2-CE 305 MOD 2 Singly RCF
2-CE 305 MOD 2 Singly RCF
Chapter 2‐ Analysis and Design of Beams
RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 0.003
a 𝑪 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃
c c
d 𝒅 𝒂/𝟐
Mn
NA
As
𝑻 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔
Multiplying Eq. 2‐2 by d/d:
𝑎 𝑥
. 𝑓′𝑐
𝑎
. 𝑓′𝑐
𝑨𝒔
The term 𝒃𝒅 is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted as 𝝆
𝑨𝒔
𝐸𝑞. 2 3 𝝆
𝒃𝒅
And
𝝆𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝐸𝑞. 2 4 𝑎
𝟎.𝟖𝟓
Let 𝜔
𝑓′𝑐
𝝎𝒅
𝐸𝑞. 2 5 𝒂
𝟎.𝟖𝟓
Nominal moment capacity:
from the stress diagram above:
𝑀 𝐶𝑥 𝑑
𝑀 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 1
2𝑎
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑
. .
𝐸𝑞. 2 6 𝑴𝒏 𝒇𝒄 𝝎 𝒃 𝒅𝟐 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝎
Ultimate moment capacity (design strength): Mu
𝑀 ∅𝑀 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∅ 0.90 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐸𝑞. 2 7 𝑴𝒖 ∅ 𝒇𝒄 𝝎 𝒃 𝒅𝟐 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝎
Coefficient of Resistance, 𝑹𝒏
𝐸𝑞. 2 8 𝑹𝒖 𝒇𝒄 𝝎 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝎
𝐸𝑞. 2 9 𝑴𝒖 ∅ 𝑹𝒏 𝒃 𝒅𝟐
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
𝐸𝑞. 2 10 𝝆 𝟏 𝟏 ]
𝒇𝒚 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄
BALANCED DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with
𝑓
strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of 𝐸 ) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate
load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required
for balanced condition.
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design must be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the code limits the tensile steel percentage (𝜌 0.75 𝜌 to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure
occurs.
BALANCED c AND BALANCED STEEL RATIO, 𝝆𝒃 :
In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously. In the condition the strain in
𝑓
concrete reached its maximum usable value of 0.00 and the strain in steel is 𝐸 ,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎.
0.003
c c
d d
NA 0.003
As
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝑬𝒔
Strain diagram
Balanced Condition
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
𝐸𝑞. 2 11 𝑪𝒃
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚
But a = 𝛽 𝑐;
.
c = ; c =
c =
.
[ c = c ] 𝑑
.
.
𝐸𝑞. 2 12 𝜌
MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Section 410.4.3: For flexural members and for members subject to combined flexure and
compressive axial load when the design axial load strength ∅𝑃 , is less than the smaller of
0.10𝑓 𝐴 ∅𝑃 , the ratio of reinforcement 𝜌 provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the ratio 𝜌 that
would produce balance strain condition for the section under flexure without axial load.
For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of 𝜌 equalized by compression
reinforcement need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor.
𝐸𝑞. 2 13 𝜌 0.75𝜌
And
𝐸𝑞. 2 14 𝐴 0.75𝐴
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
410.6.1 At every section of a flexural member here tensile reinforcement is required by
analysis, the area 𝐴 provided shall not be less than that given by:
𝐸𝑞. 2 15 𝐴 𝑏 𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝜌
. .
𝐸𝑞. 2 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝜌
𝐸𝑞. 2 17 𝐴 𝑏 𝑑
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE
I. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follow:
Small beams: 2KN/m
Medium‐sized beams: 3.5 kN/m
Large‐sized beams: 7 kN/ m
Or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24Kn/m3 x beam area in m2
III. Compute the factored load on different load combinations
IV. Compute the factored moment to be carried by the beam, Mu
V. Try a value of steel ratio 𝜌 from 0.5𝜌 𝑡𝑜 0.6 𝜌 , but must not be less than 𝜌 . This
value of p will provide enough allowance in the actual value of p due to rounding‐up
of the number of bars to be used so that it will not exceed the maximum p of 0.75
.
𝜌
𝛽 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
𝛽 0.85 𝑓 30 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌 0.75𝑝
.
𝜌 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝜌
VI. Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔
VII. Solve for bd2:
Mu=∅𝑓 𝜔 𝑏𝑑 1 0.59𝜔
bd2=____________
VIII. Try ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d= 2b), and solve d. (round‐off this value to reasonable
dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given in the
table on Minimum Thickness of Flexural Members.
After solving d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step II.
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
𝐴 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Number of bars (diameter=D)
𝐷 𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝐴
STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA AS OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN
MOMENT MU AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
Given b, d, 𝑓 and Mu:
I. Solve for 𝜌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ 𝑀
𝜌 0.75𝜌
.
𝜌 0.75 𝜌
𝜔 _______________
𝑓′ 𝑐
∅𝑀 ∅𝑓 𝜔 𝑏 𝑑 (1‐0.59𝜔 )
𝑀 ∅𝑀
If Mu ∅𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝐼𝐼
If Mu > ∅𝑀 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝐼
II. Solve for 𝜌:
𝑀 ∅ 𝑅 𝑏𝑑
𝑅 __________
.
𝜌 1 1 _______
.
As = 𝜌bd =__________
III. Compression reinforcement is necessary.
STEPS IN FINDING ∅𝑴𝒏 OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA AS
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
Given: b, d, As, 𝑓 , fy:
I. Solve for 𝜌: 𝜌
II. Check if steel yields by computing 𝜌
. 𝑓′ 𝑐
𝜌
If 𝜌 𝜌 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 𝜌 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝐼𝑉.
Note: 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 𝜌 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.
III. 𝜌 𝜌
𝜔
𝑓′ 𝑐
𝑴𝒖 ∅𝑴𝒏 ∅ 𝒇𝒄 𝝎 𝒃 𝒅𝟐 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝎
IV. 𝜌 𝜌 ;
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 0.003
a 𝑪 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃
c c
d 𝒅 𝒂/𝟐
Mu
NA
As
𝑻 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔
Solve for c by quadratic formula and solve for fs and a:
c =______ ; 𝑓 600 _____ ; a = 𝛽 𝑐 _____
∅𝑴 ∅𝑻 𝒅 𝒂 𝟐 ∅ 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒅 𝒂 𝟐
Or
𝒂 ′ 𝒂
∅𝑴𝒏 ∅𝑪 𝒅 𝟐 ∅𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑓 𝑐 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 𝟐
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300mm wide has an effective depth of
460mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming f’c = 21MPa and fy =345MPa, determine the
balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
.
𝜌𝒃 𝜷𝟏 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚
. .
𝜌
𝜌 0.02792
𝐴 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 𝐴 0.02792 300 460
𝐴 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
𝑓 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑦 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension
steel area if the factored moment Mu is
(a) 20kN∙m, (b) 140 kN∙m
(c) 485 kN∙m (d) 620 kN∙m
SOLUTION
Solve for 𝜌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 :
′
. 𝑓𝑐 . . .
𝜌 𝜌
𝜌 0.0495
𝜌 0.75𝜌 𝜌 0.75 0.0495
𝜌 0.0371
.
𝜔 ′ 𝜔
𝑓𝑐 .
𝜔 0.371
′
𝑅 𝑓𝑐 𝜔 1 0.59𝜔 𝑅 27.6 0.371 1 0.59 0.37
𝑅 8.001 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀 𝑅 𝑏𝑑 𝑀 8.001 300 490
𝑀 576.279 𝑥 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 576.279 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑀 ∅𝑀 𝑀 0.90 𝑥 576.279
𝑀 518.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(a) 𝑀 20𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀 518.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 20 𝑥 10 0.90 𝑅 300 490
𝑅 0.309 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.
𝜌 1 1
. 𝑓′ 𝑐
. . .
𝜌 1 1
. .
𝜌 0.00113 𝜌
′
𝑓𝑐 ′ .
𝜌 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑐 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝜌
.
𝜌 0.005072
𝐴 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴 0.005072 300 490
𝐴 746𝑚𝑚
(b) 𝑀 140 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 518.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 140 𝑥 10 0.90𝑅 300 490
𝑅 2.16𝑀𝑃𝑎
′ ⎡ ⎤
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ⎢ 2𝑅
⎥
𝜌 ⎢1 1
𝑓 ′ ⎥
⎢ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
. . .
𝜌 1 1
. .
𝜌 0.00822 𝜌
𝐴 𝑝𝑏𝑑 𝐴 0.00822 300 490
𝐴 1,209𝑚𝑚
(c) 𝑀 485 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀 518.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 485 𝑥 10 0.90𝑅 300 490
𝑅 7.48𝑀𝑃𝑎
′ ⎡ ⎤
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ⎢ 2𝑅 ⎥
𝜌 ⎢1 1
𝑓 ′ ⎥
⎢ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
. . .
𝜌 1 1
. .
𝜌 0.03384 𝜌
𝐴 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴 0.03384 300 490
𝐴 4,975𝑚𝑚
(d) 𝑀 620 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 518.65 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
The beam will be doubly reinforced.
PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm. the
beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. Steel strength 𝑓 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and concrete
strength 𝑓 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Other than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a
superimposed dead load of 18 kN/m and alive load of 14 kN /m. Use the strength design
method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN∙m, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at mid‐span, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars .
SOLUTION
Given: b = 300 mm 𝑓 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
d= 480 – 70 = 410mm 𝛽 0.85
.
𝑓 415𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜌 0.00337
𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑑 20𝑚𝑚
Weight of beam,𝑤 𝛾 𝐴 23.5 0.3 𝑥 0.48 3.384 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
(a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.
Factored load, 𝑤 1.4 3.384 18 1.7 14
Factored load 𝑤 53.738 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
(b) 𝑀 280 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Solve for 𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
. . .
𝜌 𝜌
𝜌 0.02881
𝜌 0.75𝜌 𝜌 0.02161
𝜔 𝜔 0.3203
𝑓′𝑐
𝑅 𝑓 𝜔 1 0.59𝜔 7.274
𝑀 ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 330.14 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Required 𝑀 280 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀 330.14 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 280 𝑥 10 0.90𝑅 300 410
𝑅 6.169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
. 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌 1 1
. 𝑓′𝑐
. .
𝜌 1 1
.
0.01755 𝜌 0.00337
𝐴 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴 0.01755 300 410
𝐴 2159 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑑 𝑁 2159 20 𝑁
N = 6.9 say 7 bars
(c) 𝑃 240 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑤 3.384 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (weight of beam)
𝑃𝐿 1.4𝑤
𝑀 314.805𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀 330.14 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
4 8
.
𝑅 𝑅
.
∅
𝑅 6.936 𝑀𝑃𝑎
′
0.85 𝑓𝑐 2𝑅
𝜌 1 1
𝑓 0.85 𝑓𝑐
′
0.85 28 2 6.936
𝜌 1 1 0.02031 300 410 𝜌 0.00337
415 0.85 28
𝐴 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴 0.02031 300 410
𝐴 2498𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑑 𝑁 2498 20 𝑁
N = 7.95 say 8 bars
Reference:
Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design
by DIT Gillesania