Chapter 3

Input/Output

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

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 Objectives (1 of 2)

• In this chapter, you will:

• Learn what a stream is and examine input and output streams
• Explore how to read data from the standard input device
• Learn how to use predefined functions in a program
• Explore how to use the input stream functions get, ignore, putback, and peek

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 Objectives (2 of 2)

• Become familiar with input failure

• Learn how to write data to the standard output device
• Discover how to use manipulators in a program to format output
• Learn how to perform input and output operations with the string data type
• Learn how to debug logic errors
• Become familiar with file input and output

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 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices (1 of 3)

• I/O: sequence of bytes (stream of bytes) from source to destination

• Bytes are usually characters, unless program requires other types of information
• Stream: sequence of characters from the source to the destination
• Input stream: sequence of characters from an input device to the computer
• Output stream: sequence of characters from the computer to an output device

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 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices (2 of 3)

• Use iostream header file to receive data from keyboard and send output to
the screen
• Contains definitions of two data types:
- istream: input stream
- ostream: output stream
• Has two variables:
- cin: stands for common input
- cout: stands for common output

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 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices (3 of 3)

• Variable declaration is similar to:

• istream cin;
• ostream cout;
• To use cin and cout, the preprocessor directive #include <iostream>
must be used
• Input stream variables: type istream
• Output stream variables: type ostream

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 cin and the Extraction Operator >> (1 of 7)

• The syntax of an input statement using cin and the extraction operator >> is

• The extraction operator >> is binary

• Left-side operand is an input stream variable
- Example: cin
• Right-side operand is a variable

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 cin and the Extraction Operator >> (2 of 7)

• No difference between a single cin with multiple variables and multiple cin
statements with one variable in each statement
cin >> payRate >> hoursWorked;

cin >> payRate;

cin >> hoursWorked;
• When scanning, >> skips all whitespace
• Blanks and certain nonprintable characters
• >> distinguishes between character 2 and number 2 by the right-side operand
of >>
• If type char or int (or double), the 2 is treated as a character or as a number 2,
respectively

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 cin and the Extraction Operator >> (3 of 7)

TABLE 3-1 Valid Input for a Variable of the Simple Data Type

Data Type of a Valid Input for a

char One printable character except the blank.
int An integer, possibly preceded by a + or - sign.
A decimal number, possibly preceded by a + or - sign. If the actual
double data input is an integer, the input is converted to a decimal number
with the zero decimal part.

• Entering a char value into an int or double variable causes serious errors,
called input failure

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 cin and the Extraction Operator >> (4 of 7)

• When reading data into a char variable

• >> skips leading whitespace, finds and stores only the next character
• Reading stops after a single character
• To read data into an int or double variable
• >> skips leading whitespace, reads + or - sign (if any), reads the digits (including
decimal for floating-point variables)
• Reading stops on whitespace or a non-digit character

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cin and the Extraction Operator >> (5 of 7)

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cin and the Extraction Operator >> (6 of 7)

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cin and the Extraction Operator >> (7 of 7)

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 Using Predefined Functions in a Program (1 of 3)

• A function (subprogram) is a set of instructions

• When activated, it accomplishes a task
• main executes when a program is run
• Other functions execute only when called
• C++ includes a wealth of functions
• Predefined functions are organized as a collection of libraries called header files

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 Using Predefined Functions in a Program (2 of 3)

• Header file may contain several functions

• To use a predefined function, you need the name of the appropriate header file
• You also need to know:
- Function name
- Number of parameters required
- Type of each parameter
- What the function is going to do

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 Using Predefined Functions in a Program (3 of 3)

• To use pow (power), include cmath

• Two numeric parameters
• Syntax: pow(x,y) = xy
- x and y are the arguments or parameters
• In pow(2,3), the parameters are 2 and 3

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 cin and the get Function

• The get function

• Inputs next character (including whitespace)
• Stores in memory location indicated by its argument
• The syntax of cin and the get function

• varChar is a char variable

- It is the argument (or parameter) of the function

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 cin and the ignore Function (1 of 2)

• ignore function
• Discards a portion of the input
• The syntax to use the function ignore is:

• intExp is an integer expression

• chExp is a char expression
• If intExp is a value m, the statement says to ignore the next m characters or
all characters until the character specified by chExp

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cin and the ignore Function (2 of 2)

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 The putback and peek Functions (1 of 2)

• putback function
• Places previous character extracted by the get function from an input stream back to
that stream
• peek function
• Returns next character from the input stream
• Does not remove the character from that stream

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 The putback and peek Functions (2 of 2)

• Syntax for putback

• istreamVar: an input stream variable (such as cin)

• ch is a char variable
• Syntax for peek

• istreamVar: an input stream variable (such as cin)

• ch is a char variable

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 The Dot Notation between I/O Stream Variables and I/O Functions: A
Precaution

• In the statement
cin.get(ch);
cin and get are two separate identifiers separated by a dot
• Called the dot notation, the dot separates the input stream variable name from
the member, or function, name
• In C++, the dot is the member access operator

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 Input Failure

• Things can go wrong during execution

• If input data does not match corresponding variables, the program may run into
problems
• Trying to read a letter into an int or double variable will result in an input
failure
• If an error occurs when reading data
• Input stream enters the fail state

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 The clear Function

• Once in a fail state, all further I/O statements using that stream are ignored
• The program continues to execute with whatever values are stored in variables
• This causes incorrect results
• The clear function restores the input stream to a working state
• The syntax of the function clear is:

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 Output and Formatting Output

• Syntax of cout when used with <<

• expression is evaluated
• value is printed
• manipulator is used to format the output
• Example: endl

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 setprecision Manipulator

• Syntax

• Outputs decimal numbers with up to n decimal places

• Must include the header file iomanip
• #include <iomanip>

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 fixed Manipulator

• fixed outputs floating-point numbers in a fixed decimal format

• Example: cout << fixed;
• Disable by using the stream member function unsetf
- Example: cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);

• scientific manipulator outputs floating-point numbers in scientific format

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 showpoint Manipulator

• showpoint forces output to show the decimal point and trailing zeros
• Examples
• cout << showpoint;
• cout << fixed << showpoint;

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 C++14 Digit Separator

• Reading and writing of long numbers can be error prone

• In C++, commas cannot be used to separate the digits of a number
• C++14 introduces digit separator ' (single-quote character)
• Example: 87523872918 can be represented as 87'523'872'918

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 setw

• Outputs the value of an expression in a specified number of columns

• cout << setw(5) << x << endl;
• If number of columns exceeds the number of columns required by the
expression
• Output of the expression is right-justified
• Unused columns to the left are filled with spaces
• Must include the header file iomanip

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 Additional Output Formatting Tools

• Additional formatting tools that give you more control over your output:
• setfill manipulator
• left and right manipulators
• unsetf manipulator

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 setfill Manipulator

• Output stream variables can use setfill to fill unused columns with a
character

• Example:
• cout << setfill('#');

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 left and right Manipulators

• left manipulator left-justifies the output

• Disable left by using unsetf

• right manipulator right-justifies the output

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 Types of Manipulators

• Two types of manipulators

• Those with parameters

• Those without parameters

• Parameterized stream manipulators require the iomanip header
• setprecision, setw, and setfill
• Manipulators without parameters require the iostream header
• endl, fixed, scientific, showpoint, and left

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 Input/Output and the string Type

• An input stream variable (such as cin) and >> operator can read a string into
a variable of the data type string
• The extraction operator:
• Skips any leading whitespace characters
• Stops reading at a whitespace character
• The function getline reads until end of the current line

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 Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors and Debugging with cout
statements

• Syntax errors are reported by the compiler

• Logic errors are typically not caught by the compiler
• Spot and correct using cout statements
- Temporarily insert an output statement
• Correct the problem
• Remove output statement

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 File Input/Output

• A file is an area in secondary storage to hold info

• File I/O is a five-step process
1. Include fstream header
2. Declare file stream variables
3. Associate the file stream variables with the input/output sources – referred to as
opening the files
4. Use the file stream variables with >>, <<, or other input/output functions
5. Close the files

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 Quick Review (1 of 3)

• Stream: infinite sequence of characters from a source to a destination

• Input stream: from a source to a computer
• Output stream: from a computer to a destination
• cin: common input
• cout: common output
• To use cin and cout, include iostream header

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 Quick Review (2 of 3)

• get reads data character-by-character

• ignore skips data in a line
• putback puts last character retrieved by get back to the input stream
• peek returns next character from input stream, but does not remove it
• Attempting to read invalid data into a variable causes the input stream to enter
the fail state

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 Quick Review (3 of 3)

• The manipulators setprecision, fixed, showpoint, setw, setfill,

left, and right can be used for formatting output
• Include iomanip for the manipulators setprecision, setw, and
setfill
• Header fstream contains the definitions of ifstream and ofstream

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