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3 Laws of Illumination

1) The document discusses three laws of illumination: the inverse square law, Lambert's cosine law, and the law that illuminance is directly proportional to luminous intensity. 2) The inverse square law states that illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Lambert's cosine law states that illuminance decreases by the cosine of the angle between the surface and light rays. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate illuminance using these laws, taking into account factors like luminous intensity, distance, and angle of the light rays.

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Siyat Ismail
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753 views14 pages

3 Laws of Illumination

1) The document discusses three laws of illumination: the inverse square law, Lambert's cosine law, and the law that illuminance is directly proportional to luminous intensity. 2) The inverse square law states that illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Lambert's cosine law states that illuminance decreases by the cosine of the angle between the surface and light rays. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate illuminance using these laws, taking into account factors like luminous intensity, distance, and angle of the light rays.

Uploaded by

Siyat Ismail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

Factors Affecting Illumination


Assumption that the source is a point source, or is otherwise
sufficiently far away from the surface:

1) E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the


source.
2) Inverse Square Law
Laws for Point Sources of Light
3) Lambert’s Cosine Law
Inverse Square Law
• Established by J. H. Lambert as one of
the earliest lighting laws to enable
the calculation of illuminance

• The illumination of a surface is


inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the surface from the
source.

𝐼
𝐸= 2
𝑟
Example
The luminous intensity of a spotlight varies with angle. It may
have a maximum value of 1000 candelas at the center of
the beam.

a)If this spotlight is aimed directly downwards onto the floor


2 meters below, what will be the illuminance?

b) If the spotlight is angled so that the luminous intensity


directed downwards is 100 candelas, what will be the
illuminance?
Lambert’s Cosine Law
• Lamberts Second Law

• According to this law, if the surface is turned so that the


rays hit it at an angle, the illuminated area will increase in
size and the illuminance will drop accordingly.
Lambert’s Cosine Law
• The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area is
equal to the cosine of the angle through which the
surface has been moved.

• Therefore the illuminance will fall by the factor of the


cosine of angle.
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐸= 2
𝑟
Example
• If a spotlight is 3 meters above the floor, aiming at a point
3 meters away and its intensity in this direction is 1000
candelas, calculate the illuminance.
Activity
• A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is suspended 8m
above the working plane. Calculate the illumination at a
point on the working plane 6m away from the foot of the
lamp.
Illumination At Multiple Points

• EB =EAcos3θ1 EC =EAcos3θ2 ED =EAcos3θ3


Example
• A 2400 lumen lamp is suspended 10m above point A. find
the illumination at points A, B and C if B and C is 5 and
10m away from point A respectively.
Activity
• A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10m apart and
suspended at a height of 5m above the center line of the
floor. If each lamp gives 200 candela power in all
directions below the horizontal, find the illumination at the
point on the floor on the mid-way between the second
and third lamps.
Coefficient of Utilization or Utilization
Factor(η)
• It is the ratio of the lumens that actually received by a
particular surface to the total lumens emitted by a light
source.

η = Lumens actually received on the work plane


Lumens emitted by a light source
Coefficient of Utilization or Utilization
Factor(η)
The value of this factor varies widely and depends on the
following factors:

1.Type of lighting system (direct or indirect)


2.Type and mounting height of the fittings
3. Color and surface of walls and ceilings
4. Shape and dimension of the room
Example
• Determine the average illumination of a room measuring
9.15 m by 12.2 m illuminated by a dozen 150W lamps. The
luminous efficiency of the lamps are 14 lm/w and the
coefficient of utilization is 0.35.

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