to shield the light source at normal view-
ing angles. Overhangs for sun control are often (3) Balance all of the energy management con-
made with louver elements so that more sky light siderations along with economic factors includ-
can reach the windows. Louvers are also em- ing initial, operating, and maintenance costs
ployed in toplighting arrangements, sometimes against the quality and quantit requirements
with two sets of slats set at right angles to form an for optimum visual performance.Y-5.7
 (4) Plan branch circuiting for optimum operation ing) unless the units have relatively large lumi-
under present and estimated future require- nous areas or are mounted closer together than
ments. the suggested maximum spacing criteria (spacing-
to-mounting height ratios). Both direct and re-
(5) Design should allow for safe and practical flected glare (see 2.2.2.2.1 and 2.2.2.2.2) from di-
lighting maintenance. rect luminaires may also be dimrbing because of
4.2 Types of luminaires the higher luminance difference between the
bright source and the darker surround; however,
4.2.1 General direct glare can be very low from a well designed
There are many types of industrial luminaires. Se- luminaire (see Figure 13).
lecting specific types for a proposed installation Direct industrial lighting equipment is usually clas-
requires consideration of: candlepower distribu- sified according to the distributioni6 of the down-
tion; efficiency; shielding and brightness control; ward component from highly concentrating to
recommended mounting heights; lumen mainte- widespread. This classification of luminaires is ex-
nance characteristics; mechanical construction; pressed in terms of suggested spacing criterion as
installation and servicing features; and environ- shown in Table 6.
mental suitability for use in normal, hazardous, or
special areas. Some direct luminaires are designed to emit as
much as 10 percent upward light through top ap-
There are six luminaire classifications used spe- ertures or luminous sides. This feature tends to
cifically for industrial interior applications: direct, brighten the ceiling and upper area of the room,
semi-direct, general diffuse or direct-indirect, improving visual comfort. Apertures also permit an
semi-indirect, and indirect. upward flow of air that may reduce deposits of dirt
on the lamps and reflector and increase the light
4.2.2 Direct output of fluorescent lamps.
Direct units are those that emit practically all (90 The widespread category includes high intensity
to 100 percent) of the light downward (see Figure discharge (HID) luminaires that have optical as-
12)-that is, directly toward the working area. Al- semblies consisting of a refractorlreflector design
though such systems usually provide the most ef- that can provide lamp concealment and reduce lu-
ficient illumination on the working surfaces, it is minance sufficiently to permit lower mounting
frequently at the expenseof other factors. For ex- heights than would be acceptable for conventional
ample, shadows may be excessive (and disturb- HID luminaire designs. The distribution of low-bay

Direct Semi-Direct General Diffuse

Direct-Indirect Semi-Indirect Indirect

Figure 12. Luminaires for general lighting are ciassified by the CIE in accordance with the percentages of totsf luminaire output emitted
above and below horizontal. The light distribution curves may take many forms within the limits of upward and downward distribution, d e
pnding anthe typeof light source and thedesign of the luminaire.
 Tabk 6-ClasoifIcation ol luminaim direct Camp-
- utilization comes from luminaires that deliver
expressed in tenns of permissabk acing c r i - terioL
maximum output in downward zones of 0 to 45
Spacing criteria
(above work-plane)
Luminaire
I
degrees (0 degrees is at nadir) and that are of the
classification
proper spacing criteria. The most desirable light-

I
Up to 0.5 Highly concentrating
0.5 to 0.7 Concentrating ing distribution panern may be determined by
0.7 to 1.O M e d i ~ 'soread comparing the photometric curves of concentrat-

0
l.0t01.5 Sprsad
them for a point calculation.1
ing and medium-spread luminaires and using

Large-area, low luminance luminaires are pre-

ferred to provide low-reflected luminance. Such lu-
minaires may consist of a diffusing panel on a
standard type of fluorescent reflector, an indirect
light hood, or a large luminous area. In very dusty
or corrosive areas, luminaires with gasketed glass
FOR FLUORESCENT FOR W.l.0. OR
or plastic covers are recommended; or, the entire
LAMPS FILAMENT LAMPS ceiling may be sealed and lighting equipment lo-
Figure 13. Luminaires require adequate shielding for visual com- cated and maintained from above.
tort. This is particularly important for higher luminance sources.
An upward component also contributes to visual cornfor7 by bal-
ance of luminances between iuminsires and their backgrnunds.
Area lighting, extending essentially from wall to
Top opnings help minimize dirt accumulation. wall, is another form of direct lighting in which light
from sources in a large cavity of high reflectance
is directed downward through cellular louvers or
units tends to improve vertical illumination (be- translucent or refracting glass or plastic. When
cause of their wide angle component) and to per- these materials completely conceal the lamps, the
mit spacings of as much as two or more times illumination characteristics are similar to those of
their mounting height above the work-plane. indirect lighting systems. Baffles help to improve
visual comfort and may be of acoustic material.
The recommendations of luminaire manufacturers
Cellular louvers used as the shielding medium
should be consulted regarding minimum mounting
may present a reflected glare problem: specular
height and where high-bay units would be more
surfaces at the working plane will reflect images of
appropriate.
the light sources that may be seen through the
Prismatic or mirrored glass or specular aluminum cells.
reflectors may produce the more concentrating
distributions. These reflectors are useful when lu- 4.2.3 Semi-direct
minaires for general lighting must be mounted at a
height equal to or greater than the width of the Semi-direct units are those that emit from 60 to 90
room, or where high machinery or processing percent of their light downward (see Figure 12).
equipment necessitates directional control for effi- Utilization of light from these luminaires depends
cient illumination between the equipment. These to a greater extent upon ceiling reflectance. Light-
reflectors are also useful for supplementary illumi- colored ceilings usually result in improved utiliza-
nation. tion and visual comfort. In some designs, in-
creased air flow through top openings reduces dirt
Spread types are comprised of porcelain-enam- accumulation and maintains a higher illuminance
eled reflectors, other white reflecting surfaces, dif- level.
fuse aluminum, mirrored or prismatic glass or
plastic, and similar materials (see Figure 14). The increased ceiling illumination from the semi-
Spread distributions are advantageous in low-bay direct distribution reduces the luminance differ-
areas or where there are many vertical or near- ence between ceiling and luminaire, increases dif-
vertical seeing tasks. fusion, and softens shadows. Luminaires in this
classification are generally characterized by in-
In general, concentrating and medium-spread dis- creased bare-lamp shielding. The combination of
tributions are best suited to high-bay areas. Wher- increased upward light and shielding provides ex-
ever there is a need for higher-than-average gen- cellent seeing comfort particularly with higher-lu-
eral illuminance for an inspection or special work minance light sources.
area, highly-concentrating luminaires can be in-
stalled above cranes at mounting heights where Appropriately designed reflectors or refractors will
the basic high-bay lighting system is located. Re- reduce luminaire luminance and provide additional
gardless of the width of the high-bay, the highest comfort. Most fluorescent and some high intensity
discharae and incandescent luminaires may be 4.2.5 semi-indirect
equippeb with louvers (see Figure 15) to further
Semi-indirect lighting systems emit most of their
increase shielding and reduce direct glare.
light (60 to 90 percent) upward (see Figure 12).
4.2.4 General diffuse and direct-indirect The major portion of the light reaching the hori-
zontal work-plane must be reflected from the ceil-
These are luminaires in which the dowmaid and ing and upper walls; thus, it is imperative that
upward components are approximately the same: these surfaces have high reflectances.
40 to 60 percent of the total luminaire output (see
The need for high reflectances and good mainte-
Figure 12). General diffuse luminaires emit light
nance limits the use of industrial semi-indirect sys-
about equally in all directions; direct-indirect lumi-
tems to areas where it is necessary to minimize
naires, emit very little light at angles near the hori-
reflected glare from specular work surfaces.
zontal. The latter are generally preferred because
of their lower luminance in the direct-glare zone. 4.2.6 lndirect
The efficiency of these luminaires is contingent lndirect luminaires, emitting from 90 to 100 per-
upon the reflectance of all room surfaces, particu- cent of their light upward (see Figure 12), are sel-
larly the ceiling. Luminaires with such distribution dom used in industry. Generally the most comfort-
are widely used in offices and laboratories; how- able, these luminaires have the lowest utilization
ever, their use is increasing in clean manufactur- and are usually more difficult to maintain.
ing areas where there are critical seeing tasks.
4.2.7 Summary
No one system can be recommended to the exclu-
sion of all others; each has characteristics that
may or may not match the requirements of a given
application. Evaluating the performance of each
will determine which system will efficiently provide
the area with illumination of sufficient quality and
quantity. Part of such an evaluation includes in-
vestigating task characteristics and maintenance
practices.
Most industrial applications call for eithei the di-
rect or semi-direct types. Luminaires with upward
components of light are preferred for most areas
because an illuminated ceiling or upper structure
reduces luminance ratios between luminaires and
Figure 14. in a construction machinery plant d i i a e aiuminum re their background (see Figure 13). The upward
flectors (suspended from Me ceiling on 4.6- by 4.6-meter 17.5- by
15-foot1 centers. 7.6 meters 125 feet?from the fioorl oroduce a wide light the so-called effect Of to-
tally direct lighting and creates a more comfortable
environment as shown in Figure 2. Good environ-
Figure 15. Fluorescent luminaires, equipped with louvers, provide mental luminance relationships can also often be
comfortable lighting in this inspection area. achieved with totally direct lighting if the illumi-
nance and room surface reflectances are high.
In selecting industrial lighting equipment, other
factors that may contribute to visual comfort in-
clude:
1) Light-colored finishes on the outside of lumi-
naires to reduce luminance ratios between the
outside of the luminaire and the inner reflecting
surface and light source.
2) Higher mounting heights to raise luminaires
out of the normal field of view.
3) Better shielding of the light source by deeper
reflectors, cross baffles, or louvers. This is par-
ticularly important with high-wattage incandes-
 cent filament or high intensity discharge suggested spacing criterion values are exceeded.
sources and the higher output fluorescent Recommended spacings of luminaires can be de-
lamps. termined from published spacing criteria (see also
4.2.2).
4) Selecting light control material, such as
specular or nonspecular aluminum, prismatic Production functions situated close to walls should
glass or plastic, and the configuration of the lu- have a general illuminance comparable to that in
minaire reflector or refractor (or both) can limit the central area. The distance between the wall
the luminaire luminance in the shielded zone. and the adjacent luminaires should not exceed
one-half the spacing between those in the central
Top openings in luminaires generally reduce dirt area (see Figure 23). Closer spacing is often pref-
collection on the reflector and lamp by allowing an erable.
air draft path to move dirt particles upward and
through the luminaire to the surrounding air. In 4.3.3 Localized general lighting
most cases, ventilated-type luminaires have
in many factories, certain machinery or assembly
proven their ability to minimize maintenance.
and inspection tasks may require an illuminance
However, there are applications where extensive
higher than the general levels (see Figures 24,
dirt and other particulates can combine with mois-
25). It is good practice to increase the numbers (or
ture and either block the top opening, soil the
rows) of luminaires, the light output per luminaire,
lamps, or both. Gasketed, dust-tight and enclosed
or both to provide the additional illuminance to
luminaires with breathing control are also effective
these areas. If these work stations are in close
in reducing dirt collection on reflector surfaces.
proximity, a higher illuminance general lighting
4.3 Lighting methods for industrial areas system may be more energy efficient than several
localized general lighting systems.
4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.4 Supplementary lighting.''
The prime requirement for industrial lighting is to 4.3.4.1 General
facilitate the performance of visual tasks through
high-quality illumination. With such lighting, per- Difficult seeing tasks often require a specific qual-
sonnel will be able to observe and effectively con- ity or quantity of lighting that cannot readily be ob-
trol the operation and maintenance of various tained from the general lighting system: one ex-
types of machines and processes. (Recommenda- ample is the additional lighting equipment over
tions for illuminance categories and values are work benches adjacent to a wall. Such problems
shown in Table 1 and Annex B; quality is dis- are frequently solved by using supplementary lu-
cussed in 2.2.2.) minaires (see Figure 26). Also, they may be used
to furnish a specific luminance or color, or to per-
Concern for the efficient use of energy empha- mit special aiming or positioning of light sources.
sizes the need for energy-efficient industrial light-
ing designs. Such designs must be determined Before supplementary lighting can be specified, it
specifically by the proper identification of the vis- is necessary to recognize the nature of the visual
ual requirements of the various tasks in any indus- task and to understand its reflecting or transmit-
trial plant. Accomplishing that objective will con- ting characteristics. Improvement in the visibility of
tribute to the efficient use of our natural and hu- the task will depend upon one or more of the four
man resources. fundamental visibility factors: luminance, contrast,
size, and time.
There are three lighting techniques used in indus-
try: general, localized general, and supplementary. Planning supplementary lighting involves the con-
sideration of visual comfort for workers in periph-
eral areas. Supplementary equipment should pro-
4.3.2 General lighting tect the user and neighbor from glare.
General lighting is intended to provide substan- Luminance ratios should be carefully controlled:
tially uniform illumination throughout an area ex- workers frequently relax by glancing away from a
clusive of any provision for special local require- task. They should not be forced to encounter lumi-
ments (see Figures 16-22). Uniform illuminance is nances that are extremely different from those of
the distribution of light such that the maximum and the task. To reduce this possibility, it may be ad-
minimum illuminance at any point is not more than visable to use window coverings to reduce out-
one-sixth above or below the average level. There door luminance; or to install luminaires in a posi-
may be perceptible differences in illuminance if tion to increase the luminance of an otherwise
Figure 16. Four hundredwatt HPS industrial luminaires, mounted Figure 17. An active warehousearea where fluorescent luminaires
5.5 meters [ I 8 feet] above the assembly area, replaced a former provide general illumination.
mercury system, reduced wattage and operating msls and in-
creased iliuminance.

Figure 18. Warehouse stacks require ad*

quate vertical surface illumination. Here 250 Figure 19. Continuous rows of fluorescent luminaires, suspended
watt HPS luminaires provide a wide spread from ceiling, provide general lighting in this shipping area for steel
light beam from 5.5.meter [ I E f w t l mounting coils.
height

F~gure21 General ~llum~nat~on in thls plant, proauclng heavy steel

pmccsrlng equipment. IS provlded by HID lummalres mounted 9
and 12 meters 130 and 40feetl abovetne t l w r

Figure 20. A high bay general lighting s y o

tem in this storage area for large reels of un-
dersea cabie uses luminaires with HID
iamps.
5gwe 22. A planlc molding area using an HID geneml lighhng
svstem. Groups 01three luminaires provide localized lighting over
t i e jaws of the molding machines.

Figure 23. In a wmdworking shop, perimeter lighting has been

added over the work benches lowted along the wall for increased
illuminance on the task.

F.gure 24. Locallzed general l~ghtfngfor mspectlon of englne

bIDCh wstmgs A 1hreequaner.ton alr cond~tmn~ng unlt has bzcn
b u l l mto t h fluorescent
~ lummave to prowde a comfonaole work.
ing environment
Ftgure 25. HID lvmmawes provlde iocalmd general lhghtlng over
cuner b o x ends of machlnes in a paper bar plant. Lumlnalres are
mounted 4 3 meters 114 teet] above the floor

Figure 26. Fluorescent lamps with color temperatures of 5000 and

7500 K provide light for checking color reproductions

Figure 27. Examples of placement of supplementary luminaires:

(a) luminaire located to prevent reflected glare, i.e., reflected light
does not coincide with the angle of view; (b) reflected light coin-
cides with the angle of view; (c) low angle lighting to emphasize
surface irregularities: (d) large area surface source and panern are
reflected toward the eye: (e) transillumination from dilfuse
S0"rc'CCS.
dark wall. Ratios between task and immediate cdm2 [680 cdf?]. An example of this type is an
surroundings should comply with section 2.3.1. It arrangement of lamps behind a diffusing panel.
may be necessary to coordinate the design of
Type S-V-uniform-luminance with pattern: is a lu-
supplementary, general, and localized general
minaire similar to Type S-IV except that a pattern
lighting. of stripes or lines is superimposed on the panel.
4.3.4.2 Lighting of difficult seeing tasks 4.3.4.5 Portable luminaires
Table 7 is a guide to applying the appropriate lu- Wherever possible, supplementary luminaires
minaire types to various tasks. A project may in- should be permanently located to produce the
volve more than one seeing task and may require lighting effect most appropriate for the intended
combined lighting techniques. function. Adjustable arms or swivels (or both) will
often adapt the luminaires to the required flexibil-
4.3.4.3 Classification of visual tasks and ity. Portable equipment (see Figure 28), may be
lighting techniques feasible around movable machines or objects
Visual tasks, unlimited in number, may be classi- such as in aircraft assembly areas or garages or
fied according to certain common characteristics. for seeing internal surfaces. The luminaires must
Applying certain lighting fundamentals can deter- be mechanically and electrically wgged and the
mine the detail to be seen in each group. Table 7 lamps should be guarded and of a type to with-
classifies tasks according to their physical and stand possible rough service. Guards or other
light-controlled characteristics and suggests light- means should protect the user from excessive
ing techniques for good visual perception. heat. Precautions should be taken to prevent elec-
trical shock.
When using Table 7, note that the classification of
visual tasks is based upon the prime and funda- 4.3.5 Special concerns and techniques
mental visual task characteristics-not upon the 4.3.5.1 Color
general application. For example, on a drill press,
the visual task might be the discernment of a Where color of an object is critical, once the ap-
punch mark on metal. This could be a specular propriate light source is determined, it is important
detail with a diffuse, dark background (classifica- to exclude any extraneous light of a different
tion A.3.b. in the table). Luminaire types S-ll or S- spectral characteristic. It is also important to avoid
Ill are recommended. reflected brightness that may change the color ap-
pearance of the task. Factors to consider include:
4.3.4.4 Luminaires for supplementary lighting
1) Color emphasis. The color of light can be
Supplementary lighting luminaires may be divided used to increase contrast either by intensifying
into five major types according to candlepower or by subduing certain colors inherent in the
distribution and luminance, as follows: task. To intensify (brighten) a color, the light
source should be strong in that color; to subdue
Type S-/--directional: includes all concentrating
(darken) a color, the light source should be rela-
units. Examples of this type are reflector spot
lamps or luminaires with concentrating reflectors
Figure 28. A portable supplementary "nil provides localired light-
or lenses. Other examples in the group are con- ing on thetask.
centrating, longitudinal units such as a well-
shielded fluorescent lamp in a concentrating re-
flector.
Type S-11-spread, high-luminance: includes
small-area sources (incandescent or HID). An ex-
ample of this type is an open-bottom, deep-bowl
diffusing reflector with a high-pressure sodium
lamp.
Type S-Ill-spread, moderate-luminance: includes
all fluorescent units having a variation in lumi-
nance greater than two-to-one.
Type S-IV-uniform-luminance: includes all units
having less than a two-to-one variation of lumi-
nance. Usually, this luminance is less than 6800
 Table 7-Classification of visual tasks and lighting techniques used in supplementary lighting
....... .... - . . . .- .................. .... .

. .
. .............
assitica_!ienA!Asua!!ask
= o s x w e m _ a ~ ~ a l s ~
~~~
.L-_.n__.=r.______
~ .._-*-
_ - b-___.-=z= - .
-
Dinuse detail &background
a. Unbroken surface
.............
Newspaper proofreading 1 ..., .... ~~~

High visibility with comfort

-

(Fig. 27a)
b. Broken surface ( Scratch on ingiazed tile 1 To emphasize surface break / S-I 1 To--direct light obliquely to surface (Fig. ,
I
~,
- 1.-- -.2 .I LlCJ

. Seecular detailmbackground -
a. Unbroken surface image of source & pattern is
reflected to eye (Fig. 27d)
b. Broken surface Scratch, scribe, Create contrast of cut against specular 5-111 or So detail appears bright against a dark
engraving,punch marks surface background
S-IV or S-V when not So that image of source is reflected to
practical to orient task eve 8 break appears
.. . - 27d)
dark (Fia.
I Inspectan 01 fmn sh pln! ng over To show up uncovered spots S-IV with color 01 source For reflection of source image toward
c Specblar coallny over
spcc~laroackyro~no dnderp almg selccted to create the eye (Fig. 27d)
maximum color contrast
. . . L . . 1
1. Cqmbi?ed specllla! & diffuse s u r f a c e s ~.................... .
...

a. Specular detail on diHuse

light background paper veiling reflections 1
I~Shinyink or pencil marks on dull To produce maximum contrast without

TOcreate bright reflection from detail

S-iii or S-IV

S-ll or 5411
So direction of reflected light does not
coincide with angle of view (Fig. 27a)
So direction of reflected light from
dark background metal detail coincides with view (Fig. 27b)
To crcak a un form, low-or yntncss S-IV or 5.111 So reflectedimage of source coincides
light background re1 ection lrom specL ar Dackgro~no with angle of view (Fig. 27b or d)
TO produce high brightness of detail against S 4 l or S-li So direction of reflected light does not
dark background coincide with angle of view (Fig. 27a)

-r
E&entmaterk!!s- -.-A- - . .
.
. .- ...
I. With diffuse surface

-T Frosted or etched glass or Maximum visibiiity or surfaces detail

plastic, lightweight IabricsMaximum visibility of detail within
hosietv
diffuse surface-See A-1
behind material with S-li, S-111, or S-IV (Fig. 27e)

!. With specular surface

: J ! a n s ~ a ~ e n t m a t e.--!ii.iaiiili i
. A
Scratch on opal glass or plastic Maximum visibility of SullaCe detail

..........
Maximum vi*ility
__. . _
.........
of detai! within material 1 Treat as opaque specular surface-See A-2
Transillum4e behind m a t w w i t h S:!~SI~!S-IV{~~&92_77e)

I
~~ -~ ~ -~ ~ ~ .

2iear material with specuiar Plate glass TO produce visibility or details within Transparent material should move in
surface material such as bubbles & details on front of Type S-V,, then in front of
surface such as scratches black background with Type S-I
directed to prevent reflected dare
).~rent?eaguemateria!s_;
....... .. ~- . ~~~~~ . . .... ....... ...... .....
1. Transparent material over Instrument panel Maximum visibility of scale & point
diffuse background without veiling reflections "
Varnished desk top Maximum visibility of detail on or in So that Image of source & pattern IS
transparent coating or on diffuse reflected to the eye (Flg 27d)
background
.... .. .-
..
 specuiar background
over a

--
~~

m i r r o r
~p

I
.

Maximum visibility of detail on or in

transparent material

Maximum visibility of detail on specular

backsound
-- ---- . . . .
I: 7
~

SOreflection of source does not

coincide with angle of view. Mirror
should reflect a black background
(Fig, 27d)--
So that image of source & pattern is
reflected to thee e Fi :27d)
Part 11-Three dlmenslonal objects
. w q ..Ir--...--.-.-..--..--.-..-.-
1. Difluse detail 8 background Dirt on a casting or blow holes To emphasize detail with a poor contrast 5-111 or S-ll or To prevent direct glare & shadows
in a casting (Fig. 27a)
S-1or In relation to task to emphasize detail by
means of highlight & shadow (Fig.
. .
27bl or c l
5-111 or S-ll as a "black light" To direct ultraviolet radiation to all points
source when object has a to be checked
fluorescent coating
2. Specular detail& background
-
a. Detail on the surface Dent on silverware
-7 To emphasize surface unevenness

-IV plus proper color reflect image of source to eye (Fig.

b. Detail in the surface cratch on a watch case To emphasize surface break reflect image of source to eye (Fig.
).. - ....
3,C~.~b~~~_a!ion_s~_ec!!la1~~~1use..
. -- -.
a. Specular detail on ditluse
background
/=be
1
mark on casting, I l b m G m e glitter against
/ background-
. dull 71 'CiiGZT- /
In relatlon to task for best visibiliiv.
Adjustable equipment often heipful
Overhead to reflect image of source
to eye (Fig. 27b or d)
b. Difluse detail on specular Micrometer scale To create luminaous background against S-IV or 5-111 With axis normal to axis of micromete
background which scale markings can be seen in
high contrast
Coal picking TO make coal glitter in contrast to dull S.1, S-ll To prevent direct glare (Fig, 27b)
. . . -. .
B. Translucent
.
... ..................... materials
.. .
.
-- .. --< - =
1. Diffuse surface Lamp shade TOshow impertections in material Behind or within for transillumination
(Fig. 27e)
2. Specular surface Glass enclosing globe To emphasize surface irregularities Overhead to reflect image of source
to eye (Fig. 27d)

C,Transparent materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clear mater,a<w.th spec^ ar Bottles g,assnarc-emply or To emphasize sdrtace !rrequar$les S- TO bs dllected o o l .~ ~.etol vob ects
surface I filled with clear liquid I I I
To emphasize cracks, chips,, and foreign S-IV or S-V objectsforisheipfui
Behind transillumination.
(Fig. 27e)Motion 01
-..-. ... ... ~ ~.
tively weak in that color. For example, in view- als that fluoresce, near-ultraviolet light sources
ing yellow on black, a light source rich in yellow can be used for color matching.
will increase the contrast by intensifying the yel-
5) Color shading. Color shading is the adjust-
low; in viewing yellow on white, a light source
ment of proportions of ingredients (colorants) in
rich in blue will increase the contrast by graying
a mixture to improve color conformity to a
the yellow.
standard. It, too, is a form of color matching and
requires the same type of lighting or spectro-
2) Color selection. Selecting original colors to
photometric curves as in (4).above. The mixing
be used as a reference standard is governed by
of pigments, dyes, or inks is an example of
many esthetic and economic factors. Only the
color shading.
originator knows of the desired impression to be
given the 0bSe~eror consumer; therefore, this 6) Color correction. Color correction (of a photo-
impression must be inherent in the reference graph or printed picture) is the adjustment of a
standard under any lighting conditions that color reproduction process to improve the color
might be used by observers who view a repro- conformity of a reproduction to that of the origi-
duction of it. Many color problems may be nal. For color correction, the light source is pref-
avoided by evaluating the reference standard erably one that approximates the spectral en-
under commonly used light sources as well as ergy distribution of daylight.''
18,19
under a standardized light source.
4.3.5.2 Three-dimensional objects
3) Color grading (color inspection, color com-
parison). Color grading is the judgment of Three-dimensional objects are seen in their appar-
equality (or of the amount and character of dif- ent shapes because of the shadows and high-
ference) in the color of objects. Many prod- lights resulting from certain directional compo-
ucts-raw cotton, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, nents of light. This directional effect is particularly
furs, etc.-may be accepted or rejected on the useful in emphasizing texture and defects on un-
basis of color specifications or standards. Day- even surfaces.
light is often used for evaluation; however,
4.3.5.3 Silhouette
quantity and color temperature vary with sun
and sky conditions. Electric lighting, with consis- Silhouetting is an effective means of checking
tent color-rendering properties approximating a contour with a standard template. Illumination be-
phase of daylight, is preferable. Large depar- hind the template will show brightness where
tures from the daylight spectrum are permissi- there is a difference between the contour of the
ble and often desirable for color grading. For ex- standard and that of the object being checked.
ample, the differences in yellow samples are
easier to discriminate under a source rich in 4.3.5.4 Fluorescence under ultraviolet
blue than a source deficient in blue.
Fluorescing surfaces by ultraviolet radiation is
4) Color matching. Color matching is the deter- often useful in creating contrast. Surface flaws in
mination that one or more samples of a material metal and nonporous plastic and ceramic parts
or substance are identical in color to a refer- can be detected by the use of fluorescent materi-
ence sample or standard. It differs from color als.
grading in its more exacting requirements.
4.3.5.5 Polarized lighting
Many materials or substances may appear to
match under one light source but not under an- The detection of internal strains in glass, lenses,
other. Such a mismatch, known as color lamp bulbs, transparent plastics, etc., may be fa-
metamerism, can frequently be detected when cilitated by transmitted polarized light. The non-
the comparison between a sample and a refer- uniform spectral transmittance of strained areas
ence standard is made under each of two causes the formation of visible color fringes. With
sources of widely different light energy distribu- transparent models of structures and machine
tion (red and green, for example, or yellow and parts, it is possible to analyze strains under simu-
blue). Incandescent lamps (which are predomi- lated operating conditions.
nantly reddish) and blue or daylight fluorescent
lamps (predominantly bluish) are often used as Polarization can be used to decrease reflected
the two dissimilar light sources. For more pre- glare and veiling reflections from specular sur-
cise color matching, spectrophotometric curves faces. This technique may improve visibility of ob-
should be compared and matched. For materi- jects packaged in a transparent material.
4.3.5.6 Minute details and high precision cal operations. Each of these conditions warrants
the use of a stand-by power supply.
Viewing very small objects through lenses simpii-
fies inspection. The magnified image may be pro- Temporary power interruptions and severe line
jected upon a screen. Because the projected sil- voltage dips may require special cons~deration.In
houette is a magnification of the object, any ir- locations where the lightins ir ~rovidedby HID
regular shapes or improper spacings may be sources, emergency lighting may be needed for
readily detected. Similar devices are used to in- temporary lighting during the HID lamp restrike
spect machined parts for accurate dimensions period (see Annex D, paragraph D4.1). Some HID
and contours. luminaires can be equipped with an incandescent
source that will light immediately upon return to
4.3.5.7 Moving parts normal power, and will remain lighted until 70 to
90 percent of the HID output returns.
It is sometimes necessary to inspect and study
moving parts. ~troboscopiclighting can be ad- Luminaires can be equipped with battery-powered
justed to stop or slow the motion of constant- units that provide reduced illuminance or time in-
speed rotating and reciprocating machinery. tervals adequate for safety of workers. For longer
Stroboscopic lamps give flashes of light at control- outages, it may be better to rely upon power sup-
lable intervals (frequencies). Their flashing can be plied by storage batteries or emergency gener-
so synchronized that each time the flash occurs, ators. Either or both may be used to meet the nec-
the rotating or reciprocating object appears to be essary requirements. An emergency lighting sys-
in exactly the same stationary position. tem may be part of, or separate from, the regular
lighting system. Planned, periodic maintenance of
4.3.5.8 Vertical-surface seeing tasks
all components of the emergency system is es-
Vertically-mounted objects, such as clocks, charts, sential to its proper function. Installations must
dials, panels, assemblies, and so on, often require comply with applicable codes and applicable regu-
special techniques. Uniform lighting is important, iati~ns.~~."
especially if the lighted area is large. If the object
is behind a transparent covering, it is important to Storage-battery lighting units automatically pro-
locate the supplementary luminaire so that any re- vide lighting in corridors, stairwells, exits, aisles
flection does not coincide with the viewing angle. (any exit routes for the safe passage and egress
If the task is located adjacent to a source of high of personnel), machinery equipment rooms and
luminance, such luminance should be reduced to other danger areas. Battery capacity and the num-
within the limits described in 2.3.1. ber of lamps and their wattages should be so cor-
related to provide lighting for at least the length of
4.3.5.9 Electronic components time required by applicable codes.

Many industrial areas contain extensive electronic Generator sets are power sources for longer dura-
components. The manufacturingfacilities involved tions of emergency lighting. The generators are
should provide good seeing conditions for a wide driven by a prime mover that automatically starts
range of visual tasks. Some are relatively simple, upon failure of the normal power supply. Transfer
using standard lighting techniques. Other tasks from normal to emergency power may be effected
are more complex, requiring greater attention to by an automatic transfer switch.
matters of illuminance, spectral content of light.
and directional effects. Some activities must be 4.3.7 Factors of special consideration
performed in clean rooms where the lighting sys-
tem is integrated in the building subsystem (see
4.3.7.1 Lighting and space conditioning
4.3.7.2).

4.3.6 Emergency lighting With the use of higher illuminance, it is often prac-
tical to utilize lighting energy combined with the
During a failure of the normal power supply, pro- heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (WAC)
truding machines or objects are often seen in sil- design for an integrated system. The lighting sys-
houette. Generally, emergency lighting is de- tem can often provide most of the energy during
signed to provide lighting for two basic conditions: the heating period. When cooling is required,
(1) short durations, for personnel safety and much of the lighting heat can be removed by the
evacuation: and (2) longer durations where light- air exhaust system. (See Section 2 for further de-
ing is required for security or for continuity of criti- tails.)
4.3.7.2 High humidity or corrosive 4.3.7.4 Clean rooms
atmosphere and hazardous location lighting
Clean rooms are defined as enclosed areas where
Enclosed gasketed luminaires are used in non- the amount and size of particulate matter in the air
hazardous areas where atmospheres contain non- are closely controlled, as are temperature, humid-
flammable dusts and vapors or ex-essive dust. ity, and pressure. Requirements may be so strin-
Enclosures protect the interior of e: luminaire gent as to require cleanliness greater than a hos-
from conditions prevailing in the area. Steam proc- pital operating room. The lighting in such spaces
essing, plating areas, wash and shower rooms, may be field installed, or supplied as part of an as-
and other areas of unusually high humidity are sembled enclosure with integrated facilities to pro-
typical areas that require enclosed luminaires. Se- vide the necessary HVAC controls.
vere corrosive conditions necessitate knowledge For example, in clean rooms for manufacturing
of the atmosphe~iccontent to permit selection of silicon chips, certain operations require lighting
proper material for the luminaire. controls to create a darkroom environment, such
Hazardous locations are areas where atmos- as for photolithography process in micro chip pro:
pheres contain flammable dusts, vapors or gases d ~ c t i o n .Special
~~ prismatic panels, filters, gold
in explosive concentrations. They are grouped by fluorescent lamps, or colored lamp guards may be
the National Electrical code2' on the basis of their needed to eliminate wavelengths below 500
hazardous characteristics, and all electrical equip- nanometers. Other areas may require 700 to 1000
ment must be approved for use in specific classes lux (70 to 100 footcandles) with low brightness
and groups. Luminaires are available that are spe- louvers in a luminous ceiling to avoid reflections
cifically designed to operate in these areas, which that would be distracting. Multi-level switching
are noted in Article 517 of the National Electrical may give the desired flexibility of illuminance lev-
Code as Class I, Class 11, and Class Ill locations. els.

For definitions of luminaires used in these areas, 4.3.7.5 Non-passive failure of lamps
such as explosion-proof, dust-tight, dust-proof, Many lamp types (especially HID lamps) experi-
and enclosed and gasketed, see the IES Lighting ence non-passive failures when they remain in-
andb book."^ stalled in luminaires after their rated life (particu-
larly in a constant burn condition). When a non-
4.3.7.3 Abnormal temperature conditions
passive failure occurs, fragments of hot glass from
i o w ambient temperatures must be recognized as the lamp can fall to the bottom part of the lens of
existing in such areas as unheated industrial an enclosed unit. HID units with lenses should use
plants, frozen food plants, and cold storage ware- lens material that is capable of containing the frag-
houses. Equipment must be selected to operate ments of hot glass.
under the existing conditions. Particular attention Where open bottom HID luminaires are used,
must be given to lamp starting and light output combustible material below is susceptible to fire
characteristics. With HID equipment, temperature and personnel could be injured from the hot glass
variation has practically no effect on light output, fragments. If it is determined that a risk is present,
but the proper starting characteristics must be ap- enclosed units are recommended. In all HID appli-
proved. With incandescent filament lamp equip- cations, the manufacturer's recommendations for
ment, neither the starting nor the operation is a use and operation should be followed to establish
problem at low temperature. a safe and efficient lighting system.
Abnormally high temperatures may be common at 4.3.7.6 Excessive vibration
truss height in foundries, steel mills, forge shops,
and so on. Caution should be observed in select- Excessive vibration can cause fluorescent lamps
ing lighting equipment for mounting in such loca- to fall from industrial-type units. If this possibility
tions. It is particularly important to consider the exists, safety straps, lamp locks, wire guards, or
temperature limitations of fluorescent and high in- louvers should be installed. See Article 410-16(c)
tensity discharge ballasts under such conditions. of the National Electrical code.'' In earthquake
Often ballasts should be remotely located at a areas, all lighting units should be securely at-
lower and cooler level or special high temperature tached to the supporting structure.
equipment should be used. The reduction in fluo-
4.3.8 Security lighting.7s24
rescent lamp output at low or high operating tem-
peratures should be recognized. See the li ht Security lighting pertains to the lighting of building
sources section of the IES Lighting Handbook.2 2 exteriors and surrounding areas out to and includ-
ing the boundaries of the property. In some cases, preciation of luminaire surfaces, and depreciation
it may be an integral part of the industrial lighting of room surfaces. All light loss factors need to be
design. considered in the lighting design. Inaccurate de-
termination of light loss values may result in lower
Security lighting contributes to a sense of per- illuminance than expected or desired.
sonal security and protects property and may be
realized by: Regularly scheduled maintenance includes clean-
ing luminaire, room, and equipment surfaces. In
1) Surveillance lighting-lighting to detect and spite of adequate maintenance at appropriate in-
observe intruders. tervals, the initial illuminance value may suffer a
2) Protective lighting-lighting to discourage or loss of 25 to 35 percent at the end of the mainte-
deter attempts at entrance or vandalism. nance period.

3) Lighting for safety-lighting to permit safe A systematic maintenance schedule is an effective

movement of guards and other authorized per- aid to energy conservation: frequent maintenance
sons (see section 6). is economical; lack of it is wasteful.

An effective security lighting system should: 5.2 Depreciation i n illuminance

1) Discourage intruders. 5.2.1 General
2) Make detection highly probable should entry One method of establishing a suitable mainte-
occur. nance schedule is to periodically check the illumi-
nance with a light meter. For a new installation,
3) Avoid glare that handicaps guards, as well as first readings should be taken after 100 hours of
annoys legitimate occupants of adjacent proper- use and repeated at appropriate intervals. For an
ties, passing traffic, and workers. existing installation, the luminaires should be
4) Provide adequate illuminance. Illuminance washed and new lamps installed; thereafter, the
needed depends upon the accessibility and vul- same measuring procedure used for a new instal-
nerability of the property and whether the sur-
veillance is by eye or by electronics. (See Table Table 8--Recommended illuminances to detect and
- -. observe intruders
-- (surveillance)
.- - ,

8.) Illuminance*
5 ) Provide low illuminance levels on guard lux 4 foot-
posts, television cameras and other electronic 1 candles
or sensing locations to render their positions Large open areas-standard system I
harder for the intruder to pinpoint. Average lllumlnance throughout the 2 1 02
space, m!nlmun at any tlme
6) Provide special treatment for sensitive loca- I
tions (entrances and exits, railroad sidings, al- Absolute minimum illuminance at any 0.5 I 0.05
point or time
leys, roofs of abutting buildings, wooded areas,
1 Large open areas-glare system I Same as above
water approaches, and airports).
Su~eillanceof ConfinedAreas
7) Provide complete reliability. A single lamp
outage should not result in a dark spot vulner- Average lilumlnance throughout the II 05
space, mbnlmum at any time
able to entry. i

8) Provide convenient control and maintenance.

5 Maintenance

5.1 Importance
Average illuminance throughout the
space, m!nlmum at any tlme
10 / 10

Inadequate or infrequent maintenance may re- Absolute minimum at any point or at

duce the initial illuminance to a point below an ac- any time
ceptable level. Most light loss is caused by: (1) the I i Contact
manufacturerof
lumen depreciation inherent in aging lamps; or (2) Television suweiilance TV camera for
i
dirt accumulation on luminaires and room sur- I required
faces as affected by ambient dirt conditions. Other 8illuminance
light-loss factors that will vary with different indus- 'Recommended
-~~ . - - - illuminances
-~~~ on vertical surfaces in direction
~ ~ ~

of guards an0 1 meter [3feet] aoove gro~naan0 on any otner

tries and lighting systems are: temperature, volt- plane on Hnlch surveillance s relaleo lo seelng
age, ballast efficiency, burnouts, permanent de-
-. . ..
.- .-. . .. . - -. . .-
lation should be followed. When readings have 5.4 Dirt accumulation
decreased to the established minimum level, it is Luminaire design influences the rate of dirt accu-
time for maintenance. Typical curves of useful mulation and ease of cleaning. Closed-bottom,
light plotted against time are shown in Figure 29a. dust-tight, or filtered units reduce the rate of dirt
5.2.2 Luminalre dirt depreciation (LDD). accumulation on the lamps and reflecting sur-
faces; however, care is necessary during relamp-
Dirt accumulating on luminaire reflecting surfaces, ing to ensure adequate sealing (a very small de-
lamps, lenses, or diffusing media decreases the fect in gasketing will allow the luminaires to
total output. breathe in dirt). Service tests indicate that less dirt
accumulates in open units if there are ventilating
5.2.3 Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) apertures in the top; the upward air movement
Diminishing lumen output is inherent in electric tends to carry airborne dirt through the reflector
lamps. Detailed information may be obtained from apertures rather than deposit it on the reflector
the IES Lighting and book' or lamp manufac- and lamp.
turer's data. 5.5 Cleaning
5.2.4 Room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD) 5.5.1 General
Lighting utilization is impaired as dirt deposits re- Cleaning reduces the cost of light and energy. The
duce room-surface reflectances. Air-cleaning and type of contaminant, the efficiency of air filtering
filtering systems reduce the rate of depreciation. systems, the amount of traffic, andother variables
Dirt on the upper wall and ceiling surfaces is most determine the frequency of cleaning. Semiannual
detrimental to indirect and semi-indirect systems washing is justified in many locations; in dirtier ar-
and, too often, is unnoticed until the loss becomes eas, more frequent cleaning is recommended. It is
excessive. necessary to determine each cleaning program on
its own merits. An adequate cleaning schedule
5.3 Access to equipment
may help restore 25 to 50 percent of the illumi-
There should be practical access to all luminaires, nance (see Figure 29b).
especially wherever the mounting height exceeds
3.7 meters (12 feet). Disconnecting hangers facili- 5.5.2 Lumlnalre
tate the safe lowering of the luminaires for servic- There is widespread use of mechanized equip-
ing. Extension ladders, scaffolding, portable plat- ment for cleaning luminaire components; some
forms, and lamp changers are obvious aids. Lumi- cleaning equipment are built to specification. Each
naires can often be serviced from a crane. Some machine is usually designed to handle certain
large, high installations have special rails and types of material and is economical when large
traveling cars to maintain the luminaires. quantities are cleaned. Certain parts of luminaires

Figurt 11 lighlIpionled against time. Typical curves showing the cause of loss 01
light a useful lighl:are at the right.
 Table 94llurninance levels for safety'
such as end plates, reflectors, and so on may not / Hazards requiring visual Slight 1 ~ i ~ h '
be removable and must be cleaned in place. Plas- I detection I
tics should be destaticized (if not included in the High I

1 :
[ ~ o n aactivity
l level' Low High ! Low
!
cleaning solution) and air dried (not wiped) to pre-
vent accumulating a static charge which attracts
dirt. It is also advisable to wear clean gloves in
1 Illuminancevalues
1 LUX
1 Footcandles /
5.4
0.51 1
/I 22
i 2 1. 5 !
54 I
handling cleaned plastic; oil from bare hands will ['Minimum illuminance for safety of people,, absolute minimum i
leave marks on the plastic and destroy the destati- I at any time and at any location~onany plane where safety is I
i related to seeing conditions.
cization. Lamps that are not replaced should be
washed at each cleaning. 1I 'special conditions may require diierent illuminance values. In
some cases higher levels may be required as for example 2
j
I where security is a factw., or where certain colors must be I
5.5.3 Room surfaces i identified. In some other cases greatly reduced levels,,
I including total darkness,, may be necessary,, specifically in
The frequency of cleaning or painting room sur- /situations involving manufacturing., handling,, use,, or
1 processtng of light-sensitive materials (notably in connection j
faces is a function of the amount and character of j with photographic products). In these situations alternate
'
dirt in the atmosphere. Clean room surfaces in- i methods of insuring safe operations must be relied upon. !
crease lighting utilization. !Note:See specific application reports of the IES for guidelines i
t o minimum illuminances for safety by area.
/'An obstacle in the path of egress should be considered a j
5.6 Group relamping i high h z a r d I
Replacing burned-out or severely depreciated
lamps is very important to maintaining the light contribute to industrial accidents. Some of these
level. It is often economical to replace lamps be- factors are: direct glare, reflected glare from the
fore they fail. Group replacement of lamps is fre- task, and harsh which
auentlv more economical than individual reolace- seeing. Excessive visual fatigue itself may be an
hent. keolacino de~reciatedlamos with new ones element leading toward accidents
a
contributks to higher average lighting level. The
effect of various relamping strategies is shown in
Accidents may also be due to the delayed eye ad-
aptation a person experiences when moving from
a document by the IES Energy Management
bright surroundings into dark ones and vice versa.
~ommittee.~
Some accidents that have been attributed to an
6 Safety individual's carelessness could have been par-
tially due to difficulty in seeing from one or more of
6.1 Importance the above mentioned factors. The accidents might
have been avoided through the use of good light-
(For emergency lighting, i.e., failure of the normal ing principles.
power supply, see 4.3.6.) Safe working conditions
are essential to any industry and the effect of light 6.2 Illuminance levels
on safety must be considered. The environment of
an industrial installation should be designed to The lighting recommendations in Table 1 provide
help compensate for the limitations of human ca- a guide for efficient visual performance rather than
pability. Any factor that aids visual effectiveness for safety alone; therefore, they are not to be inter-
increases the probability that a worker will detect preted as requirements for regulatory minimum il-
the potential cause of an accident and act to cor- luminance.
rect it.
Table 9 has been developed to list illuminances
Physical hazards are marked according to Ameri- regarded as absolute minimums for safety alone.
can National Standards Institute document^.'^ To assure these levels are maintained, higher in-
The color rendering properties of the light source itial levels must be provided as required by the
should be considered with regard to the physical maintenance conditions (see Section 5). In those
hazards present in the particular installation. Spe- areas that do not have fixed lighting, localized
cial consideration should be given in regard to dis- lighting should be provided by portable lighting
crimination of safety colors under high pressure equipment. (See Table 84 in Annex B and refer-
sodium lighting.26 ence 7 for those illuminances for safety associ-
ated with the cargo and shipping facilities.)
In many instances where illumination is associ-
ated with industrial accidents, the cause is attrib- The illuminance must be high enough to allow ac-
uted to inadequate illuminance or poor quality of curate discrimination of safetv colors as ore-
illumination. However, there are many less tangi- scribed by the American ~ationalStandards I&-
ble factors associated with poor lighting that can t~te.'~
6.3 Other factors 6. IES Committee on Recommendations for Qual-
ity and Quantity of lllumination of the IES, "RQQ
A visually safe installation must minimize glare Report No. 6-Selection of Illuminance Values for
and be free of uncontrolled, large differences in lu- Interior Lighting Design," Journal of the llluminat-
minances. An appropriate guide to limiting glare ing Engineering Society (hereafter cited as J. II-
and adaptation effects is described in 2.2. lum. Eng. Soc.) , Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 188, Apr., 1980.
Changes in eye adaptation when alternately look-
ing at areas of widely different luminances will oc- 7. Kaufman, J.E. and Christensen, J.F. (editors),
cur, and the recommended maximum luminance IES Lighting Handbook, 1987 Application Volume,
ratios listed in Table 4 should be used to avoid New York: llluminating Engineering Society of
temporarily noticeable reductions in visibility. Con- North America, 1984.
necting adjacent fluorescent and HID luminaires
8. IES Committee on Lighting for the Machining of
to different phases of three-phase electrical distri-
Small Metal Parts, "Lighting for Machining of
bution systems will reduce stroboscopic effects
Small Metal Parts," IES CP2-1948, llluminating
and, therefore, may improve safety in machine
Engingeering (hereafter cited as lllum. Eng.), p.
shops and other areas containing rotating machin-
615, Vol. 44, Oct., 1949.
ev.
9. IES Committee on Lighting Design Practice,
6.4 Lighting evaluation "Zonal-Cavity Method of Calculating and Using
Although the proper quality and quantity of illumi- Coefficients of Utilization," IES LM23-1964. Lhml
nation may be designed for safety in an industrial &Q, Vol. 59, No. 5, p. 309, May, 1964.
area, it is necessary to know whether the installa- 10. IES Committee on Design Practice, "General
tion meets requirements. A standard procedure, ti- Procedure for Calculating Maintained Illumina-
tled "How to Make a Lighting ~ u r v e ~ , " "has been tion." IES CP34-1970, Illum. Eng., Vol. 65, No. 10,
developed in cooperation with the U.S. Public p. 603., Oct., 1970.
Health Service. This standard procedure is recom-
mended for use in surveys of lighting for safety. 11. IES Committee on Lighting Design Practice,
"The Determination of lllumination at a Point in In-
References terior Spaces," IES LM43-1973. J. Illum. Eng.
Soc., Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 170, Jan., 1974.
1. IES Committee on Energy Management, IES
Recommended Procedure for Lighting Power 12. CIE,An Analytic Model for Describing the lnflu-
Limit Determination, IES LEM1-1982, New York: ence of Lighting Parameters upon Visual Perform-
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, ance, Voi. 1, No. 19.21 and Vol. 2 , No. 19.22. 2nd
1983. ed. Viena: Commision Internationale de
2. IES Committee on Energy Management, IES eclairag age, 1981.
Recommended Procedure for Lighting Energy 13. IES Committee on Office Lighting, American
Limit Determination, IES LEM2-1984, New York: National Standard Practice for Office Lighting, IES
llluminating Engineering Society of North America, RP1-1982, New York: llluminating Engineering
1984. Society of North America, 1982.
3. IES Committee on Energy Management, IES 14. IES Committee on Daylighting. "Recom-
Recommended Design Considerations for Effec- mended Practice of Daylighting," IES RP5-1978,
tive Building Lighting Energy Utilization, IES Lighting Design & Application (hereafter cited as
LEM3-1987, New York: llluminating Engineering Light. Des. Appl.), Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 25., Feb., 1979.
Society of North America, 1987.
15. IES Committee on Calculation Procedures,
4. IES Committee on Energy Management, IES "Recommended Practice for the Calculation of
Recommended Procedure for Energy Analysis of Daylight Availability," IES RP21-1983, J. Illum.
Building Design and Installation, IES LEM4-1984, Eng. Soc., Vol. 13, No. 4, p.381, July, 1984.
New York: llluminating Engineering Society of
North America, 1984. 16. IES Committee on lllumination Performance
Recommendations, "Classification of Luminaires
5. IES Committee on Energy Management, IES by Distribution," Illum. Eng., Vol. 49, No. 11, p.
Recommendations for Building Lighting Operation 552. Nov., 1954.
and Maintenance for Effective Energy Utilization,
IES LEM5, New York: llluminating Engineering 17. IES Committee on Lighting Study Projects in
Society of North America, to be published. Industly, "Recommended Practice for Supplemen-
. IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Lighting of
Indoor Locations of Central Station Properties,"
mended Practice for Lighting Spaces with Visual
Display Terminals, New York: Illuminating Engi-
IES CP9-1957, Illurn. Eng., Vol. 52, No. 8, p. 423- neering Society of North America, to be published.
438, Aug., 1957. * Joint IES-ASME Committee on Lighting in the
IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Railroad Textile Industry, "Lighting for Woolen and Worsted
Yard Lighting," IES CP22-1961, Illum. Eng., Vol. Textile Mills," IES CP1-1949, Illurn. Eng., Vol. 44,
57, No. 3, p. 239-251, Mar., 1962. p. 364, June 1949.

IESIASAE Joint Farm Lighting Committee,

"Lighting for Dairy Farms,"lES CP33-1965, Illurn.
Eng., Vol. 62, No. 7, p. 441-451, July, 1987.
. IESIASAE Joint Farm Lighting Committee,
"Lighting for the Poultry Industry," IES CP36-1969,
lllum. Eng., Vol. 65, No. 7, p. 440-454, July, 1970.
= IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Lighting for
the AircraWAirline Industries-Manufacturing and
Maintenance," IES CP40-1975, J.lllum. Eng. Soc.,
Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 207-219, Apr., 1975.
IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Lighiing Out-
door Locations of Electric Generating Stations,"
IES CP8-1975, J. Illum. Eng. Soc., Vol. 4, No. 3,
p. 220-228. Apr.. 1975.
. IES lndustrial Lighting Cornmittee, "Lighting in
the Logging and Sawmill Industries", IES CP42-
1986, J. lllum. Eng. Soc.. New York: Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America.
IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Lighting for
Petroleum and Chemical Plants, J. Illurn. Eng.
Soc., Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 184-192, Apr., 1977.
IES lndustrial Lighting Cornmittee, "Lighting for
the AircraWAirline Industries--Air Frame Mainte-
nance," IES CP40A-1977, Light. Des. Appl., Vol.
8, No. 6, p. 41-47, June, 1978.
IES lndustrial Lighting Committee, "Nuclear
Power Plant Lighting," IES CP41-1975, J. Illum.
Eng. Soc., Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 107-116, Jan., 1976.
.Agricultural Wiring Handbook, Columbia, MO:
National Food & Energy Council, 1990.
e IES Committee on Roadway Lighting, "Lighting
for Parking Facilities," IES RP20-1984, J. Illum.
Eng. Soc., Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 616-623, Apr., 1985.
0 IES Committee on Roadway Lighting, American
National Standard Practice For Tunnel Lighting,
IESIANSI RP22-1987, New York: Illuminating En-
gineering Society of North America.
IES Aviation Committee, IES Recommended
Practice for Airport Service Area Lighting, IES
RP14-1987, New York: lliuminating Engineering
Society of North America.
IES Committee on Office Lighting, Recom-
 Annex A range on the basis of the remaining three charac-
teristics.
Method of prescribing illuminance For a given visual display, a specific value of illu-
minance can be chosen from the recommended
(This annex is not part of the American NationalStand- range only when the designer knows the remain-
ard PracticeANSl/lES RP7-1991.) ing three characteristics (which are the 0bselver'~
A.l Illuminance selection procedure age, importance of speed or accuracy [or both],
and task reflectance). The designer, in consult-
ation with the user, should determine these char-
Since 1965 this standard has included single-
acteristics at design time.
value illuminance recommendations based on a
method established at that time.28 In recent years A guide for using the second, third, and fourth
it became apparent, through on-going research characteristics of the lighting task, which can be
and design experience, that it was time to move referred to w h e n determining a specific target
away from the single-value recommendations to a value of illuminance, takes the form of a table of
range approach-illuminance ranges accompa- weighting factors (see Table 3). The designer or
nied by a weighting-factor guidance system re- user determines the weight of each characteristic.
flecting lighting-performance trends found in re- A combined weighting factor then indicates
search. In 1979, such a procedure was estab- whether the lower, middle, or upper value of illumi-
~ished.~ nance in the range is appropriate (see Table 1).
It is intended that this procedure will accommo- It can be seen that this procedure is an illumi-
date a need for flexibility in determining illumi- nance selection procedure, where consensus-de-
nance levels so that lighting designers can tailor termined recommended ranges combine with
lighting systems to specific needs, especially in an judgement and user supplied information. The re-
energy conscious era. Such flexibility requires that sult is the determination of a specific target value
additional information be available to effectively of illuminance appropriate for the lighting task un-
use the new range approach-a lighting task must der consideration.
be considered to be composed of the following
characteristics: A.2 Limitations of the selection procedure
1) The visual display (details to be seen). This illuminance selection procedure is intended
2) The ages of the observers. for use in interior environments where visual per-
formance is an important consideration. It has
3 ) The importance of speed or accuracy (or been developed from a consideration of experi-
both) for visual performance. ence and research results from visual perform-
4) The reflectance of the task (the background ance experiments. its use is then limited to appli-
on which the details are seen). cations where this information can be applied di-
rectly. Thus, the illuminance selection procedure2
The visual display is the object being viewed--it is not used to determine the appropriate illumi-
will present some inherent visual difficulty. The nance when:
age of the observer is a predictor of the condition
of the observer's visual system. The importance of 1) The principal activity in the space is mer-
speed or accuracy (or both) distinguishes be- chandising and the purpose of lighting is to ad-
tween casual, important, and critical seeing re- vantageously display goods.
quirements. The reflectance will determine the ad- 2) The purpose of lighting is to enhance adver.
aptation luminance produced by the illuminance. tising, sales promotion, or attraction.
These characteristics, considered together, deter-
mine the appropriate amount of light for the light- 3) Lighting is for sensors other than the eye, as
ing task. All four characteristics must be consid- in film and television applications.
ered as comprising the lighting task. 4) The principal purpose of lighting is to achieve
In applying the procedure, begin by determining a artistic effects.
range of illuminance appropriate for the visual dif- 5) Luminance ratios have a greater importance
ficulty presented by the visual display, which is the than adaptation luminance, as when it is de-
first characteristic listed above. (See Table B1 in sired to achieve a particular psychological or
Annex B for the recommended illuminance cate- emotional setting rather than provide for visual
gories). Then determine a target value from that ~erformance.
 ) Minimum illuminance are reauired for safetv.
6-, ina factors is 0 +1 +1 = 2. Therefore, the illumi-
nince to be selected is the high value in the new
7) Maximum illuminance are established to pre- range, that is 5000 lux (500 footcandles).
vent nonvisual effects, such as bleaching or de-
terioration due to ultraviolet and infrared radia- By referring to Table A-1 after Step 2 the illumi-
tion in a museum. nance can be selected without referring to Table 1
or 3
8) Illuminance are part of a test procedure for
evaluating equipment, such as for surgical light-
ing systems.
A.3 Example of illuminance selection

Suppose a machine shop is to be relighted. The

designer, in consultation with the foreman, deter-
mines the following:
1) The task is diemaking using metal of a reflec-
tance of about 40 percent.
2) The workers are young (under 40).
3) The workers are under pressure to maintain
close tolerances on die production. Speed and
accuracy are considered to be important, but
not critical, to production.
The designer then follows this step-by-step proce-
dure:
Step I . Define the visual task. Here, the designer
uses the information obtained in (1) through (3)
above.
Step 2. Determine the illuminance category by re-
ferring to Table B1. The designer finds an illumi-
nance category of E under machine shops, in the
subhead medium bench or machine work.
Step 3. Determine the illuminance range by refer-
ring to Table 1. The designer finds the illuminance
range is 500-750-1000 lux (50-75-100 footcan-
dles).
Step 4. Select the weighting factor by referring to
Table 3 and the above information in Steps 1 - 3.
The designer selects these weighting factors: -1
for workers' ages; 0 for speed or accuracy (or
both); and 0 for reflectance of task background.
The algebraic sum is -1 +O +O = -1. Therefore, the
illuminance selected is the mid-value, i.e., 750 lux
(75 footcandles).
If the task were considered to be fine bench work,
where the tolerances are critical, the metal that is
used has a reflectance of 25 percent, and the av-
erage of the workers' ages is 50, the illuminance
category becomes G. The range is determined as
2000-3000-5000 lux (200-300-500 footcandles).
The weighting factor for workers' ages is 0, for
speed or accuracy (or both) is +1, and for reflec-
tance is + l . The new algebraic sum of the weight-
 Table Al-4lluminance values, maintained, in lux tor a combination of illuminance
categories and user, r w m and task characteristics
a. General lighting throughout room
Weighting factors Illuminance categories
1 Average of Average room Surface A !! B i
C
! occupants ages reflectance (per cent)

1 'NI = not important, I = important, and C = critical

! " Obtained by a combination of general and suppiementarv liahtina.
 Annex B

Currently recommended illuminance cate-

gories and values for industrial lighting
design (target maintained levels)

(This annex is not part of the American KationalStand-

ard Practice ANSl/ES RP7- 1991.)

Final assembly, such as placing of motors,

Aircran maintenance
propellers, wing sections, landing gear ...... E
Dockinwall activifies required to dock ........... E
General
Maintenance, modlications and repairs to airframe
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- E Rougheasyseeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Cleaning, prime painting, final painting exierior . . . . . E Rough difficultseeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Modfications or repairs to systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Ramp lighting ............................... A Fine G
Predocung activities .......................... E ExtraRne ............................. F
Preparationto dedock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D First manufacturing operations (sheet metal)
(see Sheet metal works)
Inspection
Flight test and delivery area .................. A
Ordinary E
General warehousing (see Storage rooms or
Dimcun F warehouses)
Highly difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Outdocr receiving and storage areas (see Materials
Specialty shops handling)
Instruments, radios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Assembly
Electrical.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Hydraulic and pnematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Moderately difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Difficult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Upholstery. chairs, rugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Verydiicult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Partsinspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Exacting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
Pi~stics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Automobile manufacturing
Systems operations and functional checks requiring (see Table B3)=
aircraft power systems activation to perform ..... E Bakeries
system repain after operations and close up Mixingroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Faceofshelves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
System restoration or new System component
installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Inside of mixing bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Aircran manufactvring Fermentation room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Fabrication (preparation for assembly) Make-up room
Rougn oencn uor* an0 sneet meta operations Bread D
sic" as snears presses pmcnes Sweet yeast-raised produts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
cornter~~n* na- s~lnnlng- D
. Proofing room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Drilling. riveting, screw faslening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Ovenroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Me0 um oencn w x x and macn nmg s x n as ord nary
aLlomatc macn nes r o q n gnnomg, mealum Fillings and other ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
0c.n ng, a m pa tsnsng . . . . . . E Decoratingand icing
ine oencn war* an0 macnnng such as oralnary Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
aJromat c macn nes rodgh gnnomg, me0.m Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
on og, an0 p0,lsnln~ . . . G
Scales and thermometen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Enra fine bench and machine work .............. H
Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Layout and template work, shaping and smwthing of
small parts for uselage, wing sections, mwling, etc. . E Book binding
Scribing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Folding, assembling, pasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Plating D CutUng, punching. stitching.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Embossing and inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
 Illuminance
Area / activity category Areal activity category

Breweries Cloth products

Brewhouse ................................ D Cloth inspection .............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boiling and keg washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D cutting ...................................
Filling (bonies. cans, kegs) ................. D Sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Candy making Pressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boxdepartment ............................. D Clothing manufacture (see Sewn Products)
Chocolate department Receiving, opening, storing, shippmg . . . . . . . . . . . .
Husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crushing and Examining (perching) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
refining, feeding.. ....................... D Sponging, decating, winding, measuring . . . . . . . . .
Bean cleaning, sorting, dipping, packing. Piling up and marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wrapping D
Cutting ...................................
Msiing E
Panern making, preparation of trimming, piping.
Cream making canvasandshoulderpads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mixing. cooking, molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Fming, bundling, shading, stitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gum drops and iellied forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
andd decorating ............................ D Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hard candy Pressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mixing, cooking, molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Die cuning and sorting ...................... E Control r w m s (see Electric generating
Kiss making and wrapping.. .................... E stations-interior)
Canning and preserving Corridors (see Sewice spaces)
lnitiai grading raw material samples ............. D Cotton gin industry
Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Overhead equipment-separators, driers. grid
cleaners. stick machines, conveyers, feeders
Coior grading and cuning rwms .............. F
andcatwalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparation Ginstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prel~minary sorting Control console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apricotsand peaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Lint cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Balepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Olives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Dairy farms (see Farms)
Cuning and pining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Dairy products
Finalsorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Fluid milk industry
Cannmg Boiler room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuous-beitcanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Bonle storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slnkcannlng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Bonlesorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Handpacking D Bmte washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Olives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Canwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exam~nation of canned samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Cooling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contamer handling Filling: inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- F Gauges (on face) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Can unsciamblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--- E
Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labeiingandcarfoning D
Meter panels (on face) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Casting (see Foundries) Pasteueers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central stations (see Electric generating stations) Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical plants (see Petroteum and chemical plants) Storage refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clay and concrete products Tanks, vats
Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Light interiors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molding, pressing. cieaning, trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . D Dark Interiors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enameling E Thermometer (on Face) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color and glazing-rough work ................. E Weighing room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color and glazing-flne work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cleaning andpressing industry Dispatch boards (see Electric generating
Checkingandsorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E stations-interior)
Dry and wet cleaning and steaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Electrical equipment manufacturing
lnspectianandsponing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G Impregnating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressino F Insulating: coil winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
 Illuminance Illuminance
Area Iactivity category category

Electric generating stationsjnterior (see also Laddenandstain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C

Nuclear power plants) Sso ..................................... A
Air-conditioning equipment, air preheater and fan floor. Silo room ................................ C
ash siuicing ............................... B
Feed storage area-grain and concentrate
Auxiliaties, pumps, tanks, compresson, gauge area . C
Grainbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' A
Baneryrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D ...................
Concentrate stroage area B
Boiler platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Feedprocessingarea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Bumer platforms ............................. C
Livestock housing area (community, materniiy.
Cable room ................................. B individual calf pens, and iaose housing and
Coal handling systems ........................ resting area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Coalpulverizer .............................. C Machine storage area (garage and machine shed) . . B
Condensen, deaeretor Row, evaporator tlwr. Farm shop area
heateribon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Active storage area ........................ B
Control rooms ............................... General shop area (machinery repair, rough sawing) D
Main control boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DE Rough bench and machine work (painting,flne
Auxiliary control panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dc storage, ordinary sheet metal work welding,
medium benchwork) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Operatoh station .......................... EC
Medium bench and machine work (fine wood-
Maintenanceand wiring area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D working, dtili press, metal lathe, grinder) . . . . . . E
Emergency operating lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Miscellaneous areas
Gaugereading ............................ D Farm offlce (see reference 13 in main text) . . . . . .
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide manifold area ....... C Restrooms (see Selvice spaces) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Pumphouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Precipitators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..--. B Farm-oultry (see Poultry industry)
Screenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Flour mills
Soot or slag blower platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Rolling, sffling, puritying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Steam headers and throttles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Packing D
Switchgear and motor control centen . . . . . . . . . . . . D Product control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . F
Telephone and communication equipment rooms ... D
Cleaning, screens, man lifts. aisleways and
Tunneis or galleties, piping and electircal . . . . . . . . . . B walkways, bin checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Turbine building Forgeshops ................................. E
Operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Foundries
Below operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Annealing (furnaces) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Visitor's gallery ... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Water treating area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Core making
Elevators (see Service spaces) Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Explosives manufacturing Medium E
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, statiiianary driers, Grinding and chipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
stationary and gravity crystallizen ............. D Inspection
Mecnanlcal furnace, generators and st1 is Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
mecnamca anen evaporator5 flitrat on
mecnanlca c w t a l zers D Medium F
Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators nitraton . . D Molding
Farms-diary Medium . F
Milking operation area (milking parlor and stall barn) Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Pouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Cow'sudder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Milk handling equipment and storage area (milk Supoia C
house or milk room) Shakeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
General.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Garages-parking (see reference 7)
Washingarea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Garages-service
Bulk tank interior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Loadingplattorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Active traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Feeding area (stail bam feed alley, pens, loose Wnte-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
housing feed area) ......................... C
Glass works
Feed storage area-forage
Mix and furnace rooms, pressing and lehr. glass-
Haymow ................................. A blowing machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Hay inspection area ........................ C Gtinding. cutting, slivering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
 Illuminance Area,activity lllummance
Areal activir, category category

Fine grinding, beveling, polishing ................ E Diesel generator bviidlng ......................

inspection, etching and decorating ............... F Fuel handling building
Glove manufacturing (see Sewn Products) Operating floor ............................
Hangars (see Aircraft manufacturing) Below operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hat manufacturing Offgasbuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dyeing. stiffening, braiding, cleaning. refining ...... E Radwaste building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forming, sizing, pundng, flanging, fmishing, imning . . F Reactor building
Sewing .................................... G Operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection Below operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Simple D Oitices (see reference 13 i n main tea)
Moderately a'lnicun ........................... E Packing and boxing (see Materials handling)
Difficult .................................... F Paint manufacturing
Verydiicun ................................ G Processing .................................
Exacting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H Mixcomparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(see Paint shops
Table Dipping. simple spraying, firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron and steel manufacturing ................... ~3)a
Jewelry and watch manufacturing ............... G
Rubbing, ordinary hand paintingand finishing art.
stencil and special spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laundries Fine hand painting end finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washing ................................... D Extra-fine hand paintingand finishing ............
Fiat work ironing, weighing, listing, marking ........ D Psper-box manufacturing ......................
Machine and press frishing, sorting ............. E (See
Fine hand ironing ............................ E Table
Leather manufacturing
Petroleum end chemical plants ................. 63)s
Plating
Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Polishing and burnishing (see Machine shops)
Cuning, freshing and stuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Power plants (see Electric generating stations)
Finishing and scariing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Poultry industry (see also F a r m d a i r y )
Leather working
Brooding, production, and laying houses
Pressing, winding, glazing ..................... F
Feeding, inspection, cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grading, matching, cuning, scarfing, sewing . . . . . . . G
LockerR~oms ................................ c Chartsandrecords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermometers, thermostats, time clocks . . . . . . . .
Machine shops
Hatcheries
Rough bench or machine work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
General area end loading platform . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medium bench or machine work. ordinary automatic
machines, rough gnnding, medium buffing Inside incubators ..........................
andpolishing ............................. E Dubbing station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fine bench or machine work, fine automatic machines, Sexing ..................................
medlum grinding, fine buffing and polishing ...... G
Egg handling, packing, and shipping
Extra-fine bench or machine work, grinding, fine work H
General lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials handling
Eggqualilyinspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wrapping. packing, labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Loading platform, egg storage area, etc. . . . . . . . .
Picking stock. classifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Egg processing
Loadlng, inside truck bodies and freight c a n . . . . . . . C
General lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meat packing
Fowl prwssing plant
Slaughtering . D General (exciuding killing and unloading area) . . .
Cleaning, cunmg. cooking, grinding, canning, packing D
Government inspection station and grading
Nuclear power plants (see also Electric generating stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stations)
Unloading and killing area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auxiliary build~ng.uncontrolledaccess areas . . . . . . . C
Feed storage
Controlled access areas
Grain. feed rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Count room.. ............................ EC
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Charlsandremrds ........................
Health physics office.. ...................... F
Machine storage area (garage and machine shed) . .
Medical aid roam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Printing industries
Hotlaundry ............................... D
Type foundries
Storage roam ............................. C
Matrix making, dressing type .................
Engmeerec safely features equipment .......... D
 lliuminance
Area 1 activity category Area I activity
I1'um'nance Category

Font assembly-sorting ..................... D Fling, soning and blunding, shadlng, stltch marking G
Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Printing plants Pressing ................................... F
Color inspection and appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F In-process and final inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Machine composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Finished goods storage and picking orders . . . . . . . . F"
Composing room .......................... E Trim preparation, piping ,canvas and shauid pads .. F
Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Machine repair shops ........................ G
Imposingstones ........................... F Knining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Proofreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Sponging, decating, rewinding, measuring . . . . . . . . E
Electrotyping Hat manufacture (See Hat manufacture)
Molding, routing, iinishing, leveling molds, Leather working (see Leather working)
trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Shoe manufacturing (see Shoe manufacturing)
Blocking, tinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Sheet metal works
Electroplating, washing, backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Miscellaneous machines. orolinary bench work . . . . . E
Photoengraving Presses. shear?, stamps. spinning, medium
Etching, staging, blocking .................... D benchwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Routing, finishing, proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Punches E
nnt laying, masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Tin plate inspection. galvanized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Quality Control (see inspection) Scribing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Receiving and shipping (see Materials handling) Shoe manufacturing-leather
(see Cuning and stitching
Table Cuning tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Rubber goods-mechanical .................... Be)a
Marking, bunonholding, skiving, soning, vamping.
(see munting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Table
Rubber tire manufacturing ..................... ~ 3 ) ~ Stitching. dark materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
Safety (see Section 6 and Table 8) Making and finishing, nailers. sole layer?, well beaters
and scralers, trimmers, welters, lasters. edge
Sawmills sellers, sluggers, randen. wheelers, treers.
Secondarylogdeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 cleaning, spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing . F
Head saw (cutting area viewed by sawyer) . . . . . . . . E Shoe manufacturing-rubber
Headsawoutfeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Washing. coating. mill run compounding . . . . . . . . . . D
Machine in-feeds (bull edger, resaws, edgers, trim. Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole
hula saws, planers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B cuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Main mill floor (base lighting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Sole rolling, lining, making and finishing processes. . E
Soning tabies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Soap manufacturing
Rough lumber grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D Kenle houses. cuning, soap chip and powder . . . . . . D
Finished lumber grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Stamping, wrapping and packing, filling and packing
soappowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Dry lumber warehouse (planer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Stairways (see Service spaces)
Dry klin coiling shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Chipper infeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Steel (see Iron and steel)
Storage battery manufacturing .................. D
Basement areas
Storage rooms or warehouses
Acfie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
inactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
inaYflve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
Active
Filing room (work areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms) Rough, bulky items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
Stairways, corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Be Small items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Structural steel fabrication ..................... E
Elevators, freight and passenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8'
Toilets and wash rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CB Sugar relining
Sewn products Grading . E
Receiving. packing, shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Color inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Testing
Opening, raw goods storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Designing, panerndraning, panem grading and
markermaking.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F Exacting tests enra-fine instruments, scales, etc. . . F
Computerized designing, panem-makingand grading, Texrile mills
digitizing, marker-making, and ploning . . . . . . . . . . B Staple fiber preparation
Cbth inspection and perching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Stock dyeing, tinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Spreading and cuning (includes computetized cming) F9 Sorting and grading (wool and cotton) . . . . . . . . . . E~
 lllumlnance Area,aalvity lilumlnance
Area Iactlvlty category category

Yarn manufacturing Fabric finishing (calendaring, sanforizlng. sueding.

chemical treatment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ed
Opening and picking (chute feed). . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
inspection ............................... Gd'
Carding (nonwoven web formation) ............ D'
Tobacco products
Drawing (gilling, pin drafting) ................. D
Drying, stripping.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Combing ................................. De
Grading and sofling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Roving (slubbing, fly frame) .................. E
Toilets and wash r w m s (see Service spaces)
Spinning (cap spinning, twisting, texturing) ...... E
Upholstering ................................. F
Yarn preparation
Windino.
<. auiliino.twistim
, ". -
.................... E
Warehouses (see Storage r w m s )
Welding
Warping (beaming, sizing) ................... Fd
Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Warp tie-in or drawinpin (automatic) ........... E
Precision manual arc-welding ................ fl
Fabric production
Wwdworking
Weaving, kniiting. tufting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Rough sawing and bench work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
inspection ................................ G~
Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium quality
Finishing machine and bench work, gluing, veneenng.
Fabric preparation(desiring, scouring, bleaching. moperage D
singeing, and mercenzation) ............... D Fine bench and machine work, fine sanaing and
Fabric dyeing (printing) ...................... D finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E

' Inadstry represenlallves nare erlaoltsneo a tao e of smgle t i Lmmance va Les whlcn in lnelr op#nioncanoe "sea in ore*erenceto employ
ng relerence 6 1 Lmlnance baldes ror spec Icoperat onscan a 5 0 Oe Oeterm neo ~ s m 4llLmlnance
g categores at 5 m Bar lasns aro act 9 Iles
fomo n tnls tame and tne app (cat on of tne apprcpr ate nelgnt ng laclors n Tao e 3
'Special iight~ngsuch that (1) the luminous area is large enough to cover the sudace which is being inspected and (2) the luminance is
within the limits necessary to obtain wmfonable contrast wndlions. This involves the use of sources of large area nd relatively low lumi-
name in which the source luminance is the principal factor rather than the illuminance produced at a given point.
' Maximum levels--controlied system.
Supplementary lighting should be provided in this space to produce the higher levels required for specific seeing tasks involved.
Additional lighting needs to be provided for maintenance onk.
I Color temperature of the light source is impomnt for color matching.
Higher levels from local lighting may be required for manually operated cuiting machines.
"f color matching is critical, use illuminance category G.
 Table B2-Currenlly recommended Illuminances tor Industrial Outdoor Spaces
9
Area / activity lux footcandles

Building (construction) Logging (see also Sawmiils)

General construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10 Yarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Excavation work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lag loading and unloading . . . . . . . . 50
Building exteriors Log stowing (water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Active log storage area (land) . . . . . . 5
Entrances
Active (pedestrian andlor Log bwming area ( w a t e i ~ f o otratiic
t 10
conveyance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Active log handling area (water) .... 20
Inactive (normaliy locked .
infrequently used) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Log giadinewater or land . . . . . . . . 50
Log bins (land) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Vital locations or structures . . . . . . . 50
Building surrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lumber yards .................... 10
Central starion (see Electric Parking areas (see reference 5)
generating stations-exterior) Ovaries ........................ 50
Coat yards (protective) ............ 2 Railroad yards
Dredging ....................... 20 Retarder classification yards
~ l e c t r i cgenerating stations-xterior Receiving yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boiler areas Switch points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Catwalks. general area . . . . . . . . . 20 Bodyoiyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Stairs and platforms . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Hump area (vertical) . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Ground level areas inciuding Control tower and retarder area
precipitators. FD and ID fans. (vertical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
bollom ash hoppers . . . . . . . . . 50
Headend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Cooling towers
Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
.
Fan deck. planarms stars. valve
Puil-outend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Pumpareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Dispatch orfonvarding yard . . . . . 10
Fuel handling Hump and car rider ciassification yard
Barge unloading. car dumper . Receiving yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
unloading hoppers truck .
unloading. pumps. gas metering 50
Switch paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Body of yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conveyols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hump area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Storage tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
.
Coal storage piles ash dumps . . . 2
Flat switching yards
Side of cars (vertical) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Hydroelectric
Switch paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
.
Powerhouse roof stairs. platform
and intake decks . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Trailer-on-flatcars
Inlet and discharge water area . . . 2 Horizontal surface of flatcar . . . . . . 50
Intake structures Hold-down points (vertical) . . . . . . 50
Deck and laydawn area . . . . . . . . 50 Container-on-fiatcars. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Value pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Sawmills (see also Logging)
inlet water area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Cut-on saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Parking areas Loghaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Main plant parking . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Log hoist (side ifl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
S e c a n d a ~parking . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Primary log deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Substation Barker in-feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Horizontal general area . . . . . . . . 20 Green cham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 to 300' 20 to 30'
Verticaltasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lumber strapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 to 200 15 to 20'
Transformer yards Lumber handling areas . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Horizontal general area . . . . . . . . 20 Lumber loading areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Vertical tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Wood Chip storage piles . . . . . . . . . . 5
Turbine areas Ship yards
Building surrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Turbine and heater decks. Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
unloading bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fabrication areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
.
Entrances stairs and plalforms . . 50'
Storage yards
Loading and unloading platforms ... 200
Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50'
Freight car interiors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Inactive ....................... 10
 Table BCF--llluminancevalues currentiy recommended by indusby representatives(maintained an tasks)

i Ares and task LUX

Illuminance on task
Footcandles Area and task Lux
lfluminance on task
Footcandle

i Automotive industrv lecilities

Coal yards, oil storage . . . . . . . . . . . Control and dispatch rooms,

Exterior inactive storage, railroad kitchens, large casting core and
switching points, outdo3r molding areas (engines),
substations, parlung areas ...... machining operations (engine
Inactive interior storage areas. andpans) ...................
exterior pedestrian entrances. Chassis, body and component
truck maneuveringareas ....... assemw, clay enamel ana
Eievators, steel furnace areas. g azmg mea m casl~ngcare
locker rooms, enerior active ano mo dlna areas lcranksnah,.
storage areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grinding an; chippi"g, glass '
cutting and inspection, hospital
Waste treatment facilities (interior),
examination and treatment rwms.
clav mold and kiln rooms, castinu
Ordinary inspection, maintenance
furnace area. giass furnace rooms.
and machine repair areas,
HVAC and substation rooms.
sheet steel rolling, loading docks, polishing and burnishing.
upholstering ..................
general paint manufacturing,
-. toilets and washrooms . . .
alatino. Parts ins~ectionstations ..........
1
~ ~

Frame assembly. powerhouse, Final assmbiy, body finishing and

1 forgings, quick service dining, assembiy, diicuii inspection,
casting pouring and soding, paint color compari~n......... 2000 200

/
1 service garages, active storage
areas, press rooms, battery
manufacturing, welding area. .... 500 50
Fine dinicun inspection (casting
cracks). ..................... 5000 500

1 Iron and steel industry

1 Open heanh Calcining building ............... 100 10

1
i
Stock yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chaqingflool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pouring slide
100
200
10
20
Skull cracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rolling mills
Blooming, slabbing, hot strip, hot
100 10

sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Slag pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 20
300 30
Cold strip, plate ................. 300 30
Control platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I
300 30
Pipe. rod. tube, M e drawing . . . . . . . 500 50
Mold yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5
Merchant and sheared plate ....... 300 30
1 Hottoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 30
j ~ottop storage . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . 100 10
mn plate mills
Tinning and galvanizing ........... 500 50
j Checkerceilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10
Cold strip raiiing ................. 500 50
: Buggy and door repair . . . . . . . . . . . 300 30
Motor room, machine room 300 30
Stripping yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 20
Scrap stockyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10 Inspection
Black plate. bloom bilkt chipping . . 1000 100
Mixer building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 30
mn plate and other bright surfaces . . 2000' 200b

I Petroleum, chemical, and petrochemical industryC

Illuminance Elevation Illuminance Elevation

lux millimeter lux millimeler
Area or activiw (twtsandles) (inches) Area or activity [tmtcandles) [Inches]

I.Process areas 8.Control rooms and houses

A. General process units Ordinary control house . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) Floor
Pump rows, valves, manfiolds . . . 50 (5) Ground tnstrument panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30)' 1700 (66)
Heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 (3) Ground Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30)' 760 (30)
Maintenance platforms . . . . . . . . . 10 (I) Floor Back of panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (lo)* 760 (30)
Operating platforms . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (5) Floor Central control house . . . . . . . . . . 500 (50) Floor
Cooling towers (equipment areas) 50 (5) Ground Instrument panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 (50)~ 1700 (66)
Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 (3) Ground Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 (50)' 760 (30)
Ladders and stairs (inactwe) .... 10 (1) Floor Back of panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (10)' 900 (36)
Ladders and stairs (active) ...... 50 (5) Floor C. Specialty process unks
Gage glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (5)' Eye level Electro~icceil room . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (5) Floor
Instruments (on pracess units) . . . 50 (5)d Eye level Electric furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (5) Floor
Compressor houses . . . . . . . . . . . 200 (20) Floor Conveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 (2) Surface
Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (5) Topof bay Convevor transfer ~oints........ 50 151 Surface
General area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 (1) Ground Kilns (operatingaria) .......... 50 i5j Floor
Extruders and mixers . . . . . . . . . . 200 PO) Floor
 Illuminance Elevation illuminance Elevation
lux millimeter lux millimeter
Area or activity (lootcandles] (Inches1 Area or activity (fcolcmdles) (Incheo)

I!. Nonprocess areas Research, experimental . . . . . . . . 500 (50) 900 (36)

A. Loading, unloading, and cooling Pilot plant, process and specialty 300 (30) Floor
water pump houses ASTM equipment knock test . . . 300 (30) Floor
Pumparea .................. Ground Giassware, washrooms . . . . . . . 300 (30) 900 (36)
General control area ........... Fiwr Fumehwds ................ 300 (30) 900 (36)
Cantrol panel ................ 1100 (45) Stock rwms ................. 150 (15) Floor
B. Boiler and air compressor plants C. Warehouses and stock rooms'
Indwr equipment ............. Fioor Indoor bulk storage . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ( 5 ) Fiwr
Outdoor equipment ............ Ground Outdwr bulk Storage . . . . . . . . . . . 5 (0.5) Ground
C. Tank fields (where lighting is Large bun storage ............- 50 (5)
required) Small bin storage ............. l00(10)=
Ladders and stairs ............ Floor Small pans storage ............ zoo (20)~
Gaging area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Counter tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30)
Manloid area ................ Fioor D. Repair shop'
D. Loading racks Large fabrication .............. 200 (20) Flwr
General area ................ Fioor Bench and machine work ....... 500 (50) 760 (30)
Tankcar .................... Point Craneway, aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tSO(t5) Floor
Tank trucks. loading point ....... Poini Small machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) 760 (30)
E. Tanker dock facilitiese Sheet metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 (20) 760 (30)
F. Electrical substations and switch Electtical .................... 200 (20) 760 (30)
yards'
Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) 760 (30)
Outdoor switch yards .......... Ground
E. Change house'
General substation (outdoor) .... Ground
Locker mom. shower. . . . . . . . . . . too (10) Floor
Substation operating aisles . . . . . Floor
Lavatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (10) Floor
General substation (indoor) ..... Floor F. Clock house and entrance
Switch racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 (48) gatehouse'
G. Plant road lighting (where lighting Card rack and clock area . . . . . . . lOO(t0) Floor
is required
Entrance gate, inspection ....... 150 (15) Floor
Frequent use (trucking) . . . . . . . . Ground
General ................... -- so (5) Floor
Infrequent use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground
G. Cafeteria
H. Plant parking lots' . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground
Eating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) 760 (30)
I. Aircrafi obstruction lightinga
Serving area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) 900 (36)
Ill. ~ u i l d i n g ' Food preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 (30) 900 (36)
A. m c e s (see reference 131 General. halls, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . too (10) Fioor
8. Laboratories H. Garage and firehouse
Qualititalive, quantitative and Storage and minor repairs ....... lOO(t0 Fioor
physical test ........... 900 (36)
I. First aid room' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 (70) 760 (30)
-
Pulp and paper industry

Area lActlvlty LUX Fwtcandles AredActivity LUX Footcandles

Indoors Paper mill-llnlshlng, inspection,
shipping
Paper mill-preparation
Coater and supercalender. . . . . . . . . 700
Groundwood mill gnnder room ..... 700
Finished rod storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Beater room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Cutting and sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Brown stock washers ............ 500
SW & HW Kran bleaching operating Trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
flwr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
SW a HW Kran bleaching Storage room or warehouse:
basement ................... 300 30 Inactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lime kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 30 Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Color plant .................... too0 too Shipping railroad shed.. . . . . . . . . 200
Digester operating Roors . . . . . . . . . 300 30 Shipping truck shed.. . . . . . . . . . . 200
Digester inactive floors ........... 200 20
Maintenance hops and stores
Paper milCMachlne r w m Medium benchboard and
Paper machine room basement . . . . 300 30 machine work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Headbox, slice, wire and press.. ... 700 70 Fine benchboardand mach~nework 1000
Working aisle .................. 700 70 Instrument repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Roll dryer ..................... 500 50 Electrical rooms ................. 300
Calender, reel, winder. ........... tow 100 Heating B ventilating rooms . . . . . . . 300
Rewinder ..................... 1wo 100 LabQratorleS
Meuarines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 30 Closework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5W
 Area lActivlhl LUX Footcandles ArealActivity Lux Footcandles

...
Hydrogen and carbon dimide
Services spaces
manifold area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 20
Stairways. corddors"' . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Elevators. freight and
passenger"' ................ too Precipitators ...................
Toilets and wash rooms . . . . . . . . . . 200 Screenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~
Locker rooms .................. 200 Soot or slay blower platform . . . . . . . 1%
Power p l a n t i n t e r i o r (power boiler. Steam headers and thronles . . . . . . . too
recovery boiler. etc.) Swifchgear and motor
Airconditioning equipment. air control centers ................ 300
preheater and fan floor. ash Telephone and communication
sluicing ..................... 100 equipment roams ............. 200
Auxiiianes. pumps. tanks .
compressors. gauge area . . . . . . . 200
Tunnels or galleries. piping and
electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Banery moms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Tu*ine building:
Boiler platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Operating floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Bumer platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Below operating floor . . . . . . . . . . 200
Cable roam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Visitoh gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Coal handling systems . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Water treatment area . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
200 outdoors
Coa p~benzer
.
Coraensers oeaeralor I ow Entrances (seeBuilding exteriors.
emparafor 1 oor nealer I oars too Table 02)
Control roams: Rwdways ....................... 4
Main control boards" . . . . . . . . . . 500 PaMng lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Auxiliary control panels" . . . . . . . 500 Log unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Operatoh station" . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Log pileactwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Maintenance and wiring areas ... 300 Log pii-storage ............... 5
Emergency operating lighting . . :. 30 Convevors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Gauge reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

.
Rubber tires and mechnical rubber g w d s

Illuminance on Task Illuminance onTask

Area and Task A n a and Task
Lux Footcandles Lux Foot~andies

Rubber tire manufacturing Cumg

Banbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Tread stock At molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750'
General 500 Inspection
Booking and inspection extruder . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
check weighing. wldth measuring 1000'
At tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000"
Calendering
storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Rubber goods-echanicai
Letoff and windup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Stock preparation
Stock cunmg
Plasticating. milling. Banbury . . . . 300
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Calendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Cutlers and s p i ~ e r s. . . . . . . . . . . 1000'
Fabric preparation. stock cunmg.
Bead Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 hoselooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Tire Building Enruded products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Molded products and curing . . . . . 500
At machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500' inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000'
In-process stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
aObtained with a combination of general lighting plus specialized supplementary lighting. Care should be taken to keep within the recam.
mended luminance ratios (see Table 4). These seeing tasks generally involve the discrimination of fine detail for iong penods of tme anc
under condilions of poor contrast. The design and installation of the combination system must not only provide a sufficient amount of light,
but also the proper direction of light, diiusion, color and eye protection. As far as possible it should eliminate direct and reflected glare as
well as objectionableshadows.
The specular suriace of the material may neoes51:ete spechl consideration in selection and placement of lighting equipment. or orlentation
of wok.
These illumination values are not intended to be mandatoly by enactment into law. They are recommended practice to be considered in
the design of new facilities. For minimum levels for safely, see Table 9. All illrrminationvalues are average maintained levels.
Indicatesvertlcal Illumination.
Refer to local Coast Guard, Poli Authority or governing body for required lighting requirements
' Tne Jse of many areas n petro e m and cnem ca, plants 1s OfIen omerenf from wnal tne oeslgnal on may i n k Genera' y me areas we
smal occupancy low (restncleoto Dlant oemonnell occdpancy nfrewent ano on y oy personnel tramea to cono.ct tnemse .cs 3afe.y an.
oer dn-sba conoll80ns For these reasons dldm nances mav oe oderent from tnose recommenoed tor olner ,n%slnes commeical areas
edu&ional areas or public areas.
Q Refer to local FA4 regulationsfor required navigational and obstruction iighting and making.
~ocalizedgeneral lighting.
' Obtained with a combination of general lighting plus specialized supplementazy lighting. Care should be taken to keep within the recom-
mended iuminance ratios.

...Maximum levels-controlled system.

Or not less than 113 the level in the adjacent areas
 Table M a t e g o r i e s of port cargo handling and shipping facilities with recommended illuminance for safety
liluminance
~rea' Activity IES class
1 I
lux foOlcandleS :
General cargo
1 I
Employee parking /Pedestriantraffic, security /Slight hazard 1 low activity I 5 j 0.5

Facility entrance
I Pedestrian a a e s , WE':
security
Equipment operator moving cargo
control. Slight hazard activw

i 1
0.5

Open dock area wilh machine. Dockman piling cargo, Slight hazard / low activity ' 5 1 0.5
sening blocks, etc. 1 I

Transit shed
Placing cargo, piling cargo, building Slight hazard high activity i 1.9
loads, hand handling

Front
Landing / hoisting loads, equipment
operators, frontman
hazardIhigh 1 lo iI
I
1.O

Transt shed Inactive, security only Slight hazard I low activity 0.5
1 ~eceiving/ delivering of cargo from i
hazard low
i 5 i
I
0.5
LOWline 1 trucks, rail cars Islight

Container / automobile
i !
Employee parking /pedestrian access, security /Slight hazard I low activity 0.5
I I
Facility entrance
Truck traffic, pedestrian waikways, islight hazard I high activity
10
i! 1.o
weighing scales, security I I
i
Storage yard, open dock Equipment operator moving cargo islight hazard I low avfivity 0.5

Transit shed / stuffing station

Loading / discharging containers,
piling cargo, equipment operations ,I Slight hazard high
to : 1.o

Front 1 container-whari
1~ a n d i /~hoisting
g cargo, securing /
releasing chassis devlces, pedestrian IHigh hazard I high activity
I
50 5.0
!vehicle traffic i !
I
i Front/ automobile
I
j ( ~ a m eas front/ container) / ~ i g hazard
h 1 low activity I 20 I 2.0 1
]Walkwaysthrough traffid lanes /Pedestriantraffic, vehicle operations /Slight hazard / low activity 0.5 1
I
] Perimeter walkways 1 Pedestrian foot traffic. security /Slight hazard / low activity
I
0.5 1
rans sit shed Istuffing station 1 Inactive. security only Islight hazard I low activity 0.5 [
I Bulk cargo
I #
!Employee parking j Pedestrian traffic, security !Slight hazard I low activity 5 ; 0.5

1 Faciltty entrance
i Pedestrian access, traffic control
j security hazard Ilow i !
i
I
05 1
lopen dock area

Dumpmg pit
IMovmg rall cars, truck dump trafflc
1opening hoppers, rotary and shaking
Sllght hazard I low actlvlty
slight hazard Ihigh activity
1
I
5
10
1
~
I
1 operations i
1 I; Ii
1 Conveyor system point of
1 operation 1 transfer
observing flow of cargo, mntroi belt
! system I Slight hazard low activity : 5 0.5
I.
1 In areas not defined, or where IES hazard class does not agree with an operation or actNny,Table 9, Illuminance Levels for Safety,
1 should be used. i
 Annex C footcandle diagram). An example of the results
from such a mathematical procedure, when ap-
plied to an industrial area 91 by 91 meters [300 by
Disability glare
300 feet] with a luminaire mounting height of 9
meters 130 feet] above the work plane, with an illu-
(This annex is not part of the American National Stand- minance of 320 lux (30 footcandles), is as follows:
ard Practice for Industrial Lighting, ANSl/lES RP7-
1991.) System A, utilizing a particular high-bay medium-
C.l Definition distribution, white-diffusing reflector, 21-degree
mercury luminaire, total:
Disability glare is glare that reduces visual per-
formance and visibility and is often accompanied
by discomfort. This reduction in visual perform- System B, utilizing a particular high-bay concen-
ance and visibility is caused by a veiling lumi- trating-distribution, light-controlling reflector, 33-
nance superimposed on the retinal image within degree shielding mercury luminaire, total:
the eye, thereby reducing the contrast of the im-
age. Veiling luminance is caused by the scattering
of stray within the eye originating from bright light C.4 Application of veiling luminance
sources, luminaires, or areas in the visual field.
Mathematically it is expressed by the formula:
Measured or calculated values of Lv are used to
determine reductions in task contrast caused by
glare sources in the visual field. This is calculated
by the formula:
where:
Lv = veiling luminance produced by a glare
source in cd/m2 (cdlf?).
E = illuminance in lux on a plane through the where:
center of the entrance pupil (perpendicular to K = percent loss of task contrast
the line of sight) contributed by the glare source
Lv = measured or calculated veiling luminance
8= the angular displacement in degrees be- in cd/mz (cd/ft2)
tween the line of sight and the glare source (see
Figure Cl). L = measured or calculated task luminance in
cd/m2 (cdlft').
When the unit of E is in footcandles and LV is in
candelas, the equation is multiplied by n. Applying the data from the example in paragraph
C3 to a 30 percent reflectance visual task, the loss
C.2 Measurement of contrast under System A is 3.02 percent and
under System B is 1.54 percent. Although the dif-
Values of veiling luminance Lv, can be measured ference in the degree of loss of contrast between
physically in a given industrial environment by the two systems may appear small, the difference
means of the Fry-Pritchard Disability-Glare-lnte-
grator when attached to the Pritchard Telepho- Figure C1. lndustrial layout showing factors involved in disability
tometer. The instrument, without the Glare-lnte- veiling luminance. The angle is the displacement between the line
grator (lens) is located at the normal eye position of sight and the glare source. The E i n the formula tor calculating
veiling luminance is the illumination on a plane perpendicular to
for a given task and is aimed at the task. When the lineof sight at the observer's eyes.
the lens is attached to the photometer, LV is read
directly.
C.3 Calculations

Where it is not possible to determine veiling lumi-

nance through measurement, such as in an indus-
trial area still in the design stages, Lv can be cal-
culated using the formula in paragraph C1. A
mathematical method can be used that requires
only the room dimensions, luminaire layout, and
photometric data (candlepower distribution or iso-
on an equivalent effectiveness of illumination ba-
sis may be large.
C.5 Control of disability glare

Disability glare and, therefore, losses of task con-

trast can be kept to a minimum by limiting the illu-
mlnance at the worker's eyes (E in paragraph CI).
This illuminance is determined by the candle-
power from the luminaire at the angle toward the
eye. This candlepower may be minimized by deep
shielding or good luminance control within the
shielded zone. Disability glare can also be re-
duced by employing a higher mounting height to
increase the angle between the worker's line of
sight and the luminaires. Because the latter is not
often possible, it is particularly important to control
lummaire luminance.
 Annex D conventional lamps in luminaires. For economy,
reflectorized lamps are commonly designed for
Light sources approximately 2000 hours of service life--about
twice the life of most other incandescent lamps.
Their maintained illuminance is better, not only be-
(This Appendix is not part of the American Na- cause the sealed-in reflecting sulfaces are pro-
tional Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting, tected from dust and dirt, but also because dust
ANSIJIES RP7-1990.) and dirt do not tend to adhere to the bulb face (in
D.l General. base-up burning position). For general lighting ap-
plications, suitable housings protect the lamps
Industrial lighting uses incandescent-filament,and against mechanical damage and provide ade-
either fluorescent or high intensity discharge (HID) quate shielding. ER lamps (50W, 75W and 120W)
lamps, or both. These differ considerably physi- so control their beams that they focus (hence,
cal dimensions, electrical characteristics, spectral cross) about two inches in front of their faces. Es-
power distribution and operating performance. pecially useful in "baffled downlight" luminaires,
Some are better suited than others to certain ap- they permit high light utilization with the attendant
plications; however, two or more sources may savings in energy.
qualify to fulfill a specific lighting requirement. For Rough service and vibration service lamps are
more detailed information, refer to the IES Light-
special types used in industry. Rough service
mg and book^^ or lamp manufacturers' catalogs. lamps (from 25 to 500 W) are made with extra fila-
D.2 Incandescent filament lamps. ment supports to withstand mechanical shock,
and are used principally with extension cords. Vi-
An incandescent lamp produces light when elec- bration service lamps (25 to 150 W) are made
tric current heats a wire or filament to incandes- with a flexible filament support, which precludes
cence. Initial efficacy of typical incandescent early failure that vibration would cause to general
lamps (for sizes 25 to 1000 W) ranges from ap- service lamps. Vibration and shock frequently ac-
proximately 10 to 23 lumens per watt. Incandes- company each other; experimentation will deter-
cent lamps for industry are commonly designed mine the best lamp for the purpose. Lower voltage
for approximately 1000 hours of life. Some lamps lamps, generally operated from transformers, are
have longer life but at the expense of efficacy: much more resistant to both shock and vibration
light output and life have an inverse relationship. It than standard voltage types. Shock- and vibration-
is important that incandescent lamps conform to absorbing-socket mounts utilize a coiled spring or
the supply voltage--a change of only a few volts other flexible device and are sometimes used with
seriously affects both life and light output. general-service lamps.

Inside-frosted and white-coated lamps provide dif- Protective coated lamps have special silicon pro-
fusion to reduce high filament luminances. Light tection coatings that serve to reduce breakage
output is approximately equal to that of clear from both thermal and mechanical shock; or,
lamps; however, the effective increase in source should breakage occur, the glass fragments
sizes may affect luminaire distribution. Many are nearly always remain intact with l~ttlechance of
available in colors or in tints of colors; for in- scattering. Available in 25-W to 200-W sizes
stance, the daylight incandescent lamp has a blu- (rough service; 50-200 W), they are especially
ish glass bulb that reduces the percentage of red suited to food packaging industries and to others
light and gives a color closer to that of what many where manufacturing functions may subject lamps
perceive as daylight. Daylight incandescent lamps to mechanical damage--chips and welding spat-
are roughly 65 percent as efficient as other types. ters, for example.
Reflectorized (R, PAR and ER) lamps have self- Extended service lamps operate for approximately
contained reflectors, and are manufactured in a two to three times the normal rated life. Available
number of sizes--from 30 to 1500 W-and in vari- for both regular and high-voltage circuits in almost
ous light distributions. PAR lamps, a special form all wattage ratings, they are useful where cost of
of reflectorized lamps, have pressed glass con- lamp replacement is high and cost of power is low.
struction, more accurate beam control, and Otherwise, their reduced efficacy makes it more
greater resistance to breakage. Although reflector- economical to use standard lamps.
ized lamps have lower efficacies than other incan-
descent lamps, the bulbs so control the beams of Thermal shock resistant or special-service lamps,
light that the over-all utilizations approach those of available in various wattages and bulb shapes,
are recommended for applications where moisture D.3.1 Ballasts
may fracture the hot bulb.
Most fluorescent lamps operate on one of three
Tungsten-halogen lamps employ halogens to pre-
types of ballast circuits: preheat, instant start or
clude blackening of the tubular envelope. They
rapid start. A few can be operated with either pre-
have extremely good lumen maintenance (ap-
heat or rapid start ballasts. Preheat lamps up to
proximately 97 percent) over a life of 2000 hours
20 W can be operated on special rapid start (trig-
or more. The shape of the lamps enables the lumi-
ger start) ballasts. Preheat lamps operated on
naire to provide excellent beam control. Tungsten-
preheat ballasts require auxiliary starters to allow
halogen lamps resist thermal shock.
current to flow through the electrodes for a few
Standard-voltage, general-lighting lamps are de- moments before the arc is established across the
signed for nominal 120-V circuits. Lamps are also lengths of the lamps. lnstant start and slimline
designed for 115,125 and 130 V. lamps require no starters: the ballasts provide
enough voltage to light the lamps instantly. Rapid
High voltage, general lighting lamps for 202- and start lamp operation is also starterless. Magnetic
250-V circuits are available in 100 to 1500 W. ballasts are available for lamps operating with 265
High voltage lamps necessarily have filaments through 1500 mA loadings. Electronic ballasts are
that are less rugged, require more supports and presently available for operating 265 and 430 mA
are considerably less efficient than those of equal systems. lnstant start and slimline systems usu-
wattage 120-V lamps. ally operate with a lamp current of 425 mA. Fluo-
rescent lamp ballasts are available for most sec-
D.3 Fluorescent lamps ondary distribution voltages. Because all ballasts
consume some power, their watt loss should be
determined for any lighting system and included in
The fluorescent lamp is an electric discharge total-wattage computations.
source in which light is produced by the fluores-
cence of phosphors activated by ultraviolet energy D.3.2 Lamp performance factors
from a low pressure mercury arc. The lamp re-
quires a ballast to limit the current and, in many Because voltage changes affect lamp perform-
instances, to transform the supply voltage. Lamp ance, the specified voltage rating of the ballast
performance is influenced by the character of the should be maintained at the luminaire. Low volt-
ballast and luminaire, line voltage, ambient tem- age is as undesirab!e as high voltage. Low volt-
perature, burning hours per start, and air move- age reduces light output and efficacy but prolongs
rnent. the life of incandescent lamps; with fluorescent
lamps, both low and high voltage may reduce
Fluorescent lamps are available in many vari- lamp life. Low voltage may also cause instability in
ations of white and in a number of colors. Stand- the arc and difficulty in starting.
ard cool white is most popular for industrial light-
ing. In some instances, extremely low voltage may
damage ballasts; excessive voltage may shorten
The efficacy of cool white lamps varies between ballast life. Ambient temperature and air move-
approximately 30 to 100 lamp lumens per watt ment around the lamp affect performanc&" Bulb-
(exclusive of power losses in the ballast-typically wall temperature affects the amount of ultraviolet
in the order of 20 percent). Although most fluores- energy generated by the arc; cold temperatures
cent lamps have tubular envelopes, there are spe- may reduce lumen output. Special luminaires or
cial types such as circular, U-shaped, reflector- special lamps are therefore recommended where
ized, and jacketed. (Lamps range in length from fluorescent lamps are to be used in cold tempera-
15 to 244 centimeters [6 to 96 inches].) tures (unheated buildings or in refrigerated
rooms). The light output of most fluorescent lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamps refer to a group of falls off with high-temperature operation.
fluorescent lamps characterized by two or' four
parallel tubes closely mounted to one base. Light output is also a function of the accumulated
These lamps are usually more efficient, give good hours a lamp is burned. A new fluorescent lamp
quality light, and are smaller than other lamps- has about five percent higher output than after the
especially incandescent, which they could re- first 100 hours of burning; for that reason, the pub-
place. consideration should be given to losses in lished initial lumens is the value after 100 hours of
light output when such lamps are incorporated operation. Thereafter, output decreases gradually.
into luminaires. The published mean lumen value is the approxi-
mate average lumens produced throughout lamp mercury lamps. They differ in that the arc tube
life. Lamp life is affected by the number of hours contains various metal halides in addition to mer-
per start: a minimum number of starts favors lamp cury. They are available with either clear or phos-
life. In general, fluorescent lamp life is rated at phor coated bulbs from 175 to 1500 W. Present
three hours per start and is 7 to 18 times that of efficacies range from 70 to 125 lumens per watt,
incandescent lamps. not including ballast power loss. Compared to a
clear mercury lamp, the metal halide additives im-
Radio frequency interference. The electromag- prove the efficacy and color. Further color im-
netic radiation emitted by the mercury arc of fluo- provement is achieved with phosphor coatings.
rescent lamps can cause an audible sound in
nearby am radios, and nearby amateur and com- High-pressure sodium lamps produce light by
munications bands. Interference conducted electricity passing through sodium vapor. They are
through the power lines may affect fm radios, tele- presently available in sizes of 35 to 1000 W. Typi-
vision, and high frequency devices. cal initial efficacies are about twice that of mercury
vapor: from 80 to 140 lumens per watt, not includ-
Radiated interference may be minimized or elimi- ing ballast power loss. Normally with clear outer
nated by moving the antennas 3 meters (10 feet) envelopes, they may also be obtained with coat-
or more from the lamp, or by shielding media in ings that improve diffusion. The color of light pro-
the luminaire. Electric filters in the power line at duced by this lamp is golden white.
the luminaire will suppress conducted interfer-
ence. Low pressure sodium lamps are presently avail-
able in 10 to 180 W. Typical initial efficacies are
D.4 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps. high: 137 to 183 lmNV exclusive of ballast power
loss. Applications are limited by virtue of their
Like fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge monochromatic, yellow color.
(HID) lamps are electric discharge sources. The
basic difference between the two is that HID D.4.1 Lamp performance factors
lamps operate at a much higher arc pressure. HID
lamps include those commonly known as mercury, Ballast characteristics affect HID lamp perform-
metal halide, and high pressure sodium lamps. ance. Ballast design determines the ability to start
Spectral characteristics differ from those of fluo- the lamp at low temperatures, controls the time re-
rescent lamps because the higher pressure arc it- quired for the lamp to reach full output, and
self emits a large portion of its visible light. HID greatly determines the tolerance of a lamp to volt-
lamps produce full light output only at full operat- age dips. Serious voltage dips or any power inter-
ing pressure, generally several minutes after start- ruption will extinguish the lamp after which the
ing. Most HID lamps contain both an inner and lamp must cool for several minutes before it can
outer bulb. The inner bulb is made of quartz or restart. Initial output ratings commonly apply after
polycrystalline aluminum; the outer bulb is gener- 100 hours of operation. Compared to fluorescent
ally made of thermal-shock-resistant glass. Light lamps, the life and maintained output of HID
output is practically unaffected by surrounding lamps are less affected by the frequency of starts.
temperatures. Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps Overwattage and underwattage generally have an
also require current-limiting devices, which typi- adverse effect on both life and lumen mainte-
cally consume 10 to 20 percent additional watts. nance.
Mercury lamps are low in efficacy compared to Because of their high luminance, HID lamps (in-
other HID sources and hence, are obsolescent for cluding reflectorized and semi-reflector types) re-
most industrial lighting applications. They are quire suitable luminaires to provide adequate
available with either clear or phosphor coated shielding. Lamps should be protected from physi-
bulbs of 40 to 1000 W and in various sizes and cal damage.
shapes. Typical efficacies range from 30 to 63 lu-
mens per watt, not including ballast power loss. Life of HID lamps varies from 1500 to over 24,000
"Clear" mercury lamps produce light rich in yellow hours based on 10 hours per start.
and green tones but almost entirely lacking in red. D.4.2 Ballasts
Phosphor coated lamps provide improved color
and have been popular. Special types include
The proper ballast will operate an HID lamp from
semi-reflector, reflectorized, and self-ballasted
any supply voltage--usually 120 to 480 volts. Cer-
lamps.
tain lamp types are, however, particularly suited
Metal halide lamps are similar in construction to for operation on 480-V circuits. Ballast designs
vary widely and include types for operating single
lamps; other designs include types for operating
two (or more) lamps. Constant-wattage or regu-
lated output ballasts maintain a constant lamp cur-
rent over a wide range of input voltage to preclude
appreciable lamp-wattage fluctuation with minor
voltage changes. Ballasts with constant-wattage
circuits operate lamps despite primary line voltage
dips of 30 to 40 percent of nominal value. Be-
cause all ballasts consume some power, their
watts loss should be determined for any lighting
system and included in total wattage computa-
tions.
D.4.3 Electronic ballasts

Increased efficacy of fluorescent lamps can be

achieved by operation at frequencies greater than
60 hertz. Higher frequency ballasts can often be
smaller and lighter in weight, using solid-state
components with output around 25 kilohertz. Such
ballasts are more likely to be considered for appli-
cations where either high kilowatt-hour rates or
long hours of operation (or both) are involved, and
the savings in electrical energy will compensate
for the higher initial ballast cost. Illuminance calcu-
lations should use appropriate ballast factors and
luminaire thermal factors.