ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents for their unwavering support

throughout my research. Their love, encouragement, and guidance have been instrumental in

my academic journey, and I could not have completed this project without their help.

I would like to express our deepest gratitude to our teacher who guided us throughout our

research. Her unwavering support, expertise, and guidance have been invaluable to the

success of this project. Her dedication to teaching and passion for research has inspired us to

pursue our academic goals and to strive for excellence. Her feedback and constructive

criticism have helped us improve our research skills, and her encouragement has motivated us

to push beyond our limits.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to my friends who have

supported and helped me throughout my research. Their contributions have been invaluable,

and I could not have completed this project without them.

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my classmate who has been instrumental in

helping me throughout my research. Their support, guidance, and encouragement have been

invaluable, and I am truly grateful for their assistance.

I dedicate this study to my family.
 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Drug use is one of the nation's most expensive health problems, costing

$109.8 billion in 1995 alone (Harwood, Fountain, and Livermore, 1998). In addition

to the financial costs, drug use also exacts a human cost with thousands of lives

being damaged and forever changed by drug use and addiction. Prevention and

treatment research, as well as clinical experience, have shown that it is often possible

to intervene successfully in addiction. However, such interventions must be grounded

solidly in research and must also provide long-term behavioral and sometimes

pharmacological support to ultimately achieve abstinence.

As part of these research-based interventions, the National Institute on Drug

Abuse (NIDA) is funding the development of new classes of medications to treat drug

addiction. These medications include immunotherapies and sustained-release

formulations.

Immunotherapies involve products that are introduced into the body to

stimulate an immune response either through active immunization (e.g., vaccines) or

passive immunization (monoclonal antibodies). This immune response counteracts the

effects of the target drug. Currently, immunotherapies are being developed to

counteract the effects of cocaine (see Carerra et al., 2001; Fox et al., 1996; Kantak et

al., 2001), methamphetamine (see Aoki , Hirose, and Kuroiwa, 1990); phencyclidine

(“angel dust” or PCP) (see Proksch, Gentry, and Owens , 2000), and nicotine (Hieda et

al., 1997; Pentel et al., 2000; Tuncok et al., 2001).

 Sustained-release formulations, also known as depot medications, involve a

slow, timed release of medications that counteract the effects of illicit drugs.

Sustained-release preparations of naltrexone (Kranzler, Modesto-Lowe, and Nuwayser,

1998) for opioid addiction and lofexidine (Rawson et al., 2000) to treat nicotine

addiction are currently being developed. All three therapies—vaccines, monoclonal

antibodies, and sustained-release formulations—are long acting, but time limited, with

durations from weeks to months.

The availability of these medications will raise a host of issues. Some of these

issues will marry traditional vaccine concerns, such as establishing and monitoring

safety, ensuring efficacy, and financing and distributing the medications, with

traditional drug abuse treatment issues, such as ensuring patient adherence to treatment,

using these therapies in a variety of settings, and dealing with coercive legal methods

that are sometimes used to “motivate” treatment initiation. In addition, less traditional

issues may also be raised, such as who should be immunized or treated with a depot

medication and when, and who will decide.

Drug abuse affects almost all countries of the world. In the Philippines it has

reached epidemic proportions and is one of the top priorities on the government’s

agenda. However, there are many questions to be answered in order to come up with

a comprehensive program to address this problem. This study will attempt to

determine the economic, political, and social context of the use of illegal drugs in the

Philippines.

The prevalence of illegal drugs in the Philippines has not been accurately

determined. However, estimates by the UNODC showed the annual prevalence for

marijuana is 3.5 percent, amphetamine-type stimulants 2.8 percent, and ecstasy .01
percent of the population above 15 years of age. According to the International

Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003, it is estimated that there are 1.8 million drug

users in the Philippines, which is equivalent to 2.2 percent of the population.

There are a variety of factors that influence illegal drug prevalence in the

Philippines, namely geographic factors that make patrolling and protecting the country

from smugglers of methamphetamine and planters of marijuana difficult; economic

factors such as poverty; social factors such as the phenomenon of the overseas

contract worker; media exposure and the decreasing moral fabric of the society; and

political factors such as policies, drug laws, and enforcement.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in the terms of

 Age

 Sex/Gender

 Strand

2. What is the Opinion on the effect of using drugs of selected 11 ICT/HUMSS

students?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

SCHOOL: School play an important role, both inside and beyond the classroom, in

preventing alcohol and other drug harm. While providing drug education as part of the

curriculum is important, there is more that schools can do. Learning doesn’t happen
solely in the classroom. The culture of the school, and young people’s experiences at

school can also be important protective factors against the harm from alcohol and

other drugs.

YOUTH: Sensitising / making the youth aware of the effects of usage of drugs. To

help the youth see the link between crime and drug usage. To stop crime and

substance abuse in the community. To refer victims of substance abuse for professional

help.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS: As a present researcher, the proposed study would benefit and

help the future researchers as their guide. They can learn and get some information that they

need for their research and their questions may possibly be answered by this research.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

According to the World Health Organization, Psychoactive drugs are substances that,

when taken in or administered into one’s system, affect mental processes, e.g. perception,

consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader

category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine. “Psychoactive”

does not necessarily imply dependence-producing, and in common parlance, the term is often

left unstated, as in “drug use”, “substance use” or “substance abuse”.

Production, distribution, sale or non-medical use of many psychoactive drugs is either

controlled or prohibited outside legally sanctioned channels by law. Psychoactive drugs have

different degrees of restriction of availability, depending on their risks to health and

therapeutic usefulness, and classified according to a hierarchy of schedules at both national

and international levels. At the international level, there are international drug conventions

concerned with the control of production and distribution of psychoactive drugs: the 1961
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, amended by a 1972 Protocol; the 1971 Convention on

Psychotropic Substances; the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and

Psychotropic Substances.

According to Vienna, (26 June 2019) – Improved research and more precise data have

revealed that the adverse health consequences of drug use are more severe and widespread

than previously thought. Globally, some 35 million people are estimated to suffer from drug

use disorders and who require treatment services, according to the latest World Drug Report,

released today by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

The higher estimates for 2017 are the result of improved knowledge of the extent of

drug use from new surveys conducted in India and Nigeria, both among the ten most

populous countries in the world.

The Report also estimates the number of opioid users at 53 million, up 56 per cent

from previous estimates [1] , and that opioids are responsible for two thirds of the 585,000

people who died as a result of drug use in 2017. Globally, 11 million people injected drugs in

2017, of whom 1.4 million live with HIV and 5.6 million with hepatitis C.

The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in and further complicate the global

picture of drug challenges, underscoring the need for broader international cooperation to

advance balanced and integrated health and criminal justice responses to supply and

demand,” said Yury Fedotov, UNODC Executive Director.

In this study, Information and communication technologies (ICT). Diverse set of

technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange

information. These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet

(websites, blogs and emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and
webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies (podcasting, audio and video players and

storage devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, visio/video-conferencing, etc.).

In this study, Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS). The HUMMS strand Is

designed for those who wonder what is on the other side of the wall. In other words, you are

ready to take on the world and talk to a lot of people. This is for those who are considering

taking up journalism, communication arts, liberal arts, education, and other social science-

related courses in college.

Camaligan National High School (Filipino: Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng

Camaligan), or simply CNHS, is a public high school in Camaligan, Camarines Sur,

Philippines. It serves the people of the thirteen barangays of the town, its neighboring

municipalities Gainza and Canaman, and the City of Naga.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION:

This research is all about the Opinions on Drug Use of Selected 11 ICT/HUMSS

students in CNHS. This will not cover students from other school and from other sections

aside from ICT/HUMSS.

 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A Review Study of Substance Abuse Status in High School Students, Isfahan, Iran As

the first experience of substance abuse often starts in adolescence, and studies have shown

that drug use is mainly related to cigarette and alcohol consumption, an initial exploration of

substance abuse prevalence, including cigarette and alcohol, seems to be the first step in

preventing and controlling drug consumption. This study aimed to explore studies on drug

use among high school students by investigating articles published in the past decade in Iran.

In this study, the databases inside the country were used to access articles related to

substance abuse by students during 2001–2011, among which 7 articles on 14–19 years old

high school students were studied.

The seven studied articles showed that the highest drug use prevalence pertained to

cigarette and hookah, followed by alcohol, opium, ecstasy, hashish and heroin. Opium and

heroin use in Kerman city were, respectively, about 4 and 5 times of their use in other studied

cities.

Drug use is relatively high in the adolescent and effective group of the society, which

requires particular attention and prompt and immediate intervention.

Substance abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human

society as the most important social damage. Substance abuse is a nonadaptive model of drug

use, which results in adverse problems and consequences, and includes a set of cognitive,

behavioral, and psychological symptoms.

Iran also, due to its specific human and geographic features, has a relatively high

degree of contamination. The World Health Organization's report in 2005 shows that there

are about 200 million opiate addicts in the world, reporting the highest prevalence in Iran and
the most frequency in the 25–35 year-age group. The onset of drug use is often rooted in

adolescence, and studies show that substance abuse is often related to cigarette and alcohol

consumption in adolescence. Results of studies indicate that age, being male, high-risk

behavirs, and the existence of a cigarette smoker in the family or among friends, the

experience of substance abuse, inclination and positive thoughts about smoking have

relationship with adolescent cigarette smoking. Studies also confirm that the chance of

becoming a cigarette smoker among males and females is almost equal (11.2%); however, the

prevalence of regular alcohol consumption in males (22.4%) is slightly higher than in females

(19.3%).

Few studies have been conducted in Iran on adolescents’ patterns of substance abuse,

producing various data on the prevalence and the type of consumed drugs, but there is

currently no known specific pattern of substance a buse in this age group; therefore, this

review study has studied drug consumption prevalence in the student population of the

country by collecting various data.

This article is a narrative review focusing on studies conducted in Iran. In this

research, all articles related to substance abuse and its patterns among high school students,

which were conducted in Iran and published in domestic and international journals, were

investigated. The articles were acquired from academic medical journals, research periodicals

and the Scholar Google, Magiran, Irandoc, and Medlib. The search keywords included

prevalence, substance abuse, Iranian student, and addiction.

This study explored articles in the past 10 years (2001–2011) about Iranian high

school students. The full texts of the articles were often accessible in the scientific

information database and magiran websites, but the full text of the article about Gilan

Province was obtained after contacting the journal's office. Correspondence was made with
the author of the article about Mahriz city to obtain the article as it was not published in the

Toloee Behdasht journal.

These articles provide information about the consumed drug type, its prevalence in

terms of the sex and age, and the experience of at-least-once consumption in the adolescent's

life. Some articles had only pointed to drug consumption, which was also included in this

research. Some had attended to substance abuse in general terms without distinguishing

different kinds of drugs, and in some articles only psychoactive drug use, was mentioned.

The cases, in which the sample volume was not sufficient, or were not in the studied

age groups, were excluded from the study. Due to different categorizations in these articles

regarding the long-term prevalence of substance abuse or the experience of at-least-once

consumption, in this study the shared aspect of these articles, that is, the experience of at-

least-once use was adopted. Some articles had addressed the students’ predisposing factors

for drug abuse, in addition to drug use prevalence, which were not included in this study for

being scattered.

An initial search into the data bases yielded 11 articles, two of which were related to

years before the study time frame (1997 and 1998). Furthermore, two articles were ignored,

one because of its different age group (a lower age) and the other because it had addressed a

particular district in Tehran with a small sample size. These results are based on 7 articles.

All studies were about the 14–19 years old group, and only three studies had distinguished

between the sexes. All 7 studies considered in this article were cross-sectional.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476010/

Shahani(2016) Fighting illegal drugs, alongside tackling poverty, is the centerpiece

of Duterte’s platform. Asserting that he will see capital punishment reintroduced for a wide
range of crimes, he vows to elevate drug abuse to a “national security issue” by mounting a

relentless crackdown on syndicates and users, and demolishing illicit laboratories using elite

security forces.

How serious is the drug problem in the Philippines? According to the Dangerous

Drugs Board’s 2012 National Household Survey, there were around 1.3 million drug users in

the country, which translates to about 1 percent of the population. In 2015, the Philippine

Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) reported that a fifth—or 8,629 out of the country’s

42,065 barangays—were “drug affected,” determined by the presence of at least one user,

pusher, manufacturer, or other drug personality in the area. In Metro Manila, 92 percent of its

barangays have some sort of drug-related problem, though it remains difficult to determine

how serious these actually are. Based on PDEA’s 2014 arrest data, methamphetamine

hydrochloride or shabu—reportedly used by blue-collar workers like bus drivers to keep

themselves awake—tops the list of most abused illegal drugs, followed by marijuana and

costly party drugs like cocaine and ecstasy.

In light of this, Duterte’s strategy will stress enforcement and prosecution, beefing up

the police to reduce both demand and supply, according to incoming Solicitor General Jose

Calida. He intends to recruit and arm militiamen at the barangay level—where he says drugs

have proliferated due to local officials’ inability to suppress them—to do their own policing.

Dalizon(2015)THE Philippine National Police leadership headed by Deputy Director

General Leonardo A. Espina is pushing for the creation of a permanent PNP Anti-Illegal

Drugs Group knowing that the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency alone cannot fully

address the massive security threat posed by illegal drug trafficking and abuse in the country.

Consider these: a PDEA study showed that nearly 9,000 or 20.51 percent of the

country’s total 42,065 barangays are drug-affected. The sad reality is that 92.10 percent of all
barangays in the National Capital Region are drug-affected followed by 33.78 percent from

Calabarzon (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) region.

PDEA chair, Undersecretary Arturo G. Cacdac Jr., also noted an alarming increase in

the number of rogue public officials and employees getting involved in illegal drug

trafficking and abuse in the country amid a report which showed that last year alone, a total

of 190 government men composed of 56 elected officials, 49 law enforcers and 85

government employees were arrested for violation of Republic Act 9165 or the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

In a letter to Department of the Interior and Local Government Secretary Mar Roxas,

Gen. Espina cited a Department of Justice ruling which ruled that ‘there is nothing in

Republic Act 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 which prohibits the

PNP from setting up a permanent unit as long as it complies with the provisions of RA 9165

on its relationship to the PDEA.’ Justice Sec. Leila M. de Lima’s July 29, 2014 ruling

reversed DOJ Legal Opinion No. 67 which was on the contrary.

HAQQI(2015) While many countries are relaxing their policies on drugs, the US still

enforces theirs strongly, leading to us to wonder about the 11 US States with the toughest

drug laws. There is no doubt that drugs can be an extremely dangerous item to consume and

some of the more potent ones such as heroin, methamphetamine and cocaine can even result

in death. However, it is also important to consider that laws in the US can often be too tough

which can result in filling up prisons with moderate drug users as well. The US, in this case,

can be compared with other countries who crack down on drugs as well, as seen in the 10

countries with the toughest drug laws in the world.

 In fact, the US is the leading nation in the world when it comes to the incarceration of

inmates. There are an astounding 2.5 million people in the United States who are currently

serving time in jail and around half of such felons are in jail on drug-related charges.

The main drug or the most popular drug in the United States is marijuana. In fact, it is

probably the most popular drug in the entire world. This is mainly due to the fact that it isn’t

relatively hard to cultivate and isn’t a ‘hard’ drug, which is to say that its effects are

temporary and not extreme. In fact, it is impossible to overdose on marijuana. Yet the lives of

hundreds of thousands of people have been potentially ruined due to them being found with

just a few grams of marijuana in their possession. In just 2013, 1.5 million people were

arrested on nonviolent drug-related charges. This is why we have focused on marijuana to

determine a state’s attitude towards drugs, considering its reputation as a gateway drug as

well as being the most common drug in the world.

Ministry of Home Affairs(2011) Singapore has one of the strictest laws on drug

related offences. The most well-known of these has to be the laws on drug trafficking.

Notices which warn of the severity of such offences are prominently displayed on airports

and Customs to deter potential offenders.

Singapore’s laws on the legality of drugs comply with that of most other countries of

the United Nations, but may differ from other more drug-liberal countries such as Belgium or

the United States. For example, marijuana (also known as cannabis) is strictly outlawed in

Singapore, but is legal to a certain extent in certain American states. For a list of drugs

prohibited in Singapore, click here.

It is an offence under section 8 of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) to possess or

consume drugs such as Ecstasy. If the police have reason to believe that you have taken

drugs, they have the right to subject you to a urine test. Resisting the urine test is itself a
punishable offence under the mentioned Act. For a detailed list of the punishments pertaining

to various drug offences, click here.

Due to the difficulty in proving the guilt of a drug consumer or trafficker beyond

reasonable doubt, the law adpots several presumptions which make it easier to impute the

guilt of the accused person. For example, under section 22 of the MDA, once a controlled

drug is found in the urine of a person, he is presumed to have violated drug laws, unless he

can prove that the drug consumption was involuntary. This is a difficult burden to discharge.

Therefore, reasons such as “I did not know that the pill my friend gave me was Ecstasy!” are

unlikely to hold water. In addition, possession of an amount of drug greater than an amount

specified in the MDA would also result in the presumption that the possessor possessed the

drug with the intention of drug-trafficking.

Previously under the MDA, a person found guilty of trafficking in certain amounts of

specified substances would have to face the mandatory death penalty. However, drug laws

have recently been changed to lessen the severity of the punishment, especially for drug

mules who had been coerced into drug trafficking against their will. From 9 July 2012, the

death penalty would no longer be mandatory if the accused person was only a courier and had

absolutely no other involvement in the supply or distribution of drugs, and if he had either

cooperated with the Central Narcotics Bureau (the government agency in charge of drug

enforcement in Singapore) in a way that is deemed “substantial”, or was mentally impaired

such that he “substantially” could not comprehend the seriousness of his actions. In such

circumstances, the accused may be sentenced to life imprisonment instead. However, the

extent of cooperation the accused must give in order for his efforts to be regarded as

“substantial” still remains to be seen.

https://www.academia.edu/28307010/REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_ST

UDIES_RELATED_LITERATURE
 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN:

This research on Opinions On Drug Use Of Selected 11 ICT/HUMSS Students

In CNHS. According to the World Health Organization, Psychoactive drugs are substances

that, when taken in or administered into one’s system, affect mental processes, e.g.

perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. Psychoactive drugs belong to a

broader category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine.

“Psychoactive” does not necessarily imply dependence-producing, and in common parlance,

the term is often left unstated, as in “drug use”, “substance use” or “substance abuse”.

Production, distribution, sale or non-medical use of many psychoactive drugs is either

controlled or prohibited outside legally sanctioned channels by law. Psychoactive drugs have

different degrees of restriction of availability, depending on their risks to health and

therapeutic usefulness, and classified according to a hierarchy of schedules at both national

and international levels. At the international level, there are international drug conventions

concerned with the control of production and distribution of psychoactive drugs: the 1961

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, amended by a 1972 Protocol; the 1971 Convention on

Psychotropic Substances; the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and

Psychotropic Substances.

According to Vienna, (26 June 2019) – Improved research and more precise data have

revealed that the adverse health consequences of drug use are more severe and widespread

than previously thought. Globally, some 35 million people are estimated to suffer from drug

use disorders and who require treatment services, according to the latest World Drug Report,

released today by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
 The higher estimates for 2017 are the result of improved knowledge of the extent of

drug use from new surveys conducted in India and Nigeria, both among the ten most

populous countries in the world.

The Report also estimates the number of opioid users at 53 million, up 56 per cent

from previous estimates [1] , and that opioids are responsible for two thirds of the 585,000

people who died as a result of drug use in 2017. Globally, 11 million people injected drugs in

2017, of whom 1.4 million live with HIV and 5.6 million with hepatitis C.

“The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in and further complicate the

global picture of drug challenges, underscoring the need for broader international cooperation

to advance balanced and integrated health and criminal justice responses to supply and

demand,” said Yury Fedotov, UNODC Executive Director.

In this study, Information and communication technologies (ICT). Diverse set of

technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange

information. These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet

(websites, blogs and emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and

webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies (podcasting, audio and video players and

storage devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, visio/video-conferencing, etc.).

In this study, Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS). The HUMMS strand Is

designed for those who wonder what is on the other side of the wall. In other words, you are

ready to take on the world and talk to a lot of people. This is for those who are considering

taking up journalism, communication arts, liberal arts, education, and other social science-

related courses in college.

Camaligan National High School (Filipino: Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng

Camaligan), or simply CNHS, is a public high school in Camaligan, Camarines Sur,

Philippines. It serves the people of the thirteen barangays of the town, its neighboring

municipalities Gainza and Canaman, and the City of Naga.

KEY INFORMANTS:

This study is composed of 5 key informants which are all students in Camaligan

National High School, grade 11 student. The key informants consist of 5 females with age

ranging from 17-24.

PROCEDURE:

A letter of request to conduct the study was prepared. The researcher constructed a

questionnaire checklist, validated by the professor of the subject then the questionnaire

checklists are distributed The researcher conducts the research in Camaligan National High

School through survey, because of the advantages of the survey method. The researcher

explains to the respondents the importance of their response to the study. The researcher

clarifies some terms to the respondents so that the respondents can answer the questionnaire

with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study. The researcher

requested the respondents to answer with all honesty. The researcher uses a purposive

sampling, according to The World Health Organization and United Nations Office on Drugs

and Crime (UNODC), the sampling units are selected subjectively by the researcher. In this

study since the researcher goal is to determine the Opinion of drug use of selected

ICT/HUMSS students in CNHS, the researcher believes that this method is the most

appropriate in choosing the sample for the research. After the respondents answered the

questionnaire, the researcher collected and tallied the data for interpretation. The researcher
asks a statistician to help in determining the appropriate statistical tools to be used and in

interpreting the data. Based on the data the researcher comes up with conclusion and

recommendations for this study.

INSTRUMENTS:

The research instrument is consisted of three Parts. Part I of the research instrument

consists of the items which gathers respondents’ profile such as their name, sex, age, marital

status and parents occupation. Part II of the research instrument consists of the answer sheet

that have numbers 1-12 with its corresponding boxes where the letter of the correct answer

will be inserted. Part III of the research instrument is the reading passages. It is a series of

texts to be read. There are three reading passages to be read and there are sets of questions in

every reading passage. The total number of questions is 12 items. The test will require 1 hour

of answering.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:

The researcher will apply the principles of ethical considerations developed by

Bryman and Bell (2007). In regard to the involvement to this study, the participants will not

be subjected to harm in any ways. Prior to the study, full consent will be obtained from the

participants, the students and teachers of Camaligan National High School. In addition, the

protection of the privacy of research participants will be ensured. Voluntary participation of

respondents in the research will be treated very important. Moreover, they have rights to

withdraw from the study at any stage if they wish to do so.

DATA ANALYSIS:

In handling the data, adequate level of confidentiality will be ensured. Any form of

misleading information, as well as representation of primary data findings in a biased way

will be avoided. On the other hand, maintaining the highest level of objectivity in discussions

and analyses throughout the research will be considered. Furthermore, affiliations in any

forms, sources of funding, as well as possible conflicts of interest will be declared. Lastly,

any type of communication to this action research will be done with honesty and

transparency.
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS:

This Result is the same as Dr. Shohreh Akhavan (N.D), As the first experience of

substance abuse often starts in adolescence, and studies have shown that drug use is mainly

related to cigarette and alcohol consumption, an initial exploration of substance abuse

prevalence, including cigarette and alcohol, seems to be the first step in preventing and

controlling drug consumption. This study aimed to explore studies on drug use among high

school students by investigating articles published in the past decade in Iran.

According to Shahani (2016), Fighting illegal drugs, alongside tackling poverty, is the

centerpiece of Duterte’s platform. Asserting that he will see capital punishment reintroduced

for a wide range of crimes, he vows to elevate drug abuse to a “national security issue” by

mounting a relentless crackdown on syndicates and users, and demolishing illicit laboratories

using elite security forces.

How serious is the drug problem in the Philippines? According to the Dangerous

Drugs Board’s 2012 National Household Survey, there were around 1.3 million drug users in

the country, which translates to about 1 percent of the population. In 2015, the Philippine

Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) reported that a fifth—or 8,629 out of the country’s

42,065 barangays—were “drug affected,” determined by the presence of at least one user,

pusher, manufacturer, or other drug personality in the area. In Metro Manila, 92 percent of its

barangays have some sort of drug-related problem, though it remains difficult to determine

how serious these actually are. Based on PDEA’s 2014 arrest data, methamphetamine

hydrochloride or shabu—reportedly used by blue-collar workers like bus drivers to keep

themselves awake—tops the list of most abused illegal drugs, followed by marijuana and

costly party drugs like cocaine and ecstasy.

In light of this, Duterte’s strategy will stress enforcement and prosecution, beefing up

the police to reduce both demand and supply, according to incoming Solicitor General Jose

Calida. He intends to recruit and arm militiamen at the barangay level—where he says drugs

have proliferated due to local officials’ inability to suppress them—to do their own policing.

As reported by Dalizon (2015), THE Philippine National Police leadership headed by

Deputy Director General Leonardo A. Espina is pushing for the creation of a permanent PNP

Anti-Illegal Drugs Group knowing that the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency alone

cannot fully address the massive security threat posed by illegal drug trafficking and abuse in

the country.

Consider these: a PDEA study showed that nearly 9,000 or 20.51 percent of the

country’s total 42,065 barangays are drug-affected. The sad reality is that 92.10 percent of all

barangays in the National Capital Region are drug-affected followed by 33.78 percent from

Calabarzon (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) region.

PDEA chair, Undersecretary Arturo G. Cacdac Jr., also noted an alarming increase in

the number of rogue public officials and employees getting involved in illegal drug

trafficking and abuse in the country amid a report which showed that last year alone, a total

of 190 government men composed of 56 elected officials, 49 law enforcers and 85

government employees were arrested for violation of Republic Act 9165 or the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

In a letter to Department of the Interior and Local Government Secretary Mar Roxas,

Gen. Espina cited a Department of Justice ruling which ruled that ‘there is nothing in

Republic Act 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 which prohibits the
PNP from setting up a permanent unit as long as it complies with the provisions of RA 9165

on its relationship to the PDEA.’ Justice Sec. Leila M. de Lima’s July 29, 2014 ruling

reversed DOJ Legal Opinion No. 67 which was on the contrary.

Based on HAQQI (2015), While many countries are relaxing their policies on drugs,

the US still enforces theirs strongly, leading to us to wonder about the 11 US States with the

toughest drug laws. There is no doubt that drugs can be an extremely dangerous item to

consume and some of the more potent ones such as heroin, methamphetamine and cocaine

can even result in death. However, it is also important to consider that laws in the US can

often be too tough which can result in filling up prisons with moderate drug users as well.

The US, in this case, can be compared with other countries who crack down on drugs as well,

as seen in the 10 countries with the toughest drug laws in the world.

In fact, the US is the leading nation in the world when it comes to the incarceration of

inmates. There are an astounding 2.5 million people in the United States who are currently

serving time in jail and around half of such felons are in jail on drug-related charges.

The main drug or the most popular drug in the United States is marijuana. In fact, it is

probably the most popular drug in the entire world. This is mainly due to the fact that it isn’t

relatively hard to cultivate and isn’t a ‘hard’ drug, which is to say that its effects are

temporary and not extreme. In fact, it is impossible to overdose on marijuana. Yet the lives of

hundreds of thousands of people have been potentially ruined due to them being found with

just a few grams of marijuana in their possession. In just 2013, 1.5 million people were

arrested on nonviolent drug-related charges. This is why we have focused on marijuana to

determine a state’s attitude towards drugs, considering its reputation as a gateway drug as

well as being the most common drug in the world.

 As stated by Ministry of Home Affairs (2011), Singapore has one of the strictest laws

on drug related offences. The most well-known of these has to be the laws on drug

trafficking. Notices which warn of the severity of such offences are prominently displayed on

airports and Customs to deter potential offenders.

Singapore’s laws on the legality of drugs comply with that of most other countries of

the United Nations, but may differ from other more drug-liberal countries such as Belgium or

the United States. For example, marijuana (also known as cannabis) is strictly outlawed in

Singapore, but is legal to a certain extent in certain American states. For a list of drugs

prohibited in Singapore, click here.

It is an offence under section 8 of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) to possess or

consume drugs such as Ecstasy. If the police have reason to believe that you have taken

drugs, they have the right to subject you to a urine test. Resisting the urine test is itself a

punishable offence under the mentioned Act. For a detailed list of the punishments pertaining

to various drug offences, click here.

Due to the difficulty in proving the guilt of a drug consumer or trafficker beyond

reasonable doubt, the law dopts several presumptions which make it easier to impute the

guilt of the accused person. For example, under section 22 of the MDA, once a controlled

drug is found in the urine of a person, he is presumed to have violated drug laws, unless he

can prove that the drug consumption was involuntary. This is a difficult burden to discharge.

Therefore, reasons such as “I did not know that the pill my friend gave me was Ecstasy!” are

unlikely to hold water. In addition, possession of an amount of drug greater than an amount

specified in the MDA would also result in the presumption that the possessor possessed the

drug with the intention of drug-trafficking.

 Previously under the MDA, a person found guilty of trafficking in certain amounts of

specified substances would have to face the mandatory death penalty. However, drug laws

have recently been changed to lessen the severity of the punishment, especially for drug

mules who had been coerced into drug trafficking against their will. From 9 July 2012, the

death penalty would no longer be mandatory if the accused person was only a courier and had

absolutely no other involvement in the supply or distribution of drugs, and if he had either

cooperated with the Central Narcotics Bureau (the government agency in charge of drug

enforcement in Singapore) in a way that is deemed “substantial”, or was mentally impaired

such that he “substantially” could not comprehend the seriousness of his actions. In such

circumstances, the accused may be sentenced to life imprisonment instead. However, the

extent of cooperation the accused must give in order for his efforts to be regarded as

“substantial” still remains to be seen.

DISCUSSION:

According to Kierra (2023), Drug use often associated with the government, making it

difficult to get rid of them. It seems that for her God gave us illegal drugs in society to punish

those addicted to drugs, but if we are only pure goodness, it is perfect for us.

Based on Maureen (2023), using Drugs can lead to people losing their minds and

doing bad things.

From the point of view of Samantha (2023), Drugs can have a negative effect on our

health, leading to regret. It seems that for her They are capable of doing unsavory things.

They may potentially unknowingly take lives as a result of the impact of narcotics.
 As mentioned by Amora (2023), Poverty, abuse, and mental health problems can lead

to addiction. It seems that for her people seek to make money off illegal narcotics, not due to

personal issues.

According to Louisse (2023), Drugs are forbidden in society because they can lead to

addiction. It seems for her lto know how being paranoid might influence a person. They can

also kill because drugs are a drug that is hard to get rid of from the body, especially if he uses

them frequently and being paranoid can lead to drug use and death.
 CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY:

This study is a qualitative study of five respondents; all of my respondents are females; the

respondents are seventeen to twenty-four years old; they study in public school.

This study found that Drug abuse can have a negative effect on a person's health and criminal

behavior. It can lead to paranoia and murder, as it is difficult to remove from a person's body

if they are constantly using it. This is because drugs are difficult to remove from a person's

body, especially if they are constantly using them.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study based on the finding therefore concludes that their opinon on Drug use often

associated with the government, making it difficult to get rid of them. It seems that for them

God gave us illegal drugs in society to punish those addicted to drugs, but if we are only pure

goodness, it is perfect for us. Using Drugs can lead to people losing their minds and doing

bad things. Drugs can have a negative effect on our health, leading to regret. It seems that for

them they are capable of doing unsavory things. They may potentially unknowingly take lives

as a result of the impact of narcotics. Poverty, abuse, and mental health problems can lead to

addiction. It seems that for them people seek to make money off illegal narcotics, not due to

personal issues. Drugs are forbidden in society because they can lead to addiction. It seems

for them to know how being paranoid might influence a person. They can also kill because

drugs are a drug that is hard to get rid of from the body, especially if he uses them frequently

and being paranoid can lead to drug use and death.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

School play an important role, both inside and beyond the classroom, in preventing

alcohol and other drug harm. While providing drug education as part of the

curriculum is important, there is more that schools can do. Learning doesn’t happen

solely in the classroom. The culture of the school, and young people’s experiences at

school can also be important protective factors against the harm from alcohol and

other drugs.

Sensitising / making the youth aware of the effects of usage of drugs. To help the

youth see the link between crime and drug usage. To stop crime and substance abuse

in the community. To refer victims of substance abuse for professional help.

REFERENCES:

Amora (2023), 17 year old Senior High School, female student in a public school.

Dalizon (2015),

https://www.academia.edu/28307010/

REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_STUDIES_RELATED_LITERATURE

Dr. Shohreh Akhavan (N.D), A Review Study of Substance Abuse Status in High School

Students, Isfahan, Iran.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476010/

HAQQI (2015),

https://www.academia.edu/28307010/

REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_STUDIES_RELATED_LITERATURE
Kierra (2023), 24 year old Senior High School, female student in a public school.

Louisse (2023)¸ 17 year old Senior High School, female student in a public school.

Maureen (2023), 17 year old Senior High School, female student in a public school.

Ministry of Home Affairs (2011),

https://www.academia.edu/28307010/

REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_STUDIES_RELATED_LITERATURE

Samantha (2023), 17 year old Senior High School, female student in a public school.

Shahani (2016),

https://www.academia.edu/28307010/REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_ST

UDIES_RELATED_LITERATURE
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

NAME: ANGELIKA S. ABARIENTOS

ADRESS: Sua, Camaligan, Camarines Sur
GMAIL: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

KINDER Sua Elementary School

Sua, Camaligan, Camarines Sur
2010-2011

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Sua Elementary School

Sua Camaligan Camariens Sur
2012-2017

SENIOR HIGH Camaligan National High School

Sto.Tomas, Camaligan, Camariens Sur
2018-PRESENT
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: LETTER TO RESPONDENTS

APPENDIX B: LIST OF QUESTIONS

1. May bisyo kaba? *(Follow up questions)

*(Kung Meron) Naninigarilyo ka ba o umiinom ng alak?
Gaano ka kadalas uminom? Ano ang iniinom mo? Nalasing ka na ba dati?
Ano ang nararamdaman mo sa paghithit ng sigarilyo? Bakit ka naninigarilyo ngayon? Paano
ka makakakuha ng pera para makabili ng sigarilyo? Nasubukan mo na bang huminto?
*(Kung oo, ano ang nasubukan mo na—nicotine patch, therapy, self-help, at gamot?) Kailan
mo huling sinubukang huminto?
2. Nasubukan mo na ba ang mag Marijuana? Ano ang epekto saiyo?
3. Nasubukan mo na bang mag-droga? Sa hiling mo, ano ang magiging epekto sa mga taong
nag do-droga?
4. Sa pagkakaaram mo, nag kaklase bang toltol ang mga aki pag nag da-drugs?
5. Bakit nagkaroon ng ilegal na droga sa lipunan?
6. Ano ang naging dahilan ng pagkalulong sa nga gumagamit ng droga?
7. Dapat ba talagang patayin ang mga gumagamit ng ilegal na droga?
8. Paano mababawasan ang bentahan ng ilegal na droga?
9. Ano ang alam mo tungkol sa droga at pag-abuso sa droga?
10. Paano o sa anong paraan mo maiiwasan ang pagkalulong sa droga sa Pilipinas?
11.(Suggestion) Bilang isang mag-aaral ano ang iyong gagawin o magagawa upang matigil
ang pagkalulong na ito sa droga?
12.(Opinion) Sa paanong paraan o paano maapektuhan ng pagkalulong sa droga ang mga tao
sa Pilipinas?
APPENDIX C: PHOTO DOCUMENTATION OF DATA GATHERING