SELECTED Pte a YOY \ QUESTIONS Oe pals Website hittp://ew.oxfordfajar.com.myCONTENTS Scheme of Assessment Analysis Table for STPM Physics Paper 2 Summary of Important Quantities and Units for Physics Paper 2 vi 960/2 Physics-Values of Constants ve, 12) ELECTROSTATICS 1 16) MAGNETIC FIELDS 150 42.1 Coulomb's Law 2 761 Concept ofa Magnetic Field 151 12.2 Electric Field 5 16.2. Force ona Moving Charge 151 123 Gauss’ Law 9 163 Force onaCurrent-Carrying Conductor 156 12.4 Electric Potential 16 16.4 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 159 - Summary 30 165 Force Between Two Current-Carrying , Focus STPM 12 31 Conductors 166 16.6 Determination of the Ratio e/m 169 , 13) CAPACITORS 40 167 Hall Effect 180 13.1 Capacitance 4 ‘Summary 15” 13.2 Parallel-Plate Capacitors a2 Focus STPM 16 186 13.3 Dielectrics 45 . 13.4 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 47 17) ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: 196 : 13.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 56 474 Magnetic Flux 7. 13.6 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor. 6917.2 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 19 ‘Summary 68 17.3. Self-Inductance 208 Focus STPM 13 69 17.4 Energy Stored in an Inductor a3 7 <<< <> 17.5 Mutual Induction 215 . 14) ELECTRIC CURRENT 76 Summary 29} 141 Conduction of Electricity te Focus STPM 17 m 14.2. Drift Velocity aa i 143. Current Density 80 48) ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS 228 14.4 Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity 82 {8.1 Alternating Current Through 2 Resistor 229 ° ‘Summary 90 48.2 Alternating Current Through an Inductor 234 > Focus STPM 14 81 183. Alternating Current Through a Capacitor 237 = 184 R-Cand R-LCircuits in Series 200 Ci ss) pmecrcumenrcmcums Summary 27 75.1 Internal Resistance 98 Focus STPM 18 247 15,2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 10% r 153 Potential Di 113 Model Exam Paper 2 a5 1g4 Potentiometer and Wheatstone Bridge 18g 260 Summary ion ; Focus STPM 15, 138 papaya SYSummary of Important Quantities and Units for Physics Paper 2 a ee Other quantities Base quantities Electric current i A Frequency i Hz Length 1 m _ Gravitational field strength g Nkg" Mass m kg Mass per unit length # kgm" Temperature D K Phase difference $ *yrad Time t s Impedance Zz Q Magnetic ux % wo Other quantities Magnetic flux density B T Capacitance ic F Mautual inductance M H Conductivity e Gr! mt Permeability of free space by Hot Current density e Am? Permittivity of free space % Fo! Electric charge Qa CC — Reactance Pe Q Electric field strength E NC! Relative permittivity 5 - Electric flux ° NCtm? Resistance R Q Electric potential v Vv Resistivity p Qn Electric potential difference AV Vy _Selfinductance ie H Electromotive force ek V Surface charge density ° Cm Electron mass m, kg,u Time constant + s 960/2 Physics- Values of Constants = 6.02 x 10 mot" Avogadro's 's constant, Ny e= 1.60% 10 C ie of electronic charge, Magni Permittivity of free space, & = 8.85 107? F mt Rest mass of electron, m, = 9.11 x 107! kg Rest mass of proton, m, = 1.67 x 10™ kg 3,00 x 10° m s* Speed of light in free space, ¢ =ELECTROSTATICS (Wrestle sa) Electrostatics is about electric charges at rest. Static electric charges are Cakes cael) Agree AU ea recente neta eras Cir Soe cM oa au Ucar ane eee) TESTA suis Sac eeaeC eee ested eMusic Oem let MeN eiC eats charge produces an electric current In this chapter, we will discuss the forces between| electric charges, electric field and electric potential Gia? A | Fney= | Charge in Ui Electric (Fess) Surface| [ACE AHEAD Physics Second Term 1 Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force between two point charges Q and q, which are at a distance r apart is direcly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges, 2, Og Faw Forces between two point charges form an action-reaction pair that obeys Newton’s Third Law of Motion. In Figure 12.1(a), the charge +Q repels the charge +g with a force F towards the right. At the same time, the charge +g repels the charge +Q with a force of the same magnitude F but in the opposite direction, that is, towards the left. Similarly, in Figure 12.1(b), the charge +Q and the charge - attract each other with forces of the same magnitude F but in opposite directions. x wo (@) Like charges repel a ae k$—1 i (0) Unite charges atract wor Fog — Figure 12.1 4 From Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force F between two point charges Q and q is oq Fed Pak ke ionalit =k (k=constant of proportionality) ‘The value of k depends on the system of units, 5 InSlunits, the charges Q and q arein coulombs (C), the distance rrisin metres (m) and the force F'is in newtons (N). For charges in free space, the constant k is SS where ¢,(read as epsilon zero) is known as the permittivity of free space, with a value of 8.85 x 10-7 F m". Therefore, p-—24 © Grey?ee 6 If the charges Q and g are in an insulating medium, then Fe-24 : 4negy’ where € = ¢,¢, is known as the permittivity of the medium, and ¢, is a non-dimensional constant known as the relative permittivity of the medium. 7 For insulators, the value of e, > 1. i ‘ree space (vacuum) | 1.0000 Air 1.005 Paraffin 24 Benzene 23 Mica 6 ‘Acetone 27 Water 81 Table 12.1 Relative permittivity value, «,of some media 8 The relative permittivity of air, ¢ = 1.005 ~ 1.0 (to two significant figures). Therefore, Coulomb’s law for charges in air may be written as Og ney" ‘Three point charges of +2.0 UC, -3.0 WC and 44.0 UC are fixed at their respective positions as shown in the diagram. 20u0 20m! e- ~8.0n6 Calculate the resultant force on the charge of ~3.0 uC. Solution #204 STRATEGY !' Force ta vector, By applying ~ the principle that like charges _ "opt aru chugs ate, ‘mark on a diagram the ‘irections of the forces F, and Fon the charge of -3.0 yc. Balle the mages and F,, the ote cnaee Famerrber food the itection ofthe resultant force.aa eae sey The charge of +2.0 UC attracts the charge of -3.0 wC with a 20 force of )LOIPLIQZA 2013/2/a1 p= 2014/P2/01 \* Feg? 3.0 10°9(2.0% 10) 5, = "GnB85X 10.0" = 5.99 x 10° N ‘The charge of +4.0 uC attracts the charge of ~3.0 WC with a force of az 4 pa fh 2° Gey? 7 aney & _ G0 1094.0 109 5, a © 48.85 x 104.07" BEER = 6.74 x 10° N | ‘Therefore, the resultant force on the ~3.0 HC charge is Fo JR+e = (599+ 678 ) x 105 N =9.02 103 N at an angle @ given by = tant (7 o= tan 99x10. 6.74x 107 = 41.6° as shown in the figure. an” 1 Three positive charges, each of +2 UC are fixed along the x-axis at x = 0, 0.30 m and 0.70 m. Calculate the resultant force exerted on the charge in the middle due to the other two charges. 2 In a hydrogen atom, the electron is at a distance of 5 x 10" m from the nucleus, which consists of one proton. Find the force between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom. [Charge of electron, e = -1.60 x 10°” C, of proton, p = +1.60 x 10-9 C] 3 Two identical spheres with the same charge Q and same mass m are hung on a light string of length [separately as shown inthe diagram. In equilibrium, the distance between the spheres isCalculate the resultant force exerted on (a) the charge at X. (b) the charge at Y. (©) the charge at Z. 5 Three point charges of #q, -q and +2q are at the apexes of an equilateral triangle ABC of length a. Calculate the resultant force exerted on the charge +2q. TRIC FIELD An electric field is a region where a charged object is acted on by an electric force. 2 The electric field strength E at a point in an electric field is defined as the force per unit positive charge at that point. dlectricforce _ F charge Blectric field strength E is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction of the force on a positive test charge placed at that point. The unit for electric field strength F is newton per coulomb (N C*) or volt per metre (Vm), In Figure 12.2(a), a positive test charge placed at the point A is repelled along the direction of the force F. Hence, the direction of the electric field at A is away from the point charge of +Q. isemeiotdspeawosiya (Eastgate Electric field strength, E = eo * charge +0.5 In Figure 12.2(b), a positive test charge placed at the point A is attracted along the direction of the force F. Hence, the direction of the electric field at A is towards the point charge of -Q. The lines shown in an electric field represent the paths of a free positive charge in the electric field. 7. Figure 12.3 shows the electric fields of an electric dipole, and around two point positive charges. Sectictlspadiced by (0) ecicfald roeed by * ‘an electric dipole ‘two positive point charges: eH iC Figure 12.3, a The expression for the electric field strength at a distance r from a point charge Q can be derived by using Coulomb’s law and the definition of electric field strength E. 19 o t Figure 12.4 & The force F on a charge +g (Figure 12.4) at a distance r from a point charge +Q is __o% Fo Fey? Blectric field strength F at a distance r from a point charge Q is © E== q Qq 1 Ine E= Q trey? 1 S Similarly, the electric field strength E at a distance r froma’ point charge ~Q is E are? The negative sign denotes that the direct i zone ¢ direction of the electric field posite direction to the direction of increasi ae irection of increasing r11 Since the electric field Z due to a point charge is inversely proportional to the square of the distance r, it is an example of an inverse square field. Another example of an inverse square field is the gravitational field of the Earth. inne) ‘The diagram shows the electric field produced by two point charges Aand B. State and explain (@ whether each of the charges is positive or negative, (b) which charge has greater magnitude. Solution (@) A: Positive charge because the electric field lines point away from A. B: Negative charge because the electric field lines point towards B. (b) Magnitude of the charge of A is greater because the field lines ~~ are closer. > Motion of a Charge in a Uniform Electric Field 1 Figure 12.6 shows a particle of mass m and charge q in a uniform electric field between two charged parallel plates. ‘There is a force acting on the charge which is F = gE in the direction of the electric field EZ. This causes the particle to move in a straight line parallel to the electric field. —— ——— Figure 12.6 LINK To STPM 2006/P1/021 L 2007/P 11025 a ot | ee =< S RECALL Compare electric field oe Get?fa force F causes the charge q to accelerate in the direction of E. F=ma=qE Acceleration, a= “= m 3. If the particle is negatively-charged, such as an electron, then the particle will experience on acceleration, a = p<, The particle decelerates. ie 4, Figure 12.7 shows a particle of charge +g entering a uniform electric field E with a velocity y at right angles to the field. acta A ‘There is a constant force F= gE pulling the particle downward. - 5 The horizontal component of velocity remains constant as ¥, but the vertical component of velocity increases. Just like in the motion of a projectile in a gravitational field, the path of the particle inside the electric field is a parabola. Figure 12.7 Draw diagrams to show the electric field lines ofthe electric field due to (@) a positive point charge. {b) two equal positive point charges separated by a distance x. {) Npoint charge of +2.0 UC and a point charge of —1.0 uC separated by a distance x Two point charges of 42.0 uC and -5.0 UC are separated by a distance of 6.0 cm. Find the ‘electric field at the mid-point between the two charges. point charges ae fixed at the four corners ofa square as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b). (a) +0: Copy each ofthe diagrams and show in your diagram the direction of the resultant electric field Eat the centre O of the square. ‘An electric dipole consisting of charges +5.0 4C and ~5.0 uC are separated by a distance of 3 sc 10"4 m. Calculate the electric field at a point 4.0 x 10% m from the charges and on the perpendicular bisector ofthe line joining the two charges. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field strength at the point P due to the point charges at A and B as shown in the diagram.OB uc 6 Each of the diagrams (a), (b) and (c) shows an electron being projected into a uniform electric field in the direction shown. (2) ris paral oto ©) visperpondavertotbe —_@)vieatanangoto ‘oc feldE locos "re elect dE sling | mri or % | 4 =“. cd e Copy the diagram and sketch the subsequent path of the electron. Explain why the electron follows the path drawn. 7 An oil-drop which carries a charge q is stationary between two parallel charged horizontal metal plates. The electric field between the plates is E. Derive an expression for the mass of the oil-drop in terms of q, E and the acceleration of free fall g. 8 A beam of electrons enters the uniform electric field between two parallel plates as shown in the diagram. Sketch the paths Of the electron beam in the electric field, and after emerging Beaten from the electric field. 9 Two parallel electrodes X and Y are separated by a distance of 1.80 cm. The electric field between the electrodes is 2.40 x 10* N C". Electrons are emitted with negligible velocity from electrode X. (@) What is the force on an electron due to the electric field? (b) Calculate (i) the acceleration of the electron in the electric field. (ii) the velocity of the electron when it reaches electrode Y. (iii) the time taken by the electron to travel from electrode X to Y. [Charge of electron = -1.60 x 10°!°C, mass of electron = 9.11 x 107 kg] ®& 12.3 GAUSS’ LAW BP Electric Flux 1 Figure 12.8 shows an area A which is perpendicular to an electric field E. The electric flux @ (read as phi) can be visualised as the number of electric field lines penetrating an- area. The electric flux through the area A that is normal to the electric field E is given by o=EA[ACE AHEAD Physics Second Term E Figure 12.8 Figure 12.8 2. If the area A is not normal to the electric field E (Figure 12.9), then the electric flux @ through the area A is = (component of E that is normal to A) x (area, A) = (Ecos 8)A where @is the angle between the electric field E and the normal to the area A. ® Gauss’ Law 1 Gauss’ law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is given by ae oe where EQ is the algebraic sum of the charges enclosed by the surface and , is the permittivity of free space (8.85 x 10-?F m). 2 Gauss’ law is used to derive the expression for the electric field strength produced by a charged body. A spherical surface of radius R containing charges +2Q, -3Q and +5Q is shown in the diagram below. 420 2-30 sso ‘What is the total electric flux which passes through the spherical surface? a 2. c 2 Tek & B 2 42 me R A %algebraic sum of charge enclosed by closed surface which is the sphere +20) + (3) + (+50) 1 Applying Gauss’ law, electric flux = 2 =42 & > Electric Field Produced by a Point Charge Q To derive the expression for the electric field strength E at a distance r from a point charge of +0: (a) Sketch the electric field pattern around the point charge. - Figure 12.10 (b) Select a suitable closed surface which is perpendicular to the electric field E. This closed surface is also known as the Gaussian surface. The Gaussian surface selected for this case is a sphere of radius r centred at the point charge +0. (0) Electric flux through the Gaussian surface, Ex (area of sphere) = E(4nr?) (@) Applying Gauss’ law, z=Q Blectric ux, ¢ ==? &Q=Q) E(4nr?) =£ Electric field strength, E = = 2 Gauss’ law is consistent with Coulomb's law. This means that Coulomb’s law can be derived using Gauss’ law as shown below. LINK To STPM 2008/P 1/025 2012/P 1/023 -| mle lass shseladenel (a) In point 1) above, Gauss’ law was used to derive the expression for the electric field strength £ at a distance r from a point charge +Q. The expression obtained is -@ Eo ire? (b) From the definition of electric field strength £=, the force F ona point charge gat a distance r from the point charge Qis F=qE =d-2) ages «= 2 whichis Coulomb's law. D Electric Field Due to a Charged Conducting Sphere 1 Figure 12.11 shows a charged conducting sphere of radius R. The charge is distributed uniformly on the surface of the sphere. A sphere of radius r is selected as the Gaussian surface. Gaussian surface: Sphere of radius F Figure 12.11 2 There is no charge inside the s sphere, the repulsive force betwee1 charges away from each other wu the sphere. Hence, the charges a phere. If there are charges in the n like charges would push the intil they teach the surface of . re on the surface of the sphere. Applying Gauss’ law for points in the sphere (r < R), ZQ=0 because there is no charge inside the sphere Electric ux = £4 = A= ant) oe4 Outside the charged sphere (r > R), select a sphere of radius r as the Gaussian surface, 20 = Q, the charge on the surface of the sphere, zQ Applying Gauss’ law, electric flux, 9 = EA = =2 a Ean) 2 7 Q Flectric field strength, E = = (r= R) Q ek 6 Figure 12.12 shows the variation of the electric field strength E with distance r from the centre of a charged sphere of radius R. 5 On the surface of the sphere, r= R, E Figure 12.12 peu Air molecules ionise when the electric field strength exceeds 3.0 x 10° N C+. What is the maximum charge on the surface of a metal sphere of radius 0.50 cm before the sphere starts to spark? Solution For a charged sphere of radius R, the electric field strength on the surface is E=—2 ane es —— oe 3.0% 10'= FG asx IO IOSOX IO Charge on the sphere, Q = 8.34 x 107C ® Electric Field Produced by a Uniformly Charged Plate 1 Figure 12.13 shows an infinite non-conducting plate which is uniformly charged on one side. PHYSICS TODAY This derivation shows that inside a charged conductor, the electric field strength E = 0. This means that there is no electric field inside a charged conductor. This principle Is used in Faraday's cage to shield electronic equipment from | external electric fields. The inside surface of a television tube is coated with graphite and grounded so that the | electron beam is unaffected | by external electric fields, I you are caught in a storm, one of the safest place is inside a car. Stay in the car and do not touch any of the | metal parts. Even if the car | is struck by lightning, you are safe because the electric field inside the car is zero. OO LINK TO STPM 2013/P2/02© {nf uniform ‘hargod plato Figure 12.13 2. The electric field must be perpendicular to the plate as a free positive charge would be pushed away from the plate in @ direction perpendicular to the plate. The electric field lines of force on both sides of the charged plate are perpendicular to the surface, parallel to each other and uniformly spaced. 3. To derive the expression for the electric field strength E at a point P which is at a distance of x from the charged plate, the Gaussian surface used is a right cylinder with cross-sectional area A as shown in Figure 12.13. 4 Since the electric field £ is perpendicular to the charged plate, the electric flux through the curved surface of the right cylinder is zero. Electric flux through the two flat ends of the right cylinder is (EA + EA) = 2EA. 5. If cis the surface charge density on the plate, then the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface, which is the right cylinder Soe is Q= 04. LINK TO STPM Applying Gauss’ law, —— 2oiareziar6 Electric flux, ¢= 2EA = 7 — Electric field strength, E which is independent of the distance x of the point P from either plates. eae ‘A non-conducting sphere of mass m = 2.0 x 10 kg and charge q = 4.0 x 10? C hangs from an insulated thread that makes an angle of 42° with a large vertical uniformly charged non- conducting sheet. The sheet is charged on one side and the charge density is o.(a) Show on a diagram, the forces acting on the sphere. (b) Calculate the charge density oon the non-conducting sheet. Solution (a) The forces acting on the sphere are as shown in the diagram below. aan 7 fe mg Fee Faae m9 i a4 (S (©) Inthe triangle of forces, tan 42° = T= (c) Charge density, By 2 gw coms tan ar q 208.85 x 10-9)(2.0x 10-9(9.81) tan 42°_ Gna 7 4.010? = 7.82 x 10*C m? 1 A charge Q is fixed at the centre O of a hollow metal sphere as shown in the diagram. (@) What is the charge (i) on the inner surface of the sphere? (id) on the outer surface ofthe sphere? eet (b) Use Gauss’ law to deduce expressions for the electric field /, strength E atthe points A, B and C which are at distances of r, r, and r, respectively from O. d 2 (a) Write down the expression for the electric field intensity E on the sur i sphere of radius R carrying a charge Q. * face of a conducting (b) A uranium nucleus has 92 protons and has a radius of 7 x 10-5 i i field intensity on the surface of the nucleus? 10" m. What is the electric3. The diagram shows a solid metal sphere X of radius a and charge +Q is inside a spherical metal shell Y of radius b and charge -Q as shown in the diagram. R from the centre of the sphere. ex eL cred ®& 12.4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 1 The electric potential V at a point in an electric field is the work done to bring a unit of positive charge from infinity to the point. The electric potential at infinity is considered to be zero. LINK TO STPM 2 Electric potential is a scalar quantity measured in volts (V). 2015/P2/02nox Figure 12.14 1 Figure 12.14 shows a point charge +9 at a distance x from another point charge +Q which is fixed. The force F on the charge +q is = OF 4g, 2 The work done to bring the charge +g through a small displacement dx is dW = F-dx) 29 eye 3. The work done to bring the charge +g from infinity to a point which is at a distance r from the point charge +Q is w={ aw 4 As electric potential is being defined as work done per unit charge, electric potential at a distance r from a point charge +Q is v= 5-7 (aay) 2-2 Tree .5. Electric potential V of a charged sphere of radius Rand charge Q, (@) for points in the sphere and on the surface, r < R, (b) for point outside the sphere, r > R, is V= ae (©) the variation of the electric potential V with the distance r from the centre of the sphere is as shown in Figure 12.15.Figure 12.15 AMPL lectric field. Its ectron moves in the direction of a uniform el fi inital speed is 5,00 x 10° m s* and it stops momentarily after moving through a distance of 20.0 em. (@) What is the strength of the electric field? (&) Why does the electron stop momentarily? (© Describe and explain the subsequent motion of the electron. Solution @ P=w+2a Acceleration, a F=eE =ma 0. =a Electric field, E = ame = 2.11 10°96.00% 107 5, ©" 2C1.60xT0-)(0.200) = 356 V or! (©) The electron is charged negative, so the electric force on the clectron is in the opposite direction to the electric field and the direction of motion of the electron. Hence the electron decelerates. The electron stops momentarily when all its initial kinetic energy is transformed into electrical potential energy. (© Subsequently, the electric force on the electron causes the electron to accelerate in the opposite direction. > Electric Potential Energy 1 The electric potential energy U of a charge g at a point in an electtic field is defined as the work done to bring the charge q from infinity to the point.wv is the electric potential at that point, then the electric potential energy U of a charge g at that point is U=qV The electric potential energy U of a charge q at a distance of r from a point charge +0 is Equipotential Surfaces All points on an equipotential surface have the same electric potential. The electric potential V due to a point charge of +0 is -2 ‘fn Gree This means that all points on the surface of a sphere of radius r with its centre at the point charge have the same electric potential V, The equipotential surfaces are as shown in Figure 12.16. Equipotental surface Figure 12.16 ‘The equipotential surfaces are at right angles to the electric field E. No work is done in moving a charge from one point to another point on the same equipotential surface. Figure 12.17 shows the equipotential surfaces in a uniform electric field. LINK TO STPM 2o12/P 1/022 PA eRe ecole TAKE NOTE! For the same difference in electric potential, the separation between equipotential surfaces around ‘a point charge increases as r increases. LINK TO STPM 2013/2104wf . icant ileg it to 1 ho t sav t0V BV eV Figure 12.17 i ipotenti ind a conducting ‘The diagram shows the equipotential surfaces aroun sphere of radius 20 mm that is charged to a potential of 8000 V. ee 3 (@) Explain whether the sphere is positively or negatively charged. . 1 (b) What is the work done to move a charge of 8.0 1C from B to Poon a | (©) What is the work done to move a charge of 5.0 j1C from B to | a BEE wa (@ _@ What is the potential difference between D and E? Gi) What is the work done to move a charge of 2.0 uC from EtoD? (ii) Estimate the average force on a charge of 2.0 UC between - - aa Bend D. oa Gv) Estimate the electric field intensity between E and D. j (v) What is the charge on the sphere? (©) Another identical sphere carrying the same charge is placed - close to the first sphere such that the distance between the acy centres of the spheres is 80 mm. What is the electric potential at the mid-point between the spheres? a Solution i (a) The sphere is positively charged because the electric potential decreases as the distance from the sphere increases.(&) Vy= 4000 V, ¥, = 7000 v ‘To move a charge q = 8.0 UC from B to A, work done = q(V, - 7) (8.0 x 10-7000 — 4000) J ).024 J © Band C are on the same equipotential surface, Hence, no work is done to move a charge of 5.0 uC from B to C. €) @ The potential difference between D and E = (¥,~ V,) = (1800 - 1700) V =10V \ Gi) Work done to move a charge of 2.0 UC from E to D Try This! =a(V,- Ve) Find the work done fo move | 2.0 x 10°9(100) J a charge of 5.0.C from B } .0 x 104 J |p. Gi) If F= average force on the charge of 2.0 uC, using work done = average force x displacement, Answer 2.0 x 104 = Fx (93 ~ 86) x 107 Work done 2.0x10+ =a\-V) Fa TRO =15:011800 = 400015 | = 0.0286 N a | (iv) Electric field intensity, E a i —_—____— | | = 0.0286 gs | | 20x108 N | =143 x 10¢N Ct } | (v) On the surface of the sphere, 7 = 8000 V with the 7 : radius of the sphere, R= 20 mm = 2.0 x 102m |e | seneneene | Using ¥ = GER Eee | charge on the sphere, Q =4ne,RV | in(8.85 x 10-°)2.0 x 108000) C 78 x 10-5 C | (© The mid-point P between the two spheres is at a distance | r= — mm = 40 mm = 22, where R is the radius of each 2 2 nae | sphere as shown in the diagram. ‘The electric potential at the mid-point P due to the wo | charged spheres is ye 24 2 resort | 7 | aney | ane a i =—22_ (=2R) : f ) ‘4ne,(2R) t | aon #00 mm ——+1 = Gne,R | = 8000 V L> Potential Difference | i i dB in an The potential difference V between two points A an ir clostuie field is defined as the work done to bring a unit of positive charge from one point to the other against the electric field, that is, from A to B as shown in Figure 12.18(a). Figure 12.18 Electric fields, just like gravitational fields, are conservative fields. This means that the work done to bring a charge from one point to another in the field does not depend on the path taken. In Figure 12.18(b), the work done to bring a charge from A to B along the paths 1, 2 and 3 is the same. ‘The unit for potential difference V is volt (V) or joule per coulomb (J C-!), Therefore, the work done W to move a charge q through a potential difference of Vis given by W=qv Suppose that the initial velocity of the particle at point A (Figure 12.18(a)) is zero. After being accelerated through @ potential difference V; x w a gain in kinetic energy _ loss in electric of the particle ~ potential enersy dmv = gv +. Velocity of the particle, » = [24 m w a Coe Pe charge ~e is accelerated through a potential _| the gain in kinetic energy of the electron = eV. ] = (1.60 x 10-9)(1) J | = 1.60 x 10- J se (e = 1.60 x 10” C) The kinetic energy gained by an electron after being accelerated through a potential diffe is ae ference of 1 V is known as one electron a LeV=1.60x 10-”Ja Figure 12.19 shows an electron, a potential difference V betwee entering a uniform electric field after being accelerated by n the cathode and anode, E at right angles to the field. Figure 12.19 8 The principle of conservation of energy is used to derive the expression for the velocity v, of the electron after being accelerated through a potential difference V7 Inu ev Velocity of the electron, », = ,|2&” 9 When the electron enters the uniform electric field between the two parallel plates, its velocity v, is at right angles to the electric field E. Hence, its velocity v, along the x-axis is constant. ‘The time taken for the electron to transverse the electric. field is (Length of each plate = L) BN ts vertical component of motion is under a uniform acceleration of cE *% The path of the electron inside the electric field is a parabola. When the electron emerges from the electric field, its component of velocity along the y-axis is as follows. toZ \ vy Surat | eEVL | =0+ Ci Mn) | y = eEL 7 MM, \The resultant velocity v of the electron when it emerges from the electric field is | ve Wvi+y? at an angle 0 to the x-axis given by tan @= | -1(€BL o= tam (is) | 12 The subsequent motion of the electron outside the electric | field is a straight line.MAN salle “The diagram shows a section of the deflection systert of a cathode ray oscilloscope. An electron travelling at @ speed of 1.5 * 10’ ms" | ‘enters the space between two parallel metal plates ‘which are 60 mm Tong, The electric field between the plates is 4.0 * 10 Vm". a 15x toms) oie 7 ‘60 mm (@)_ Copy the diagram, and sketch the path ofthe eleniro" in between 7 7 the plates, and after emerging from the space between the plates. 4 (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the electron in between the plates. (©) Hence, calculate the vertical a the electron velocity when it emerges a the plates. = | (@ Use your answer in electron beam. ‘Solution - 7 | (@) The path of the electron in between oa -— | the plates is a parabola, and outside gxeae and horizontal components of from the space between (©) to find the angle of deflection of the the space between the plates as shown Le it isa straight line, oe (b) Acceleration of electron a is given by - = — Fama=cE Cor ee Acceleration, a -(e} 7 ™, ce | (1.6 x1 x10 ; | (@.11x 10") LoL. 4 = 7.03 x 10! m s* vertically upwards 7 | (©) Horizontal component of velocity remains unchanged, y= 15x10 mst Time taken ; Tin a m for dexioa 10 travel through the space between ms? pe Ys 60x 10? TSx107 ® 0.x 107s Vertical component of velocity whe n ele theeteti eld between the plats sees HOM vy su at + (7.03 x 10%)(4.0 81x Demat x10") a .(@)_ If @= deflection of electron beam, then » tan @= e 2.81 x 106 15x10" 6 = 10.6% > Relationship Between V and E Cn el 1 The electric field strength £ is related to electric potential V by the equations { Edx =a E= ae or LZ 2. Figure 12.20 shows the graphs of V against distance x and E against x due to a point charge Q. ¥ & © TAKE NOTE! Do not leave out the negative sign in both the equations E=-(gradient | tote) | eaters Yates] — t * er V=-~(shaded area) Figue 12.29 E=- ae =~(gradient of the V— x graph) | 7 : V=-|_ Edx=~ (haded area under the Ex graph) Sees 3 The equation £=~4” can be used to obtain the expression for the electric field strength £ between two parallel plates with a potential difference V and separated by a distance d (Figure 12.21). av k$—v—>t E: “(gradient of V - x graph) : Electic potential v ° Figure 12.21The graph shows the i distance x from point O along a straight line. i VM FAs | aw) $B k(n) a [ a a Sketch a graph to show the variation of the electric field strength | along the straight line. The diagram shows the equipotential lines which represent equipotential surfaces in a region of three dimensions. XY ~0v “20(@) On the above diagram, draw the electric field of the region. (0) Anelectron enters the region and moves from the equipotential surface of -8.0 V to -160 V. Calculate the change in the kinetic energy of the electron. Solution @ 2200 16.0 80 ~40v “20v (b) Change in kinetic energy = gain in electric potential energy =e(AV) (1.60 x 10)f-16.0- (-8.0)] = 1.28 x10" F (a) The diagram shows an electron entering a region of uniform electric field between two charged plates in a horizontal direction with velocity ¥,. The position of the electron before entering the field region is 0.5 cm from the negative plate. The electron traces a path and comes out of the field region at the end of one of the plates. The two plates are each 5.0 cm long and separated by a distance of 2.0 cm. The uniform field has a magnitude of 500 V mrt 5m ——_— Te= T e+ ecron Yo fap ! ae ( Sketch the electric field lines and trajectory of the electron in the field region. ii) Derive an equation to represent the motion of the electron while it is in the field region (ignore gravity). ii) What path does the equation describe? (iv) Determine the initial velocity of the electron. () Consider a proton being accelerated from rest through a region of electric potential V, to V;,, The final speed of the proton is 2.0 x 10° m s* (i) Desoribe the energy change of the proton. (ii) Determine the potential difference between V, and V,Solution / @ O>— > Gi) Atany time t, + horizontal displacement, + vertical displacement, s = ut + fat ~oatal 2) a ga Eo constant y ~0+44(2) (Acceleration, a = 7 = constant) a 19 IS aa 4 (ii) Trajectory: Parabola Sa (iv) When x = 5.0 em = 0.050 m, y = 1.50 em = 0.0150 m Common mistakes in (a)iv}: y Ca ——— Candidates do not convert mvp 5.0 em and 1.5 cm into | . etre. Initial velocing y = 5 Pr (1.60% 10°)500)__ 1, gt = 0050 6 77 <10>H(0.0150) 71x 108m st (b) @ Kinetic energy increases, electric potential energy decreases. eS Gain in kinetic energy = loss in electric potential energy Ld 4 i) Loss in electric potential energy = gain in kinetic energy | aV,-V) = me —— n? V,-V) = Pal wm = id = 1.67% 10792.0% 109% 2(1.60x 10%) a = =2.09 x 10°V een ema 1 The electric potential of a charged sphere of radius 10.0 cm is 5.0V. (a) Sketch a diagram to show the equipotential surfaces of 4.0 V, 3.0V and 2.0, (b) Sketch a graph to show the variation of electric potential with distance from the centr of the charged sphere. ae ons! 2 The diagram shows the cross sections of equipotential surfaces at various distances x from a point O in an electric field. (a) Explain whether the electric field is uniform. (b) Find the electric field intensity. (c) What is the direction of the electric field? 55 50 45, }(d) What is the force acting on an electron in the electric field? (@) Anelectron moves from the equipotential surface of 55 V to 50 V. What is the change in (i) the electric potential energy, and = (ii) the kinetic energy of the electron? : State whether the change of each type of energy is an increment or a decrement. 3. The diagram shows a charge +q and another a oP | charge -q fixed at points A and B separated bya *7 * distance of 10.0 cm. i sem—i : | Ifq=2 MC, calculate ‘ i : | (a) the electric potential at point P, b$-— sen —i : | (b) the electric potential at point Q, and i { (©) the work done to bring a charge of 5 uC 19m + from P to. Q. 4 An insulated metal sphere of radius 0.20 m carries a positive charge. A small charge is brought from a distance to point P, 0.50 m from the centre of the sphere. The work done is. W and the force on the small charge at its final position at P is F. If the small charge is then brought from the point P to the surface of the sphere, what is (@)_ the additional work done, and | (b)_ the force on the charge when it is on the surface of the sphere? - 5. Two parallel metal plates separated by a distance of 3 mm are charged until the potential | ~~ difference between the plates is 12.0 V. What is the electric field intensity between the plates? | ———— 6 The graph shows the variation of the electric potential V with distance x from a fixed point O along the x-axis. ] e ae zim) Sketch a graph to show the variation of the electric field intensity E with distance x from O. 7 Electrons emitted from the cathode of a cathode ray oscilloscope are accelerated by a potential difference of 2.00 kV between the cathode and the anode. The electrons then enter the uniform electric field between two parallel conducting plates, each of length 2.00 cm. The potential |~ 7 difference between the plates is 500 V and the plates are separated by a distance of 1.50 cm, <— 2.000m —> cathode ‘Anode a r wait 111 fe Calculate {@) the velocity u of the electrons when they emerge from the anode, {b) the time taken for the electrons to transverse the uniform electric field, and {0 the velocity of the electrons when they emerge from the uniform electric field,Summary Coulomb's law states that the force F between two point charges Q, and Q, separated by a distance r is directly proportional to Q,Q, and inversely proportional to r®, 2,0, Feet The electric field intensity (or electric field strength) E at a point in an electric field is the force per unit positive charge. av ‘dx c-£ oo & q The electric field intensity Eata distance rfrom a point charge Qis Gauss’ law states that, for a closed surface, electric flux, ¢= ze Toa where £Q is the algebraic sum of the charges enclosed by the closed surface. Electric field intensity E at a distance r from {a) the centre of a charged sphere of radius F and charge Q (r< A) | ACE AHEAD Pics Secon Tar (b) auniformly charged plate of charge density ° Ente The electric potential V at @ point in an electric field is defined as the work done per unit positive charge to bring a positive charge from infinity to that point. £ v- Edx Electric potential at a distance rfrom (a) a point charge Qis as = Gnegr (b) the centre of a charged sphere of radius R and charge Qis a Via SR a Vo ame = (> The potential difference between two points is the work done per unit positive charge to bring a positive charge from fone point to the other against the electric fieldal 1 v we a FOCUS ON STPM 12 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS The electric field strength at a point P which is at a distance of.20cm froma | point charge is 0.40 V mr, The.electric potential at the point P is i A 0.02V Cc 0.20V B_ 0.08 V D 080V The diagram shows charges +g, +g and ~g which are fixed respectively at points X, Y and Z of a circle. The resultant electric field at the centre O of the circle is in the direction of A OY €¢ Ww B OZ D ZO Two bodies, each of mass 3 x 105 kg, are 200 km apart. The same amount of charge is placed on each body. What is the magnitude of the charge on each body so that the gravitational attractive force is balanced by the electric force? 6.7 x 10° C 1.0 x 10°C 4.7.x 10% C i 2.6 x 104 C comsmD rT ‘The diagram shows three charges +9, +7 and =g at the vertices X, Y and Z respectively of an equilateral triangle. pamP a a Xpeq y. Zz 4 R a The electric field strength at the centroid O of the triangle is in the direction of A oY B OT D OZ The work done to bring two point charges +g and ~g from infinity to a separation r is ff aney The diagram shows the electric field lines for a positive point charge and a nearby negative point charge that are equal in magnitude. The electric field strengths at P, Q and Rare E,, E, and E, respectively. Which arrangement shows the correct relative electric field strengths? A E,>Eq>Eq B E,>E,>Eqoma 7 The diagram shows a spherical Gaussian surface of radius 20.0 cm enclosing a charge of +2 C. The electric flux through the Gaussian surface is 4.43 x 10°? N m? C+ 1.77 107" Nm? C1 2.26 x 10"! N m? C+ 4.50 x 10!" N my? Ct a Four equal charges +0, three of which are placed at three corners of a square while the fourth charge is placed at the centre of the square are as shown in the diagram. Which diagram shows the direction of the resultant force acting on the charge at the centre of the square? A + C +0,- The forces of attraction between two point charges +28 Cand g HC separated by a distance of 2.50 m is 0.64 N. What is the charge 9? A +2.0uC B +16"C C 16 uc D -2.0pnC The diagram shows two parallel metal plates separated by a distance d. A potential difference V is applied across the plates. Which graph correctly shows the variation of the electric field strength E between the plates with the distance x from the negatively charged plate? Ae The electric field strength and electric potential at a distance r from a point charge are E and V respectively. What are the electric field strength and electric potential at a dist oe ance 2r from12 13 Three point charges are fixed at the apexes of an equilateral triangle of sides a as shown in the diagram. ‘ A fF ce 1 oR oe Ts t B FE DE The work done to move the three \ charges to infinity is given by the | ; \ expression ; | ue ox Le ox ea aa xD : Bp 2 3g | 16 A charge Qs fixed at the centre of a ane Ameya square WXYZ of sides a. Another Gas charge q at X is moved from X to Y. A plane surface is in a uniform electric uh field. i ‘ s : ‘Surface w, The electric flux through the surface is What is the work done to move the maximum when the angle between the charge g from X to Y? normal to the surface and the electric. A 0 c a2. field is 2nea A zero Cc 60° qQ 2qQ B 30° D 90° anea 4neya | 14 Three charges are arranged along a straight line as shown in the diagram. +4 The resultant electric force on the charge +g is given by A . “24 ff, ney? e ney [Clone STP} are e B ier _ 15 A conducting sphere of radius Ris charged positive, Which is the graph of electric field F against distance x from the centre of the sphere?17 The electric potential V at different distances x from a point O along the x-axis is measured. The results are shown in the table. DD The electric field intensity along the x-axis at a point 0.050 m from O is A 380 V min the negative x-direction B_ 380 V mr" in the positive x-direction C 400 Vn" in the negative x-direction _ D_ 400 V m" in the positive x-direction 18 A charge q is placed at a point P in an electric field of strength E acting in the x-direction, At P, the electric potential is V, the force on g in the x-direction is F, and the electrostatic potential energy of the charge is U. Which of the following sets of equations shows the correct relations between E, F, g, Uand V2 20 XYZ is a right-angled triangle. The electric potential and electric field intensity at X due to the charge Q at Y are 120 V and 40 V mr respectively. ‘The charge Q’ at Z causes an electric potential of 60 V and an electric field intensity of 30 V m“ at X. Which of the following gives the possible values of the electric potential and the electric field strength at X due to the charges at Y and Z? ee ees Fee a strength (Vm) | 21. Two point charges of +2g and ~24 are fixed at the points X and Y separated by a distance x. P is the mid-point between X and Y. x #298: A \E=qF |r= ae U=qV |\V=-IEax| = | Ll yeu c Lluew D ee r=qu tra 19 The diagram shows a positively charged sphere with a centre of O. The points N, O, P,Q, and R are on a straight line. The clectric potential difference is greatest between the points A PandO C QandR B PandQ D NandR pe = eee The electric field strength and electric potential at P are E and V respectively Which row shows the correct expressions for E and A 0 eae | 4 amex? anex 4 | Oya c Tree a | | 2 ea 4] D | rat 0 |22. An isolated solid conducting sphere is positively charged. Which of the following statements is true? A. The electric field intensity inside the | 25 The electric potential and the electric sphere is greater than that on the surface of the sphere. B_ The potential gradient outside the sphere is independent of the radius of the sphere. The charge density inside the sphere | equals that on the surface. D_ The electric field outside the sphere is radial and directed towards the centre of the sphere. A positively charged oil drop stays stationary in the electric field between two parallel horizontal plates as shown in the diagram. The potential difference between the plates is fixed. ak Stationary posiively ‘charged of crop + When the separation between the plates is reduced, the oil drop A remains stationary B falls with constant velocity C accelerates upwards D accelerates downwards The diagram shows various equipotential lines in the form of concentric circles _ with centre O. Which direction A, B, C or D is the direction of the electric field at _ the point P? field intensity on the surface of a charged hollow metal sphere are V, and E, tespectively. If the electric potential at a point inside the sphere is Vand the electric field intensity at that point is £, which of the following is true? | E=E, D V< KM, E €=150Ver (i) Find the acceleration of the proton. Gi) Determine the speed v of the proton after it moves through a distance of 0.20 m. (b) Another proton enters the uniform electric field with a velocity v perpendicular to the field as shown in the diagram. Copy the diagram and draw the subsequent path of the t eee proton in the electric field. Explain your answer. Focus on STPM 12 t |ESSAY QUESTIONS 1 (a) Write equations to represent Coulomb's law in electrostatics, and Newton's law of gravitation. Identify the symbols used in the equations. ; | (b) (Explain what is meant by the electric potential at a point in an electric field. (ii) Use Coulomb’s law to deduce an expression for the electric potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere. Te (©) Electrons escape from the surface of a star. Consequently, the star becomes positively charged. The charging process of a star stops when the total gravitational potential energy and electric potential energy of a proton on the surface of the star is zero. (i) Write an equation to relate the two forms of potential energy. Gi) Show that, in the steady state, the maximum charge on a star that has a fixed mass is independent of its radius. 7 ii) Calculate the maximum charge on the Sun which has a mass of 2.0 x 10” kg. 2 @) @ State Coulomb's law. ; Gi) Define electric field strength, and use Coulomb's law to derive an expression for the electric field strength E due to a point charge. 4 (b) The diagram shows two point charges, one of +8Q at A, and another of -20 at B. The — distance between A and Bis a. At points X and Y along the line AP, the magnitude of the electric field strength due to the charge +8Q jis the same as that due to the charge -29. Ee A 8 P — “oT Serf i I }—_— 4 i) Find, in terms of a, the distances of point X and point Y from the point A. Gi) At which of the points, X or Y, is the electric field strength zero? Explain your answer. (iii) Sketch the electric field pattern produced by the charges +80 and ~20. iv) Describe the motion of a free positive charge when itis at points between B and P. =a (W) Derive an expression, in terms of Q and a, for the work done to bring a charge of + from infinity to the point Y. 3 (a) (i) Write equations to represent Newton’s law of gravitation and Coulomb's law. Gi) Hence, explain what is meant by an inverse square field. — (b) The diagram shows two small charged Styrofoam spheres X and Y hanging in __| equilibrium at the ends of insulating strings of the same length. Both strings are inclined at an angle of 5° vertically. Show on a diagram the directions of the forces, acting on each sphere, - Must the spheres have () the same mass, (ii) the same type of charge, and ii) the same magnitude of charge? Explain your answers.(©) How would the angles that the strings make with the vertical change if (the charge on the sphere X is increased (ii) the masses of the spheres are halved? 4 (a) What is meant by a uniform electric field? (b) The electric field between two parallel charged plates may be assumed to be uniform. Copy the diagram and draw fi 7 (the electric field lines, and i 7 (ii) the equipotential lines between the plates. (©) The diagram shows a uniform electric field £ of 5.0 V m in the direction shown. z fom 2° Calculate the work done to move a charge of 2.0 uC a @ from A to B, E=s0Vm" (ij) from B to C, and (iii) from A to C along the line AC. Compare the answer to (iii) with the total work done to move the charge from A to C via B. = Explain your answer. , Be. 5 (a) What is meant by a uniform electric field? A uniform electric field E = 50.0 V m'. Two points A and B lie on a straight line parallel to the electric field. The position of B relative to the point A is + 0.25 m. (i) What is the potential difference V, - V4? (ii) What is the change in kinetic energy of a charge of +2.00 wC when it moves from A to B? (b) A proton is projected with an initial speed w = 8.0 x 10* m s" at an angle of 45° to the horizontal into a region of uniform electric field E = 500 V mr’ as shown in the | ___ diagram. Ee de a () Explain why the gravitational force on the proton is negligible compared to the electric force. (ii) Sketch the trajectory of the proton in the electric field. Explain your answer, (©) Calculate (i)_ the time taken for the proton to reach the peak of its trajectory. (ii) the height of the peak from the horizontal. coupanton wease Online Test Er EEE EEE ll a ee