CONTENTS

Past Perfect pages 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

Question Formation pages 14, 15, 16, 17
Embedded Questions pages 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
Direct Dialogue pages 24, 25, 26, 27
Reported Speech pages 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
Adverbial Clauses pages 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Passive pages 42, 43, 44
Passive past + modals pages 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Clarification pages 53, 54
Adjective Clauses pages 55, 56
Advisability with Could pages 57, 58
Word Order pages 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
Gerunds pages 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72
Must not / not have to pages 73, 74
Must: Logical Conclusion pages 75, 76
Indefinite Pronouns for General Ideas pages 77, 78, 79
Tags pages 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85
Dictations page 86

With Answer Key – Revised July 2011

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We use the past perfect to indicate an action that happened before another action in the
past. Both actions happened in the past, but to be clear when saying which happened first,
and which happened next, we use two different tenses: the past perfect for the action
that happened first in the past, and then the simple past for the action that happened
after.

We also often use the past perfect with words like since, for, yet, already, ever,
never, before, just, recently, in a long time, for a while , and by [at certain time].

Example 1:
the test started I arrived at school now

8:30 8:40

When I arrived at school [at 8:40], the test had already started.
By 8:40, the test had started.

Example 2:

I received my diploma now

1988 June 1990

In 1988, I hadn’t received my diploma yet.

In July 1990, I had just received my diploma.
In 1992, I had already received my diploma.

Example 3:

Jim lived in Idaho. He moved to Oregon. now

1980-1998 1998

Jim moved to Oregon in 1998. He had lived in Idaho for 18 years.

Example 4:
Linda went to a French restaurant last night. She ordered snails. It was
the first time she ate snails. She had never eaten snails before.

past participle
FORMATION: subject + had [not] + verb

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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the past perfect form of the verb in brackets.

1. [chew up] When I got home, my new puppy __had chewed up___ all my shoes.
2. [steal] When we got home from our vacation, we saw that burglars __________
__________________ our TV, VCR, and DVD player.
3. [change] I went back to my hometown for a visit after losing a lot of weight, and my
oldest friend almost didn’t recognize me because I ____________________
_____________ a lot.
4. [close] Jerry wanted to buy flowers for his wife’s birthday, but when he got to his
favorite flower shop, it ______________________________.
5. [die] I wasn’t fast enough going home when my grandfather was sick, and when
I arrived there, he ______________________________.
6. [go out] Vincent wanted to have lunch with Tony, but when he called Tony’s office,
Tony’s secretary told him that Tony ______________________________.
7. [move] Paula wanted to visit the Johnsons last time she went home for a visit, but
she found out that they ___________________________ to another town.
8. [burn] It was horrible. When we got home, our house _____________________
____________ to the ground!
9. [kill] The madman ______________________________ several people before
the police were able to do anything.
10. [sell] I wanted to buy Kurt’s motorcycle, but he _________________________
________________ it before I had a chance to make an offer.

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks, using NEVER + past perfect.

1. [never / drive] It was Ken’s first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn’t know
what to do. He _____had never driven ________ before.
2. [never / fly] Mr. and Mrs. Jones were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the
plane took off because they ____________________________ before.
3. [never / see] My grandmother had an arranged marriage. She ________________
____________________ her husband before the day of her wedding.
4. [never / be] Lance was late for work. His boss was very surprised because he
______________________________ late before.
5. [never / play] Jim played tennis yesterday - at least he tried to play tennis. He wasn’t
very good at it because he _____________________________ before.
6. [never / do] I did my taxes last night, and it was very difficult because I _________
________________________________ my taxes before.
Continue next page

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7. [never / eat] I had dinner in a Korean restaurant last night, and it was a strange
experience. I ______________________________ kimchi before.
8. [never / speak] Before I moved to the United States, I _________________________
________________ a word of English.
9. [never / be] Sheila went to Magic Mountain with her cousins last weekend and went
on the Viper ride. She _____________________________ so scared in
her life!
10. [never / steal] To try to get a more lenient sentence, the thief swore to the judge that
he ______________________________ anything before.
11. [never / teach] Kathy was a little nervous because she __________________________
__________ chemistry before.
12. [never / drink] Greg really got drunk last night at the party. I think he ____________
__________________ as much as last night.
13. [never / shrink] Although the new outfit was now ruined, Rosa swore to her boss that
she ______________________________ any clothing before.
14. [never / get lost] We were going to Bakersfield, and we ended up in Castroville.
We ______________________________ that much before!
15. [never / draw] Jonnie drew a beautiful flower this morning. She ________________
_________________ anything so pretty before.

Exercise 3: Write a small paragraph about some things you had never done before you
moved to the United States.

Example: Before I moved to the United States, I had never eaten hot dogs. I had never
been to a baseball game.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4: Combine the two sentences given into one sentence, using the Past Perfect in
the negative form, and a time reference with since or for.

Example: Frank went to a baseball game last night. The last baseball game he attended
was in 1998. He hadn’t gone to a baseball game since 1998.
1. I got a speeding ticket yesterday. The last ticket I got was two years ago.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Jimmy attended a birthday party last Saturday night. The last one he attended was six
months ago. ____________________________________________________________
3. Vicky had so much fun last Sunday. The last time she had this much fun was when she
was a child. ____________________________________________________________
4. I got so scared last night. The last time I was this scared was when I read The Shining.
______________________________________________________________
5. Carl finally had a haircut. His last haircut was two years ago.
____________________________________________________________________
6. Rene and his wife went out last night. Last time they went out was for Rene’s birthday.
____________________________________________________________________
7. I saw a really good movie Friday night. The last good movie I saw was two months
ago. _________________________________________________________________
8. Ursula broke her leg skiing. The last time she broke her leg, she was 12 years old.
____________________________________________________________________
9. The Marshalls took a nice vacation last summer. Their last nice vacation before that was
in 1997. _______________________________________________________________
10. Henry received a raise last week. His last raise before that was three years ago.
____________________________________________________________________
11. The Bennington-June store near my house held a sale last weekend. Their last sale was
last winter. ______________________________________________________________
12. I ate a hamburger with french fries last night. The last time I had such an unhealthy
meal was six months ago. __________________________________________________
13. Bernice cleaned her whole house last weekend. The last time she cleaned the whole
house was last spring.
____________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 5: Look at the pictures below and write what the people in the pictures had
already done by a certain time.

1- Mark – June 2001 2- Nancy – 7am

___By June 2001, Mark had already _________________________________
___graduated.____________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

3- Ben and Cynthia – 7:30 4- Martha and Ted – 8pm

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

5- Petra – 6:30 pm 6- Stella – 10 am

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

7- Mirna - noon 8- the Carlsons – Christmas Eve

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

9- Barbara – 9pm 10- Anita – 3pm

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
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Exercise 6: Ask the following questions to your partner, then write the answers he or she
gives you. At the end, write a small paragraph about your partner. Make sure to write
complete sentences.
Example: You: Before you came to the United States, had you spoken much English?
Su Yin: No, before I came to the United States, I had not spoken much
English.
You: Had you ever used a cell phone before 2001?
Su Yin: Yes, I had used a cell phone before 2001.

WRITING: Su Yin had not spoken much English before she came to the United States.
She had used a cell phone before 2001.
1. By 8:00 this morning, had you taken a shower? _______________________________.
2. Had you ever met many Americans before you moved to the United States? __________
_______________________________________________________________________.
3. By December 20 last year, had you already bought all your Christmas presents?
______________________________________________________________________.
4. Had you studied English before you came to this school? ________________________.
5. When you arrived at school today, had the class already started? _________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
6. By April 15 last year, had you already paid you taxes? ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
7. When you got home yesterday, had the sun already set? ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
8. By noon yesterday, had you already had lunch? ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

WRITING:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 7: Tabitha had a list of things to do last Thursday. At 3:30 pm, Tabitha’s
husband, Tommy, arrived home early after work. Look at her schedule and then tell what
Tabitha had already done and what she hadn’t done yet by the time Tommy arrived
home.

8:00 drive the kids to school 3:00 water the backyard and plant new
9:00 do the laundry and dust the house flowers
12:00 wash the dishes 4:00 pick up the children from school
1:00 have lunch 5:00 make dinner
2:00 vacuum the bedrooms 5:30 give the children a bath
2:30 take a nap 6:00 feed the children dinner
6:45 walk the dog

By 3:30, Tabitha had already driven the kids to school. She had already ___________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8: Make negative sentences using the past perfect. End your sentences with for
a while or with in a long time.
Example: I went to a baseball game last night. I hadn’t been to a baseball game in a
long time.
1. She went to a party last night. (be) ________________________________________
2. They ate out last night. _____________________________________________
3. He cleaned out the garage last weekend. _____________________________
4. I saw a good movie on Saturday. ____________________________________
5. We went to the beach last Sunday. (be) ____________________________________
6. They took a vacation last week. _________________________________________
7. I read a good book last weekend. _________________________________________
8. We played miniature golf last weekend. ___________________________________
9. They visited their family last month. ________________________________________
10. I went to the doctor yesterday. (be) ________________________________________

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Exercise 9: Here is a list of inventions and important historical events. For each of the
years given, write one sentence about something that had already happened, and
something that hadn’t happened yet.

1776 The Thirteen Colonies declare their independence

1789 George Washington becomes the first President
1803 Thomas Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France
1804 Lewis and Clark leave on their famous expedition
1860 Levis Strauss creates the first pair of jeans
1861 The Civil War begins
1865 John Wilkes Booth assassinates Abraham Lincoln
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
1879 Thomas Edison makes the first light bulb
1886 The Coca Cola Company creates Coca Cola
1903 The Wright Brothers fly the first airplane
1906 A massive earthquake destroys San Francisco
1914 World War I starts in Europe
1922 People eat the first corn flakes
1941 The United States enters World War II
1963 Lee Harvey Oswald assassinates John F. Kennedy

1- By 1865, Levis Strauss had already created the first pair of jeans, but Thomas
Edison hadn’t made the first light bulb yet.
2- By 1913, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3- By 1780, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4- By 1900, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5- By 1820, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6- By 1930, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7- By 1875, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8- By 1800, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9- By 1850, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10- By 1880, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11- By 1950, _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 10: Remember that we use the Past Perfect when two actions happen in the
past, to indicate which one happened first. That is especially true with sentences beginning
with I remembered that, I realized that, I didn’t know that, I thought that… In this exercise,
you need to combine the two sentences given into one. One sentence will remain in the
Simple Past, while the other will be written in the Past Perfect to indicate the action that
happened first.

1 I left my wallet in the car. I realized it later.

I realized that I had left my wallet in the car.

2 James was married before Silvia didn't know that.

3 You left early. I thought that.

4 I forgot to turn off the coffee machine I realized that.

5 Steve didn’t pay the telephone bill. Steve remembered it later.

6 I read this book before. I realized it later.

7 Carol and Andy broke up. I didn't know that.

8 His best student cheated on the test. The teacher didn't know that.

9 Vince lived in Italy. Henry didn't know that.

10 My husband took the trash out. I didn't know that.

11 She made a silly mistake on the test. She realized that.

12 You won the lottery. I thought that.

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Exercise 11: Combine the sentences below using ‘when’, and remembering to write the
action closest to now in the Simple Past, and the other one in the Past Perfect. Be careful
and check which action happened first.

1 8:30 - the test started 8:40 - I arrived at school.

When [by the time] I arrived at school, the test had already started .

2 12:10 - the plane took off. 12:15 - Silvia got to the airport.

3 9:30 - Rene came back home. 8:00 - Mirna had dinner.

4 4:30 - the police finally showed up. 4:00 - the burglars fled.

5 January 2004 - Peter enrolled at DVC. 2003 - Peter learned some English.

6 2:12 am - my house burned down. 2:56 - the firefighters arrived.

7 Sunday night - the weekend was over. Fri to Sun - I lost all my money.

8 12:35 - I had enough to eat. 12:45 - dessert was served.

1962 – the first American, John Glenn, 1961 – Yuri Gagarin rode around
9 orbited the Earth. Earth for 108 minutes.

1998-2002 – My sister knew her boyfriend

10 June 2002 – My sister got engaged. for four years.

11 6:30 - the children took their bath. 7:15 – I got home.

12 7:05 am – my husband woke up. 6:45 am – I fed the children breakfast.

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All regular questions are formed the same way:

QUESTIONS:

[QUESTION OBJECT / PREP

WORD] + AUX / MODAL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + PHRASE
Where do you work?
How long has she lived in L.A.?
When was the room painted blue?
Where should I park the car?

In questions, the auxiliary verb may change with the subject, but the main verb doesn’t
change.

Where do they live? Where does he live?

What have they taken? What has he taken?
Where does he lives?
What has he takens?
Exercise 1: Fill in the darkened sections first. With a partner, read your darkened sections.
Your partner will ask a question from your statement. You answer your partner’s question
and then write their question and your answer. Follow the example.

1. A: I am going to go to Hawaii next month.

B: What are you going to do in Hawaii? (Partner says, you write)
A: I am going to go scuba diving. (You say, you write)

2. A: I ________________________________________ last night.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

3. A: I have never ______________________________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

4. A: I should __________________________________________________________.
B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: ______________________________________________________________________________.

5. A: My friend ________________________________________________ every year.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: ______________________________________________________________________________.
Continue next page
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6. A: I want to ___________________________________________ this weekend.
B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: __________________________________________________________________.

7. A: I used to __________________________________________________________.
B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

8. A: My mother _________________________________________________________.
B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: __________________________________________________________________.

9. A: L.A.T.C. ___________________________________________________________.
B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

10. A: I hate ____________________________________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

11. A: I love ____________________________________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

12. A: I had ____________________________________ before I started taking English.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

13. A: My father has never _________________________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

14. A: I miss ______________________________________________ in my country.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

15. A: My apartment ______________________________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

16. A: The most important thing in my life is ___________________________________.

B: _________________________________________________________________?
A: _________________________________________________________________.

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Exercise 2: Write a question for each time.

1. Where does your family live ?

2. What ____________ you ____________ now?

3. Who ____________ they ____________ yesterday?

4. When ____________ the school ____________ every day?

5. ____________ you ever ____________?

6. Where ____________ you ____________ before you started this job?

7. ____________ the room ____________ last week?

8. ____________ she ____________ since last year?

9. Where ____________ they ____________ next year?

10. How long ____________ he ____________?

11. ____________ he ever ____________ before yesterday?

12. Who ____________ you ____________ today?

13. Where ____________ he ____________ every year?

14. ____________ you ____________ for 2 hours before I saw you yesterday?

15. ____________ they ____________ in 2000?

16. ____________ she ____________ for 5 years?

17. ____________ you ____________ in 2007?

18. What ____________ you ____________ while I was working?

19. Where ____________ he ____________ when he had the accident?

20. Why ____________ my car ____________ now?

21. ____________ my house ____________ by next week?

22. Where ____________ you ____________ when I called you last night?

23. How often ____________ he ____________?

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Exercise 3: Write the question for the following answers.
do / does / did
question + modal + subject + verb
word auxiliary

1. Where does Daniel travel every year? _____________________

Daniel travels to Spain every year.
2. _______________________________________________________________________
I am driving carefully.
3. _______________________________________________________________________
They could fly an airplane.
4. _______________________________________________________________________
There was a ball under the table.
5. _______________________________________________________________________
She answered two letters.
6. _______________________________________________________________________
They visited their grandmother.
7. _______________________________________________________________________
She’s lived in Los Angeles for 16 years.
8. _______________________________________________________________________
He will buy 2 pounds of oranges.
9. _______________________________________________________________________
They go to New York twice a year.
10. _______________________________________________________________________
They can visit many museums.
11. _______________________________________________________________________
She worked as a cashier for two years.
12. _______________________________________________________________________
They should wear a seat belt.
13. _______________________________________________________________________
I will go back to school on Monday.
14. _______________________________________________________________________
She is talking to Greg.
15. _______________________________________________________________________
They are home.
16. _______________________________________________________________________
We study English.
17. _______________________________________________________________________
You may borrow $10.
18. _______________________________________________________________________
She is 5’6”.
19. _______________________________________________________________________
She would like a cup of coffee.
20. _______________________________________________________________________
There are 12 months in a year.

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GRAMMAR POINT 1: An embedded question is a question inside another question or
statement. We use embedded questions when we want to ask politely for something. They
often follow the following phrases:
Do you know…? Could you tell me….? Do you remember…? Do you know…?
I don’t know… Please, tell me… I wonder …

NOTE: With embedded questions, we use question word + subject + verb:

Do you know where the post office is?
Do you know where is the post office?
The embedded part is in the form of a statement, not of a question.

We also use embedded questions with yes/no questions, and we use ‘if’ or ‘whether’
between the first statement and the embedded part:
 Is Sue from Iowa? Do you know if Sue is from Iowa?
I wonder whether Sue is from Iowa.

 Does Jerry like coffee? I don’t know if Jerry likes coffee.

Could you tell me whether Jerry likes coffee?

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences, changing the statements into embedded
questions. Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’.

1. Is there a train this afternoon? Do you know __if there is a train this
afternoon_________________________________________________________?
2. Would Horace like to meet Petra? I wonder ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
3. Can Kevin speak Spanish? Do you remember _________________________
__________________________________________________________________?
4. Has Denise fed the children yet? I don’t know __________________________
__________________________________________________________________?
5. Will the weather be sunny on Sunday? I wonder _______________________
__________________________________________________________________.
6. Are the children outside? Do you know ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________?
7. Is the bank staying open on Saturday? Do you remember ___________________
__________________________________________________________________?
8. Has the mailman delivered the mail yet? Do you know ____________________
__________________________________________________________________?
9. Did many people die in the fire? Do you know __________________________
__________________________________________________________________?
10. Has the teacher corrected the tests? I wonder ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

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Exercise 2: Find Someone Who
Ask a student in the class, “Could you tell me if/whether you ….?” If that
student answers, “Yes, I do/am/did/was/have/had,” ask that student to write his or
her name on the line. All the names must be different.

1. _________________ has a computer at home.

2. _________________ speaks English at home.

3. _________________ is from Guatemala.

4. _________________ is taller than the teacher.

5. _________________ is going out to eat this weekend.

6. _________________ arrived late today.

7. _________________ is working this weekend.

8. _________________ went to Six Flags Magic Mountain last year.

9. _________________ got the flu last year.

10. _________________ was in school yesterday.

11. _________________ has three sisters.

12. _________________ was talking while the teacher was talking yesterday.

13. _________________ speaks Spanish.

14. _________________ was daydreaming when the bell rang yesterday.

15. _________________ has taken English at another school.

16. _________________ is married.

17. _________________ has lost his keys.

18. _________________ had taken English before he came to L.A. Tech.

19. _________________ works in a restaurant.

20. _________________ had visited L.A. before she moved here.

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Exercise 3: Make the following questions polite. Use any of the expressions given on
page 18, in Grammar Point 1.

1. Where are the books? Could you tell me where the books are?
2. Who is the supervisor?
____________________________________________________________________
3. How far is the park from here?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Where are the children?
____________________________________________________________________
5. How is my son doing in school?
____________________________________________________________________
6. When are they having the party?
____________________________________________________________________
7. What was she doing when I called?
____________________________________________________________________
8. What secret has he been keeping?
____________________________________________________________________
9. Who opened my mail?
____________________________________________________________________
10. Why have they closed the store?
____________________________________________________________________
11. Where has she gone?
____________________________________________________________________
12. Who had he talked to before I came?
____________________________________________________________________

Part 2 = Ask your partner the embedded questions above and write the answer in the third
person.
Example: 1. Partner #1 says Could you tell me where the books are?
Partner #2 says I don’t know where the books are.
You write: Jose doesn’t know where the books are.______________________
1. ___________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________

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GRAMMAR POINT 2: When you ask an embedded question in simple present and simple
past tenses, with yes/no questions or information questions, you drop the auxiliary verb:
When does she work?  Do you know when she works?
When did she leave?  Do you know when she left?

Exercise 4: Change the following questions to an embedded question. The first

expressions are given, then you may use the expressions you wish.

1. What time did you get up this morning? I would like to know ____what time___
___you got up this morning___________________________________________.
2. Does the bank stay open until six on Fridays? Do you know ________________
_______________________________________________________________________?
3. Where does Han come from? I wonder _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
4. Did the teacher assign homework? Could you tell me ________________
_______________________________________________________________________?
5. Why do birds fly south in the fall? Do you know ________________
_______________________________________________________________________?
6. Does Jonnie own a Honda? I wonder ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
7. Where does Angela work? _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Did they need help? _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. How often did Denise call Tom? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. When does the next plane leave? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11. How long did the teacher give for the test? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
12. Do they sell medicine at the supermarket? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
13. Who did Charlie talk to this morning? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
14. How much does a first-class stamp cost? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
15. Did William read the new Harry Potter book? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
16. What do snakes eat? _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 5: Complete the following conversation using embedded questions. Use the
information in the article below.

Jane Morgan is a florist. She opens Jane’s Floral Farm at 8:00 every morning. She
started the business four years ago. The shop had 5, 000 customers last year and they
expect to gain 1,000 more this year. Every month, the shop offers a special floral
arrangement for customers. Jane is selling an iris and rose arrangement this month. Jane’s
shop is on 3rd and Holly. Jane’s Floral Farm won a special award for being L.A.’s best new
business. Come check it out, but don’t come too late in the day: she closes at 4:00 every
afternoon.

1. A: Do you know what Jane Morgan does for a living?

B: Yes, she is a florist.

2. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: At 8:00.

3. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: Four years ago.

4. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: 5,000 customers.

5. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: 6,000.

6. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: A special arrangement every month.

7. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: Something with irises and roses.

8. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: 3rd and Holley.

9. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: An award for L.A.’s best new business.

10. A: ________________________________________________________________?
B: 4:00.

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Exercise 6: Read the following sentences, then write a question, and then change the
question to an Embedded Question. Follow the example given. See chapter on Question
Formation for review if necessary.

1- The school will be closed next week.

Q= When will the school be closed?
EQ = I wonder when the school will be closed.
2- She is studying hard because she wants to pass to the next level.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
3- Bill lives on Washington Boulevard.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
4- Craig likes chocolate ice cream.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
5- They are upset because they failed the test.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
6- Her husband is Clark Moore.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
7- He ate 17 hot dogs at the fair.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
8- Frank lost his grandmother last year.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
9- The bank is located at 19900 Wilshire Blvd.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
10- Greg and Terry have been married for six years.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________
11- They will get married on Valentine’s Day.
Q = _________________________________________________________________
EQ = ________________________________________________________________

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GRAMMAR POINT 1: Before you can learn about Reported Speech, you must learn about
Direct Dialogue, also called Exact Quote. That is used when you want to report exactly
what a person said, without any changes:
The teacher said, “Open your books.”  That is exactly what the teacher said.

There are two parts in a sentence with dialogue, a text part and a dialogue part:
The teacher said, "Open your books."
text part dialogue part

 Direct Dialogue has very strict punctuation rules. Look at the few sentences below:
capital letter inside the quotes
The teacher said, “Open your books.”
close quotation marks
period (after the period)
comma open quotation marks

The policeman asked, “May I see your license?”

Bill’s mother exclaimed, “I can’t believe you failed the test!”

 It is also possible to have the text part after the dialogue part:

“Will you marry me?” asked Joe to his girlfriend.

note that there is no capital letter here

(unless it’s a proper name)
“Neil went back to New York,” my friend said.

“The King is dead!” the crowd clamored.

 If the text part comes at the end, it is possible to invert the subject and the verb:

“Ben and Angela broke up,” announced Julia.

“Where is the teacher?” asked the children.

Grammar continues next page
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 24
 If there are two sentences or more of dialogue, the quotes are closed after the last
sentence:

“Arthur’s party is tomorrow. Are you going?” asked Linda.

 Two sentences of dialogue said by the same person can de separated by the text part:

“Arthur’s party is tomorrow,” asked Linda. “Are you going?”

 The text part can sometimes be located in the middle of the dialogue. In this case, the
second part of the dialogue doesn’t have a capital letter:

“It’s 7pm,” said Nelly, “and dinner is ready.”

no capital letter = second part of the dialogue

 If you must write dialogue inside the dialogue, single quotation marks are used:
double quotation marks
“What did the teacher say?” asked Billy. to close what Gina said
Gina answered ,“The teacher said, ‘Study pages 16 to 20.’ ”
double single
quotation marks for what quotation mark
Gina said for what the teacher said

single quotation
mark to close what the
teacher said

GRAMMAR POINT 2: When writing, it is always a nice idea to vary the verbs used, and
that is true when writing dialogue. Using ‘say’ or ‘ask’ all the time might be boring after a
while.

Here is a list of verbs you might want to use while writing:

add complain inquire reply

admit conclude maintain report
announce confess note state
answer declare observe suggest
argue exclaim promise tell
believe explain remark warn
claim indicate repeat

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 25
Exercise 1: Read the sentences below and place the proper punctuation: commas,
periods, question marks, exclamation points, and quotation marks. Do not change the
punctuation marks already there. Be careful and find the text part and the dialogue part
before putting the necessary punctuation. You might have to change some small letters to
capital letters.

1. I don’t want to discuss this right now she said angrily, and she hung up the phone.
“I don’t want to discuss this right now,” she said angrily, and she hung up the phone.
2. She announced I won’t come to class anymore, then she added I found
a good job
3. I don’t want to marry you she admitted because I don’t love you
4. She picked up the phone and said hello?
5. I don’t want to go to school on Saturday. It’s not fair he complained
6. Most plural nouns end with an ‘s’ the teacher explained. But some
irregular nouns do not follow this rule
7. The teacher warned don’t cheat on the test, but some students did it
anyway.
8. My speech lasted a good two hours. At the end of it, I concluded
thank you for your attention
9. I’m telling you, I didn’t take your pen she maintained
10. Mr. Brown’s class is really full he announced at the meeting. But he’s
willing to take three more students
11. Many people perished in the accident reported the journalist, but some
were unhurt
12. Of course you’re failing his mother said. You never do your homework!
13. When are you going to listen to me she asked, and he replied rudely
when pigs fly
14. The test will be on Tuesday the teacher explained, and we’ll have a
review on Monday
15. He dropped on one knee and declared I want to marry you but she
rejected his proposal
16. All aboard announced the stationmaster
17. Mr. Darcy has no faults said Ms. Moran forcefully. Ask anyone
18. Yes, John Megan whispered. I’ll marry you. You’re making me the
happiest man
19. Answer me this he asked who took my new electronic translator
20. She told her friend my mother said you can’t go with your friends
tonight
Exercise 2: Put the necessary punctuation, and fill in the blanks with the proper verb from
the list. Work logically and by elimination.

added admitted announced answered complained

concluded confessed declared explained inquired
promised repeated suggested warned

1. “I
will do my homework,” _promised_____ Johnny.
2. Do you know what time it is ______________ Mirna.
3. I can’t answer these questions. I didn’t read the book she
__________________.
4. How about seeing Spiderman he __________________.
5. You shouldn’t stay under this tree: there’s a storm coming he
__________________.
6. It was me. I took your eraser, not Cynthia __________________
Gerald.
7. No, I don’t have your pencil __________________ Dennis.
8. Well, we were at Jack in the Box. That’s why we’re late
__________________ Laurie.
9. I love you! he __________________.
10. And furthermore, I want you to clean your room she ________________.
11. I’m pregnant she __________________ to her husband at dinner.
12. One more time, finish your soup she __________________.
13. This is too difficult he __________________.
14. And finally, you need to answer the questions on page 17
__________________ the teacher.

Exercise 3: Put in the necessary punctuation and capital letters in the following story.

I’m very upset exclaimed Charlie no one came to the

party. It’s my fault admitted his wife. I forgot to
mail the invitations. How could you do that he
exploded. I thought you wanted me to enjoy my
birthday. I did, but I got distracted she explained.
Maybe you don’t really love me he said angrily. Well,
as a matter of fact, I met someone else she confessed.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 27
GRAMMAR POINT 1: In reported speech, the words that someone says are not in a
direct form. There is a change of tense and sometimes a change of pronouns. Reported
dialogue is used when a person doesn’t remember exactly what another person said, or
when the message is more important than the words themselves.
Jane said, “I am hungry.” Jane said (that) she was hungry.
Here, there aren’t any quotation marks. The dialogue is reported.

In reported speech, when the reported speech is used after a past verb, you must usually
change the tense of the original dialogue according to the following table:
TENSE CHANGES
direct dialogue reported speech
1 am / is  was
2 are  were
3 was / were  had been
4 have / has  had
5 can  could
6 will  would
7 simple present  simple past
8 simple past  past perfect
9 present perfect  past perfect
10 past perfect  past perfect
11 may (possibility)  might
12 may (permission)
 could
13 must  had to
TENSES that do not change
should  should
should have  should have
could have  could have
must have  must have
1 Tom said, "I am sick." Tom said he was sick.
2 Mr. Brown said, "The students are studying." Mr. Brown said the students were studying.
3 He said, "She was studying." He said that she had been studying.
4 She said, "I have a headache." She said she had a headache.
5 He admitted, "I can't swim." He admitted that he couldn't swim.
6 They said, "We will arrive at noon." They said they would arrive at noon.
7 She said, "I like chocolate." She said she liked chocolate.
8 She declared, "I passed to the next level!" She declared she had passed to the next level.
9 They said, "We have lived in LA for 10 years." They said they had lived in LA for ten years.
10 He said, "I had never seen this before.” He said he had never seen that before.
11 She said, "It may rain this afternoon." She said it might rain this afternoon.
12 The mother said, "You may stay out until 10 pm." The mother said she could stay out until 10 pm.
13 The policeman said, "You must pay a fine." The policeman said he had to pay a fine.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 28
NOTES:
 In reported speech, ‘that’ is optional and often omitted.
Jane said that she was hungry. Jane said she was hungry.
 If the main verb is in the present tense, there is no tense change in the reported speech
part.
Most people say that they pay too many taxes.
 When speaking of general truths, there is no tense change in the reported speech part.
Professor Jones said the Earth is round.
 When reporting a sentence that has a verb in the past, the tense change in the reported
part is optional.
My neighbor said she was born in Austria.
My neighbor said she had been born in Austria.
 Some time words change in reported speech
today  that day
yesterday  the day before
ago  earlier
tomorrow  the next day / the following day
tonight  that night
last night  the night before
this morning  that morning
this afternoon  that afternoon
last month  the previous month
 ‘say’ is often the verb used in reported speech, but for variety, other verbs can be used:
admit, announce, answer, ask, complain, explain, inquire, report, reply, shout, write.
 Some pronouns in direct dialogue and reported speech might have to be changed as
well as tenses. For example:
Jane said, “I am tired.” Jane said she was tired. Jane said I was tired.

Jane = I Jane = she Jane = I

A few examples:
I said, “I…”  I said I…
She said, “I…”  She said she…
He said, “I…”  He said he…
They said, “We…”  They said they…
--- said to Jane, “You…”  --- said to Jane she…
--- said to Jim, “You…”  --- said to Jim he…

These are only a few examples. The change of pronouns will have to be logical. Other
pronouns will need to be changed as well. For example:

She said, “I can do it myself.” She said she could do it herself.

He told me, “I didn’t take your book.” He told me he hadn’t taken my book.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 29
Exercise 1: Change the following direct dialogue sentences to reported speech. Be
careful with tenses, and with time expressions.
1. Sherry said, “I am really tired.” ___Sherry said that she was really tired.___
2. The police announced, “We have captured the thief.”
____________________________________________________________________
3. She said, “Tim is the manager.”
____________________________________________________________________
4. The teacher told Jim, “You failed the test because you cheated.”
____________________________________________________________________
5. The cashier said, “We can’t give you a refund because you don’t have a receipt.”
____________________________________________________________________
6. Frank said, “I will stop by the store later today.”
____________________________________________________________________
7. Sheila’s mother told her, “You may not marry Lance.”
____________________________________________________________________
8. The teacher announced, “There will be no school on Monday.”
____________________________________________________________________
9. Erica said, “We have to study chapter 6.”
____________________________________________________________________
10. They said, “We’ve run the Marathon six times.”
____________________________________________________________________
11. Ben said, “I met Martha three years ago.”
____________________________________________________________________
12. He explained, “I am late because my car didn’t start.”
________________________________________ ____________________________
13. The weatherman announced, “The weather will be nice tomorrow.”
____________________________________________________________________
14. She said, “I called my parents last night.”
____________________________________________________________________
15. He said, “Vivian dances very well.”
____________________________________________________________________
16. He announced, “They cancelled the party.”
____________________________________________________________________
17. She complained, “It’s too hot in here.”
____________________________________________________________________
18. He said, “I must leave early today.”
____________________________________________________________________
19. He said, “I moved to Los Angeles ten years ago.”
____________________________________________________________________
20. They said, “We didn’t die because someone yelled, ‘Fire!’”
____________________________________________________________________
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 30
GRAMMAR POINT 2: DIALOGUE WITH QUESTIONS.
We also report speech containing questions.
 Yes / No Questions = use if instead of that. Use ask, inquire, wonder, or want to
know. Don’t forget to stay consistent with the tenses.
The reported speech DOES NOT contain the question in a question form any more, but
in a statement form (see chapter on Embedded Sentences for review)
Jane said, “Do you like chocolate?” Jane asked if I liked chocolate.
Tom asked, “Are the children home?” Tom asked if the children were home.

 Other Questions = use the question word as a connector.

Jane said, “Where do you live?” Jane asked where I lived.
Tom asked, “When is he coming home?” Tom asked when he was coming home.

Exercise 2: Change the following questions into reported speech. These are Yes/No
questions only. Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
Example: Are you married? (Jane asked) Jane asked if I was married.
1. Do you know my cousin? (Tom wondered)
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Can you speak French? (The teacher asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Did they enjoy their vacation? (I inquired)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Will you be home tonight? (Ken asked)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Do you have a car? (Nina wondered)
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Are you going to work? (My mother asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Does Sandra like ice cream? (Paul asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Have you ever been to Florida? (Ginny asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Can you hear me? (Jenny asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Are you listening to me? (My friend asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
11. Is there someone at the door? (My husband wondered)
_______________________________________________________________________
12. Do you need help? (The policeman inquired)
_______________________________________________________________________
13. Had you been to a museum before? (The teacher asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
14. Did you finish your homework? (My father wanted to know)
_______________________________________________________________________
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 31
Exercise 3: Change the following questions into reported speech. These are Information
Questions. Use the question word given in the question.

Example: When did you get married? (Jane asked)

Jane asked when I got married.
1. Where is your apartment? (Henry asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How often will Flor break up with Steve? (Andrea wondered)
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What do you need? (The cashier asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Why were you late this morning? (The teacher asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Who did you see at the market? (My friend asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
6. How many students are cheating? (The teacher asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
7. What will the weather be this weekend? (I wanted to know)
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Why are you so nervous? (Henry asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
9. How often did you go to the movies last month? (Jane asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
10. When did you win the lottery? (Randy inquired)
_______________________________________________________________________
11. Where do you live? (The policeman asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
12. How often have you moved? (I asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
13. What has Drake been doing? (The boss asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
14. What is your phone number? (Greg asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
15. How often do you go downtown? (Tom wondered)
_______________________________________________________________________
16. Who can tell me the past of the verb ‘to fly’? (Mr. Nielsen asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
17. When is the next train coming? (Kurt wanted to know)
_______________________________________________________________________
18. How will you get to school tomorrow? (Vince asked)
_______________________________________________________________________
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 32
GRAMMAR POINT 3:
Difference between SAY and TELL
Use say when you just say something (to someone)
Jane said that she was hungry.
Jane said (to me) that she was hungry.
Use tell when you tell someone something
Jane told me that she was hungry
These do not exist: said me or told to me

Usually:
we use ‘say’ and ‘tell someone’ in reported speech.
we use ‘say’ or ‘say to someone’ in direct dialogue and with imperatives.
we use, ‘tell’ , and never use ‘say’ with imperatives.

Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb. Choose between ‘say’
or ‘tell.’

1. Jane __told_________ me that she was hungry.

2. The coach _____________, “Concentrate on the ball.”

3. When Swan entered the room, she _____________ hello.
4. The judge _____________ to the thief, “You’re going to jail.”
5. Billie _____________ him she didn’t want to go to the party.
6. The teacher didn’t _____________ us the answer.
7. He _____________ to me, “I’ll pick you up after school.”
8. She _____________ me to close the window.
9. The manager _____________ the cashier that he needed to work overtime.
10. Burt _____________ he wanted to go home early.
11. Saan _____________ her husband that she didn’t want to cook that night.
12. The doctor _____________ the patient, “You need to quit smoking.”
13. She didn’t want to _____________ me where she was from.
14. The taxicab driver _____________ the passenger, “That will be $25.”
15. Stan _____________ he was looking forward to his vacation.
16. He _____________ he didn’t want to go home so soon.
17. Greg _____________ to the cashier, “I need change.”
18. My mother _____________ me to be honest.
19. Brett _____________ to her boyfriend, “I can’t marry you.”
20. The teacher _____________ the students, “Be quiet!”
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 33
Exercise 5: Writing Exercise: First you will have to interview another student, then record
the answers, and then write a paragraph about that student, reporting what that student
said. Please, remember to thank that student for his or her time.

HERE ARE THE QUESTIONS:

1. What is your name?

2. Where are you from?
3. When did you start learning English?
4. When did you first come to _______________ [name of your school]?
5. Do you like Mid Wilshire Center?
6. Do you live with your parents?
7. Do you speak any other languages?
8. What are your hobbies? Tell me about them.

HERE ARE THE QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS:

1. What is your name? “My name is John Doe.”

2. Where are you from? “I’m from France.”
3. When did you start learning English? “I started learning English 4 years ago.”
4. When did you first come to _______________? “I first came to
_____________________ in 2008.”
5. Do you like Mid Wilshire Center? “Yes, I like _____________________ very
much. It’s a very good school.”
6. Do you live with your parents? “No, I don’t. My parents are still in France.”
7. Do you speak any other languages? “Yes, I do. I speak French and a little
Italian.”
8. What are your hobbies? Tell me about them. “I like to go to the movies. I just
saw Iron Man 2 and I thought it was very good.”

HERE IS A PARAGRAPH IN A REPORTED SPEECH FORM.

I interviewed a student. He told me that his name was John Doe. He said
that he was from France. He added that he started learning English 4 years ago.
I asked him when he came to _____________________ and he answered that
he came in 2008. He said that he liked _____________________ very much.
He added that it was a very good school. He told me that he didn’t live with his
parents. He said that his parents were still in France. John said that he spoke
French and a little Italian. He told me that he liked going to the movies. He
added that he just saw ‘Iron Man 2’ and that he thought it was very good.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 34
What is your name? ______________________________________________________
Where are you from? _________________________________________________
When did you start learning English? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
When did you first come to _____________________? ______________________
______________________________________________________________________
Do you like Mid Wilshire Center?
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Do you live with your parents? _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Do you speak any other languages? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What are your hobbies? Tell me about them.
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

WRITE THE PARAGRAPH USING REPORTED SPEECH: Using the questions and the
answers above, write a paragraph about the student you interviewed. Make sure to vary
the verbs you use, as not to use the verb ‘ask’ throughout the paragraph. Refer to the list
on page 25.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 35
GRAMMAR POINT 1:
Someone asks: “When will you go to the supermarket?”
I can answer: “I will go to the supermarket at 3:00.”
or “I will go to the supermarket when my mother comes home.”
“I will go to the supermarket as soon as it stops raining.”
The last two answers have adverbial clauses. It means that the part of the sentence
in the future can still be realized, because the part in the present hasn’t happened yet.
There are two parts connected by words such as if / when / before / after/ as
soon as / until.

FORMATION: in the model below, you may substitute ‘if’ for any of the following words:
when, while, after, before, as soon as, until.

If + present prefect , future If + simple present , future

or or
Future if + present perfect Future if + simple present

I’ll fly to New York City as soon as I get my paycheck.

As soon as I’ve gotten my paycheck, I’ll fly to New York City.
NOTE: There is a comma separating the two sentences when the first part begins with ‘if’
or any of the other words given above. However, when ‘if’ is located in the middle of the
sentence, there is no comma.

Exercise 1: Fill the blanks with the simple present form of the verb.

1. [get] I’ll go to bed as soon as I ____get ____ tired.

2. [come] I’ll call him when I __________________ back.

3. [correct] The teacher will pass back the tests after she __________________ them.
4. [find] George will open the door if he __________________ the keys.
5. [leave] Is she going to be in trouble if she __________________ early?
6. [finish] I’m going to leave after I __________________ my coffee.
7. [end] Will he wait until the class __________________?
8. [call] As soon as he __________________, I’ll tell you.
9. [prescribe] After the doctor __________________ the medicine, I’ll take you to
the drugstore. Continue next page
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 36
10. [pass] I’ll take you to lunch Friday if I __________________ the test.
11. [have] Will they tell us when she __________________ the baby?
12. [give] Until Fred ______________ me the money, I won’t be able to pay you back.
13. [forget] If you ____________________, I’ll write you a reminder next time.
14. [see] When you __________________ her, please tell her I said hello.
15. [exercise/eat] You’ll lose weight when you __________________ and
__________________ right.

Exercise 2: Read the following story and then answers the questions with complete
sentences.

Adriana and Alexander Pushkin are going to New York City this weekend. They’ve
never been there before. Alex wants this trip to be like a second honeymoon for them. He’s
going to buy her a silver ring if he gets a raise at work. As soon as Alex finishes work on
Friday afternoon, they’re going to drive to the airport. They have a 6:00 flight. They want to
be spontaneous so they haven’t made any hotel reservations. As soon as they get to New
York, they’ll look for a good hotel. Adriana has some cousins in New York, so before she
leaves, she’s going to call them to see if they can get together. They know they want to see
the Metropolitan Museum of Art and take a walk in Central Park, but they’re going to decide
the rest of their itinerary after they spend a few days in New York.
Alex is going to call his friend, Mark, in New York before he goes to work tomorrow.
Hopefully, Mark will pick them up at the airport when they arrive on Friday. Alex is going to
rent a car if they don’t like the subway.

1. When are they going to drive to the airport?

They are going to drive to the airport after Alex finishes work on Friday.
2. Is Alex going to buy Adriana a ring?
_____________________________________________________________________.
3. When are they going to look for a hotel?
_____________________________________________________________________.
4. When is Adriana going to call her cousins?
_____________________________________________________________________.
5. When are they going to decide the rest of their itinerary?
_____________________________________________________________________.
6. When is Alex going to call Mark?
_____________________________________________________________________.
7. Who will probably pick them up at the airport?
_____________________________________________________________________.
8. Is Alex going to rent a car?
_____________________________________________________________________.
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GRAMMAR POINT 2:
When we talk of a routine, we keep both clauses in the simple present.
I always study before I take a test.
She never remembers my name when she sees me.
However, we can also use adverbial clauses in the past to show the order of events in the
past:
I called Isaac before I had dinner last night.
After Julia finished her homework yesterday, she watched a movie.
Still, there is a difference is using when:
I called her when I finished dinner. (I finished dinner first and I called her second.)
I had called her when I finished dinner. (I called her first and then I finished dinner
second.)

Exercise 3: Paul is a professor at a university. He had a hectic week last week. Look at his
schedule and then answer the questions.

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

9:00 have meeting take son to work out teach World give lecture to
with boss doctor with a trainer History class other professors
1:30 lunch with prepare for teach U.S. meet with edit school
wife classes History class students newspaper
5:00 work out organize pick up prepare for get oil change for
with a trainer office cousin at classes car
airport
8:00 attend son’s go to Spanish help son with make dinner dinner and movie
musical class his science and do the with wife
recital project dishes

1. What did Paul do after he had a meeting with his boss?

He had lunch with his wife after he had a meeting with his boss.
2. What did Paul do before he attended his son’s musical recital?
________________________________ before ___________________________.
3. What did Paul teach before he met with his students?
________________________________ before ___________________________.
4. What did Paul do after he picked up his cousin at the airport?
________________________________ after ___________________________.
5. What did Paul do before he worked out with a trainer?
________________________________ before ___________________________.
Continue next page
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6. What did Paul do after he took his son to the doctor?
________________________________ after ___________________________.
7. What had Paul done when he prepared for classes on Thursday?
_________________________________ when he prepared for classes on Thursday.
8. What had Paul done when he organized his office?
________________________________ when he organized his office.
9. What had Paul done when he got his oil changed?
________________________________ when he got his oil changed.
10. What had Paul done when he prepared for classes on Tuesday?
________________________________ when he prepared for classes on Tuesday.
11. What had Paul done when he edited the school newspaper on Friday?
________________________________ when he edited the school newspaper on Friday.
12. What had Paul done when he went to Spanish class on Tuesday?
________________________________ when he went to Spanish class on Tuesday.

Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with your own answers. Remember to use the
simple present and don’t forget the ‘s’ with he/she/it.

1. I always eat breakfast before I leave in the morning.

2. I always ______________________________ after I eat dinner.
3. I never ______________________________ before I go to bed.
4. I rarely _______________________________ when I eat.
5. The teacher never _____________________ before she gives a test.
6. My friend always _________________________ when he speaks in front of people.
7. Some children __________________________ until they get their way.
8. My mother sometimes ______________________ if I don’t call her.
9. Ralph’s supermarket always ____________________ when I go there.
10. My father always ______________________ if I don’t pass a test.
11. Students at L.A.T.C. sometimes ____________________ before the bell rings.
12. A good student always _______________________ before a test.
13. I hate ______________________________ after I get up in the morning.
14. My friend never ________________________ if we go out.
15. My teacher always ______________________ before he/she leaves class.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 39
Exercise 5: Write what you think will or might happen if you do these things. Follow the
example. Write two sentences for each picture.

1- If you run in high heels, 2- If you sleep in class,

you might fall . If you run in high _________________________________

heels, you will ruin your shoes._____ _________________________________

3- If you smoke, 4- If you eat too much,

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

5- If you lift weights, 6- If you don’t eat junk food,

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

7- If you get 8 hours of sleep, 8- If you read to your child

every night,
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

9- If you drink milk as a child, 10- If you get angry all the
time,
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
Continue next page

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11- If you don’t follow the speed 12- If you don’t wear sunscreen,
limit,
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

13- If you ___________________ 14- If you ___________________

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
Exercise 6: Write a conditional using ‘if’ for the following sentences. You can use positive
or negative conditionals.

1. You will forget the telephone number if you don’t write it down.
2. Sandy’s going to get an ‘A’ if she studies and listens to her teacher.
3. The soldiers will cause a war _______________________________________________.
4. The roses will die ________________________________________________________.
5. We will lose money _______________________________________________________.
6. I’m going to get angry ___________________________________________________.
7. Arthur will buy the house __________________________________________________.
8. The team will win the game ________________________________________________.
9. The game will be cancelled ________________________________________________.
10. Peter’s going to come to the party __________________________________________.
11. The workers are going to strike _____________________________________________.
12. You will be arrested ______________________________________________________.
13. Deidre’s going to make a lot of money _______________________________________.
14. I am going to be very happy _______________________________________________.
15. The childcare program will be closed ________________________________________.
16. The teacher will call your parents ___________________________________________.
17. Dinner will be ruined _____________________________________________________.
18. I will stop working _______________________________________________________.

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In active voice, the subject does the action.
In passive voice, the subject doesn't do anything, but someone else does something to the
subject.
Active -- John paints the kitchen every year John paints...
Passive -- The kitchen is painted by John every year. The kitchen does nothing...

FORMATION of the PRESENT PASSIVE

AM
Past Participle
AFFIRMATIVE SUBJECT IS VERB
ARE

AM NOT
Past Participle
NEGATIVE SUBJECT ISN'T VERB
AREN'T

AM
Past Participle
QUESTION IS SUBJECT VERB ?
ARE

Exercise 1: Write the answer in passive form.

1. [park] A blue car is parked in the alley every morning.

2. [employ] I _____________________________ by a large computer company.
3. [throw out] The trash __________________________________ every day.
4. [ask] I __________________________________ that question every day.
5. [steal] Many books ______________________ from the bookstore every year.
6. [take] My son _____________________________ to the doctor by his uncle.
7. [spend] My whole paycheck ________________________ on bills. I don’t have
any money to put into savings.
8. [make] My earrings ____________________________________ of gold.
9. [forgive] Many mistakes _______________________________ in our youth.
10. [wake up] I _______________________________ by the neighbor’s dog every
morning.
11. [eat] Strawberries _________ usually _______________________ with cream.
12. [give] Ana __________________________ flowers by her husband every month.
13. [hold] Suspects _______________________________ in the prison until trial.
14. [build] A new building ___________________________ in downtown every year.
15. [send] I _________________________ a letter by the University every four years.

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Exercise 2: Write questions to make the following sentences clear.

1. I am paid this much every month. How much are you paid every month?
2. I am hurt there. ____________ ?
3. The laundry is done at that time. _________________________________________?
4. The textbooks are put there. _____________________________________________ ?
5. College students are hired for that. ________________________________________?
6. Casablanca is shown at that time. _______________________________________?
7. I am injured there. ____________________________________________________?
8. The winners are announced at that time. ___________________________________?
9. Blythe is located there. _________________________________________________ ?
10. The apartments are painted every year because of this.
____________________________________________________________________?

Exercise 3: Write a question and give the answer in the negative and then an answer in
the affirmative.

1- [money / win] 2- [kites / fly]

Is money won in the car wash? _________________________ in the library?

No, _money isn’t won in the car wash. No, ________________________________.

Money is won in Las Vegas. Kites _______________________ in the park.

3- [meat / cook] 4- [flowers / give]

___________________________over ice? ______________________________ in July?
No, ______________________________. No, __________________________________.
Meat ______________________ over fire. Flowers_________________ on Valentine’s Day.

Continue next page

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5- [hamburgers / eat] 6- [fish / catch]
___________________________ with honey? __________________________ in the desert?
No, __________________________________. No, __________________________________.
Hamburgers _________________ with ketchup. Fish ______________________ in the ocean.

7- [ping-pong / play] 8- [photographs / take]

_______________________ in the supermarket? _____________________________with a radio?
No, ___________________________________. No, ___________________________________.
Ping-pong _____________________ in the gym. Photographs ________________with a camera.

9- [the laundry / do] 10- [showers / take]

___________________ at 3:00 in the morning? __________________________ at midnight?
No, __________________________________. No, __________________________________.
The laundry ______________ on the weekends. Showers ___________________ in the morning.

11- [taxes / do] 12-

___________________________ in December? _____________________________________ ?
No, __________________________________. No, __________________________________.
Taxes ___________________________ in April. ______________________________________.

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Passive in the past tense is the same as passive in the present tense, except that
instead of am/are/is + past participle, we use was/were+ past participle.

Where were you taken? I was taken to the hospital.

Why was he arrested? He was arrested because he stole money.
Exercise 1: Look at the picture below and describe it using passive voice in the past.
Supply your own time references.

1-the TV / fix 2-the car / wash 3-a paper / crumple

The TV. was fixed_______ ___________________ ___________________

__last night.___________ ___________________ ___________________

4-the windows / clean 5-the rooms / paint 6-the soup / stir

_____________________ _____________________ ___________________
_____________________ _____________________ ___________________

7-dinner / serve 8-the carpet / vacuum 9-the pictures / take

_____________________ _____________________ ___________________
_____________________ _____________________ ___________________

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 45
Exercise 2: Claude built a new house last week. He was able to finish some tasks, but he still
needs to finish others. Write sentences using the passive voice. Model sentences after the following
example.

Finished Not Finished

1. paint the walls put up the paintings
2. install the electricity hang the lights
3. put in the kitchen floor polish the kitchen floor
4. set up the stereo connect the Internet
5. lay the carpet place the rugs
6. furnish the family room furnish the master bedroom
7. buy the concrete pave the driveway
8. move the bed deliver the dining set
9. fix the patio door wash the windows
10. make the curtains for the baby’s room decorate the baby’s room
11. sweep the deck stain the deck
12. cut the grass water the plants
13. plant the roses fertilize the lawn
14. trim the bushes trim the oak tree
15. choose the color for the porch sand the porch

1. The walls were painted last week, but the paintings weren’t put up.

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________

6. __________________________________________________________________

7. __________________________________________________________________

8. __________________________________________________________________

9. __________________________________________________________________

10. __________________________________________________________________

11. __________________________________________________________________

12. __________________________________________________________________

13. __________________________________________________________________

14. __________________________________________________________________

15. __________________________________________________________________
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 46
Exercise 3: Write a passive question in the past for the following conversation. Remember the
formation of a question in passive:
[who/what/when/where/why] + was/were + you/he/it etc + past participle…?
Some questions will be Yes/No questions, and some questions will begin with what, where, etc.
After you finish, practice the conversation with a partner.

1. A: _______ Why was Claude taken to the hospital__________________________?

B: He was taken to the hospital because he broke his leg.

2. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: His leg was broken in a car accident.

3. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: He was treated at St. Mary’s Hospital.

4. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: He was released two hours ago.

5. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, the car was damaged.

6. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: Claude was hit from behind.

7. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: No, his friends weren’t involved in the accident.

8. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: The car was towed to Al’s Auto Body on Western.

9. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, the brakes were fixed there last week.

10. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: I was called about the accident 5 hours ago. I was at the party. Claude was driving there
when it happened.

11. A: ________________________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, his friends were invited to the party. We were all worried. I’m just glad he’s okay.

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GRAMMAR POINT 1: There are 9 modals in English: shall, should, will, would, may,
might, must, can, and could. They only take the base form of the verb.
He should go to the doctor. He should going to the doctor.
When we use the passive voice with modals, we use the base form of “to be” .
AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJ + MODAL+ BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE
NEGATIVE: SUBJ + MODAL+ NOT+ BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE
QUESTION: MODAL + SUBJ + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE?
Should the room be painted?
The students will be asked a few questions after watching the movie.
Children can’t be taken everywhere.
Exercise 1: Look at the pictures below and write a question and answer about what
should be done.

1. dishes / do in the bathtub 2. food / eat in the classroom

__Can the dishes be done in the _______ ___________________________________

__bathtub? Well, they shouldn’t be____ ___________________________________

__done in the bathtub._________________ ___________________________________

3. skates / leave on the stairs

4. steak / cook in the
microwave
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________

5. guns / fire in the park 6. cement / pour on grass

________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________
Continued next page
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7. clothes / hang on the chair 8. bricks / lay by a machine
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________

9. cars / park on the grass 10.

________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________

Exercise 2: Using the verbs given, fill in the blanks in passive voice, using modals. Use
logic, and the modals can, should, and will. Some sentences will be negative.

1. [give] The test will be given___________________ tomorrow.

2. [correct] The papers ______________________________________ by Friday.
3. [finish/not] The house ___________________________________ by next year.
4. [interview] I _________________________________ for the movie.
5. [write/not] The book _____________________________________ by next month.
6. [tell] Your mother _______________________________ about the problem.
7. [made/not] Money ____________________________ in the stock market this year.
8. [forget/never] World War II _____________________________________.
9. [sing] The songs _______________________________ in Spanish tomorrow.
10. [split] The fortune ________________________ evenly amongst the children.
11. [show/ not] The movies _______________________________ this weekend.
12. [ask] I ___________________________ difficult questions in the interview.
13. [send] The applications _______________________________ next week.
14. [bite] You _______________________________ by that mean dog if you go
in the yard.
15. [fix/not] The computers _____________________________ by tomorrow.
16. [fire/not] I _______________________________ if I work hard.
17. [hide] The diamonds ______________________________ in the mattress.
18. [forgive] You _________________________________ if you apologize.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 49
Exercise 3: Jake just bought a dog. He named it Charlie. He’s never had a dog before and
he is confused about what should be done for Charlie. Fill in the conversation with
questions and answers using the passive voice.

1. A: How often should the dog be fed?

B: The dog should be fed twice a day.

2. A: How often does the dog need to be given water?

B: The dog needs to be given water three times a day.

3. A: ____________________________________________________________?
B: The dog should be kept inside at night.

4. A: How often does the dog need to be walked?

B: ____________________________________________________.

5. A: _____________________________________________________________?
B: The dog should be trained at a training school.

6. A: _____________________________________________________________?
B: The dog can be rewarded with doggie biscuits but not fatty human food.

7. A: Where can the dog be left when I go away on vacation?

B: ______________________________________________________________.

8. A: _____________________________________________________________?
B: The dog can be washed in your bathtub.

9. A: Where does the dog have to be treated if it gets sick?

B: ______________________________________________________________.

10. A: How much love does the dog need to be given?

B: ______________________________________________________________.

11. A: _____________________________________________________________?
B: The dog should be taken to the veterinarian once a year.

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GRAMMAR POINT 2: Passive Voice vs. Active Voice

In the active voice, the subject does the action. In the passive voice, the subject receives
the action, but doesn’t do anything.
Active: A car killed John.  John is the object of the sentence, and did not
do anything. It was the car, the subject of the
sentence.
Passive: John was killed by a car.  Here, John still didn’t do anything, but
he’s now the subject of the sentence.

Exercise 1: Look at the sentences below. Decide which ones are in the active voice and
which ones are in the passive voice and then write them under the proper heading.

1. The house will be redecorated next year. 7. James should be sent to the office.
2. Ralph built a new house for himself last 8. How was your arm broken?
year. 9. I don’t need any help.
3. Carl broke his mom’s watch. 10. The song inspires people.
4. I’m cooking pasta tonight. 11. The teachers weren’t paid more last year.
5. How many people are hired by the 12. Have all the rooms been cleaned?
company each year? 13. Children can’t be trusted with scissors.
6. He’s calling his nephew. 14. Do you paint the house every year?
ACTIVE
2- Ralph built a new house for himself last year._________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
PASSIVE
1- The house will be redecorated next year._______________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the active or passive forms of the verb. Watch for tenses
and positive or negative ideas.

1. [make] The beds are made every morning by the maids.

2. [make] Holly made spaghetti for dinner last night.

3. [leave/never] The teacher _____________________ class early.

4. [leave] The keys _____________________ in the drawer yesterday.

5. [arrest/not] The police _____________________ the suspect last night.

6. [cut] Your hair needs to _____________________

7. [complete] The work will _____________________ next year.

8. [lead] The general will __________________ his troops into battle next week.

9. [pay/not] Your bills should _____________________ by your mother.

10. [prove] You need to _____________________ yourself to me.

11. [hire] I _____________________ college students every time I move.

12. [take/not] The men _____________________ to the hospital yesterday.

13. [deliver/not] Packages _____________________ on Sundays.

14. [pop] The balloons _____________________ after the party last night.

15. [drink] I’m going to _____________________ less coffee next week.

16. [lend] My father won’t _____________________ me money tomorrow.

17. [feed/not] The dog _____________________ last night.

18. [clean] She _____________________ her yard every week.

19. [rise] The sun _____________________ at 6:30 every morning.

20. [show] Love can _____________________ in many different ways.

21. [award] Money will _____________________ to the winners.

22. [bark] The dog _____________________ last night.

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Sometimes you don’t hear every word of a sentence or question. When this happens, it is
necessary to ask for clarification. If someone asks, “Will you bring that?” you don’t know
exactly what they mean. You can say, “What did you ask me to bring?” but it is easier
to say “Bring what?” When we ask for clarification, we don’t need to use auxiliary verbs,
we use the verb + a question word.

I went there. Went where?

Did you take her to school? Take who to school?
I haven't done it. Haven't done what?
NOTE: In formal English, ‘who’ changes to ‘whom’ if we use a preposition.
I talked to her. Talked to whom?

Exercise 1: Look at the sentences below. They are not clear. Ask for clarification. Follow
the example.

1. Will you wipe that? Wipe what?____________________

2. Could you tell her? ___________________________________
3. I’ve been there. ___________________________________
4. Did you wash them? ___________________________________
5. Did Sarah read to her? ___________________________________
6. I haven’t found it. ___________________________________
7. Kelly is flying there. ___________________________________
8. Will you listen to her? ___________________________________
9. Tim didn’t move them. ___________________________________
10. I saw her at the party. ___________________________________
11. I’m driving there now. ___________________________________
12. Frank couldn’t make it. __________________________________
Exercise 2: Read the story and then turn the page and see what you can
remember.
Yoko and Raphael have been married for 16 years. They met in high school. They have two sons
and a daughter. They live in a two story suburban home outside Chicago. Yoko is a nurse and works
with psychiatric patients. Raphael is a computer engineer. He commutes 3 hours a day to his job.
Lately their daughter, Rebecca, has been causing trouble at school. Her grades have dropped and
she’s been hanging out with the wrong crowd. Her parents are very worried about her. Their son,
William is the exact opposite. He has always done well in school. In fact, last month he was
awarded $1,000 for winning an essay contest. Their other son, Zachary, is very popular in school.
He is on the soccer team and the baseball team. Last week, Yoko found out that she was pregnant.
Yoko is going to take some time off after the baby is born and spend more time with Rebecca.
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Exercise 3: Ask for clarification and then answer the question from the story.

1. Yoko and Raphael have been married that long.

Married how long?
They’ve been married for 16 years.
2. Yoko and Raphael met there.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Yoko and Raphael live there.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Yoko works with them.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Raphael does this for a living.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Yoko and Raphael are worried about her.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. William was awarded this.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

8. Zachary plays this.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

9. Yoko found this out last week.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

10. Yoko is going to do this after the baby is born.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Adjectives describe a noun (person, place or thing). If I say, “I have a blue car.” Blue
is the adjective. It describes the car. An adjective clause is a group of words used to
describe something. They are connected to the noun by who or that. We use who if we
are describing a person, and that if we are describing a thing or idea. We conjugate with
the subject of the adjective clause. The pen that is… The pens that are…

Adjective Clause
The woman who lives next door is from France.
The books that are sitting on the table belong to me.
NOTE: When writing adjective clauses, we don’t repeat the subject:
The woman who she lives next door is from France.

Exercise 1: Look at the group of words below. Pick one and write a definition for
the words. Use who or that. Study the example.

run fast smell good investigate crime dance well

live next door to you fly airplanes fix cars
treat children clean the body have their greatest hits
amplify sound make people happy send messages
keep you awake write music make things disappear

1. A neighbor is a person who lives next to you.

2. A fax machine is a machine that sends messages.
3. A mechanic is a person ___________________________________________________.
4. Pediatricians are doctors __________________________________________________.
5. A microphone is an object _________________________________________________.
6. Kidneys are organs _______________________________________________________.
7. Coffee is a drink _________________________________________________________.
8. Love is a feeling _________________________________________________________.
9. Detectives are police officers _______________________________________________.
10. A composer is a person ___________________________________________________.
11. Greyhounds are dogs _____________________________________________________.
12. The Beatles’ #1 is a CD __________________________________________________.
13. Shakira is a singer _______________________________________________________.
14. Roses are flowers _______________________________________________________.
15. A magician is a performer _________________________________________________.
16. A pilot is a person _______________________________________________________.

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Exercise 2: Combine the following sentences into one and join them with an
adjective clause. Use ‘who’ or ‘that’. Follow the example.

1. I need the book. It is on the kitchen table.

I need the book that is on the kitchen table.

2. I like the television show. It comes on at 9:00 on Thursdays.

________________________________________________________________________.
3. Jessica saw the man. He works out at our gym.

________________________________________________________________________.
4. I bought some clothes. They were on sale.

________________________________________________________________________.
5. Megan has two sisters. They work in Santa Monica.

________________________________________________________________________.
6. I know the teacher. She teaches in Room 1.

________________________________________________________________________.
7. I’ve spoken to the children. They were sitting outside.

________________________________________________________________________.
8. The AAA Company will tow the car. It broke down on the side of the freeway.

________________________________________________________________________.
9. Jackie saw the thief. He robbed the bank.

________________________________________________________________________.
10. John has fixed the coffee machine. It was broken.

________________________________________________________________________.
11. I’ve met the people. They helped my daughter after her accident.

________________________________________________________________________.
12. They know the man. He was taken to the hospital.

________________________________________________________________________.
13. I ate the cookies. They were left on the table.

________________________________________________________________________.
14. Who is the owner of the blue car? It is parked near the front gate.

________________________________________________________________________?

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 In English, we often give advice using should. I have a headache. You should take
some aspirin. Could is the past of can, but we also use it to give suggestions or advice. It
expresses a possibility.
A: I want to meet new people.
B: You could go to coffee shop on 3rd Street.

A: My car broke down.

B: Could your sister take you to work?

NOTE: Remember that ‘could’ is always followed by the base form of the verb.
We don’t use the negative (couldn’t) for suggestions.
Exercise 1: Look at the pictures below and write a suggestion using could. Follow the
example.

1. Mary wants to lose weight 2. They want to lose weight

____She could eat less._________________ __________________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

3. Ed’s wife is mad at him. 4- Jan’s daughter isn’t doing well at school.
___________________________________________ Jan _______________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

5. They are stressed out. 6. I want to be alone.

They______________________________________ You ______________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

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7. Our neighbors are fighting. 8. I want to change my look.

You ________________________________________ You_______________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

9. It’s Rachel’s nephew’s birthday. 10. My son loves to play in the snow

She________________________________________ He ___________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

11. What do you want to do tonight? 12. I want to learn about U.S. history.

We ____________________________________ You __________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

13- Flor needs new clothes, but she doesn’t 14- ---
have much money.

She __________________________________ I _____________________________________

___________________________________________ __________________________________________

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 58
GRAMMAR POINT 1:
Simple English sentences are formed as follows:

Subject Verb Object Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase

Laurie bought fish at the market yesterday.

The subject does the action. [S]

The verb describes the action. [V]
The object answers the question ‘what’ or ‘who’. [O]
The Prepositional Phrases answer the questions ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’, and ‘how’. [PP]

NOTES:
1- There can be several different types of Prepositional Phrases:
Prepositional Phrase of time last night, in 1990, Monday morning,
Prepositional Phrase of place at the market, in New York, at home
Prepositional Phrase of reason because he loves her, because it was hot
Prepositional Phrase of manner by bus, beautifully

2- There can be many Prepositional Phrases in one sentence. Prepositional Phrases can
sometimes be located at the beginning of the sentence, but they can never be between the
Subject and the Verb, or the Verb and the Object

Last night, Ginny did her homework before dinner.

PP time S V O PP time
Laurie bought at the market fish. Laurie bought fish at the market.

3- Only Adverbs of Frequency (never, rarely, seldom, sometimes, frequently, often, always,
etc…) can be placed between the Subject and the Verb [they are located either before the
main verb, after the verb ‘to be’, or between the Auxiliary and the verb. Other adverbs
must be located after the object or elsewhere in the sentence:
I often watch TV in the evening. [before the main verb]
They are always late. [after the verb ‘to be’]
She had never been to Ohio. [between the aux. and the verb]
Ben opened the door carefully.
4- Some sentences do not have an Object:
Last year, I went to Florida.

PP time S V PP place

She relaxed at home last Saturday.

S V PP place PP time
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 59
5- If you write several Prepositional Phrases in one sentence, they must also follow an
order:
Place, then Time, then Reason
Laurie / bought / fish / at the market / yesterday /because she was hungry.
S V O PP place PP time PP reason

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS:
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT / PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
I work in a restaurant.
She has lived in L.A. for 3 years.
The room was painted blue last week.

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS:

OBJECT / PREP
SUBJECT + AUX / MODAL + NOT MAIN VERB PHRASE
I do not work at home.
She has not lived in L.A.
The room was not painted blue.
Exercise 1: The statements below are not clear. Write a question to make them clear and
then answer the questions. Follow the example. The exercise continues next page.

UNCLEAR QUESTION ANSWER

STATEMENT

1. I drink that every What do you drink I drink a protein

morning. every morning? shake every morning.

2. Holly is filling it out

now.

3. I took her to the

movies last week.

4. They were going

there when they had an
accident.
5. He’s worked with her
before.

6. I’ve been working out

because of that.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 60
 7. The thief had stolen it
before I got home.

8. Cassandra has violin

lessons at that time.

9. I’m going to do it
tomorrow.

10. Jason will call you at

that time.

11. The victims were

treated there.

12. The bracelet is made

of this.

13. The test will be given

at that time.

14. The children have to

be sent home because
of that.
15. The house is going
to be finished at that
time.
16. The new semester
starts at that time.

17. Sara’s been working

there.

18. I was given that for

Christmas last year.

19. John and Maria were

living there when the
earthquake hit.
20. The school will be
closed next week
because of that.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 61
Exercise 2: Find a partner. Look at the verbal phrase in the first box and ask your partner
a question in the present, a question in the past and a question about your whole life. Write
your partner’s answers in the box. Follow the conversation below for each number.

A: Do you have a million dollars?

B: No, I don’t have a million dollars.
A: Did you have a million dollar last year?
B: I didn’t have a million dollars last year
A: Have you ever had a million dollars?
B: No, I’ve never had a million dollars.

Do you ….? Did you…last year? Have you ever…?

1. have a million Maria doesn’t have Maria didn’t have Maria has never had
dollars a million dollars. a million dollars. a million dollars.

2. act in a soap
opera

3. own a racing
horse

4. talk to Jennifer
Lopez

5. drive a Ferrari

6. give advice to the

President of the U.S

7. work out with a

personal trainer

8. go sky diving

9. wear a kilt

10. wrestle lions

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 62
Exercise 3: Find Someone Who
Depending on the sentence, ask a student in the class, “Do you..?” “Are you..?” “Did
you..?” “Were you…?” “Have you…?” “Had you…?” “Will you…?” If that student
gives a positive answer, ask that student to write his or her name on the line. All the names
must be different.
1. _______________________ is in love now.

2. _______________________ loves living in L.A.

3. _______________________ quit school to help his/her family.

4. _______________________ has been married for over 5 years.

5. _______________________ had taken English at a different school before he/she

started at Mid-Wilshire Center.

6. _______________________ is going to a party this weekend.

7. _______________________ always gives money to people on the street.

8. _______________________ was gossiping while the teacher was talking yesterday.

9. _______________________ is going to go to the gym this weekend.

10. _______________________ has seen “Iron Man”.

11. _______________________ had lived with his/her parents before he/she moved to

L.A.

12. _______________________ used to live in a small town.

13. _______________________ knows how to roller blade.

14. _______________________ will buy lunch at the truck today.

15. _______________________ got married in a church.

16. _______________________ has had a dog for many years.

17. _______________________ is tired right now.

18. _______________________ went dancing last Saturday night.

19. _______________________ works in a restaurant.

20. _______________________ is standing right now.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 63
Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences including the Adverb of Frequency in
parentheses [see Notes 3 page 59]

1. [always] The teacher corrects the tests quickly.

The teacher always corrects the tests quickly.
2. [never] I have been to San Francisco.
________________________________________________________________.
3. [sometimes] Brett is late.
________________________________________________________________.
4. [seldom] I do the laundry during the week.
________________________________________________________________.
5. [frequently] My children are tired.
________________________________________________________________.
6. [rarely] They have eggs for breakfast.
________________________________________________________________.
7. [never] She will get married.
________________________________________________________________.
8. [occasionally] I listen to foreign music.
________________________________________________________________.
9. [already] The plane has landed.
________________________________________________________________.
10. [still] She is studying.
________________________________________________________________.
11. [just] The new issue of Mr. Fortune has arrived.
________________________________________________________________.
12. [often] We have a test at the end of the week.
________________________________________________________________.
13. [always] I can’t remember phone numbers very well.
________________________________________________________________.
14. [never] I would take cream in my coffee.
________________________________________________________________.
15. [usually] We work on Sunday.
________________________________________________________________.
16. [often] I have wondered about life on other planets.
________________________________________________________________.
17. [still] My daughters are misbehaving.
________________________________________________________________.
18. [seldom] It rains in the winter.
________________________________________________________________.
19. [usually] Do you arrive on time at school?
________________________________________________________________.
20. [ever] Have you eaten snail?
________________________________________________________________.
21. [always] Will you love me?
________________________________________________________________.
22. [often] Did you play with dolls when you were young?
________________________________________________________________.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 64
Exercise 5: Unscramble the following sentences, replacing each part in the proper order.
Use logic and the right Word Order [see Note 5 on page 60]

1. [went / yesterday / I / the market] I went to the market yesterday.

2. [to school / every day / I / walk]
________________________________________________________________.
3. [in the car / the groceries / put / Marcie / this morning]
________________________________________________________________.
4. [many times / my children / have eaten / at McDonalds]
________________________________________________________________.
5. [my wallet / at home / this morning / left / I]
________________________________________________________________.
6. [because it rained / Brittany / last week / got a cold]
________________________________________________________________.
7. [last week / Anna / the exam / failed / miserably / because she hadn’t studied]
________________________________________________________________.
8. [on Sunday afternoon / often / go / I / to the movies]
________________________________________________________________.
9. [they / since 2003 / English / here / have studied]
________________________________________________________________.
10. [in Italy / Paola / in 1982 / was born]
________________________________________________________________.
11. [Jake / very quickly / the question / answered]
________________________________________________________________.
12. [my parents / living / since last year / have been / in Sonora]
________________________________________________________________.
13. [carefully / the lesson / the teacher / this morning / explained]
________________________________________________________________.
14. [before the beginning / Carla / usually / the ending of a book / reads]
________________________________________________________________.
15. [Mrs. Nelson / very well / Spanish / doesn’t speak]
________________________________________________________________.
16. [last Labor Day / invited / to the barbecue / we / a lot of people]
________________________________________________________________.
17. [from her friend / Linda / some money / borrowed / to buy a new car]
________________________________________________________________.
18. [next summer / my aunt / to Canada / is going / for her vacation]
________________________________________________________________.
19. [Jane / to church / a fancy dress / wears / usually / every Sunday]
________________________________________________________________.
20. [a glass of orange juice / for breakfast / she / has / always / every morning]
________________________________________________________________.
21. [many new people / met / at the party / I / last night]
________________________________________________________________.
22. [Tom / the car / from the garage / drove / carefully / to his house]
________________________________________________________________.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 65
GRAMMAR POINT 1: A gerund is a noun in the verb + ing form. Swimming, Walking,
Talking are all gerunds. We can use a gerund as the subject of a sentence to describe an
action.
Roller-blading is fun!
Talking is not allowed during the test.
Drinking water is the best thing you can do when you exercise.

Exercise 1: Look at the pictures below. Give a reason why people should do something.
Use a gerund. Follow the example.

1-Why should people buy things 2-Why should people take vitamins?
on sale?
Buying things on sale __________________________________
helps people save money. __________________________________

3- Why should people 4-Why should people avoid

read to their children? talking on their cell phones in class?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

5-Why should people avoid junk 6-Why should people learn how to cook?
food?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

Continue next page

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 66
 7- Why should people quit 8-Why should people visit
smoking? the dentist?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

9-Why should people smile? 10-Why should people go to

college?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

11-Why should people exercise? 12- Why should people get

married?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

13- Why should students not 14- Why should you not
sleep in class? drive faster than the speed limit?
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

15- Why should people not 16 - ---

watch TV and smoke all day?

_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 67
GRAMMAR POINT 2:
We can also use gerunds as objects of certain verbs. The following verbs can only be
followed by gerunds.

admit avoid anticipate appreciate can’t help complete

consider delay deny discuss dislike enjoy
finish keep mention mind miss postpone
practice quit recall recollect recommend
resent resist risk stop suggest tolerate

Exercise 2: Look at the questions below. Ask a partner the question and write their
response. Follow the conversation below.

A: What do you enjoy doing?

B: I enjoy discovering new places.

1. What do you enjoy doing? Elva enjoys discovering new places.

2. What do you dislike doing? ______________________________________________.
3. Who do you avoid talking to? ______________________________________________.
4. Where are you considering going on vacation this year?
____________________________________________________________________.
5. Where do you recommend going for good Mexican food?
____________________________________________________________________.
6. What do you resent doing? ______________________________________________.
7. Who do you miss seeing? ______________________________________________.
8. When are you going to finish taking English classes?
____________________________________________________________________.
9. What do you need to practice doing?
____________________________________________________________________.
10. What do you recall doing when you were 5 years old?
____________________________________________________________________.
11. How much money would you risk losing in Las Vegas?
____________________________________________________________________.
12. What did you stop doing last year?
____________________________________________________________________.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 68
Exercise 3: Alma and Yuri are old friends. They haven’t seen each other since college.
They’re having a conversation about Yuri’s son, Mark. Write down Alma’s questions.
Follow the example.

1. Alma: Does Mark enjoy playing the piano?

Yuri: Yes, Mark enjoys playing the piano.

2. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: No, he hasn’t stopped taking singing lessons.

3. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: Yes, he postponed going to New York to see the opera.

4. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: Yes, he keeps asking me for money for the trip.

5. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: No, I haven’t considered going with him because I have so much work to do.

6. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: Of course I recollect flying to Miami with you. That was a great vacation.

7. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: Yes, I still dislike flying. I like to drive.

8. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: Yes, I miss having a lot of time off. As a lawyer, I have to work a lot.

9. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?
Yuri: No, I haven’t discussed changing careers with my wife. We need the money. I
anticipate being a lawyer for the rest of my life.

10. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?

Yuri: No, I don’t resent being a lawyer. I just wish I had more free time.

11. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?

Yuri: Yes, I recommend going to law school. It can be a fulfilling career.

12. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?

Yuri: Yes, I miss talking to you every day. I wish we lived closer.

13. Alma: _______________________________________________________________?

Yuri: No, I haven’t finished reading the book you sent me. As soon as I finish, I’ll
send it to you. It’s been nice talking to you.

Alma: I always enjoy talking to you.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 69
GRAMMAR POINT 3: Gerunds can also be an object of a preposition. The
following take gerunds: (In this grid, verbs are aligned to the left; adjectives are
aligned to the right)
about to on in
to care about to adjust to to depend on to believe in
to complain about* to look forward to to insist on to succeed in
to dream about* to object to to plan on to participate in
to forget about accustomed to interested in
to talk about be used to
to think about* opposed to
to worry about
concerned about
upset about
excited about
worried about

of of for at
accused of to complain of* responsible for good at
afraid of to dream of* famous for successful at
capable of to think of* grateful for angry at
guilty of to have an excuse for
proud of to have a reason for
tired of
to take care of

* some verbs accept either the proposition about or of without any change in meaning.

Exercise 1: Read the following story and then answer the questions.

Sam Harris has always been successful at making money for other people. He was
good at cooking so he helped his friend open a restaurant. 3 years ago, he was
responsible for remodeling his friend’s house. Sam, however, was tired of working for
other people. He was capable of doing many things, but he decided he wanted to be a
film maker. He was interested in showing how homeless people lived, so he moved to
downtown L.A. and lived on the streets for 6 months. Sam succeeded in gaining the trust
of people, so his first film was praised by critics. He dreamed about making a film about
India. His wish came true last year when he traveled to India to make a film about the Taj
Majal. Sam met a woman while he was in India and they got married last month. His film
about India also won an award. He now has two reasons for celebrating. He’s looking
forward to making many more films in the future.

1. What has Sam been successful at?

He has always been successful at making money for other people.
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2. What is he good at?
_________________________________________________________________________.

3. What was he responsible for 3 years ago?

_________________________________________________________________________.

4. What was he tired of?

_________________________________________________________________________.

5. What was he capable of?

_________________________________________________________________________.

6. What does he plan on doing for a living?

________________________________________________________________________.

7. What did he succeed in doing?

_________________________________________________________________________.

8. What did he dream of doing?

_________________________________________________________________________.

9. Why does he have two reasons for celebrating?

_________________________________________________________________________.

10. What is he looking forward to?

_________________________________________________________________________.

Exercise 2: Finish the sentences below.

1. I am good at playing soccer.

2. I dream of ______________________________________________________________.
3. I’m thinking of _____________________________________________________ tonight.
4. I am capable of _________________________________________________________.
5. I’m looking forward to _______________________________________________ tonight.
6. I am worried about_______________________________________________________.
7. I am interested in ________________________________________________________.
8. I am afraid of ___________________________________________________________.
9. I am used to ____________________________________________________________.
10. I am capable of ________________________________________________________.
11. I am opposed to ________________________________________________________.
12. I am grateful for ________________________________________________________.
13. I have been successful at _________________________________________________.
14. I am responsible for _____________________________________________________.
15. I am most proud of ______________________________________________________.
16. I always complain about __________________________________________________.
17. I’m looking forward to ____________________________________________________.
LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 71
Read your sentences to a partner and then write a paragraph about him/her.

WRITING:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3: Find Someone Who

Ask a student in the class, “Do you..? or “Are you..?” If that students answers,
“Yes, I do.” Or “Yes, I am.” Write his or her name on the line. All the names must be
different.

1. ____________________ is opposed to gambling.

2. ____________________ is looking forward to having a big wedding someday.
3. ____________________ is guilty of eating too much junk food.
4. ____________________ is good at writing essays.
5. ____________________ is interested in learning how to dance.
6. ____________________ is thinking of cutting his/her hair soon.
7. ____________________ is used to driving on the freeways in L.A..
8. ____________________ is grateful for having a free education.
9. ____________________ is capable of lifting over 100 pounds.
10. ____________________ dreams about being a movie star.
11. ____________________ complains of having too much to do.
12. ____________________ has an excuse for being late every day.
13. ____________________ believes in forgiving people who do you wrong.
14. _____________________ cares about protecting the environment.
15. _____________________ is worried about losing his/her job.
16. _____________________ is tired of working for other people.
17. _____________________ insists on studying for every test.
18. _____________________ depends on his/her family for support.
19. _____________________ objects to people talking on their cell phones in public.
20. _____________________ is successful at working with others.

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In English, must and have to have a very similar meaning. They both indicate that
something is required or necessary.
But the negative forms are very different in meaning!
MUST NOT indicates a prohibition, where something is not allowed or is against the law.
There is no choice with must not.
DON’T (doesn’t) HAVE TO indicates that something is not necessary. There is a choice!
Don’t have to has a close meaning to don’t need to.
Children mustn’t ride in the front seat. (It’s against the law.)
Children don’t have to work. (They don’t need to work.)
NOTE: The same rule applies for the past and for the future.
I didn’t have to clean my room when I was a child. (We had a housekeeper)
I won’t have to study anymore when I graduate. (It will be unnecessary)

Exercise 1:

1. Small children mustn’t _______________________________________________.

2. Children don’t have to _______________________________________________.
3. Parents mustn’t _______________________________________________.
4. Parents don’t have to _______________________________________________.
5. Pregnant women mustn’t _______________________________________________.
6. The President doesn’t have to _____________________________________________.
7. The President mustn’t _______________________________________________.
8. A policeman doesn’t have to _______________________________________________.
9. Policemen mustn’t _______________________________________________.
10. Nurses mustn’t _______________________________________________.
11. Nurses don’t have to _______________________________________________.
12. I don’t have to _______________________________________________.
13. I mustn’t _______________________________________________.
14. Students in this class mustn’t _______________________________________________.
15. A teacher doesn’t have to _______________________________________________.
16. A teacher mustn’t _______________________________________________.
17. An older man _______________________________________________.
18. A young woman _______________________________________________.

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Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with mustn’t or don’t (doesn’t) have to. Look at the
whole situation to decide.

Example: You don’t have to wear make-up to be beautiful.

1. A man ____________________________________________________ marry his sister.

2. Airplane passengers ____________________________ leave their bags unattended.
3. Athletes ____________________________________________________ take steroids.
4. Cars _____________________________________________ block the school driveway.
5. Children ________________________________ disobey their parents.
6. You _____________________ drive, you can walk.
7. Ed _____________________ a tuxedo to the dance. He can wear a suit.
8. High School students ________________________ leave the class without permission.
9. Homeowners ___________________________ put a fence around their yard.
10. I ______________________________ drive to Las Vegas because we’re going to fly.
11. Jim ____________________________________ interrupt the teacher.
12. John ____________________________________________ get to work early tomorrow.
13. Maria _____________________ breast feed her baby. She can use formula.
14. My father __________________________ give me money, but he likes to help me out.
15. Passengers _______________________________ bring food on the plane.
16. Patients __________________________________ take medicine without a prescription.
17. People ___________________________ marry who their parents want them to marry.
18. Pilots _____________________ drink while they’re flying a plane.
19. Seals ______________________ stay in the water all day.
20. Students ______________________________________________ carry guns to school.
21. Teachers _____________________ come late to school.
22. The police ___________________________________________ arrest innocent people.
23. The president ___________________________ listen to his advisors.
24. Women _______________________________ wear make-up.
25. Pedestrians _________________________ cross the street without looking both ways.
26. You ____________________________________ hit people.
27. You ____________________________________ bring food to the party.
28. Gary _____________________ buy a new car until the old one breaks down.

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We use must to express a logical conclusion based on the information given.

She’s wearing a diamond ring on her left hand. She must be married.
Allen lives in a mansion in Beverly Hills. He must have a lot of money.
FORMATION:
AFFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + MUST + VERB base
NEGATIVE SUBJECT + MUST + NOT + VERB base
Note: We don’t usually ask questions with must. We use have to.
Must you go? Do you have to go?

Exercise 1: Read the following sentences and write logical conclusions for them. Use
‘must’.

1. Rachel has 3 cats and 2 dogs. She must like animals.

2. Jason sleeps on the street. ______________________________________________.

3. Kelly invited 500 people to her wedding. ______________________________________.

4. Ed had 7 beers last night. _____________________________________________today.

5. “I have all the Beatles albums.” “You _______________________________________.”

6. Frank knows everything about movies. _______________________________________.

7. My sister never exercises and eats a lot of junk food. ____________________________.

8. “I asked her to marry me.” “You ___________________________________________.”

9. My sons get perfect scores on all their tests. ___________________________________.

10. “I don’t have any time for myself.” “You ____________________________________.”

11. Ling is a concert pianist. __________________________________________________.

12. Nguyen and Ping never agree on anything. ____________________________________.

13. That man is signing autographs. ___________________________________________.

14. “I have photographs from all over the world.” “You ___________________________.”

15. Greg has had 4 car accidents this year. ______________________________________.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 75
Exercise 2: Write a reason for each conclusion. After you finish, do it as a conversation.
Follow the example.
A: He must be rich.
B: Why do you think he is rich?
A: Because he has a house in Beverly Hills.

1. He must be rich. He has a house in Beverly Hills.

2. Tina must be angry. ______________________________________________________.

3. Rick’s sons must be good athletes. __________________________________________.

4. Yvonne must know a lot about Mexico. _______________________________________.

5. Nate and Carol must not have a good marriage. ________________________________.

6. The school must be closed. ________________________________________________.

7. We must be in trouble with the teacher. ______________________________________.

8. Harry must be tall. _______________________________________________________.

9. Sophia must be a daredevil. ________________________________________________.

10. We must have car problems. _______________________________________________.

11. Oscar must exercise a lot. _________________________________________________.

12. You must read a lot. _____________________________________________________.

13. A crime must have occurred at that house. ____________________________________.

14. You must love the color blue. ______________________________________________.

15. The baby must be hungry. ________________________________________________.

16. They must be in love. ____________________________________________________.

17. Ellen must practice singing every day. _______________________________________.

18. Xavier must be a good driver. _____________________________________________.

19. Isaac must have health problems. __________________________________________.

20. You must work a lot. _____________________________________________________.

LAUSD- DACE – © 2003-2010 –[IHA/4] Developed and Edited by Natasha Ahanin and Veronique Colas 76
We can use “you” “we” “one” “they” and “some” as subjects to mean people in general.
You need to work to survive in L.A. (You means everyone)
We must follow the school rules. (Students in general, including yourself)
Some people don’t eat meat. (A group of people in general)
THEY is used very informally to indicate some people or somebody.
YOU means any person, people in general
ONE is used very formally to indicate any person, people in general

Exercise 1: Read the following statements and then write a conclusion for everyone. You
can use ‘have to’ or ‘must’.

1. Some people don’t want to pay taxes. You have to pay taxes.

2. Some people don’t want to drink water. ______________________________________.

3. Some people don’t want to take care of their children.
__________________________________________________________________________.
4. Some people don’t want to work. _____________________________________.
5. Some people don’t want to show identification when they buy alcohol.
__________________________________________________________________________.
6. Some people don’t want to pay their bills. _____________________________________.
7. Some people don’t want to obey the laws. ____________________________________.
8. Some people don’t want to call work if they are sick.
_________________________________________________________________________.
9. Some people don’t want to eat vegetables.
__________________________________________________________________________.
10. Some people don’t want to sleep. ___________________________________________.

Exercise 2: Complete the following with your own statements.

1. Some people ___________________________________________________________.

2. Some people don’t ______________________________________________________.
3. As workers in the U.S., we _________________________________________________.
4. As humans beings, we shouldn’t ____________________________________________.
5. One mustn’t _____________________________________________________ in school.
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6. One needs to _____________________________________________to survive in L.A.
7. As parents, they must _____________________________________________________.
8. We can’t afford to __________________________________________________ in L.A.
9. You should always remember ______________________________________________.
10. As Americans, we need to ________________________________________________.
11. As students, they ________________________________________________________.
12. You can’t ______________________________________________________________.
13. You mustn’t ____________________________________________________________.
14. One has a difficult life if __________________________________________________.
15. Some people have _______________________________________________________.
16. You should never_________________________________________________________.

Exercise 3: Answer the following question by writing an essay. Use ‘you’ or ‘one’ or ‘we’ to
mean everyone. A few pictures have been added to give you some ideas, but feel free to
get your own.

What do you need to do to lead a great life?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 4: Use ‘you’ ‘we’ ‘one’ ‘some people’ or ‘they’ as subjects.

1. ______________ don’t eat meat.

2. ______________ need oxygen to live.

3. ______________ should eat a balanced diet.

4. ______________ break the law.

5. ______________ believe in ghosts.

6. ______________ must take care of the planet earth.

7. ______________ has to have laws in society.

8. As citizens of France, ______________ have different customs.

9. ______________ can’t survive without love.

10. As famous people, ______________ get used to living in the public eye.

11. ______________ never live the life they wanted to live.

12. As students of L.A. Tech, ______________ shouldn’t leave trash in the classroom.

13. ______________ don’t like rock and roll music.

14. ______________ have to practice if ______________ want to be good at anything.

15. ______________ has to be free to flourish.

16. ______________ shouldn’t drink and drive.

17. ______________ grow pineapples in Hawaii.

18. ______________ should be honest.

19. ______________ can’t have your cake and eat it too.

20. ______________ should plan to arrive at least two hours early at the airport.

21. As human beings, ______________ have to respect one another.

22. ______________ should always tell the truth.

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GRAMMAR POINT 1: Tag Questions are questions added to the end of an affirmative or
negative sentence. Someone will use a tag question to ask for a confirmation for
something he or she thinks, or just to get an agreement.
Ginny doesn’t like green beans, does she?
The speaker thinks Ginny doesn’t like green beans, but wants a confirmation.

FORMATION:
Affirmative sentence, negative auxiliary + subject pronoun?

Negative sentence, affirmative auxiliary + subject pronoun?

She is from France, isn’t she?

They won’t be late, will they?

NOTES:
 For the simple present and the simple past affirmative sentences, use don’t, doesn’t,
or didn’t as the auxiliary:
She went to Bermuda, didn’t she?
He likes tea, doesn’t he?
They live in Paris, don’t they?
 For the other tenses, use the auxiliary or modal given:
It’s cold, isn’t it?
Gemma hasn’t been here all week, has she?
You can’t swim, can you?
Laurie will marry him, won’t she?
 There are two tag questions forms for ‘I am’
Formal English: I am the supervisor, am I not?
Informal English: I am the supervisor, aren’t I?
 If ‘there’ is the subject of a sentence, it remains the pronoun in the tag part:
There are twelve months in a year, aren’t there?

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 Tag pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence part:
It’s cold, isn’t it?

Laurie will marry him, won’t she?

However, some subjects have a different tag pronoun:

everything / nothing  it Everything has arrived, hasn’t it?

this/that  it This is your car, isn’t it?

these/ those they Those are your shoes, aren’t they?

everyone / everybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody  they

Everyone came to the party, didn’t they?

 When tags are spoken with the intonation rising, the speaker is really trying to verify the
information stated:
Ned is from Milan, isn’t he?
When tags are spoken with the intonation falling, the speaker is just stating an opinion
and is almost certain the listener will agree. The speaker is not looking for verification of
information.
Belinda is very pretty, isn’t she?

 sentences containing the following words are negative and need an affirmative tag
question, although the verb is not negative:
never, barely, no one, nobody, nothing
You’ve never been to Florida, have you?
She can hardly wait for her wedding, can she?
No one knows where Flynn is from, do they?
Nothing ever bothers you, does it?

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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tag question.

1. Gloria is from Nebraska, isn’t she?

2. Ben has already left for the airport, ________________________?
3. You haven’t been here before, ________________________?
4. She didn’t come by bus, ________________________?
5. You will never leave me, ________________________?
6. Everyone can learn English, ________________________?
7. She likes tea, ________________________?
8. I have lost, ________________________?
9. The Kowalskis are going to have a barbecue for Labor Day, ______________________?
10. Jane will be at the party, ________________________?
11. They aren’t going to play soccer, ________________________?
12. We’re out of milk, ________________________?
13. Bill Clinton used to be President, ________________________?
14. We shouldn’t leave before 9pm, ________________________?
15. No one got hurt, ________________________?
16. This exercise isn’t too difficult, ________________________?
17. Bernie is a car mechanic, ________________________?
18. The teacher’s supposed to give us our tests back today, ________________________?
19. Someone saw the robbery, ________________________?
20. I am late, ________________________?
21. There isn’t any mail today, ________________________?
22. Today is Friday, ________________________?
23. I won’t have to remind you, ________________________?
24. She’d never met him before, ________________________?
25. He won’t ever be able to walk, ________________________?
26. Magic Johnson plays for the Lakers, ________________________?
27. Alaska is part of the United States, ________________________?
28. You wouldn’t mind helping me with my homework, ________________________?
29. You don’t think it will rain, ________________________?
30. He barely escaped the accident with his life, ________________________?
31. You’re going to come to the party, ________________________?
32. We don’t have class on Saturday, ________________________?
33. Brenda could walk when she was 9 months old, ________________________?
34. You won’t forget, ________________________?
35. She has an interesting life, ________________________?
36. Bill had already left by the time you got there, ________________________?

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Exercise 2: Circle the tag for the following questions.

1. You live in a house, ---?

A. do you B. don’t you C. do I D. don’t I
2. It’s going to rain tomorrow, ---?
A. isn’t it B. are it C. is it D. is going
3. Henry can’t swim, ---?
A. he can B. he can’t C. can he D. can’t he
4. She’s been married before, ---?
A. has she B. does she C. doesn’t she D. hasn’t she
5. It was sunny yesterday, ---?
A. is was B. was it C. wasn’t it D. were you
6. You were born in April, ---?
A. you were B. you weren’t C. were you D. weren’t you
7. I’m studying, ---?
A. am I B. are you C. am I not D. I’m not
8. Sheila will go to church on Sunday, ---?
A. will she B. won’t she C. she will D. she won’t
9. No one knows what happened to Steve, ---?
A. did they B. do they C. don’t they D. do you
10. Greg didn’t eat breakfast, ---?
A. did he B. didn’t he C. he did D. he didn’t
11. These are your shoes, ---?
A. are they B. aren’t they C. are these D. aren’t there
12. Jane would like to go to New York, ---?
A. she would B. she wouldn’t C. would she D. wouldn’t she
13. You have a VCR, ---?
A. do you B. don’t you C. have you D. haven’t you
14. English is your second language, ---?
A. are you B. aren’t you C. is it D. isn’t it
15. Your name’s Mark, ---?
A. isn’t he B. isn’t it C. is he D. is it
16. This pillow cost $10,---?
A. does it B. doesn’t it C. did it D. didn’t it
17. Coffee makes you nervous, ---?
A. isn’t it B. doesn’t it C. do it D. does it
18. There wasn’t school yesterday, ---?
A. wasn’t it B. was it C. wasn’t there D. was there.
19. I can type very fast, ---?
A. can I B. cann’t I C. can’t I D. can you
20. I’m never late, ---?
A. am I B. aren’t I C. am I not D. I am
21. You hurt your head, ---?
A. do you B. did you C. don’t you D. didn’t you
22. You don’t have a license, ---?
A. don’t you B. do you C. don’t I D. do I
23. You couldn’t read when you were two, ---?
A. could you B. could I C. couldn’t you D. you could
24. This is your umbrella, ---?
A. isn’t this B. is this C. isn’t it D. is it
25. Helen’s car’s expensive, ---?
A. isn’t she B. isn’t it C. aren’t they D. don’t they
26. You won’t marry Steve, ---?
A. will he B. won’t he C. won’t you D. will you
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GRAMMAR POINT 2: When someone is using a tag question to verify or gain
information, he or she expects an answer. That answer can be affirmative or negative,
and it is in the form of a short answer:

Positive sentence / Negative tag answer agrees with statement

The sky is blue, isn’t it? Yes, it is.

Negative sentence / positive tag answer agrees with statement

Fish can’t fly, can they? No, they can’t

Positive sentence / Negative tag answer disagrees with statement

The Earth is flat, isn’t it? No, it isn’t.

Negative sentence / positive tag answer disagrees with statement

Dolphins aren’t mammals, are they? Yes, they are.

Exercise 3: Write two tag questions under each picture, then ask your partner to agree of
disagree with the tag. Make sure to vary the tenses used in the tag questions, and make
sure to write some tag questions for which your partner is going to disagree. Later, write
the answer to each question yourself.

1- 2-
___He is sleeping very well, isn’t he? _________________________________
___[Yes, he is.]______________________ __________________________________
___He can walk, can’t he?___________ _________________________________
___[No, he can’t.]_____________________ _________________________________

3- 4-
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
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5- 6-
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

7- 8-
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

9- 10-
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

11- 12-
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________

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DICTATION = REPORTED SPEECH (114)
First, the interviewer asked Charles where he had gone to school. He said that he
had attended UCLA. Then, she asked if he had had any special training. He answered that
he had taken several computer courses. She asked where he had worked. She also asked
whether he was willing to move to another city. He replied that he wouldn’t mind going to
another town. She wanted to know if he could work overtime and weekends. She asked
him whether he had ever been fired. He confessed that he had been fired once before.
She wanted to know why he had had four different jobs in the past year. He declined to
answer that.

DICTATION = PASSIVE (115)

I got married last week. On my wedding day, my aunt gave me a very special gift.
She said, “It was given to me by my mother on my wedding day. I want you to have it.” It
was a beautiful blue purse. It was made of pearls and lace, and of blue velvet. I had many
special things the day of my wedding. My shoes were bought from the most expensive
store in town. My dress was ordered from Paris and delivered by Express Mail. The flowers
were arranged by Dream Flowers. And my earrings were borrowed from my grandmother.
So I had everything I needed: something old, something new, something borrowed,
something blue.

DICTATION = ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (121)

Next weekend, I’ll go to the beach if it doesn’t rain. Before I park the car, I’ll stop at
the market to get some chips and soda to eat on the beach. If I forget my purse, I’ll have
to use my credit card. Then if I’m lucky, I’ll find a parking spot close to the beach. Then I’ll
go lie down on the sand. If I put some sunscreen on, I won’t get a sunburn. If I get too
hot, I’ll go swimming for a while. If I get tired, I’ll go back to the sand and rest. And when
I have enough, I’ll go home. If too much sand gets in the car, I’ll have to vacuum it later.

DICTATION = COULD FOR ADVISIBILTY (117)

I work in the counseling office at Downtown Vocational School. Last week, a student
came and asked me for advice about college. I told him, “If you don’t have money for
college, you could sell your car to pay for the tuition. Since the books will cost money, you
could also get a job at the library on campus. If you don’t like it, you could always quit
later. If you feel that your English isn’t good enough, you could take some extra classes
and study hard. And if you don’t have a place to stay, you could advertise in a newspaper
and get a roommate, or you could get a room in one of the dormitories.”

DICTATION = PAST PERFECT (107)

My friends Jane got married last weekend. I was invited but I had problems with my
car, and by the time I arrived, the reception had already started. The bride had already
walked down the aisle. The groom and the bride had exchanged their rings. They had
kissed. Many pictures had been taken. The guests had walked to the restaurant. The
bride and groom had thanked all their friends and family. They had danced for the first
time. The bride’s mother had cried. The waiters had served the food, but they hadn’t cut
the cake yet and nobody had drunk champagne either. So, I hadn’t missed everything.

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