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Crop info sheet
Tomato
IPM strategy for tomato
Crop info sheet
Tomato
Support your health
They are many health promoting properties attributed to tomatoes. Tomatoes are particularly rich in lycopene; a
carotenoid (know as pro-vitamin A) and strong anti-oxidant. This substance protects against heart and vascular
disease and cancer.
What’s the benefit of using bumblebees for natural pollination?
The use of bumblebees as natural pollinators creates an important labor saving, improvement of fruit quality and
a substantial increase in yield.
Nowadays, bumblebees are worldwide integrated as a common pollination technique in tomato production.
Why developing integrated pest management (IPM) for your tomato crops?
The main disadvantages of applying pesticides are pest resistance and chemical residues. Pesticides are also
resulting to be less available due to decreasing effectiveness, imposed restrictions and even withdrawal from the
market. Also the release of new active ingredients is summited to strict regulations which results often in long term
registration procedures.
IPM is a sustainable crop protection technique.
The use of natural organisms for pest control ensures a healthy crop by excluding the use of harmful and persisting
chemicals.
Implementing IPM strategies results into a reduction of pesticide use, residue free produce, safer working environment
for the employees, compatibility with bumblebees and beneficial organisms and a better fruit quality.
Due to the increasing awareness of the general public to food safety and environmentally friendly production, as
well as the globalization of export markets, IPM strategies can be used as an important marketing tool.
Technical advice
This crop info sheet is a tool intended to explain growers about the use of our products; target pest and dosages .
The technical advice exposed in these sheets is based on a general strategy for areas with a temperate climate in
Europe, and may vary from your specific situation and condition.
Check for product authorization and legislation in your country with the local authorities. Contact your nearest
Biobest advisor to discuss an appropriate strategy to your conditions.
Advantges
Residue free
Food safety
Environmental friendly
Sustainable crop protection
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Pollination
Pollination
Ventilation hive
Hive type
Standard Hive Large Hive
Number of workers 60 80
Activity span 6-8 weeks 6-8 weeks
Use General Starter Hive
Artificial light
How to use the hives?
The theoretical introduction scheme of bumblebee hives in tomatoes:
Surface (m²) Start After 3 After 4 After 5 After 6 After 7 After 8 After 9 After 10
up weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks
1000-2000 1-2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3000-4000 2-3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
5000-6000 3-4 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
7000-8000 4-5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
9000-10000 5-7 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Check for bite marks to determine the moment and amount of hives to be added; when the number of bite marks
is decreasing, new hives must be added to reinforce the pollination activity inside the greenhouse.
More hives are resquested in summer than in winter, in summer time plants grow faster and produce more flowers.
Less hives are needed in beef tomatoes than in round tomatoes.
Cherry tomato produces much more flowers, its total bumblebee hive consumption can go up to 2-3 x the normal
consumption.
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Crop info sheet Tomato
pollination
How to check the pollination?
Bumblebees leave bite marks on the stamen cone of the flower. By monitoring these bite marks, we check pollination.
Pollination levels are indicated with codes:
Code Bite mark Pollination level Action
1 Very dark to black Over-pollination Close the hive for 2-3
days
2 Brown Very well polinated
3 Slight brown Well pollinated
4 <60-70% Poorly pollinated Add hive
5 Poor to none No pollination Add hive
Bitemarks of bumblebees
Bitemark 1 Bitemark 2 Bitemark 3
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Whitefly
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Bemisia tabaci
Egg Adult
Larvae
Damages
Honeydew Sooty mold on leaf Sooty mold on fruit TYLCV
Biocontrol agents
Encarsia-System Eretmocerus-System
(Encarsia formosa) (Eretmocerus eremicus)
Parasitic wasp Parasitic wasp
Target: T. vaporariorum (L3-L4) Target: T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci (L2-L3)
Dosage: 3-4 ind/m²/week, min. 4 x Dosage: 2 ind. /m²/week, min 4x
Timing: at first sign of whitefly larvae Timing: - in summer time
- at mixed whitefly population
Eretmix-System Mundus-System
(E.formosa + E. eremicus) (Eretmocerus mundus)
Parasitic wasp Parasitic wasp
Target: T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci (L2-L4) Target: B. tabaci (L2-L3)
Dosage: 3-4 ind./m²/week, min. 4x Dosage: 3 ind./m²/week, min. 4x
Timing: - during transition period from spring to Timing: at first sign of Bemisia larvae
summer releases
- at mixed whitefly population
Macrolophus-System Nesiodiocoris-System*
(Macrolophus pygmaeus) (Nesidiocoris tenuis)
Predatory bug Predatory bug
Target: T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci (eggs & larvae) Target: T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci
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Dosage: 0,5-1 ind./m², in 2-4 releases, (eggs & larve)
1-2 weeks interval Dosage: 0,5-1 ind./m²/in 2-4 releases
Timing: 1,5-2 months after planting 1-2 weeks interval
Timing: 1,5-2 months after planting
* for Mediterranean countries (check local legsilation)
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Whitefly
Biocontrol agents
PreFeRal
(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)
Entomopathogenic fungus
Target: T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci (larvae & adults)
Dosage: 100 gr/100L water, min. 1.000L/ha
Timing: corrective treatments
Monitoring & Scouting
Bug-Scan Yellow Signal Clip Yellow
Yellow sticky traps Goal: Indicator clip for hotspots of whitefly
Goal: monitoring adult whiteflies larvae in the crop
Dosage: 20-40 traps/ha Dosage: 1 clip per hot spot
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Aphids
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
(INVENIO)
Foxglove aphid Potato aphid Peach aphid
(Aulacorthum solani) (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) (Myzus persicae)
Damages
Molt Honeydew and sooty mold Honeydew and sooty mold
on leaf on fruits
Biocontrol agents
Aphidius-System Matricariae-System
(Aphidius colemani) (Aphidius matricariae)
Parasitic wasp Parasitic wasp
Target: Myzus persicae Target: Myzus persicae and related species
Dosage: 0,25 ind/m²/week, min. 4 x Aulacorthum solani
Timing: at first sign of aphids Dosage: 0.25 ind./m²/week, min. 4x
Timing: at first sign of aphids
Ervi-System Aphidoletes-System
(Aphidius ervi) (Aphidoletes aphidimyza)
Parasitic wasp Predatory gall midge
Target: Aulacorthum solani, Target: most aphid species
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (*) Dosage: <5 hot spots/ha:
Dosage: 0.25 ind./m²/week, min 4x 0.5-1 ind./m²/min. 4x
(*double dosage needed) >5 hot spots/ha:
Timing: at first sign of aphids 1 ind./m²/week, min. 4x
>10 hot spots/ha:
Aphelinus-System 4 ind./m²/week, min. 4x
(Aphelinus abdominalis) Timing: in support of parasitic wasps
Parasitic wasp
Target: Aulocorthum solani,
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus persicae
Dosage: 0.25 ind./m²/week, min. 4x
Timing: in case of hyperparasitism
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Aphid
Monitoring & Scouting
Bug-Scan Yellow Signal Clip Green
Yellow sticky traps Goal: Indicator clip for hotspots of aphid
Goal: monitoring winged aphids adults and nymphs in the crop
Dosage: 20-40 traps/ha Dosage: 1 clip per hot spot
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Two spotted spider mite
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
Tetranychus urticae
Egg Nymph Adult
Damages
Feeding damage on leaf Leaf discoloration Webbing Feeding damage on fruit
Biocontrol agents
Phytoseiulus-T-System Macrolophus-N-System
(Phytoseiulus persimilis) (Macrolophus pygmaeus nymph)
Predatory mite Predatory bug
Target: all stages of T. urticae Target: all stages of T. urticae
Dosage: min. 20 ind./m², in hotspots , Dosage: 100-150 ind./hot spot
repeat if necessary Timing: in support of
Timing: at first sign of spider mites Phytoseiulus-T-System
Feltiella-System
(Feltiella acarisuga)
Predatory gall midge
Target: all stages of T. urticae
Dosage: low infestation: 2-3 x 250 ind./ha/week,
in hot spots
high infestations: 8 x 250 ind./ha/week,
min. 4x, in hotspots
Timing: in support of Phytoseiulus-T-System
Monitoring & scouting
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Signal Clip Red
Goal: Indicator clip for spider mite hotspots in the crops
Dosage: 1 clip per hotspot
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Leafminer
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
Liriomyza spp.
Larva Pupa Adult
Damages
Feeding spots on leaf Galeries
Biocontrol agents
Diglyphus-System
(Diglyphus isaea)
Parasitic wasp
Target: leafminer larvae
Dosage: 0,1-0,25 ind./m²/week, min. 4 x
Timing: at general appearance of galleries
Scouting & monitoring
Bug-Scan Yellow Signal Clip Orange
Yellow sticky traps Goal: indicator clip for leafminer
Goal: Monitoring adult leafminer hotspots (feeding dots
Dosage: 20-40 traps/ha and galleries) in the crop
Dosage: 1clip per hotspot
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Crop info sheet Tomato
Caterpillars
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
Damages
Feeding damage on leaf
Excrements Feeding damage on fruit
Monitoring & scouting
Delta trap Attract lure
Pheromone trap, triangle shaped Pheromone lure
Goal: monitoring moth Dosage: 1 per trap, replace every
Dosage: 2 traps/ha 4-6 weeks
Signal Clip Purple
Goal: Indicator clip for feeding damage and presence
of caterpillars in the crop
Dosage: 1 clip per hotspot
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Crop info sheet Tomato
South american tomato
pinworm
The dosage is based on a standard advice, please check with your advisor to discuss the strategy adapted to your situation
Pest
Tuta Absoluta
Egg Larva Pupa Adult
Damages
Galleries on leaf Damage on stem Fruit damage
Biocontrol agents
Macrolophus-System Nesidiocoris-System
(Macrolophus pygmaeus) (Nesidiocoris tenuis)*
Predatory bug Predatory bug
Target: eggs Target: eggs
Dosage: 1,5-2 ind/m²/week, min. 2-4 releases, Dosage: 1,5-2 ind./m², in 2-4
1-2 weeks interval releases, 1-2 weeks interval
Timing: according to whitefly control strategy Timing: according to white fly control
strategy
* for Mediterranean countries (check local legislation)
Monitoring & scouting
Delta Trap Tutasan
Pheromone trap, triangle shaped Pheromone water trap
Goal: monitoring moth Goal: monitoring adults
Dosage: 2 -3 traps/ha Dosage: 15 traps/ha, 20 cm height
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Attract Tuta absoluta Singal Clip Purple
Pheromone lure Goal: indicator clip for first galleries
Dosage: 1 per trap, replace every 4-6 weeks in the crop
Dosage: 1clip per hotspot
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