Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

1.

(a)

Solving, v1 = –2.056 and v2 = 0.389

(b)

Solving, v1 = –8.667 v2 = 8.667 v3 = –0.3333

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

2.
(a) Grouping terms,

Solving, v1 = 48.475 V
v2 = 155.32 V
v3 = 53.991 V

(b) In Matlab,

A=[1/5+1/22+1/3 -1/22 -1/3; -1/22 1/22 -1/14; -1/3 -1/14 1/10+1/3+1/14]

B=[3; 1; 0]

v=A\B

A=

0.5788 -0.0455 -0.3333

-0.0455 0.0455 -0.0714
-0.3333 -0.0714 0.5048

B=

3
1
0

v=

48.4753
155.3184
53.9910

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

3.
(a) Grouping terms,

Solving, v1 = 42.473 V
v2 = 102.84 V
v3 = 82.896 V

(b) In Matlab,

A=[1/2-1/12+1/19 -1/12 -1/19; -1/12 1/12+1/2 -1/2; -1/19 -1/2 … 1/7+1/19+1/2]

B=[7; 15; 4]

v=A\B

A=

0.4693 -0.0833 -0.0526

-0.0833 0.5833 -0.5000
-0.0526 -0.5000 0.6955

B=

7
15
4

v=

42.4732
102.8356
82.8960

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

4.
The corrected code is as follows (note there were no errors in the e2 equation):

>> e1 = '3 = v1/7 - (v2 - v1)/2 + (v1 - v3)/3';

>> e2 = '2 = (v2 - v1)/2 + (v2 - v3)/14';
>> e3 = '0 = v3/10 + (v3 - v1)/3 + (v3 - v2)/14';
>> a = solve(e1,e2,e3,'v1','v2','v3');
>> a.v1
ans =
1178/53
>> a.v2
ans =
9360/371
>> a.v3
ans =
6770/371

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

5.
Our nodal equations are:

[1]

[2]

Solving, v1 = 3.375 V and v2 = -4.75 V.

Hence,
i = (v1 – v2)/5 = 1.625 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

6.
Define nodal voltages v1 and v2 on the top left and top right nodes, respectively; the
bottom node is our reference node. Our nodal equations are then,

Solving the set where terms have been grouped together,

v1 = -3.5 V and v2 = 166.7 mV

P1 = (v2)2/1 = 27.79 mW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

7.
Define nodal voltages v1 and v2 on the top left and top right nodes, respectively; the
bottom node is our reference node.

Note the current ix =v1/4

Our nodal equations are then,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

8.
Our two nodal equations are:

Solving, v1 = 27 V and v2 = 28 V. Thus, v1 – v2 = –1 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

9.
We have three nodes in the circuit. Let us assign the reference node at the bottom of the
circuit. We can then assign the top left node as v1 (top left) and the node at the top right
is already defined as 2 V relative to the reference. We therefore only have one unknown
node v1. While the voltage source suggests that we may need to use the procedure for a
supernode, it is not necessary since the voltage source is directly specifying a node
connected to the reference terminal. Writing KCL at v1 yields

The problem asks us to find vx, which is v1−2 = 1 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

10.
Let us define the reference as the bottom node of the circuit. Notice that we essentially
have two ‘parts’ of the circuit. The left part of the circuit is a voltage divider, where we
see that

This value is then used to define the dependent source. We can then perform nodal
analysis by writing a KCL equation at node vo

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

11. Define v1 across the 10 A source, ‘+’ reference at the top.

Define v2 across the 2.5 A source, ‘+’ reference at the top.
Define v3 across the 200  resistor, ‘+’ reference at the top.

Our nodal equations are then

Solving, vp = 171.6 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

12. Choose the bottom node as the reference node. Then, moving left to right, designate the
following nodal voltages along the top nodes: v1, v2, and v3, respectively.

Our nodal equations are then

Solving, v1 = 26.73 V, v2 = 8.833 V, v3 = 8.633 V

v5 = v2 = 8.833 V

Thus, P7 = (v3)2/7 = 10.65 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

13. Assign the following nodal voltages: v1 at top node; v2 between the 1  and 2 
resistors; v3 between the 3  and 5  resistors, v4 between the 4  and 6  resistors. The
bottom node is the reference node.

Then, the nodal equations are:

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

14. First, we note that it is possible to separate this circuit into two parts, connected by a
single wire (hence, the two sections cannot affect one another).

For the left-hand section, our nodal equations are:

Solving,
v1 = 3.078 V
v2 = -2.349 V
v3 = 0.3109 V
v4 = -0.3454 V

For the right-hand section, our nodal equations are:

Solving,
v5 = 1.019 V
v6 = 9.217 V
v7 = 13.10 V
v8 = 2.677 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

15.
The bottom node is designated as the reference node. Naming our nodal voltages from
left to right along the top nodes then: vA, vB, and vC, respectively.

Our nodal equations are then:

However, we only have three equations but there are four unknowns (due to the presence
of the dependent source). We note that v1 = vC – vB. Substituting this into Eq. [1] and
solving yields:

vA = 77.02 V vB = 83.49 V vC = 67.80 V

Finally, i2 = (vC – vA)/5 = –1.844 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

16. Select the bottom node as the reference node. The top node is designated as v1, and the
center node at the top of the dependent source is designated as v2.

Our nodal equations are:

[1]

[2]

We have two equations in three unknowns, due to the presence of the dependent source.
However, vx = –v2, which can be substituted into Eq. [2]. Solving,

v1 = 1.484 V and v2 = 0.1936 V

Thus, i1 = v1/2 = 742 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

17.
We have four nodes in the circuit. Let us define the bottom node as the reference. The 5
V source automatically defines the node voltage on the positive terminal of the source
(connected to the 10 ohm resistor). We are then left with two unknown node voltages at
the two terminals of the 5 ohm resistor. Let us define the nodes as v1 (the positive
terminal of the voltage labeled vx) and v2 (the negative terminal of the voltage labeled vx).

Rewriting ,

Solving, v1=1.6923 V and v2=0.1442 V

The unknown vx = v1− v2 = 1.5481 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

18.
We first create a supernode from nodes 2 and 3. Then our nodal equations are:

We also require a KVL equation that relates the two nodes involved in the supernode:

Solving, v1 = –8.6 V, v2 = –3.6 V and v3 = –7.6 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

19.
We name the one remaining node v2. We may then form a supernode from nodes 1 and 2,
resulting in a single KCL equation:

and the requisite KVL equation relating the two nodes is v1 – v2 = 9

Solving these two equations yields v1 = –3.214 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

20.
We define v1 at the top left node; v2 at the top right node; v3 the top of the 1  resistor;
and v4 at the top of the 2  resistor. The remaining node is the reference node.

We may now form a supernode from nodes 1 and 3. The nodal equations are:

By inspection, v2 = 5 V and our necessary KVL equation for the supernode

is v1 – v3 = 6. Solving,

v1 = 4.091 V
v2 = 5 V
v3 = –1.909 V
v4 = 4.333 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

21.
We first select a reference node then assign nodal voltages as follows:

v1 v2 v3 v4 v5

v6
Ref

There are two supernodes we can consider: the first is formed by combining nodes 2, 3
and 6. The second supernode is formed by combining nodes 4 and 5. However, since we
are asked to only find the power dissipated by the 1  resistor, we do not need to perform
a complete analysis of this circuit.

At node 1, –3 + 2 = (v1 – v2)/1 or v1 – v2 = –1 V

Since this is the voltage across the resistor of interest, P1 = (–1)2/1 = 1 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

22.
We begin by selecting the bottom center node as the reference node. Then, since 4 A
flows through the bottom 2  resistor, 4 V appears across that resistor.
Naming the remaining nodes (left to right) v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, and v6, respectively, we see
two supernodes: combine nodes 2 and 3, and then nodes 5 and 6.

Our nodal equations are then

Solving,v4 = 0. Thus, the current flowing out of the 1 V source is (1 – 0)/2 = 500 mA

and so the 1 V source supplies (1)(0.5) = 500 mW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

23.
We could do nodal analysis, but note that we can easily find the node voltages since they
are connected by voltage sources!

v2 = 12 V
v1 = 7 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

24.
The 2 Ω resistor is shorted

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

25.
There is one large supernode connected by v2 and v1 (including 2 Ω resistor in parallel)

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

26.
A strong choice for the reference node is the bottom node, as this makes one of the
quantities of interest (vx) a nodal voltage. Naming the far left node v1 and the far right
node v3, we are ready to write the nodal equations after making a supernode from nodes 1
and 3:

Finally, our supernode’s KVL equation: v3 – v1 = 2vx

Solving, v1 = 31.76 V and vx = –12.4 V

Finally, Psupplied|1 A = (v1)(1) = 31.76 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

27.
We select the bottom center node as the reference. We next name the top left node v1, the
top middle node v2, the top right node v3, and the bottom left node v4.

A supernode can be formed from nodes 1, 2 and 4. v3 = 4 V by inspection.

Our nodal equation is then

Then the KVL equation is v2 – v4 = 0.5i1 + 3 where i1 = (v2 – v3)/2.

Solving, v2 = 727.3 mV and hence i1 = –1.636 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

28.
Our nodal equations may be written directly, noting that two nodal voltages are available
by inspection:

Setting vx = 0, Eq. [1] becomes 0 = 2 – vy/4 or vy = 8 V.

Consequently, Eq. [2] becomes –1 = 8/4 + (8 – 8k)/3 or k = 2.125 (dimensionless)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

29.
If we select the bottom node as our reference, and name the top three nodes (left to right)
vA, vB and vC, we may write the following nodal equations (noting that vB = 4v1):

And v1 = vA – vC

Solving, v1 = 480 mV

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

30.
With the selected reference node, v1 = 1 V by inspection. Proceeding with nodal analysis,

And to account for the additional variable introduced through the dependent source,

vx = v3 – v4

Solving, v1 = 1 V, v2 = 3.085 V, v3 = 1.256 V and v4 = 951.2 mV

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

31.
Note that v3 = 9 V.
The dependent voltage source at the top can be defined as a supernode between v1 and v2.

Substituting for ix,

Grouping terms,

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

32.
We define two clockwise flowing mesh currents i1 and i2 in the lefthand and righthand
meshes, respectively. These are also the currents flowing out of the positive terminals of
each voltage source.

Our mesh equations are then

Solving,

i1 = 275.9 mA and i2 = 379.3 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

33.
Our two mesh equations are:

Solving,
i1 = 1.130 A and i2 = 515.5 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

34.
Our two mesh equations are:

Solving, i1 = 2.727 A and i2 = 1.273 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

35.
We need to construct three mesh equations:

Solving, i1 = 989.2 mA, i2 = 150.1 mA and i3 = 157.0 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

36.
We require three mesh equations:

Solving, i1 = 989.2 mA, i2 = 150.2 mA, and i3 = 157.0 mA

Thus,
P1 = (i2 – i1)2(1) = 703.9 mW
P6 = (i2)2(6) = 135.4 mW
P9 = (i2 – i3)2(9) = 416.2 W
P7 = (i3)2(7) = 172.5 mW
P5 = (i3 – i1)2(5) = 3.463 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

37.
We could solve using mesh analysis:

There are four meshes, defining i1 as the top mesh, and i2, i3, and i4 from left to right on
the bottom.

HOWEVER, we are simply asked to find the unknown voltage vx. It is already defined on
the circuit as 10 V! (This is intended as a lesson in carefully examining a circuit, rather
than blindly employing a technique)

vx = 10 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

38.
Define a clockwise mesh current iy in the mesh containing the 10 A source. Then, define
mesh currents i1, i2 and i3, respectively, in the remaining meshes, starting on the left, and
proceeding towards the right.

By inspection, iy = 10 A
Then,
–3 + (8 + 4)i1 – 4i2 = 0
–4i1 + (4 + 12 + 8)i2 – 8i3 = 0
–8i2 + (8 + 20 + 5)i3 – 20(10) = 0

Solving,

ix = i3 − iy

ix = −3.3606 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

39.
Define CW mesh currents i1, i2 and i3 such that i3 – i2 = i.
Our mesh equations then are:

0 = –2 + 8i1 – 4i2 – i3
0 = 5i2 – 4i1
0 = 5i3 – i1

Solving, i1 = 434.8 mA, i2 = 347.8 mA, and i3 = 86.96 mA

Then, i = i3 – i2 = –260.8 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

40.
In the lefthand mesh, we define a clockwise mesh current and name it i2.
Then, our mesh equations may be written as:

4 – 2i1 + (3 + 4)i2 – 3i1 = 0

–3i2 + (3 + 5)i1 + 1 = 0

(note that since the dependent source is controlled by one of our mesh
currents/variables/unknowns, these two equations suffice.)

Solving, i2 = –902.4 mA so P4 = (i2)2(4) = 3.257 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

41.
(a) Define clockwise mesh currents i1, i2, i3 and i4. By inspection i1 = 4 A and i4 = 1 A.
Define vx across the dependent source with the bottom node as the reference node.
Then,

Simplifying,

Adding these two equations cancels the vx term

We note that i3 – i2 = 5ix, where ix = i4 – i3 = 1 − i3.

Solving, i2 = 1 A and i3 = 1 A. Thus, P1 = (1)(i2)2 = 1 W

(b) Using nodal analysis, we define V1 at the top of the 4 A source, V2 at the top of the
dependent source, and V3 at the top of the 1 A source. The bottom node is our reference
node.

Then,

and
ix = –V2/2

Solving, V1 = 6 V and V2 = 5 V

Hence, P1 = (V1 – V2)2/1 = 1 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

42.
Define a clockwise mesh current i1 for the mesh with the 2 V source; a clockwise mesh
current i2 for the mesh with the 5 V source, and clockwise mesh current i3 for the
remaining mesh.

Then, we may write

–2 + (2 + 9 + 3)i1 + 1 = 0

which can be solved for i1 = 71.43 mA

By inspection, i3 = –0.5vx = –0.5(9i1) = -321.4 mA

For the remaining mesh, –1 + 10i2 – 10i3 – 5 = 0 or i2 = 278.6 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

43.
We define four clockwise mesh currents. In the top left mesh, define i1. In the top right
mesh, define i2. In the bottom left mesh, define i3 (note that i3 = ix). In the last mesh,
define i4. Then, our mesh equations are:

14i1 – 7i2 + 9 =0
5i3 – i4 – 9 = 0
11i2 + 0.2ix = 0
5i4 – 4i2 – i3 − 0.1va = 0

where va = –7i1.

Solving, i1 = –660.0 mA, i2 = –34.34 mA, i3 = 1.889 A and i4 = 442.6 mA.

Hence, ix = i3 = 1.889 A and va = 462.0 mV

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

44.
Our best approach here is to define a supermesh with meshes 1 and 3. Then,

–1 + 7i1 – 7i2 + 3i3 – 3i2 + 2i3 = 0

–7i1 + (7 + 1 + 3)i2 – 3i3 = 0
i3 – i1 = 2

Solving, i1 = –1.219 A, i2 = –562.5 mA and i3 = 781.3 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

45.
A supermesh from meshes 1 and 3 may be formed to simplify our analysis. Hence,

–3 + 10i1 – 11i2 + 22i3 = 0

–10i1 + 16i2 – i3 = 0
–i1 + i3 = 5

Solving, i1 = –4.238 A, i2 = –2.601 A and i3 = 762.1 mA

Hence, P1 = (i2 – i3)2(1) = 11.31 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

46.
Define (left to right) three clockwise mesh currents i2, i3 and i4. Then, we may create a
supermesh from meshes 2 and 3. By inspection, i4 = 3 A.

Our mesh/supermesh equations are:

7 + 5i2 – 5i1 + 11i3 – 11i1 + (1)i3 – (1)i4 + 5i3 = 0

–5i2 + (3 + 5 + 10 + 11)i1 – 11i3 = 0
i3 – i2 = 9

Solving, i1 = –874.3 mA
i2 = –7.772 A
i3 = 1.228 A
i4 = 3 A

Thus, the 1  resistor dissipates P1 = (1)(i4 – i3)2 = 3.141 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

47.
Note that current sources relate i1, i2, and i3, defining one large supermesh. We can then
define one supermesh equation, and two additional equations relating currents in the
supermesh. Our three equations are

7 + 2200i3 + 3500i2 + 3100(i2 – 2) +8100(i1 – 2) = 0

–i1 + i2 = 1
i1 – i3 = 3

Solving, i1 = 1.325 A, i2 = 2.325 A and i3 = –1.675 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

48.
Defining mesh currents i1 for the top left with the 12 ohm resistor, i2 for the top right, i3
for the middle bottom, and i4 for the bottom right. Note that we already know the current
for the bottom left mesh, i = 2 A. We have a supermesh connecting meshes 1 and 2, and
will therefore have 3 mesh equations, and one equation relating the currents in the
supermesh.

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

49.
By inspection, i1 = 5 A.

i3 – i1 = vx/3 , and vx = 13i3. Hence, i3 = –1.5 A.

In the remaining mesh,

–13i1 + 36i2 – 11i3 = 0 so i2 = 1.347 A.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

50.
Define clockwise mesh current i2 in the top mesh and a clockwise mesh current i3 in the
bottom mesh. Next, create a supermesh from meshes 2 and 3. Our mesh/supermesh
equations are:

–1 + (4 + 3 + 1)i1 – 3i2 – (1)i3 = 0

(1)i3 – (1)i1 + 3i2 – 3i1 – 8 + 2i3 = 0
i2 – i3 = 5i1

(Since the dependent source is controlled by a mesh current, there is no need for
additional equations.)

Solving, i1 = 19 A and hence Psupplied = (1)i1 = 19 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

51.
Define clockwise mesh currents i1, i2 and i3 so that i2 – i3 = 1.8v3. Mesh 1 is on the left,
mesh 2 is on the top right, mesh 3 is on the bottom right.

We form a supermesh from meshes 2 and 3 since they share a (dependent) current source.

Our supermesh/mesh equations are then

–3 + 7i1 – 4i2 – 2i3 = 0

–5 + i3 + 2(i3 – i1) + 4(i2 – i1) = 0
Also,
i2 – i3 = 1.8v3 where v3 = i3(1) = i3. Hence, i2 – i3 = 1.8i3

Solving above, i1 = –2.138 A, i2 = –1.543 A and i3 = 551.2 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

52.
With the top node naturally associated with a clockwise mesh current ia, we name (left to
right) the remaining mesh currents (all defined flowing clockwise) as i1, i2 and i3,
respectively.

We create a supermesh from meshes ‘a’ and ‘2’, noting that i3 = 6 A by inspection.

Then,

–4 + 3i1 – 2ia – 3ia = 0

2ia + 3ia – 3i1 + 10ia + 4ia – 4(6) + 5i2 – 5(6) = 0

Also, i2 – ia = 5

Solving, ia = 1.737 A. Thus, P10 = 10(ia)2 = 30.17 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

53.
(a) 4;

(b) Technically 5, but 1 mesh current is available “by inspection” so really just 4.
We also note that a supermesh is indicated so the actual number of “mesh”
equations is only 3.

(c) With nodal analysis we obtain i5 by Ohm’s law and 4 simultaneous equations.
With mesh/supermesh, we solve 4 simultaneous equations and perform a subtraction.
The difference here is not significant.

In the case of v7, we could define the common node to the 3 A source and 7 W
resistor as the refernce and obtain the answer with no further arithmetic steps. Still,
we are faced with 4 simultaneous equations with nodal analysis so mesh analysis is
still preferable in this case.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

54. (a) Without employing the supernode technique, 4 nodal equations would be required.
With supernode, only 3 nodal equations are needed plus a simple KVL equation. (Then
simple division is necessary to obtain i5).

(b) Although there are 5 meshes, one mesh current is available by inspection, so really
only 4 mesh equations are required.

(c) The supernode technique is preferable here regardless; it requires fewer simultaneous
equations.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

55. (a) Nodal analysis requires 2 nodal equations and 2 simple subtractions
Mesh analysis requires 2 mesh equations and 2 simple multiplications

Neglecting the issues associated with fractions and grouping terms, neither
appears to have a distinct advantage.

(b) Nodal analysis: we would form a supernode so 2 nodal equations plus one KVL
equation. v1 is available by inspection, v2 obtained by subtraction.

Mesh analysis: 1 mesh equation, v1 available by Ohm’s law, v2 by multiplication.

Mesh analysis has a slight edge here as no simultaneous equations required.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

56. (a) Mesh analysis: Define two clockwise mesh currents i1 and i2 in the left and right
meshes, respectively. A supermesh exists here.

Then, 2i1 + 22 + 9i2 = 0

and –i1 + i2 = 11

Solving, i1 = 11 A and i2 = 0. Hence, vx = 0.

(b) Nodal analysis: Define the top left node as v1, the top right node as vx.

We form a supernode from nodes 1 and x. Then,

11 = v1/2 + vx/9
and v1 – vx = 22

Solving, v1 = 22 V and vx = 0

(c) In terms of simultaneous equations, there is no real difference between the two
approaches. Mesh analysis did require multiplication (Ohm’s law) so
nodal analysis had a very slight edge here.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

57. (a) Nodal analysis: 1 supernode equation, 1 simple KVL equation. v1 is a nodal voltage
so no further arithmetic required.

(b) Mesh analysis: 4 mesh equations but two mesh currents available “by inspection” so
only two mesh equations actually required. Then, invoking Ohm’s law is required to
obtain v1.

(c) Nodal analysis is the winner, but it has only a slight advantage (no final arithmetic
step). The choice of reference node will not change this.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

58. (a) Using nodal analysis, we have 4 nodal voltages to obtain although one is available by
inspection. Thus, 3 simultaneous equations are required to obtain v1, from which we may
calculate P40.

(b) Employing mesh analysis, the existence of four meshes implies the need for 4
simultaneous equations. However, 2 mesh currents are available by inspection, hence
only 2 simultaneous equations are needed. Since the dependent source relies on v1, simple
subtraction yields this voltage (0.1 v1 = 6 – 4 = 2 A).

Thus, v1 can be obtained with NO simultaneous equations.

Mesh wins.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

59. (a) Nodal analysis: 2 nodal equations, plus 1 equation for each dependent source that
is not controlled by a nodal voltage = 2 + 3 = 5 equations.

(b) Mesh analysis: 3 mesh equations, 1 KCL equation, 1 equation for each dependent
source not controlled by a mesh current = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6 equations.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

60. <Design> One possible solution:

Replace the independent current source of Fig. 4.28 with a dependent current source.

v1

i1

(a) Make the controlling quantity 8v1, i.e. depends on a nodal voltage.

(b) Make the controlling quantity 8i1, i.e. depends on a mesh current.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

61.

From SPICE, we get the node voltages

v1 = 3.375 V and v2 = -4.75 V.
Hence,
i = (v1 – v2)/5 = 1.625 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

62.
From SPICE, v1 = 27 V and v2 = 28 V. Thus, v1 – v2 = –1 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

63.

From SPICE, v1 = 26.73 V, v2 = 8.833 V, v3 = 8.633 V

v5 = v2 = 8.833 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

64.

Resulting node voltages are

v1 = 3.078 V, v2 = –2.349 V, v3 = 0.3109 V, v4 = -0.3454 V

v5 = 1.019 V, v6 = 9.217 V, v7 = 13.10 V, v8 = 2.677 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

65.
From SPICE,

v1 = 1.484 V and v2 = 0.1936 V

Thus, i1 = v1/2 = 742 mA

vx = −v2 = −0.1936 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

66.
The schematic is almost correct, but has an error in the dependent source. The dependent
source is determined by i1, which is the current through the 2 ohm resistor. The current i2
should be the voltage at node x minus 4V.

Revise the function of the dependent source to V=0.5*(V(x)-4)/2

The resulting current through R2 from the log file is the correct value of 1.63636 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

67.
(a) SPICE deck below

V1 1 0 DC 40
R1 1 2 11
R2 0 2 10
R3 2 3 4
R4 2 4 3
R5 0 3 5
R6 3 4 6
R7 3 9 2
R8 4 9 8
R9 0 9 9
R10 0 4 7
.op
.end

Output from log file:

Direct Newton iteration for .op point succeeded.

Operating Bias Point Solution:
V(1) 40 voltage
V(2) 8.34406 voltage
V(3) 4.36699 voltage
V(4) 5.19663 voltage
V(9) 3.8487 voltage

(b) Hand calculations: nodal analysis is the only option.

Solving,
v1 = 40 V (by inspection); v2 = 8.344 V; v3 = 4.367 V; v4 = 5.200 V; v9 = 3.849 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

68.
(a) The bulbs must be connected in parallel, or they would all be unlit.

(b) Parallel-connected means each bulb runs on 12 V dc. A power rating of 10 mW then
indicates each bulb has resistance (12)2/(10×10-3) = 14.4 k

Given the high resistance of each bulb, the resistance of the wire connecting them is
negligible.

SPICE Deck:
V1 1 0 DC 12
R1 1 0 327.3
.op
.end

SPICE Output:
Direct Newton iteration for .op point succeeded.
Operating Bias Point Solution:
V(1) 12 voltage
I(R1) 0.0366636 device_current
I(V1) -0.0366636 device_current

Total power = IV = (0.03666)(12) = 0.440 W

(c) The equivalent resistance of 44 parallel-connected lights is

. This would draw (12)2/327.3 = 440 mW.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

69.
<Design> One possible solution:
We select nodal analysis, with the bottom node as the reference terminal. We then assign
nodal voltages v1, v2, v3 and v4 respectively to the top nodes, beginning at the left and
proceeding to the right.

We need v2 – v3 = (2)(0.2) = 400 mV

Arbitrarily select v2 = 1.4 V, v3 = 1 V.

So, element B must be a 1.4 V voltage source, and element C must be a 1 V voltage
source. Choose A = 1 A current source, D = 1 A current source; F = 500 mV voltage
source, E = 500 mV voltage source.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

70.
(a) If the voltage source lies between any node and the reference node, that nodal voltage
is readily apparent simply by inspection.

(b) If the current source lies on the periphery of a mesh, i.e. is not shared by two meshes,
then that mesh current is readily apparent simply by inspection.

(c) Nodal analysis is based upon conservation of charge.

(d) Mesh analysis is based upon conservation of energy.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

71.
(a) Although mesh analysis yields i2 directly, it requires three mesh equations to be
solved. Therefore, nodal analysis has a slight edge here since the supernode technique
can be invoked.

We choose the node at the “+” terminal of the 30 V source as our reference. We assign
nodal voltage vA to the top of the 80 V source, and vC to the “-“ terminal of that source.
vB, the nodal voltage at the remaining node (the “-“ terminal of the 30 V source), is seen
by inspection to be -30 V (vB = -30 [1]). Our nodal equations are then

[2]
and vA – vC = 80 [3]
Solving,
vA = 10.53 V, vB = -30 V, and vC = –69.47 V.
Hence
i2 = –vC/30 = 2.316 A

(b) SPICE schematic shown below, confirming the current i2 (either from 69.47/30, or
reading current from the log file). Note the difference in the voltage reference chosen
in the schematic below – of course this does not change the result!

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

72.
(a) Define mesh currents i1, i2, and i3, and write KVL equations:

Rearranging terms

Solving,

Translating into IRed, IGreen, and IBlue,

The differing current values for the LEDs means that you will get much more light from
the red LED, and much less light from the Green LED.

(b) For the case of matching current levels, we know the current values given by the
following.

Revising our KVL equations, but now with known current values and unknown resistor
values:

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

73.
(a) Plot the current of all three LEDs as a function of R1 and explain the result.

The schematic and resulting plot is shown below. The plot of current through V2
represents the red LED, the current through V3 represents the green LED, and the current
through V4 represents the blue LED. For a low value of R1, the red LED will provide a
low resistance path for current flow, and the red LED will be bright. As the resistance R1
is increased, the current through the red LED will quickly decrease, while the current
through the green and blue LED will increase due to a decrease in resistance in those
branches of the circuit.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

(b) Find an RGB color chart and describe how the color changes with R1 increasing from
100 to 1 kΩ.

RGB is given in terms of numbers from 0 to 255. The light intensity of the LED is
directly proportional to the electrical current. For our circuit, the range is approximately
from zero to 17 mA. The RGB numbers could then be approximated by multiplying by
the current in mA by 255/17

For select resistance values:

R1 Red Green Blue R G B Color
(Ω) (mA) (mA) (mA)
100 16.96 11.64 1.49 254 175 22 Orange
200 9.51 13.38 3.07 143 201 46 Fern Green
500 4.10 14.64 4.22 62 220 63 Shamrock Green
1k 2.11 15.10 4.64 32 227 70 Bright Green

The color starts as orange, and rapidly changes to green as resistance R1 is increased.

(c) Find a value of R1 that could be used to achieve a khaki color approximating RGB
hex code C2BD23, RGB (194,189,35).

Corresponds to current levels of Ired = 12.9 mA; Igreen = 12.6 mA; Iblue = 2.3 mA

This occurs approximately at R1 = 140 Ω

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

74.
(a) Derive an algebraic expression for Vout in terms of RS, R1, R2, Rlight, and Rpot.

Begin with mesh analysis defining mesh current i1 on the left, and i2 on the right (in
clockwise directions)

Using Matlab symbolic math to solve for i1 and i2

syms i1 i2 Rs R1 R2 Rlight Rpot Vs

[soli1,soli2]=solve(i1*(Rs+R1+R2)+i2*(-R1-R2)==Vs, ...
i1*(-R2-R1)+i2*(R2+R1+Rlight+Rpot)==0)

Results in

soli1 =

(Vs*(R1 + R2 + Rlight + Rpot))/(R1*Rlight + R2*Rlight + R1*Rpot + R2*Rpot + R1*Rs + R2*Rs + Rlight*Rs

+ Rpot*Rs)

soli2 =

(Vs*(R1 + R2))/(R1*Rlight + R2*Rlight + R1*Rpot + R2*Rpot + R1*Rs + R2*Rs + Rlight*Rs + Rpot*Rs)

Vout can be described in terms of mesh currents by

Evaluating in Matlab

Vout=soli2*Rpot+(soli2-soli1)*R2

Resulting in
Vout =

(Rpot*Vs*(R1 + R2))/(R1*Rlight + R2*Rlight + R1*Rpot + R2*Rpot + R1*Rs + R2*Rs + Rlight*Rs +

Rpot*Rs) - R2*((Vs*(R1 + R2 + Rlight + Rpot))/(R1*Rlight + R2*Rlight + R1*Rpot + R2*Rpot + R1*Rs +
R2*Rs + Rlight*Rs + Rpot*Rs) - (Vs*(R1 + R2))/(R1*Rlight + R2*Rlight + R1*Rpot + R2*Rpot + R1*Rs +
R2*Rs + Rlight*Rs + Rpot*Rs))

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

(b) Using the numerical values given in the circuit, calculate the value of Rpot required to
balance the circuit at 500 lux, where Rlight = 200 Ω.

Using the above, we can now substitute numerical values given and solve for the balanced
case where Vout=0.

Rs=10;
R1=198;
R2=204;
Rlight=200;
Vs=12;

Vout=subs(Vout)

[solRpot]=solve(Vout==0)

Resulting in
Vout =

(4824*Rpot)/(412*Rpot + 86420) + 984096/(412*Rpot + 86420) - (2448*(Rpot + 602))/(412*Rpot + 86420)

solRpot =

6800/33

Rpot = 206.06 Ω

(c) If the resistance of the photoresistor decreases by 2% for a light increase to 600 lux (and
assuming the resistance change with light is linear), what would the light level be if you
measure Vout =150 mV?

Evaluate Vout at 600 lux.

Rpot=206.06 Ω for the balanced condition at 500 lux
Rlight = 0.98×200 = 196 Ω.

Evaluating Vout in Matlab with these values,

Vout = 57.704 mV

For a linear change,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

75.
(a) Simulate the circuit for varying values of Rpot to balance the circuit at 500 lux, where Rlight
= 200 Ω. It is helpful to use a parameter sweep by defining a variable such as
{potentiometer} (including the curly brackets) in the value for Rpot , and a SPICE
directive such as .step param potentiometer 150 250 2 to step the variable from 150
to 250 in steps of 2.

Balanced condition at Rpot = 206.1 Ω

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Four Exercise Solutions

(b) If the resistance of the photoresistor decreases by 2% for a light increase to 600 lux, use
SPICE to find the resulting output voltage Vout.

Rpot=206.06 Ω for the balanced condition at 500 lux

Rlight = 0.98×200 = 196 Ω.
Simulating,

Vout = 57.704 mV

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