WR423: Applied Hydrogeology

Lecturer: Eng. Joseph Ochieng Mtamba

Email: [email protected]
Lecture Room: A108, Time 14.00- 16.00 Hrs

Office: Hydraulic Lab, Block C, Room C 105

Contact hours :Monday :12.00 – 14.00 Hrs
Friday :13.00 – 15.00 Hrs

12/23/2014
 WELL DRILLING AND DESIGN
Topic Contents Lecture
No.
7.0 Well I. Different drilling methods and fluids L10
drilling ( Make a hole for wells/ boreholes)
methods a. Manual hole making
 Hand dug wells –open wells or hand pumps
and
b. Mechanical hole making methods- Boreholes or hand
exploration pumps
( drilling settings, operation, advantages and disadvantages)
i. Cabble tools–open wells or hand pumps
ii. Auger drilling
iii. Rotary drilling ( depending on rotary fluid circulation)
 Direct circulation-mud rotary drilling
 Reverse mud circulation rotary drilling
 Direct air rotary drilling
 Reverse air rotary drilling
 Down the hole air hammer rotary drilling
 Jet rotary drilling
12/23/2014
 WELL DRILLING METHODS
Most water points used in rural areas water supply projects and
in some urban areas are boreholes/water wells.
Boreholes need to be drilled but the choice of drilling method
mainly depends on the geologic condition prevalent in the
given location.
Geologic conditions are so diverse, ranging from hard rocks
such as granite and gneiss to completely unconsolidated
sediment such as sand and gravel or weathered rock
The choice of a drilling method therefore depends on the
following factors
 The type of rock to be drilled/geologic condition
 The maximum depth of borehole to be drilled plus an
additional 25%
 The type of dimensions (internal and external) of casing and
screen to be used (generally diameter of the well)
 WELL DRILLING METHODS
- The depth to water table
- Whether a gravel pack or formation stabilizer is required
- The accessibility of the borehole drilling site & economic factors
Methods of Drilling Shallow Wells
Shallow wells are generally of about less than 20-30m deep and the
methods for drilling them are different from deep wells
- Dug wells can be excavated by hand using picks, shovels, crowbars,
bucket and hoists and are normally made deep enough to extend
few metres below the water table. In consolidated rocks, wedges,
sledge hammer, hand drills and explosives may be used. Diameter
of dug wells range from (1 – 10)m.
- Bored wells are made with hand operated or power driven augers.
When the blades of the auger are full of loose material the auger is
removed from the hole to empty and the operation is repeated
until the desired depth is reached. Hand-bored wells rarely exceed
20cm while power driven reach 1m diameter
WELL DRILLING METHODS – A dug well and auger bits
 WELL DRILLING METHODS

- Driven wells consist of a series

of connected length of pipes
driven by repeated impacts
into the ground to below
water table.
Diameters of driven wells are
normally small in the range of
(3-10)cm
Depth of driven wells are
normally less than 15m
although a few exceed 20m
Driven wells are simple to make
within an short time even by
a single person
 WELL DRILLING METHODS

- Jetted wells are constructed by

the cutting action of a
downward directed stream of
water. The high velocity
stream washes the earth
away, while the casing, which
into the deepening hole,
conducts the water and
cuttings up and out of the well
Normally small diameter wells
(3-10)cm are made although
the method is capable of
producing diameters up to
30cm and depths greater than
15m
 WELL DRILLING METHODS
Methods for Drilling Deep Wells
- Cable tool percussion drilling is the main method used to drill
boreholes into both consolidated rocks and unconsolidated
sediments. The operating capacity of the cable tool is limited
by the weight of the tools and temporary steel casings strings
that can be handled safely (diameter 8 to 60cm & depth up
to 600m).
- The main components of the drilling system comprise of drill
bit, drill stem, drilling jars, swivel socket, cable and a bailer.
- In cable tool percussion drilling there are three main
operations
(i) breaking of rock by the repeated lifting & dropping of bit
(ii) removal of rock cuttings with a bailer
(iii)driving temporary casing down the borehole as drilling
proceeds to prevent borehole collapse
 WELL DRILLING METHODS
- The drilling bit needs to be
heavy enough to break and
crush the rock
- The drill stem is a long steel bar
that adds weight to the drill
and helps maintain a vertical
borehole alignment during
drilling
- Drilling jars are used to free the
bit when drilling through soft
and sticky sediments (loosen
the tools)
The swivel socket attaches the
drilling cable to the tools
WELL DRILLING METHODS - Cable Tool Drilling Rig
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Advantages of cable tool
method

The cable tool method is highly versatile in drilling

satisfactorily over a wide range of geologic formations
and the rigs are relatively simple to maintain and repair
because of simplicity of design. Less water is required
during drilling and sampling/formation logging is easy
and more accurate with cable tool method
The main disadvantages are
- Slower drilling rate
- Depth limitation
- The need to drive casings coincidentally with drilling in
unconsolidated materials
- The difficulty of pulling casings from deep boreholes
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Rotary drilling method

Sometimes known as mud rotary drilling is a rapid drilling

technique in unconsolidated sediments but can also be
used for other type of rocks. Deep wells of up to 45cm
diameter and larger can be made.
The drill bit rotates, disaggregating, breaking and crushing
the rock formation.
Rock cuttings are removed by flushing the borehole with
mud
Mud is pumped through the drill pipe and holes in the bit
such that the mud swirls at the bottom of the hole,
picking up material broken by the bit before flowing
upwards between the drill pipe and the wall of the
borehole to carry the cuttings to the surface
WELL DRILLING METHODS – Rotary drilling bits
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Rotary drilling method
advantages
No casing is normally required during drilling because the mud forms
the clay lining, or mud cake, on the wall of the well by filtration
which seals the well thereby preventing caving, entry of
groundwater and loss of drilling mud.
Recently organic additives that degrade with time and thereby
causing the mud cake to breakdown within a few days have been
used. Otherwise mud cakes are a disadvantage as they need to be
removed before the well can be developed.
Rotary drilling is normally employed for oil well but its application to
water-well drilling is increasing.
The method is rapid but disadvantaged by high equipment cost,
complex operation and the problem of lost circulation in highly
permeable or cavernous geologic formations
WELL DRILLING METHODS – Rotary drilling method
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Air rotary method

Rotary drilling can be accomplished using compressed air

instead of drilling mud
The technique is rapid and convenient for small diameter
boreholes in consolidated formations where a clay lining
is not required to support the wall against caving
Large diameter boreholes can be made through use of
foams or other air additives
Drilling depths can exceed 150m under favourable
circumstances
The main advantage of this method is its ability to drill
through fissured rock formation with little or no water
required
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Rotary percussion method

This is a recently method using air as the drilling

fluid that provides the fastest method for drilling
in hard-rock formations
A rotating bit with the action of pneumatic hammer,
delivers 10 – 15 impacts per second to the bottom
of the hole
Penetration rates of as much as 0.3 m/min have
been achieved
Where caving formation or large quantities of water
are encountered, a change to conventional rotary
drilling with mud normally a substitute method
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Reverse circulation rotary
method
This method has become increasingly popular when a large
diameter hole has to be drilled in unconsolidated formations
Water is pumped up through the drill pipe employing a large-
capacity centrifugal or jet pump
Discharge from the borehole flows into a large pit where
cuttings settle out
Thereafter the water runs through the ditch and back into the
borehole such that the water level in the hole is maintained
at ground surface
To avoid erosion of the sides of the hole, downward velocities
are restricted. The minimum borehole diameter is 40 cm,
drilling bits range in diameter from 0.4 – 1.8m and the
velocity of water up the drill pipe usually exceed 2 m/s
 WELL DRILLING METHODS – Reverse circulation rotary
method

The reverse circulation rig is probably the most rapid

drilling equipment available for unconsolidated
formations
It required a large volume of readily available water
Depths of up to 125 m can be drilled although
modification with airlift pumping can extend this
depth range
Boreholes made using this method are normally
completed with gravel pack due to large diameters
of the same
Drilling Rig – cable tool percussion
Drilling Rig – rotary drilling
Jetting Wells Equipment
 Collection of Data During Drilling
The main reason of collecting data during drilling is to identify
water production zones in the geological sequence which
requires more information than is normally collected by the
driller
The project engineer, hydrogeologist or a technician must
collect and analyse these data and should be onsite during
the drilling exercise
The collection of information during drilling is the only sure way
of finding out what is beneath the ground. Remember that
geology can not be predicted with certainty and therefore
groundwater exploration which is normally conducted prior
to drilling only gives a clue of the geology and availability of
water at a particular site.
Some basic equipment is useful for collecting and analysing
data from drilling as described below. The combined cost of
these equipment is much less than drilling one borehole
 Collection of Data During Drilling
Equipment required
Water level recorder
GPS to accurately locate boreholes
Colour chart to accurately record
soil/samples colours
Stop watch
Penknife
Geological hammer
Dilute hydrochloric acid to identify
calcareous material
Permanent markers
Waterproof notebook
Plastic bag to store samples
Camera to photo samples and/or even
the drilling process itself
Bucket for cleaning samples
 Collection of Data During Drilling
Various types of data need to be collected during drilling
Drilling and construction parameters
- the main drilling rig type and drilling bit
- the flushing medium
- details of additional equipments used (e.g. air compressor)
- the borehole dimensions (drilled depth and diameter and
completed depth after construction)
- the type and details (lengths & depths) of casings & screens
Water strikes gives evidence of location of water flow zones
Water flow rates can give an indication of a borehole yield.
Water blown out of the borehole during airflush drilling can
estimate the flow rate but it is difficult to assess yield when
using percussion though a very rough idea can be given by
the number of bails taken out in a set period of time
 Collection of Data During Drilling

Water levels are measured once the borehole is drilled using a dipper.
This is normally done immediately after drilling and once water
levels in the borehole have recovered
Water quality need to be monitored during after groundwater has
been encountered. Measurements of temperature, pH and EC of
borehole water will normally indicate basic water quality, showing
immediately if the water is too saline to be drinkable
In some cases particularly where concentration of fluoride or asenic is
high, field measurements need to be taken at different drilling
depths. This can particularly useful if there is an increase in these
elements with depth. Drilling is therefore stopped when the yield is
sufficient and the fluoride or asenic levels still low. In practice this
is rarely done because of delays in taking samples, analysing them
and getting results in time to inform the drilling operation
Techniques for Collecting & Analysing Rock chip/cutting samples

Fresh rock cuttings must be taken from boreholes at regular

intervals throughout drilling
The sampling interval should be such that narrow water bearing
zones are not missed but not so frequent that too many
samples are taken
It is good practice to take samples more often where the
geology is very changeable such as in the shallow weathered
zone. For shallow boreholes samples are taken every 0.5m
but for deep boreholes samples are normally taken every 1 m
The sample must large enough to allow a good description of
the geology to be made, normally about 300g
Samples can be stored in clear plastic bags labelled with date,
borehole name, borehole number and depth interval
Collection of Cuttings Samples for Different Drilling
Methods
 Analysis of Rock Cutting Samples
The basic tools required to analyse rock cuttings in the field have
been described; magnifying glass or hand lens, penknife, field note
book and a pencil
Hard rock cuttings should be washed so that they can be properly
examined
Soft rock fragments from weathered formations should not washed as
they may disintegrate
The samples are then described lithologically, creating a log of
changes in colour, lithology, weathering or fracturing, which will
show the depths of permeable and potentially water bearing
formations
The following parameters should be noted
- Sample colour, grain size, relative hardness
- Presence of vein material such as calcite or quarts can be an
indication of fractured zones which may be water bearing
- Presence of limestone, if the rocks react to hydrochloric acid then
calcium carbonate is present
 Core Rock Samples
Cutting rock samples obtained during
drilling give some idea of the lithology
but are no substitute for a cored section
of rock
A core can be taken relatively easily in
unconsolidated sediments whereby a
specialized core barrel is required
Core samples give a true undisturbed
sample of the rock at a given depth
Lithological logging of these samples give a
much better idea of the geology than
rock cutting samples and can also b
used for laboratory analysis of aquifer
parameters such as primary
permeability and porosity
 Well Design and Construction
Boreholes are usually designed to fulfill the following conditions
- Maximize borehole efficiency (e.g. heavy pumping from a
small borehole can lead to friction losses & deep drawdowns)
- Sand inflow to the borehole kept to a minimum
- Materials used are of sufficient quality to last at least 20 years
- Any contaminated sources or aquifers or zones of undesirable
water quality be sealed off from the borehole
The following typical borehole general designs can serve as a
guide to be applied on specific hydrogeological environment.
It must be re-called that a borehole design is normally site
specific since the geology can not be predicted with certainty
and hence the essence of collecting data during drilling
 Well Design and Construction

Fundamental to all borehole designs is that the soft

weathered zone/overburden is sealed off from the rest
of the borehole using surface casing because
groundwater in the shallow weathered zone/laterite soil
is often highly contaminated e.g. pit latrines and/or
other surface contaminants
Surface casings may serve other purposes which include
- Support unstable materials during drilling
- Reduce loss of drilling fluids
- Facilitate installation or removal of other casings
- Serve as a reservoir for a gravel pack
In all the design shown in the following slides, the surface
casing is pressure-grouted through this shallow zone
 Well Design and Construction

Open hole in consolidated formation

- This design applies to consolidated
formations where both aquifer
and bedrock are stable
- Therefore, after the surface casing
is set through the overburden and
sealed by pressure grouting the
remainder of the borehole is left
open
- This design is of low cost and
efficient but can not be used with
collapsing formations
 Well Design and Construction
Cased borehole in consolidated
formation with risk of collapse
- This design is used where the
bedrock or aquifer are unstable
- A screened casing is placed adjacent
to the aquifer horizon(s) in the
borehole
- Formation stabilizer is placed
adjacent to the screens
- Little sand is poured on top of the
stabilizer before sealing with cement
grout or bentonite
- The remaining annular space is
backfilled or grouted
 Well Design and Construction
Multiple casing borehole in an unstable
formation above a stable aquifer
zone
- This design is used to case off an
unstable zone met above the aquifer
- After the surface casing is set through
the overburden, drilling is continued
at a reduced diameter through the
unstable zone
- An inner casing is installed through the
unstable zone and drilling continued
at a reduced diameter.
- The rest of the borehole is completed
as an open hole
 Well Design and Construction
Borehole in unconsolidated formation
with stabilizer
- Borehole drilled into unconsolidated
sediments such as river alluvium
must be screened
- The grain size of the alluvial formation
is assessed to determine the slot size
of the screen and the size of
formation stabilizer
- After surface casing is installed, the
borehole is drilled through the
aquifer and screens and casings are
positioned in the borehole and
formation stabilizer installed around
the screens and casings
 Well Design and Construction
Naturally developed borehole in
unconsolidated formation
- A screened borehole installed in an
unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer
composed of well-graded course grained
sands and gravels can be developed
without installing formation stabilizer
- The casing and screen are positioned in the
open hole and the aquifer sediments
allowed to fill the annular space
- A natural filter pack is developed during
borehole development
- The size of the slots should be chosen to
allow 50% of the material through the slots
during borehole development
Temporary casing may be required
 Well Design and Construction
Jetted or hand-flap drilled borehole
- A well point with 3 m of screen is normally
installed into unconsolidated sediments by
jetting water through the well-point head
and screen thus forcing water and cuttings
to the surface
- This means that the screen & casing are
actually installed during drilling
- A similar design is used for screens and
casings installed by the hand-flap drilling
method using a drill pipe & a bit
- However, in this case the drill pipe and bit
are removed when the desired depth is
reached and the casing with 3 m screen at
the bottom is installed and the aquifer
material is allowed to collapse back
 Well Design and Construction
Borehole constructed without surface
casing
- There are other practices used to seal
the borehole/well against
contamination from the top strata
without using surface casing
- The borehole is drilled at a single
diameter from the surface to the
bottom
- One diameter of screen and casing is
then installed throughout the length
of the borehole
- Formation stabilizer is added to a few
metres above the screen then some
sand and finally grout is added at the
top to form the seal
 Well Design and Construction – choosing screen and casing

Casing types
Casing are employed to maintain an open hole from the ground
surface to the aquifer thereby sealing off any undesirable
groundwater and also provide structural support against
materials which might cave in.
The selection of particular casing material depend on the
geological conditions and depth to the aquifer, cost, quality
of water, availability of material and the equipment on the
drilling rig.
Four types of materials are usually employed namely, steel,
stainless steel, uPVC and glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)
For cost reasons, uPVC is the material of choice for most small
schemes particularly in rural areas
 Well Design and Construction – choosing screen and casing

Casing diameter
The diameter of casing is critical for boreholes fitted with
motorized pumps in order to avoid occurrence of turbulent
flows because of high yield of the pumps
The diameter of borehole is normally not a concern for
boreholes fitted with hand pumps because the yields are low
The diameter of the borehole is therefore determined as the
minimum required to safely house the pump barrel/bowl
Sometimes the term pump chamber casing is used especially
for wells which are not uniform in diameter. In this case it is
the casing in which the pump bowls are set such that the
chamber casing have a diameter of at least 5 cm larger than
the diameter of the pump bowl.
Recommended minimum diameter are listed below
Well Design and Construction – choosing screen and casing
 Well Design and Construction
Screens
In consolidated formations where the material is stable groundwater
can enter directly into uncased well.
In unconsolidated formations screens are installed within the water
producing strata.
Methods of making screens include cutting holes with a cutting torch
(steel casing) or a saw (steel and uPVC). As much as possible, the
slots/holes should be uniformly cut by machine in workshop. The
slots/holes should be designed to allow a maximum amount of
water to enter the well but prevent sand movement into the same
For high-yielding boreholes the total area of open screen is also
important which necessitates the use of large diameter screens.
The velocity through the screen should be less than 0.03 m/s such
that the minimum open area in the screen can be calculated as A =
Q/30 where A is the open area in m2 and Q is flow in litres/second
Well Design and Construction
 Well Design and Construction
Gravel Pack
Gravel pack is normally used as formation stabilizer and
installed in unstable consolidated formations to keep the
borehole open and prevent caving from loose material into
the screened portion of the borehole.
Formation stabilizer material should be washed, be of uniform
grade and rounded to subangular in form
The size of the material should be chosen such that none of the
gravel pack will pass through the screen slots and minimize
sand pumping
Gravel pack provide an annular zone of high permeability thus
increasing the effective radius and yield of the well
Sufficient formation stabilizer material should be put to extend
several metres above the screened section but stop about 5-
6 m below the ground surface to allow the placement of a
grout seal
 Well Design and Construction
Filter pack
Filter pack material is usually installed around screened
sections of high yielding boreholes and hence rarely required
for low yielding boreholes equipped with hand pumps
In most cases a natural gravel pack is sufficient, but if the
aquifer material is fine grained and uniform and a slot size
can not be found which can keep sand out and still give a
sufficient high yield, then a filter pack can be used
To choose a filter pack correctly, the grain size of the aquifer
material has to be assessed from sieving the material
The thickness of the filter pack is usually about 70 mm and
wherever possible the material should be composed of
rounded quartz grains and graded to have a uniformity
coefficient of less than 2.5
Filter pack material should also be washed and sorted to keep it
free from shale, mica, dirty, clay or organic impurities
 Well Design and Construction
Grouting and sealing
It is recommended that all borehole design should include a
sanitary seal of about 3-6 m below the ground surface in
order to stop poor quality water in the overburden soil,
shallow weathered zone or laterite from flowing down the
annular space between the outmost casing and the borehole
wall and contaminate the borehole
The sanitary seal therefore acts as a barrier between the casing
and borehole wall
The following materials are often used for the sanitary seal
- cement mixed with clean water in a ratio of 22 litres of water
to 50 kg of cement (grout or cementing)
- bentonite clay or a premixed bentonite slurry
- sand cement grout consisting of cement, clean sand and water
in a weight proportion of no more than 2 parts sand to 1 part
of cement
 Well Design and Construction
The most effective and simplest Grouting procedure
method of grouting is to place
surface casing through the
overburden zone, pour the grout
down the hole and force it up the
outside of the casing using
compressed air.
Best results are achieved is the
annular space is at least 40 mm.
When cement based grout is used
the borehole should be left for a
minimum of 24 hours before
continuing work
When grout is dry, drilling restarts at
a smaller diameter inside the
surface casing
 Borehole Development Procedures
Before borehole pumping test, the borehole needs to be
developed in order to remove muck from the borehole and
the aquifer adjacent that may affect the operating efficiency
of the borehole and the quality of the water produced.
The muck usually includes
- Crushed rocks, mud and sand, some of which will have been
forced into the aquifer or has accumulated in the borehole
sump
- Remaining drilling fluid such as muddy water, broken mud,
unbroken bentonite mud, mud cake on the borehole wall if
the borehole was drilled using mud
- Fine grained material held within the gravel pack
- Fine grained material and injected drilling mud held within the
aquifer formation adjacent to the borehole wall
 Borehole Development Procedures
Borehole development improves the yield of the same. Many
successful boreholes appear to be low yielding before
development, but the yield improves after the muck has
been removed from the sides of the borehole and water
bearing fractures
Several methods of borehole development have been devised.
These methods are dependent on the drilling equipment
available, the design of the borehole and the nature of the
aquifer material
Full development of a borehole to its optimum capacity may
take long (several weeks sometimes) and require use of more
than one method. However, this time is rarely spent, usually
the borehole is considered developed when pumped water is
clean and sand free.
The Table below summarizes the most common borehole
development methods
Borehole Development Procedures – Borehole development
methods
 Borehole Development Procedures – Borehole development
methods
Blowing is considered a simple and first method when
drilling with compressed air whereby the drill pipe or an
adductor pipe in run in to the bottom of the borehole
and compressed air injected to force water an other
material out of the borehole
During this procedure the drill pipe can be lifted
progressively up the borehole and worked up and down
along specific screened section.
The airflow can be used to control the rate of water flow
from the borehole
This method is regarded as a crude initial method of
borehole development and will probably have little
effect on gravel pack installations
 Borehole Development Procedures – Borehole development
methods
Bailing is performed during drilling with cable tool rig.
Water and debris are removed from the borehole
using a bailer.
The procedure is used after borehole construction to
further develop the borehole whereby the well is
emptied by repeatedly bailing the borehole
In essence, this is called a simple bail test that should be
repeated until the borehole is cleaned of sand and the
rate of water level recovery is maximized
The water quality from the borehole can be determined
with each cycle of bailing
 Borehole Development Procedures – Borehole
development methods
Airlift pumping uses an adductor pipe with an airline that reaches to
1m above the base of the adductor pipe.
Compressed air is injected via the airline to drive water upwards
within the adductor pipe, with no water being forced back into the
formation
The length of the adductor pipe can be varied and worked up and
down along the screened section of the borehole.
The flow of water can also be controlled by varying the rate of air flow
Over pumping is normally used for development of jetted or
manually drilled boreholes. The borehole is pumped at a higher
than expected rate, i.e. over pumped using a manual or power
operated pump such that water quality and sediment content can
be measured periodically to check for improvements
 Borehole Development Procedures – Borehole
development methods
Surging methods are usually employed following initial
borehole cleaning using airlift, blowing or bailing
methods to further develop the borehole.
This is particularly important in borehole with gravel packs
Water is surged into and out of the gravel pack and aquifer
thereby removing fine grained material and drill
cuttings.
There are several surging methods employed in the field
namely;
- Airlift pumping/surging
- Surging (surging block)
- Jetting methods
- Chemicals
 Well design: Key highlights
Topic Contents Lecture
No.

8.0 Well design, screens and Well designs (objectives and design L11
casing process)
i. Determination of well location
ii. Geological investigation
iii. Drilling bore hole, soil and water quality
sampling
iv. Screen, grouting and gravel pack design
v. Casing installation
vi. Well development
vii. Well head protection
viii.Pumping capacity design and Well
efficiency
ix. Environmental protection

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Determination of Well location
Includes:
 Desktop study (Review)of Topographical maps, Aerial photos,
geological maps, Existing borehole hydrogeological data, Soil maps,
existing hydrogeological reports etc : Results in potential areas
 Geophysical investigation: Electrical Resistivity and Magnetic
techniques: Results in hydrogeological characteristics(soil/Rock types
and availability of water.
 Well drilling,design, development and pumping test: Results in
productive borehole and aquifer characteristics (S, T, K, optimum
drawdown,
 Refer:\Dropbox\WRE 423\Lecture refference Material V 2_key notes

12/23/2014
Design of well pump capacity

 Refer:\Dropbox\WRE 423\Lecture refference Material V 2_key notes\

Ch_14 Groundwater and Geophysics_ summery notes.pdf Ch_15 Well
desigh and construction.pdf

12/23/2014
Design of well design and protection
Refer:\Dropbox\WRE 423\Lecture refference Material V 2_key notes\ Ch_15 Well
design and construction.pdf and Ch_16 Well effeciency and development.pdf
Read the reference above and answer the following questions
i. What is a water well or borehole
ii. What are the conditions required for vertical and horizontal wells
iii. What are the factors considered in well location (ground water potential characteristics)
iv. What are the key well design objectives and how are they related to ground water
potential
v. Describe in less than 200 words the process of designing and constructing a water well
vi. Describe the purpose of screens, blank well casing, gravelpack/filterpack, surface casing
and well seal
vii. What are key field data collected during drilling (specialized logs)
viii. What are the benefits of a well developed well
ix. What are the consequences of a poorly developed well
x. Define well efficiency
xi. What are the causes of poor well efficiency
xii. How can the aquifer test results used in pump capacity selection
xiii. Give importance of well head protection

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Water quality and environmental protection

 Refer:\Dropbox\WRE 423\Lecture refference Material V 3_Dr Pengfei Zhang\ Dr

Pengfei Zhang notes Lecture No 14_Water chemistry 1.pdf
Read the reference above and answer the following questions
i. Why is it very important to know the underground water quality
ii. Name major water quality variables that are commonly measured( Physical, cations and
anions)
iii. What are the major sources of pollution for ground water
iv. Discuss how wells can be protected from pollution.

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 Thanks for Listening

END OF COURSE LECTURES

REVIEW Questions are in DROPBOX:

ALL THE BEST

12/23/2014