Patent Law Notes
Patent Law Notes
TO PATENT LAW
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a
limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a
solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process.17 Patents are a form
of intellectual property.
The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the
exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international
agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims
that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific
property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty,
usefulness, and nonobviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is
the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using,
selling, importing, or distributing a patented invention without permission.
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any
invention, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection available should be a minimum of
twenty years. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from
country to country
Definition
A patent is protection granted by a national government for an invention. This protection
excludes others from making, using or selling an invention for a period of up to 20 years. Many
drug companies and university researchers seek patent protection to recover research and
development costs for patents related to specific genes and proteins, laboratory techniques and
drugs. In order for patents to be issued by a granting agency such as a Patent Office they need
to be new, useful and not obvious to others working in the same field.
What can be patented?
The UK's criteria for patentability are adopted from the European Patent Convention. For an
invention to be patentable, certain criteria must be met:
1. It must be new,
2. It must involve an 'inventive step', and
3. It must be capable of industrial application.
The invention must not form part of the 'state of the art' – that is to say, the sum total of human
knowledge which has at any time been made available to the public anywhere in the world in
any way. If the invention does not appear to be already part of the state of the art, or if is not
possible to infer that it was implicitly part of the state of the art, the invention is new.
The invention must not simply be something which has not previously existed, but it must also
owe its existence to the exercise by the human intellect of a creative thoughtprocess.
According to the Patent Act 1977 an invention shall be taken to involve an innovative step if it is
not obvious to a person skilled in that area.
Patents are about functional and technical aspects of products and processes, therefore an
invention must be capable of being made or used in some kind of industry, including agriculture.
However good an idea is, or however elegant its explanation, it cannot be patented unless it is a
thing which can be made (i.e. a product) or a means of making a thing, or of achieving a
concrete end result (i.e. a process). Industry is meant in the broadest sense as anything distinct
form purely intellectual or aesthetic value.
It is not mandatory to obtain a patent in order to protect a new invention; the inventor may
instead choose to keep the details secret. Indeed, not all technical developments are
patentable. As a matter of public policy, discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical
methods are not patentable. Products whose novelty reside in the design and not in the function
are not patentable but may be protected either as a registered design or by means of copyright
or by means of unregistered design right.
When considering whether or not to apply for a patent, a key part of the rationale will be
deciding whether the value of your invention can be better protected by confidentiality. The
issue here is how easily your invention can be reverse engineered. If it is easy to reverse
engineer, then you cannot protect your invention effectively with confidentiality. This points
towards patent protection instead. You do need to bear in mind that your patent application will
normally be published even if it is not granted, potentially destroying your competitive
advantage. A good patent attorney can help you through this process and advise on
patentability.
Types of Patents
There are three types of patents:
Utility patents issued for any process, machine, article of manufacture, or compositions of
matters, or any new useful improvement. In general, this type of patent protects the way an item
is used or works. For example, Heated Eyeware.Design patents issued for a new, original, and
ornamental design for an article of manufacture. In general, this type of patent protects the
appearance of an item. For example, Eyeglasses.
Plant patents issued for asexually reproduced, distinct, and new variety of plants. For example,
Lavender plant named ‘Belapur’.
Patent Families
A patent family:
is a group of patent documents from different countries that protect the same invention.
Defines the geographic scope of patent protection for an invention.
Is useful for locating alternate language versions of a patent document.
SCOPE OF RIGHT TO EXCLUDE
It is important to note that a patent does not grant the patent owner any right to make their own
invention. Rather, the patent gives the patent owner the right to exclude others from making,
using, selling, or importing the invention. The patent holder's right to make their own invention is
dependent upon the rights of others and whatever general laws might be applicable. Another
party may own a patent that will prevent the patentee from utilizing her/his own invention. In
addition, government laws, such as antitrust laws or FDA regulations, may restrict the ways in
which a patent holder can utilize her/his invention.
Since the essence of the right granted by a patent is the right to exclude others from commercial
exploitation of the invention, the patent holder is the only one who may make, use, or sell the
invention. Others may do so only with the authorization of the patent holder. Such authorization
is usually given through a patent license agreement.
The rights granted under patent law are very different than rights granted under copyright law.
For example, under patent law it is irrelevant whether the infringer independently developed the
same inventionall that matters is that the infringer is infringing at least one claim in the patent.
In contrast, copyright law prevents the copying of the expression of ideas. Independent creation
of the same expression is not a violation of copyright law, because no copying took place.
Furthermore, copyright law does not protect ideas themselves, only expression. As a result,
copyright law does not prevent someone from reading about a great idea in a copyrighted work,
and then using that idea themselves.
RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS
(i) private and/or non commercial use;
(ii) experimental use and/or scientific research;
(iii) extemporaneous preparation of medicines;
(iv) prior use;
(v) use of articles on foreign vessels, aircrafts and land vehicles
(vi) acts for obtaining regulatory approval from authorities;
(vii) exhaustion of patent rights;
(viii) compulsory licensing and/or government use; and
(ix) certain use of patented inventions by farmers and breeders.
PATENT REQUIREMENTS
The five primary requirements for patentability are:
(1) patentable subject matter,
(2) utility,
(3) novelty,
(4) nonobviousness, and
(5) enablement.
Usefulness/Utility The claimed invention must be useful/functional. A machine must work
according to its intended purpose and a chemical must exhibit an activity or have some use.
Novelty The invention must be different than anything known before; it must not have been
described in a prior publication and it must not have been publicly used or sold.
Nonobviousness/Ingenuity The invention must be a development or an improvement that
would not have been obvious beforehand to workers of average skill in the technology involved.
Patentable Subject Matter
The patentable subject matter requirement addresses the issue of which types of inventions will
be considered for patent protection.The categories for patentable subject matter are broadly
defined as any process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or improvement
thereof. Congress intended patentable subject matter to "include anything under the sun that is
made by man." However, the Court also stated that this broad definition has limits and does not
embrace every discovery. According to the Court, the laws of nature, physical phenomena, and
abstract ideas are not patentable. The relevant distinction between patentable and
unpatentable subject matter is between products of nature, living or not, and humanmade
inventions.The traditional rules that "printed matter" and "business methods" are unpatentable
have recently been called into question.
Utility
The other requirement for patentability is that the invention be useful.It has developed
guidelines for determining compliance with the utility requirement. The guidelines require that
the utility asserted in the application be credible, specific, and substantial. These terms are
defined in the Utility Guidelines Training Materials. Credible utility requires that logic and facts
support the assertion of utility, or that a person of ordinary skill in the art would accept that the
disclosed invention is currently capable of the claimed use. The utility must be specific to the
subject matter claimed; not a general utility that could apply to a broad class of inventions.
Substantial utility requires that the invention have a defined real world use; a claimed utility that
requires or constitutes carrying out further research to identify or confirm a use in the context of
the real world is not sufficient.
Novelty
The novelty requirement consists of of two distinct requirements; novelty and statutory bars to
patentability. Novelty requires that the invention was not known or used by others in this
country, or patented or described in a printed publication in this or another country, prior to
invention by the patent applicant. To meet the novelty requirement, the invention must be new
compared to the prior art. The statutory bar applies where the invention was in public use or on
sale in this country, or patented or described in a printed publication in this or another country
more than one year prior to the date of the application for a U.S. patent. In other words, the
right to patent is lost if the inventor delays too long before seeking patent protection. An
essential difference between the novelty requirement and statutory bars is that an inventor's
own actions cannot destroy the novelty of his or her own invention, but can create a statutory
bar to patentability.
Nonobviousness.
Congress added the nonobviousness requirement to the test for patentability with the enactment
of the Patent Act of 1952. The test for nonobviousness is whether the subject matter sought to
be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been
obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made.
The Supreme Court first applied the nonobviousness requirement in Graham v. John Deere Co..
The Court held that nonobviousness could be determined through basic factual inquiries into the
scope and content of the prior art, the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue,
and the level of skill possessed by a practitioner of the relevant art.
In 2007, the Supreme Court again addressed the test for nonobviousness. Under the "teaching,
suggestion, or motivation test" applied by the Federal Circuit, a patent claim was only deemed
obvious if "some motivation or suggestion to combine the prior art teachings can be found in the
prior art, the nature of the problem, or the knowledge of person having ordinary skill in the art."
The Court endorsed a more expansive and flexible approach under which "a court must ask
whether the improvement is more than the predictable use of prior art elements according to
their established functions."
Enablement
The enablement requirement is directly related to the specification, or disclosure, which must be
included as part of every patent application. "The specification shall contain a written
description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full,
clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains...to
make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of
carrying out his invention.". At the end of the specification, the applicant lists "one or more
claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant
regards as his invention." Enablement is understood as encompassing three distinct
requirements: the enablement requirement, the written description requirement, and the best
mode requirement.
Every patent application must include a specification describing the workings of the invention,
and one or more claims at the end of the specification stating the precise legal definition of the
invention. To satisfy the enablement requirement, the specification must describe the invention
with sufficient particularity that a person having ordinary skill in the art would be able to make
and use the claimed invention without "undue experimentation." The Patent and Trademark
Office has incorporated these factors in the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure.
OWNERSHIP AND TRANSFER
OWNERSHIP
Ownership of a patent gives the patent owner the right to exclude others from making, using,
offering for sale, selling, or importing into the United States the invention claimed in the
patent.Ownership of the patent does not furnish the owner with the right to make, use, offer for
sale, sell, or import the claimed invention because there may be other legal considerations
precluding same (e.g., existence of another patent owner with a dominant patent, failure to
obtain FDA approval of the patented invention, an injunction by a court against making the
product of the invention, or a national security related issue).
For applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, the original applicant is presumed to be
the initial owner of an application for an original patent. For applications filed before September
16, 2012, the ownership of the patent (or the application for the patent) initially vests in the
named inventors of the invention of the patent. A patent or patent application is assignable by
an instrument in writing, and the assignment of the patent, or patent application, transfers to the
assignee(s) an alienable (transferable) ownership interest in the patent or application.
INDIVIDUAL AND JOINT OWNERSHIP
Individual ownership An individual entity may own the entire right, title and interest of the
patent property. This occurs where there is only one inventor, and the inventor has not assigned
the patent property. Alternatively, it occurs where all parties having ownership interest (all
inventors and assignees) assign the patent property to one party.
Joint ownership Multiple parties may together own the entire right, title and interest of the
patent property. This occurs when any of the following cases exist:
(A) Multiple partial assignees of the patent property;
(B) Multiple inventors who have not assigned their right, title and interest; or
(C) A combination of partial assignees, and inventors who have not assigned their right, title and
interest.
Each individual inventor may only assign the interest he or she holds; thus, assignment by one
joint inventor renders the assignee a partial assignee. A partial assignee likewise may only
assign the interest it holds; thus, assignment by a partial assignee renders a subsequent
assignee a partial assignee. All parties having any portion of the ownership in the patent
property must act together as a composite entity in patent matters before the Office.
TRANSFER
As objects of intellectual property or intangible assets, and patent applications may be .A
transfer of patent or patent application can be the result of a financial transaction, such as an
assignment, a merger, a takeover or a demerger, or the result of an operation of law, such as in
an inheritance process, or in a bankruptcy.
The rationale behind the transferability of patents and patent applications is that it enables
inventors to sell their rights and to let other people manage these intellectual property assets
both on the valuation and enforcement fronts. As The Economist put it,."Patents are transferable
assets, and by the early 20th century they had made it possible to separate the person who
makes an invention from the one who commercialises it. This recognised the fact that someone
who is good at coming up with ideas is not necessarily the best person to bring those ideas to
market"
PATENT APPLICATION PROCESS
A is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and
claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention (the patent
specification), together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The
term is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent, or to the patent specification
itself (i.e. the content of the document filed with a view to initiating the process of applying for a
patent.
Applications for standard patents are called complete applications. A complete application is
necessary to actually have a patent granted whereas a provisional application provides you a
priority date and signals your intention to lodge a complete application.
The subject matter of a complete application for a standard patent needs to be new (novel),
inventive, and useful. The term of the standard patent is 20 years.
The invention will be referenced against background knowledge in its technical field. This is
sourced from common work practices as well as standard texts and handbooks, technical
dictionaries and other material in the field.
To be eligible for patent protection your invention must:
involve novelty (be new)the invention has not been publicly disclosed in any form, anywhere in
the world before the earliest priority date (date at which the application is first filed)involve an
inventive stepthe invention must not be obvious for someone with knowledge and experience in
the technological field of the invention
The process of granting a standard patent usually takes up to 5 years.
Filing the application
You can request a patent for your invention using eServices or by using a Patent Request form.
In order to keep the priority date of a provisional application you need to apply for your standard
patent with 12 months of filing your provisional. If you have a patent application overseas (a
convention application) and want similar protection in Australia, you will need to file your patent
application within 12 months of filing your overseas application.
You application form needs to be accompanied by a patent specification.
PATENT
INFRINGEMENT AND LITIGATION
INFRINGEMENT
Infringement of a patent is the unauthorized making, using, selling, or importing of the patented
invention within the territory of the United States, during the term of the patent. The scope of this
right is governed by the claims found in the issued patent. In most cases, a patent will issue with
multiple claims. Only one claim needs to be infringed in order for the entire patent to be
infringed.
If a patent is infringed, the patent holder may sue for relief in the appropriate Federal court. The
patent holder may ask the court for an injunction to prevent the continued infringement and may
also ask the court for an award of damages. In such an infringement suit, the defendant may
question the validity of the patent, which is then decided by the court. The defendant may also
claim that its actions do not constitute infringement. As explained above, infringement is
determined by comparing the language of the patent claims against the allegedly infringing
device: if what the defendant is making does not fall within the language of any of the claims of
the patent, there is no infringement.
Suits for infringement of patents follow the rules of procedure of the Federal courts. From the
decision of the district court, there is an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
The Supreme Court may thereafter take a case by writ of certiorari. If the United States
Government infringes a patent, the patent holder has a remedy for damages in the United
States Claims Court. The Government may use any patented invention without permission of
the patent holder, but the patent holder is entitled to obtain compensation for the use by or for
the Government.
Direct infringement occurs when a product covered by a patent is manufactured without
permission. The court may also find indirect infringement . An indirect infringer may induce
infringement by encouraging or aiding another in infringing a patent. Contributory infringement
occurs when a party supplies a direct infringer with a part that has no substantial noninfringing
use. Literal infringement exists if there is a direct correspondence between the words in the
patent claims and the infringing device.
Willful infringement involves intentional disregard for another's patent rights. Willful
infringement encompasses both direct and intentional copying and continued infringement after
notice. Patent users and inventors should employ patent attorneys to ensure that the use of a
patent is valid and noninfringing. Even if infringement is later found, the attempt to secure a
legal opinion is evidence that the infringement was not willful. If the court finds that the
infringement was willful, the infringer faces a substantial financial penalty; a willful infringer may
end up paying triple the amount of actual damages suffered by the patent holder, as well as the
plaintiff's attorneys' fees.
LITIGATION
Patent litigation can be lengthy and expensive!
When an inventor, business or other entity owns a patent, and that patent is infringed, the
patent owner has few alternatives other than patent litigation. And while several large
settlements have been won in patent infringement lawsuits, patent litigation is usually lengthy,
and patent litigation is always very expensive!
In fact, patent litigation is a classic DavidversusGoliath struggle. The plaintiff in patent litigation
can be an individual or small business, while the defendant in patent litigation is often a large
corporation with virtually unlimited resources. The defendant in patent litigation will aggressively
contest every aspect of the patent owner’s claim. It is not enough to have a valid patent and a
strong claim when you enter into patent litigation. The case will be won by the side that knows
what it is doing, and the side that has the experience, the resolve and the resources to
vigorously pursue the litigation to a successful resolution!
Patent litigation can have several outcomes
There are several possible outcomes to patent litigation, and the patent owner needs to be
aware of them:
Injunctive Relief: As part of a total patent litigation strategy, we may be able to secure an
injunction ordering the patent infringer to cease production and/or sale of the infringing product
or service that uses the patent. While this puts a halt to the illegal use of the patent, it provides
no compensation to the patent owner. It does, however, put pressure on the infringer that is now
deprived of an income stream from that product. However, it is very difficult for a nonpracticing
entity (that is, the patent owner does not manufacture a product that uses the patent) to obtain a
permanent injunction.
Exclusion Order: Another patent litigation approach, if the patent infringer is a foreign entity, and
the patent owner is an “efficientlyrun domestic industry,” is to take the case to the International
Trade Commission (ITC), which may issue an exclusion order. The exclusion order is similar to
a permanent injunction as it prohibits the patent infringer from importing products that use the
infringed patent into the United States. However, as in the case of an injunction, the exclusion
order does not compensate the patent owner for damages. For this reason, General Patent
often pursues patent litigation along parallel tracks in both the ITC − in the hope of obtaining an
exclusion order − and in Federal Court − in the hope of recovering monetary damages.
Monetary Damages: Whether or not a permanent injunction is an option or is obtained, a patent
owner is entitled to recover damages from the infringer. If the patent owner practices the
patented invention, it may be entitled to receive lost profits that it would have made from the
patent. A patent owner is entitled to at least receive royalties from the infringer for use of the
patent. The Court may leave it up to the plaintiff to bring a subsequent patent infringement
action if the defendant continues to infringe the patent.
Negotiated Settlement: If the patent owner has a skilled and wellfinanced firm managing the
litigation − one who will not be bullied into submission − the patent owner may be able to avoid
a trial and negotiate a settlement involving a licensing arrangement under which the patent
owner is paid a royalty for use of the patent. Such an arrangement can also include retroactive
payments for prior use of the patent. Most patent infringement lawsuits are settled. According to
industry statistics, 70% of patent infringement lawsuits are settled after one year in litigation and
after parties have spent one million dollars in litigation costs. Of all filed patent infringement
cases only about 4% ultimately reach trial. The rest are either settled or disposed of on
summary judgment.
Mediation: A skilled patent litigation plaintiff may be able to force the defendant to agree to the
use of a mediator. This process often leads to a settlement of the patent litigation, and avoids a
trial and subsequent appeals of the verdict by the defendant. Patent attorneys and licensing
professionals at General Patent have participated in dozens of successful mediations and are
very skilled in settling patent infringement lawsuits in this manner.
So what should your patent litigation strategy be?
The answer is that every independent inventor, small company or any patent litigation plaintiff
that lacks the wherewithal to enforce its patent needs a patent enforcement champion who is
wellfinanced and experienced in patent enforcement, patent licensing and patent litigation. And
since General Patent Corporation is the oldest and largest patent enforcement firm, many
patent litigation plaintiffs select General Patent to help them pursue their litigation.
Unbeatable patent litigation track record
How successful has General Patent been over the last 20plus years on behalf of our patent
litigation clients? General Patent has either negotiated a satisfactory settlement with the
defendant on behalf of our client, or we have won a settlement at trial for every single client!
That’s why so many patent holders look to General Patent to help them win settlement of their
patent litigation!
Addedvalue services at no cost to the plaintiff
General Patent brings several valueadded services to patent litigation, and does so without any
expenditure on the part of the plaintiff. If General Patent agrees to represent you, we take the
case on a contingency basis. General Patent covers all litigation costs – from filing fees to
expert witnesses – and only gets paid if we produce a favorable outcome for you, the patent
litigation plaintiff.
Besides underwriting the case, General Patent undertakes all licensing activities and assumes
complete responsibility for prosecuting the patent infringement litigation. Aside from its financial
resources, General Patent brings to bear its formidable expertise and reputation to the
advantage of its clients. It costs nothing and it puts you under no obligation to have General
Patent evaluate your case.
INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW
The IPO International Patent Law & Practice Committee will focus on developing IPO positions
for the harmonization and simplification of the patent laws of the world regarding the acquisition
and enforcement of patents. The ultimate goal is to obtain a system that provides uniform,
objective, predictable, and cost effective acquisition and enforcement of patents globally.
The International Patent Law & Practice Committee will continue to study proposals from, and
provide input to, USTPO, WIPO, EPO, JPO, and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs) to
advance the harmonization of global patent laws. It will continue to attend and provide input to
the WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Reform discussions in Geneva, which continue to
work on further enhancements to the PCT to afford a more robust, efficient and extensive
platform from which a “world patent” might be filed and examined.
In order to achieve these goals, this committee will continue its support of efforts to negotiate a
limited basket of harmonization provisions via the Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT) and
otherwise. It will also work toward the enactment of appropriate protocols for IP enforcement. In
addition, the committee will work to educate judges and other professionals around the world.
The committee will continue to express IPO established views at these fora, and will
recommend for adoption by the IPO Board as new proposals are presented.
The International Patent Legal Administration (IPLA), formerly the Office of PCT Legal
Administration, educates and assists the patent community, develops policy and resolves legal
issues relating to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), the Hague Agreement Concerning the
International Registration of Industrial Designs and other international cooperative patent
projects or agreements, such as the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH). The IPLA decides
petitions to the Commissioner in international applications filed under the PCT.
DOUBLE PATENTING
Double patenting is the granting of two patents for a single invention, to the same proprietor and
in the same country or countries. According to the European Patent Office, it is an accepted
principle in most patent systems that two patents cannot be granted to the same applicant for
one invention.However, the threshold for double patenting varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Patent claims recite the scope of protection provided by a patent. The Patent Statute precludes
the issuance of two commonly owned patents containing claims for the identical invention. This
is referred to as "same invention double patenting." Court decisions have created a second type
of double patenting. When a claim of one patent is an obvious variation of a claim of another
and both patents are owned by the same person or company or subject to an obligation of
assignment to the same person or company, the second patent is invalid because of
"obviousnesstype double patenting," unless curative action is taken.
The first type of double patenting precludes the issuance of two patents for the same invention
and has its origin in Section 101 of the Patent Statute, which states that an inventor may obtain
a patent for any of the recited categories of inventions. This language has been interpreted to
be an absolute bar to the issuance of a second patent for the identical invention. In determining
whether a second patent is for the identical invention of a first patent, one determines whether
there are patent claims that "crossread." This means that if a claim in the first patent is identical
to a claim of the second patent, no practice would infringe one claim without infringing the other.
If such is the case, the second patent to issue is invalid on the basis of same invention double
patenting.
The issue of double patenting may be raised after before patents have issued. It could be raised
during the pendency of both applications or after one patent has been issued. The Patent and
Trademark Office Examiner could issue a provisional double patenting rejection of one or more
claims in a patent application. An applicant responding to such a rejection could avoid the same
by modifying the claims so that the claims do not cover the identical invention.
In the obviousnesstype double patenting, a first patent or application has at least one claim
which, though not identical to any claim of the second patent or application, is an obvious
variation and would not be patentable were one citable as prior art against the other. In this
situation, there is no effort to patent the identical invention in two separate patents. The potential
harm is that by having claims that are obvious variations of each other in two separate patents,
the expiration of the first patent results in an improper extension of the patent rights due to the
unexpired second patent. The obviousnesstype double patenting objection may be overcome
by filing a "terminal disclaimer." This is a written statement by the owner stating that the owner
has disclaimed the period of the second issued patent that would extend beyond the expiration
of the first patent. This terminal disclaimer avoids the double patenting objection only so long as
the patents are commonly owned.
Double patenting applies even if the inventor or inventors named in each patent or application
are not identical, so long as there is common ownership. If, however, two patent applications
owned by different parties claimed the identical invention, the applications might become
involved in an interference proceeding. In an interference, the Patent and Trademark Office
requires proof of which inventive entity completed its invention first and would grant the claims
to that party. Under certain circumstances, there can be an interference between an issued
patent and a pending application.
For other situations where different parties own the patents or applications which claim obvious,
but not identical, inventions, their relative effective dates as prior art against one another would
be considered. The one with the later effective date would be rejected or invalid based on prior
art considerations rather than double patenting.
One exception to the double patenting rejection involves the Patent and Trademark Office's right
to enter a "restriction requirement" in a patent application where two or more independent and
distinct inventions are claimed in a patent application. When this occurs, an applicant is required
to elect to pursue a single group of claims directed toward a single invention. The claims that
are not elected can be pursued by a divisional application, which involves filing certain
documents with the Patent and Trademark Office, paying an additional filing fee, and requesting
that the Patent and Trademark Office open a new file for a separate application (which, while
being accorded the benefit of the filing date of the first application, will be prosecuted
separately). In the event that the second application becomes a patent, it cannot be invalidated
on the basis of any alleged double patenting as the only reason there would be more than one
patent is that the Patent and Trademark Office ruled that there was more than one invention
disclosed and claimed in the original application.
The Patent Statute states that a patent issuing on either the original application or a divisional
application cannot be employed as a reference against the other. This has been interpreted as
precluding raising a double patenting objection. If, however, the applicant had voluntarily filed
two applications that matured into two patents and the later issued patent were to be challenged
based on double patenting, the defense of the Patent and Trademark Office restriction
requirement would not be available. It is, therefore, desirable to include as much closely related
subject matter in one application as one can rather than voluntarily fragmenting the disclosure
into a plurality of applications. Also, in some instances, a restriction requirement might not be
entered by the Patent and Trademark Office against a single application, in which case one
patent would issue. In others, if the restriction requirement were entered and the parent patent
issued and one or more additional patents issued from one or more divisional applications, none
of these would be in jeopardy of invalidation based upon double patenting.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that in situations where commonly owned separate applications
are voluntarily filed, one must be careful that no claim of one application or patent recites the
same invention as another. To the extent to which an obviousnesstype double patenting
relationship exists between one or more claims of one application or patent and one or more
claims of another application or patent, this defect can be cured by a terminal disclaimer.
PATENT SEARCHING
What is a patent search?
A very broad description might be that a patent search is the process by which prior inventions
or ideas are examined, with the goal being to find information that bears close similarity to a
given patent or proposed invention.
If that description is not very enlightening, don't worry it is necessarily vague because there are
many different kinds of patent searches, and it is hard to capture the essence of each type in a
single description. Detailed descriptions of each type of search will be presented later.The
documents searched during a patent search may include U.S. and foreign patents, published
patent applications, and nonpatent literature, such as the Web, product literature, and scientific
journals and databases.
Who needs a patent search?
There are many possible reasons for needing a patent search. Some examples are:
an inventor would like to make sure his invention is unique before he spends time and money to
obtain a patent (this would be a Novelty search).a company would like to produce a product,
and although they do not wish to patent the product themselves, they want to make sure that
they do not get sued by someone else that might have already patented the idea (this would be
an Infringement search).Company A is making a product, and is being sued by Company B,
which believes it holds a patent on the product, and Company A would like to prove that
Company B's patent is invalid (this would be a Validity search).a researcher would like a
comprehensive listing of the most recent patents in a certain field, to help guide his research
(this would be a StateoftheArt search).
Why Perform a Patent Search?
The classic reason to perform a patent search is to assure an inventor that no previous patent
interferes with the inventor’s plan to file a patent application.
Other reasons include:
learning more about a new field of technology.
For market information.
In order to track the intellectual property of competitors.
There are many different types of patent searches, including Novelty searches (also called
Patentability searches), Infringement searches (also called Clearance, Freedom to Operate, or
Right To Use searches), Validity searches (also called Invalidity, or Enforcement Readiness
searches), and State of the Art searches (also called Collection searches). Each type of search
has a different purpose, and demands a different search strategy.
Novelty Searches
Validity Searches
Infringement Searches
Stateoftheart searches
1.Novelty Searches
The Novelty search, also referred to as a Patentability search, is the most common type of
patent search. Novelty searches are conducted when an inventor has an invention which he is
interested in patenting, and wishes to determine if anyone has previously invented anything
similar or identical.
Novelty searches generally have no date constraints on the prior art. In other words, if you find
prior art that reads on the invention, it does not matter whether the prior art is from yesterday or
100 years ago it is relevant. The reason for this lack of date constraints has to do with patent
law: Anything that has already been disclosed to the public, in any manner, at any time, cannot
be patented.
2. Validity Searches
The idea behind a validity search is that the Patent Office may have issued the patent (or
allowed specific claims contained in the patent) in error. Examiners are pretty good at what they
do, but they are not infallible and they are often operating under severe time constraints. They
may have missed a relevant piece of prior art, and this resulted in them granting a patent with
claims that never should have been allowed.
The situation with a Validity search is often that a company has made a product that infringes
upon another company's patent, and they are being sued as a result. One way to win an
Infringement case is to invalidate the patent in question. If a patent search can locate prior art
that reads on the claims of the patent in question, those claims will be struck from the patent.
The patent owner then loses his legal right to sue over products that would infringe on those
claims.
3. Infringement Searches
Also called "RighttoUse Searches", "Clearance Searches", or "FreedomtoOperate
Searches", the point of this type of search is to prove that a proposed product or invention does
not violate any active patents (or conversely, to at least be aware that it does, and make the
appropriate business decision).
Keep these things in mind for an Infringement search:
1.You are normally only searching patents. Nonpatent literature is normally not necessary,
since the issue is whether or not the client would infringe an inforce patent.
2.You must carefully read the Claims of each patent you find that might be relevant. Remember,
it is the Claims, not the descriptions found elsewhere in a patent, which determine what it would
take to infringe that patent.
3.Only inforce patents are of concern, so make sure you limit your date range to the last 20
years.
As we have already stated, Infringement searches are generally conducted by trying to prove
that no inforce patents exist with claims that would cause the client a problem.
But, what if you are confident that such an invention or patent already does exist, but it is over
20 years old? A viable alternative in some very specific cases might be to try and prove that the
invention is in the public domain, and therefore safe to use. This would be done by showing that
the invention had at one time been disclosed, but that the disclosure occurred over 20 years
ago.
4. Stateoftheart searches
The term "StateoftheArt Search" often means different things to different people. Therefore, if
you are a professional patent searcher it is crucial to understand what the client is asking for
before beginning this type of search (as it is with any search, but perhaps more so here).
Generally, a StateoftheArt Search is designed to quickly allow someone to see what is
currently being developed in a given field. During such a search, the searcher picks patents
representative of a specific technology, but does not cite every patent having to do with the
technology, as there would be a great deal of redundancy. However, sometimes a client may
want each and every patent on a given technology. This type of search is more properly called a
Collection Search, but the terms are often used interchangeably.
PATENT COOPERATION TREATY
The patent cooperation treaty is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970. It
provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its
contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an , or .
A single filing of a PCT application is made with a Receiving Office (RO) in one language. It
then results in a search performed by an International Searching Authority (ISA), accompanied
by a written opinion regarding the patentability of the invention, which is the subject of the
application. It is optionally followed by a , performed by an International Preliminary Examining
Authority (IPEA).Finally, the relevant national or regional authorities administer matters related
to the examination of application (if provided by national law) and issuance of patent.
A PCT application does not itself result in the grant of a patent, since there is no such thing as
an "international patent", and the grant of patent is a prerogative of each national or regional
authority.In other words, a PCT application, which establishes a filing date in all contracting
states, must be followed up with the step of entering into national or regional phases to proceed
towards grant of one or more patents. The PCT procedure essentially leads to a standard
national or regional patent application, which may be granted or rejected according to applicable
law, in each jurisdiction in which a patent is desired.The contracting states, the states which are
parties to the PCT, constitute the .
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PATENT LAW
1. Statutory Subject Matter – Computer Software and Genes
2. Anticipation
3. OnSale Bar to Patentability
4. ObviousnessType Double Patenting Where No Common Ownership
5. Reexamination Results Trump Litigation Validity Determination
6. Obviousness
7. Patent Trial & Appeal Board – New Ground of Rejection on Appeal
8. Inequitable Conduct
9. Public Use Bar to Patentability
INVENTION DEVELOPERS AND PROMOTERS
Invention promotion
An or provides services to inventors to help them develop or market their inventions. These
firms may offer to evaluate the patentability of inventions, file patent applications and license
them to manufacturers, build prototypes, and market inventions. They are distinguished from
more conventional consulting firms and law firms offering the same or similar services in that
they market their services primarily to amateur inventors through the mass media.
Many inventors have been dissatisfied with the services they have received from invention
promotion firms.
Invention developer
Some “professionals” hold themselves out to inventors as “invention developers”. They profess
to be capable of handling everything from product development through invention licensing.
There are simply not enough experts in all these professional areas to offer themselves as a
ONESTOPINVENTORHELPSTOP. THIS is the area where the fraudulent invention
promoters hang out — since inventors unfortunately often times want the easy way out, and the
onestopshop sounds good.
If a single individual *were* to have credentials and expertise in product engineering and design,
manufacturing methods, strategic marketing AND invention licensing, then this individual *may*
rightly claim such a title. In reality, the inventor should *shun individuals sporting this title* and
search out professionals who are specifically expert at the various stages of “invention
development”.
Be caution of Invention Development FIRMS that profess to have a staff of experts in the
various fields. Be mindful that if the goal of the FIRM is to collect revenue from the inventor,
there will likely be internal conflicts of interest between engineer (who feels the invention is not
really novel enough to warrant engineering expense) and the marketer (who doesn’t want to
hear anything by what a great idea it is — because that’s the premise they sold the inventor on).