THE 8 PARTS OF SPEECH

I. NOUNS
A noun is a part of speech that is used to name or identify a person,
place, thing, or idea. There are different types of nouns like common
nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, concrete nouns and
so on.
E.g. Dog, Cat, Car, Mg Mg, Hla Hla,…..
II. PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something
when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has
been mentioned earlier.
E.g. ‘it’, ‘she’, ‘myself’.
III. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about noun. An
adjective usually appears before the noun it describes. Sometimes, though,
the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence.
E.g. beautiful, smooth, heavy, red, twelve,…..
IV. VERBS
A verb is a word that we use to refer to actions (what things do) and
states of being (how things are).
E.g. eat, rotate, go, see,…..
V. ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you about an
action, or the way something is done.
E.g. loudly, bravely, brightly, happily,……
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 VI. PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that tells you where or when something
is in relation to something else.
E.g. before, after, under, toward,……
VII. CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence, phrases or
other words together. Conjunctions are used as single words or in
pairs.
E.g. and, but, or,…..
VIII. INTERJECTIONS
An Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong feeling
such as surprise, pain, or pleasure.
E.g. Cheers!, Oh dear!, Wow!, Ouch!,…….

PERSO PERSON SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE POSESSIVE POSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

N ADJECTIVE PRONOUN

1st Person I Me My Mine Myself

SINGULAR

3rd Person He Him His His Himself

3rd Person She Her Her Hers Herself

3rd Person It It Its Its Itself

2nd Person You You Your Yours Yourself

PLUR

2nd Person You You Your Yours Yourselves

1st Person We Us Our Ours Ourselves

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 3rd Person They Them Their Theirs Themselves
AL

TYPES OF NOUNS
There are 10 types of nouns. They are:
1) Common Noun
2) Proper Noun
3) Abstract Noun
4) Concrete Noun
5) Countable Noun
6) Uncountable Noun
7) Compound Noun
8) Collective Noun
9) Singular Noun
10) Plural Noun
I. COMMON NOUNS
Nonspecific people, places, things or ideas
E.g. Table, book, window, friends etc…
II. PROPER NOUNS
Specific people, places, things …
E.g. John, Anna, London, Pacific Ocean etc…

III. ABSTRACT NOUNS

Something that you cannot perceive with your five senses.
E.g. Freedom, love, courage etc…
IV. CONCRETE NOUNS
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 Something that you can perceive with your five senses.
E.g. Apple, dog, house, flower etc…
V. COUNTABLE NOUNS
Can be counted.
E.g. Pen/pens, orange/oranges, bike, house etc…
VI. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Cannot be counted.
E.g. Bread, money, milk, food, water, snow, rice etc…
VII. COMPOUND NOUNS
Made up of two or more smaller words.
E.g. Schoolboy, fruit juice, textbook etc…
VIII. COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Refer to a group of things as one whole.
E.g. Bunch, audience, flock, group, family etc…
IX. SINGULAR NOUNS
Refer to one person, place, thing or idea.
E.g. Dog, horse, ship, monkey, hero etc…
X. PLURAL NOUNS
Refer to more than one person, places, things, or ideas.
E.g. Dogs, horses, mouses, ships, babies etc…

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 PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns
Subjective Pronouns
The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called
personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used
as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
For example: My name is David. I am the youngest in the family.
This is my father. He is a teacher.
Lucky, you are a good dog.
They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny.
**The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that
does the action shown by the verb**

Objective Pronouns
The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also
personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These
pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence.
For example: I am standing on my head. Look at me.
My mother is kind. Everybody likes her.
Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed!
You must not play with the knife. Give it to me.

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Reflexive Pronouns
The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called reflexive
pronouns. They refer to the person or animal that is the subject
of the verb.
For example: I made this cake myself.
Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.
Michael is looking at himself in the mirror.
Our cat washes itself after each meal.

Interrogative Pronouns
The words who, whom, whose, what and which are called
interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask
questions.
For example: Who is he talking to?
Whom are you playing with?
Which of these bags is yours?
Whose is this umbrella?
What is your dog’s name?
**Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject. Whom
is used only as the object**.
For example: Who are you playing with? Or
Whom are you playing with?

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Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative
pronouns. They are showing words.
**You use this and these when you point to things near you. You use
that and those when you point to things farther away**

Singular Plural
Near this these
Far that those
For example: This is my house.
That is John’s house.
These are donkeys.
Those are horses.

ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a
noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes.
Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in
the sentence.
E.g. a smart dog
an old building
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 a tall basketball player
John’s handwriting is very neat.
All the players are very tall.
ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
Adjectives have different endings. Some adjectives end in -
ful or -less. Some adjectives end in -y. Some adjectives end in -
ive. Some adjectives end in -ing. Some adjectives end in -ly.
Some of them are ended with -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish and -ous.
E.g. playful puppies a loveable koala
homeless people a national costume
dirty street a broken chair
an active child a terrible mess
a caring nurse a foolish act
a costly diamond ring a dangerous place
Adjectives endings with -ful or -less
An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of the same
adjective that ends in -ful.
E.g. careful – careless useful – useless
colorful – colorless harmful – harmless
The -ful ending means having a lot of something.
For example:
painful = having a lot of pain
hopeful = having a lot of hope
The -less ending means without.
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For example:
leafless = without leaves
sleeveless = without sleeves
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
There are different kinds of adjectives. Some adjectives
describe the qualities of nouns (Ql). Some adjectives tell you which
place or country a person or thing comes from, or belongs to. They
are called adjectives of origin (O). Some adjectives tell you the
color of things (C). Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns
(S) they describe. Numbers are adjectives, too. Sometimes they are
called adjectives of quantity (Qn). Other adjectives tell you
something about quantity without giving you the exact number.

E.g. a cold drink (Ql) a huge balloon (S)

a hot bun (Ql) a thin boy (S)
Chinese kunfu (O) two princesses (Qn)
an Indian temple (O) five witches (Qn)
The sky is gray. (C) a lot of books (Qn)
The sea is blue. (C) a few cups (Qn)

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
There are three forms of comparison. They are
(1) Positive - no change (big, strong,
understandable,etc)
(2) Comparative
(3) Superlative

(2) Comparative
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 When you compare two people or things, use the
comparative form of the adjective. Lots of comparative adjectives
end in -er.
E.g. small smaller
fast faster
bright brighter
cheap cheaper
**The word than is often used with comparative adjectives**
For example, Jack is taller than John.
A sports car is faster than a motorbike.

(3) Superlative
We use the superlative form of an adjective to compare three or
more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in -est.
E.g. dark darker darkest
thick thicker thickest
clean cleaner cleanest
heavy heavier heaviest
**You often add the before the superlative form**
For example, Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
Peter is the tallest boy in his class.
 With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form the comparative, and
-st to form the superlative.

For example:
close closer closest
large larger largest
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 safe safer safest
wide wider widest

 Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and
have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives,
double the last letter before adding -er to form the comparative,
and -est to form the superlative.

For example:
big bigger biggest
dim dimmer dimmest
mad madder maddest
sad sadder saddest
 Some adjectives have two syllables and end in -y. With these
adjectives change the y to i. Then add -er to form the comparative,
and -est to form the superlative.

For example:
busy busier busiest
dirty dirtier dirtiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest

 With some adjectives, you use more to make the comparative

form, and most to make the superlative form.
For example:
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
active more active most active
charming more charming most charming
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
delicious more delicious most delicious

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**Adjectives that form their comparative and superlative with more and
most are usually adjectives with two or more syllables, or sounds**
For example: ac-tive ex-pen-sive
beau-ti-ful fa-mous
charm-ing for-tu-nate
cheer-ful in-tel-li-gent
com-fort-a-ble pow-er-ful
de-li-cious val-u-a-ble
**The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are
completely different words**
For example: good/well better best
little/few less least
bad worse worst
many/much more most
**With these adjectives, you don’t add -er or more to form the
comparative, or -est or most to form the superlative**

DETERMINERS
Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their,
which. They are special adjectives that are used before nouns.
The Articles
Articles are words which tell us whether a noun is general or
specific. There are three articles: the (specific or definite) a
(general or indefinite) an (general or indefinite when followed by
a noun which begins with a vowel).

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Indefinite Articles
The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You can
use them with singular nouns to talk about any single person or
thing.
E.g. Can you hear a bird singing?
This is a picture of an elephant.
You will need an umbrella when you go out.
**The article an is usually used before words beginning with vowels**
**The article a is used before words beginning with consonants**

Definite Articles
The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a
noun when you are talking about a certain person or thing.
E.g. The telephone is ringing.
Where’s the cat?
I think she is under the bed.
You also use the before the before a noun when there is only
one. For example:
The sun
The moon
The sky
 Use a or an before singular nouns.
Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
E.g. an axe an igloo
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 an egg an orange
an envelope an umbrella
an ice cream an uncle

 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use a
(not an) before these words that begin with u:
a uniform a university

 Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the

alphabet, called consonants.
E.g. a basket a rainbow
a bowl a monster
a car a pillow
a hill a watch
a house a zoo

 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use an
(not a) before these words that begin with h:
an heir
an honor
an hour
Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and those are determiners. They
are used to tell which thing or person you mean. These words are
called demonstrative determiners, or demonstrative
adjectives.
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For example: I am keeping these books.
James lives in this house.
What is that animal?

Interrogative Determiners
Use the words what, which and whose before nouns to ask
about people or things. These words are called interrogative
determiners or interrogative adjectives.
For example: What time is it?
Which doll is your favorite?
Whose footprints are these?

VERBS
Most verbs are action words. They tell you what people,
animals or things are doing.
E.g. knock
burst
climb
read
act
Tenses
The Present Simple
Subject + base form of the verb
*(except in the third person singular, when we add-s)
I/You/We/They He/She/It
work works
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 eat cleans
play smells
do
Be is also an exception.
I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, they are
General facts and statements
I am a woman.
My name is David.
Habit
Marry meets her friends on Friday evenings.
Our dog eats the cat’s food.
Scheduled event in the future
The train to London leaves at 8 pm.
Am, Is, Are
The words am, is, are also verbs, but they are not action
words. They are verb to be otherwise auxiliary verb and the
simple present tense of the verb to be.
Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he, she
and it. Use are with the pronouns you, we and they.
E.g. It is a donkey. It is not a horse.
I am Peter. I am not Paul
They are good friends. They are not enemies.
Contractions:
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I am = I’m am not = aren’t (only in
questions)
you are = you’re is not = isn’t
he is = he’s are not = aren’t
she is = she’s they are = they’re
it is = it’s we are = we’re
In questions, use aren’t as a contraction of am not. For example,
I’m taller than you, aren’t I?
But in a statement
I’m not as old as you.
There is/There are
Use is and are with the word there to say what you can see
and hear.
For Example: There is a castle on the hill.
There is a wasps’ nest in the tree.
There are some clouds in the sky.
There are a lot of books in the library.
Contraction:
there is = there’s

The Present Continuous

Subject + be + Ving
**We use the present cont. to talk about things that are happening
at the moment of speaking, but be careful in general there is an
exception we can’t use state verbs, words like hate, love, want**

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Example
I am teaching English.
They are baking cookies.
*We can also use this tense to talk about things that we think are
temporary.

Compare
Present Simple James lives in Manchester. (Permanent)
Present Continuous James is living in Manchester.
(Temporary)
*We also use present continuous to talk about arrangements. This
means that we are planning to do something in the future, and it
involves another person or business*
Arrangements in the future involving another
person/business
For Example:
I am having my hair cut on Tuesday.
Sarah is meeting her parents tomorrow.
They are plans, but they depend on someone else.

The Simple Past Tense

Subject + past simple
*Used to talk about past, finished actions. It also used to talk
about things that happened in stories*
For Example:
I went to bed at 10 pm last night.
Dennis ate a box of chocolate for breakfast.
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 My husband bought me flowers last week.

Regular Verbs
The simple past tense of most verbs ends in -ed. These verbs
are called regular verbs.
E.g. aim aimed
bake baked
open opened
 The simple past tense is usually formed by adding -ed to
the verb. For example:
jump + ed = jumped
laugh + ed = laughed
lift + ed = lifted

 If the verb ends with -e, just add -d. For example:
agree + d = agreed
die + d = died
hate + d = hated

 Remember these spelling rules: You must double the last

letter of some verbs before adding -ed. For example:
fan + ed = fanned
grab + ed = grabbed
slam + ed = slammed

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  Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just one
syllable. They all end with a consonant such as b, d, m, n,
p, t, and have only a single vowel before the consonant.

 With verbs that end in -y, change the y to i before adding -

ed. For example:
bury + ed = buried
carry + ed = carried
cry + ed = cried
Irregular Verbs
The simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed.
Such verbs are called irregular verbs. The simple past tense of
some irregular verbs does not change at all. Most irregular verbs,
however, take a different form in the simple past tense.
For example: beat beat
cut cut
hit hit
bend bent
fly flew
keep kept

Was, Were
The verbs was and were are also forms of the verb be. Was
is the simple past tense of am and is. Use was with the pronouns
I, he, she and it. Use were with the pronouns you, we and they.
For example:
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 Edison was a famous inventor.
Beethoven was a German composer.
The Romans were brave soldiers.
There weren’t any clouds in the sky.

Contractions:
was not = wasn’t
were not = weren’t
The Past Continuous Tense
Subject + was/were + Ving
*We can use this tense to talk about actions or states*
 Used to talk about what was happening at a specific moment
in the past:
Examples:
Tom was cooking dinner at 7 pm yesterday.
 Used to give background information
Examples:
Will was speaking to me while I was recording a video.
It was snowing when I went outside.
 Used to say that an ongoing action was interrupted by
another action:
Examples:
We were eating dinner when he arrived.
They were chatting about their holiday when Ben called them.
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Have and Has
The verbs have and has are used to say what people
own or possess. They are also used to talk about things that
people do or get, such as illnesses. These words are the simple
present tense of the verb to have.
For example: We have breakfast at 7:00 A.M.
Peter has a sore knee.
He has a lot of stamps.
She has long hair.
Contractions:
I have = I’ve He has = He’s
have not = haven’t has not = hasn’t

The Present Perfect Tense

subject + have/has + past participle
*There are 3 main ways*
 To talk about things that started in the past and continue to
the present
*It’s very important to remember that they are unfinished actions*
Examples:
I have lived in the UK all my life.
She has been at university since 2020.
 To talk about our experiences up to the present
*When we do this, we don’t talk about exactly when something
happened. We are just telling somebody about our life experiences*
Examples:
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 She has been to Canada three times.
We have met the Queen.
I have read all the Harry Potter books.
 To talk about past events and actions that have consequences
in the present
Examples:
I have eaten breakfast so I’m not hungry.
Mike has lost his keys so he is going to be late for work.
The Future Tense
Subject + will + base form of the verb
*Use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to
form the future tense*

 Things we think will happen in the future:

Examples: I think it will rain tomorrow.
I’m sure you’ll love this book.
 Making offers or promises:
Examples: I will help you carry those boxes.
Richard will call you tomorrow.
 Facts in the future:
Examples: It will be our 1st wedding anniversary next year.
Our house will be 300 years old soon.
*Use shall or will with I and we. Use will with you, he, she, it and
they*

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Contractions:
I shall = I’ll we shall = we’ll
I will = I’ll we will = we’ll
you will = you’ll they will= they’ll
he will = he’ll
she will = she’ll shall not = shan’t
it will = it’ll will not = won’t

 There are other ways of talking about future actions and

happenings. You can use going to.
Examples: We are going to bake a cake this afternoon.
I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to be proud of me.
 You can also use the simple present tense to talk about
things that have been arranged for the future.
Examples: The new supermarket opens tomorrow.
The bus leaves in ten minutes.

Can and Could

The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary
verbs. Use can and could to talk about people’s ability to do
things.
Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he, she,
it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns. Could is the
past tense of can.
For example: He can run faster than Arthur
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 Jack ran as far as he could.
She cannot afford such an expensive ring.
She could not come because she was ill.
*People often use can when they are asking for permission to do
something.
For example: Can I use your pen? Yes, here it is.
*When you put not after can, you write it as one word: cannot
Contractions: cannot = can’t
could not = couldn’t
May and Might
May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too.
 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something, or to
give someone permission to do something.
Examples: May I borrow your pen?
You may come in.
You may go now
 May is also used to talk about things that likely to happen.
Examples: If it continues to rain, there may be a flood.
I may go to Sue’s birthday party if I’m free.
You may fall down if you aren’t careful.
 Might is used as the past tense of may.
Examples: He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried.
I knew my teacher might find out.

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Would
The verb would is another helping or auxiliary verb. Use
would as the past tense of will.
Examples: Peter said he would come.
I knew you would enjoy Disneyland.
 It is polite to use would like when you are offering people
things, or asking for something yourself.
For example: Would you like a cup of coffee?
I am tired now. I’d like a rest.
You’d like a meal now, wouldn’t you?
 When they are accepting an offer, people often use would
love instead of would like.
For example: Would you like a chocolate?
Yes, please, I would love one.
Should
Should is a helping or auxiliary verb. Use should to talk
about necessary actions or things that people ought to do.
For example: Children should not play in traffic.
You should always look before crossing the street.
You should know how to spell your own name.
You should do more exercise.
Contractions:
I would = I’d
you would = you’d

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 he would = he’d
she would = she’d
we would = we’d
they would = they’d
should not = shouldn’t
would not = wouldn’t

Do, Does, Did

Use do, does, and did to talk about actions. Use do with the
pronouns, I, you, we and they. Use does with the pronouns he,
she and it. Did is the simple past tense of do and does.
For examples: Dad does the dishes.
We always do exercise together.
Sally did her hair in front of the mirror.
Contractions:
do not = don’t
does not = doesn’t
did not = didn’t
 You can also use do, does and did as helping verbs to ask
and answer questions.
For example: Where did you find the wallet?
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 Do ducks like water? Yes, they do.
Does it rain often here? Yes, it does.
 Use do not, does not and did not to make other verbs
negative.
For example: The baby does not look very happy.
Cats do not like water.
Dad did not catch his train.
Didn’t they win? No, they didn’t.

ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you about
an action, or the way something is done. A lot of adverbs end in
-ly.
For example: loudly beautifully
bravely fiercely
happily heavily

Types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
These adverbs are those that describe the manner in which
an action is done. Basically, it can be said that the adverbs of
manner answer the question ‘how’.
Example: The driver braked suddenly.
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 The parcel arrived safely.
The dog jumped up playfully.
Adverbs of Time
As the name suggests, the adverbs of time are used to tell
the reader when some action is occurring. Adverbs of time
include general time periods and specific times. We can
identify an adverb of time by asking the question ‘when’.
Example: She will finish it tomorrow.
She is continuing to build it today.
It rained last night.
The weather is fine this morning.
Adverbs of Place
These adverbs are used to indicate where the action
mentioned in the sentence is taking place. Adverbs of place can
be identified by asking the question ‘where’.
Example: Mom and Dad are watching television upstairs.
The children are playing downstairs.
It’s raining. Let’s go inside.
Adverbs of Frequency
These adverbs are used to denote how often an action or
event is happening. The adverbs of frequency can be recognized
by asking the question ‘how often’.
Example: He often swims in the evening.
Lisa always cheerful.
Adverbs of Degree
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 These adverbs are used to indicate how intense an action of
quality is. It is used to describe adjectives and adverbs.
Example: He speaks very quickly.
It is too hot to handle.
It is a little spicy.
a, an, the Noun be Adj
Adj Noun very
be Adj M.V Adv
M.V Adv look, fell, become, seem, smell Adj
N Adv

PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another,
showing how they are related.
Types of prepositions
Prepositions of Direction
To refer to a direction, use the prepositions “to, in, into, on,
onto.”
Example: She drove to the store.
Don’t ring the doorbell. Come right in(to) the house.
Drive on(to) the grass and park the car there.
Prepositions of Time
To refer to one point in time, use the prepositions “in, at,
on.” Use in with parts of the day (not specific times), months,
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years, and seasons. Use at with the time of the day. Also use at
with noon, night, and midnight. Use on with days.
Example: He reads in the evening.
I go to work at 8:00.
I work on Saturdays.
 To refer to extended time, use the prepositions “since, for,
by, during, from…to, from…until, with, within.”
Example: I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005.
He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks.
She will finish her homework by 6:00.
I will collect data from January to June.
Prepositions of Place
To refer to a place, use the prepositions in, at, on, inside.
Example: They will meet in the lunchroom
She was waiting at the corner.
He left his phone on the bed.
Place the pen inside the drawer.

 To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions

over and above. To refer to an object lower than a point, use
the prepositions below, beneath, under and underneath.
Example: The bird flew over the house.
The plates were on the shelf above the cups.
Basements are dug below ground.
There is hard wood beneath the carpet.

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 The squirrel hid the nuts under a pile of leaves.
The cat is hiding underneath the box.

 To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions

by, near, next to, between, among and opposite.
Example: The gas station is by the grocery store.
The park is near her house.
Park your bike next to the garage.
There is a deer between the two trees.
There is a purple flower among the weeds.
The garage is opposite the house.
Prepositions of Location
To refer to a location, use the prepositions in, at and on.
Example: They live in the country.
She will find him at the library.
There is a lot of dirt on the window.

CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but.
Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences.
For example: The animal is large but timid.
Is this a sheep or a goat?
It’s cold, wet and windy today.
*A conjunction may link two or more than two words or sentences*

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  The words before, after, as, when, while, until, since, are
also conjunctions. They tell when something happens, so
they are called conjunctions of time.
Example: Maggie could play the piano before she was five.
I always brush my teeth after I’ve had my breakfast.
After he began exercising regularly, Jerry become healthier.

INTERJECTIONS
An Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong
feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure.
Example: Cheers! Oh dear!
Ouch! Good!

SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete
thought. A sentence must have a subject and a verb, but it may or
may not have an object.

Subject Verb Object

Sally is making a doll.
Wendy and Kim are fighting.
It is raining. a kite.
I am flying
*A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period(full stop)*

Kinds of Sentences
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 There are four kinds of sentences. They are
1. Declarative sentence
2. Interrogative sentence
3. Exclamatory sentence
4. Imperative sentence
Declarative sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
Example: The children are swimming.
The telephone rang.
Richard is feeding the hens.

Interrogative sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question.
Example: Where are the twins?
Are you going shopping today?
What is your name?
Exclamatory sentence
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion.
Example: What lovely weather!
The silly girl!
How stupid I am!
Imperative sentence
An imperative sentence gives an order.

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Example: Please sit down.
Come back!
Tell me the truth.
The Imperative
Use the base form of a verb to give commands or make
direct requests. This use of the verb is called the imperative.
Example: Stand, everyone!
Tidy your bedroom immediately!
Choose a partner!
OK, children, open your books to page 25.

 Imperatives are a very direct way of telling people to do

something. Using do or please before an imperative is more
polite.
Example: Do sit down.
Do check these figures again.
Please come in.
Please help yourselves to some food.
 You can also use the helping verb would to sound polite.
For example: Please would you clear the table?
Would you please talk quietly?

The Subject and the Object

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 The subject of a sentence sometimes does something to
someone or something else.
The person or thing that receives the action is called the
object.

Subject Verb Object

Susan has bought a painting.
Hannah is reading her book.
I am writing a story.
Dad is cooking supper
Emma crossed the street

Direct and Indirect Objects

Some verbs have two objects. The direct object receives
the action of the verb. The indirect object tells to whom or for
whom the action is done.

Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

The bank lends people money.
Madison is making her doll a dress.
I am writing Grandma a letter.
Grandma is reading Diana a story.
Andrew gave his dog a bone.
*The indirect object usually comes before the direct object*

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Positive and Negative Sentences
A positive sentence tells you that something is so. A
sentence that tells you something is not so is called a negative
sentence. It contains a negative word like not, never, no, no
one, nobody, none, or a negative verb like isn’t or can’t or
won’t.

Positive sentence Negative sentence

Peter is running. He is not walking.
We should tell the truth. We should never tell lies.
Everyone is in the garden. There is no one in the house.
The fridge is empty. There is nothing in it.
It is very cloudy. It isn’t sunny.
I have sold the last newspaper. I have no newspapers left.

Questions
There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and
wh-questions.
 You ask a yes or no question to get yes or no as the answer.
Use the verbs be, have or do, or any of the helping verbs, to
ask yes or no questions.
Example: Can you swim? Yes.
Is it raining? No.
Are they coming? No.
May I come in? Yes.

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  In questions, the helping or auxiliary verbs come before the
subject of the sentence. When be and have are used as
ordinary verbs, they come before the subjects, too.

Statement Question
Jim is ill today. Is Jim ill today?
She has an older brother. Has she an older brother?
The cats want to be fed. Do the cats want to be fed?
We should go now. Should we go now?
It will rain tomorrow. Will it rain tomorrow?
You may use my computer. May I use your computer?
 Here are some different ways of asking the same question:
Example: Has he a sister called Jane?
Does he have a sister called Jane?
Has he got a sister called Jane?
 Wh- questions usually include the verbs be, have, do, or any
of the helping verbs.
*To ask for facts, use the question words what, which, who, whom, how, when,
where. The helping verbs in wh- questions usually come before the subject. So
does the verb be when it is used as an ordinary verb*
Example: Where are you?
What is David saying?
How did you get up here?
Why was the girl crying?
Which color do you prefer?
Who is she going to invite to her party?
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 Whom is she going to invite to her party?
 If the wh- question word is the subject of the question, it
comes before the verb.
Example: Who told you that?
What made you change your mind?

PUNCTUATION
Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and
questions marks. You use them in sentences to make the
meaning clear.
Period (.)
You put a period at the end of a sentence.
Example: He drew a horse.
Albert is my good friend.
Comma (,)
 Use a comma between nouns and noun phrases in a list.
Example: I bought two apples, three oranges and some grapes.
He enjoys tennis, badminton, skating and football.
 Use a commas between adjectives when you use several of
them to describe something.
Example: A giraffe is a tall, long-necked, long-legged animal.
He is a tall, handsome, smart and ambitious man.
 Use a comma after yes and no, and before please in
sentences. You also use a comma before or after the name of
the person you are speaking to.
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Example: No, it has stopped.
Good morning, sir!
 Commas are used to show where there is a brief pause.
Example: Unfortunately, she injured her knee skiing.
She was in the bedroom, listening to music on the radio.

Exclamation Point
An exclamation point is often used after a command, an
interjection, or a word that shows surprise or anger.
Example: Sit down! Quiet!
Oh dear! Put the knife down!
You are fired! Help! Help!

Question Mark
Use a question mark after a question.
Example: What’s your name?
How many stamps do you have?
Where do they come from?
Apostrophe
Use an apostrophe with an s (’s) to show who owns
something. Th ’s is added after singular nouns or names.
Example: A squirrel’s tail is big and bushy.
We all like Mom’s cooking.

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 John’s dog is very friendly.
 Follow the same rule when a name or a singular noun ends
in -s. Write an apostrophe first and then add another s.
Example: The princess’s golden ball fell into a well.
A rhinoceros’s skin is very thick.
Dad is at his boss’s party.
 For plural nouns that end in -s, put the apostrophe after the
-s.
Example: Birds’ beaks are all different shapes and sizes.
Miss Lee is marking her pupils’ work.
This is my parents’ wedding photo.
 Some plural nouns do not end in -s. Just add ’s to these
plural nouns.
Example: The men’s changing room is occupied.
Doctors look after people’s health.
 You can also refer to a person’s office or shop by using a
possessive form with an apostrophe.
Example: I’ll buy some bread at the baker’s.
I was reading a book at the dentist’s.
 You can also refer to your friends’ homes in the same way.
Example: I’m going next door to Peter’s.
I stayed the night at Susan’s.
 How do you make a possessive form of two people joined by
and, such as Peter and John, or Mary and Anne? Put’s only
after the second name.
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Example: Barbara and David’s house.
Jill and Andy’s party.
 These possessive forms of names and nouns can be used
without a following noun.
Example: Which desk is Susan’s?
George’s is in the back row.
 The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or more
letters in a contraction have been left out.
Example: I’ve finished my math, but I haven’t finished my
spelling.
He’s gone to the library.
We’re late because we couldn’t find your house.

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