Law

Criminal Justice Administration

Role of Prosecutor in Criminal Justice
Administration
 Role Name Affiliation
Principal Investigator Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh Vice Chancellor, National Law
University, Delhi
Co-Principal Investigator Prof. (Dr.) G.S. Bajpai Registrar, National Law
University Delhi
Paper Coordinator Mr. Neeraj Tiwari Assistant Professor, National
Law University Delhi
Content Writer/Author Ms. Sree Parvathy G. Assistant Professor, National Law
University, Jodhpur

Content Reviewer Prof. B.B. Pande Chair Professor, Criminal Law,

National Law University Delhi

DESCRIPTION OF MODULE

Items Description of Module

Subject Name Law
Paper Name Criminal Justice Administration
Module Name/Title Role of Prosecutor in Criminal Justice
Administration

Module Id LAW/CJA/IV

Objectives Learning Objective:

 To understand the organisation of the system of

Public Prosecution in India

 To understand the nature of the office of Public

Prosecutor and his role in the administration of
Criminal Justice, and

 To identify and analyse the areas of concern,

affecting the effective functioning of the system of
prosecution

Prerequisites General understanding of the provisions of the Code of

Criminal Procedure

Key words Public Prosecutor, Criminal Justice Administration,

Withdrawal from prosecution
1. Introduction:

Public Prosecutors play a crucial role in most of the criminal justice systems. They are the
persons entrusted with the duty of representing the prosecution side in criminal trials. The
office of the public prosecutor represents the collective will of the society. It is also a
‘repository of public power to initiate and withdraw prosecution’.1 The reason for creation of
a system of public prosecution to represent the interest of the society are two-fold- firstly, to
represent the collective interest of the society to render justice in a criminal matter by
punishing the offender and secondly, to protect the interest of the individual accused by
avoiding vexatious litigations.2 The public prosecutors are officers of the court and are
regarded as independent and impartial. At the same time they represent the state in a criminal
trial. Thus the position and role of public prosecutors has been subjected to much discussion
and judicial discourse. This module will introduce you to the existing system of Public
Prosecution in India and the role of Public Prosecutors in a criminal trial.

2. Legal Framework:

Before analysing the role of public prosecutors, it would be worthwhile to examine the
statutory provisions regarding the establishment of office of public prosecutor and the
structure of public prosecution in India. Public Prosecutor is defined as “any person
appointed under Section 24 and includes any person acting under the directions of Public
Prosecutor.”3 It is a vital office as far as the administration of criminal justice is concerned.
The fact that the Code of Criminal Procedure allows the Public Prosecutors to appear and
plead in any court without any written authority conveys the relevance of such officers in the
administration of criminal justice. More importantly, it is provided that if a pleader is
engaged by a private person in case where the public Prosecutors appear, the pleader
appointed by the private person has to act under the directions of the Public Prosecutors.4

Chapter II of the Criminal Procedure Code 1973 titled ‘Constitution of Criminal Courts and
Offices’ contains three provisions that talk about Public prosecutors. Central or state
government shall appoint Public Prosecutors or Additional Public Prosecutors at the High

1
K.N.Chandrasekharan Pillai, ‘Public Prosecution in India’, 50 (4) Journal of Indian Law Institute, 2008.
2
Ibid
3
Sec. 2(u) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
4
Sec. 301 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Court to represent them in any prosecution, appeal or other proceeding.5 Such appointment
shall be made only after consultation with the High Court. The provision also authorises the
appointment of Public prosecutors or Additional Public Prosecutors for the District to
represent the state. They shall be appointed from a panel of advocates prepared by the District
magistrate in consultation with the Sessions Judge.6 To be appointed Public prosecutors at the
High Court or at the District, the person must be an advocate in practice for seven years or
more.7

The Central government or the State government can also appoint Special Public prosecutors
for dealing with a particular case. It is mandatory that such a person must be in practice for
ten years or more.8 Assistant Public Prosecutors can be appointed by the state government in
the Courts of Magistrates under Sec. 25 of the Code. The section also provides that, if for the
purpose of any case the Assistant Public Prosecutor is not available the District Magistrate,
may appoint any other person to act as Assistant Public Prosecutor.9 Though the general rule
is that no police officer can be appointed as a Public Prosecutor, but in case the exigencies of
the case require his appointment care should be taken that he has not taken part in the
investigation of the said case and he is not below the rank of an inspector.10 The following
table will summarise the relevant points in this regard-

5
Sec.24 (1) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
6
Sec. 24(3) and (4) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
7
S.24(5) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
8
Sec. 24(6) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
9
Sec. 25(3) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
10
S. 25 Proviso of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
 Designation Qualification Appointing Authority

Public prosecutor Advocate in Practice for Appointed by Central or state

/Additional Public seven years or more government, as the case may
Prosecutor (High be, in consultation with the
Court) High Court.

Public Advocate in Practice for Appointed by State from the

Prosecutors/Additional seven years or more Panel (Prepared by District
Public Prosecutors for Magistrate in consultation with
the Districts (Court of the Sessions Judge) or from
Sessions) the regular cadre.

Special Public Advocate in practice for Appointment to be made by

Prosecutors ten years or more Central or State Government
for a case or class of cases.

Assistant Public Any person other than a Appointed by State

Prosecutors (Courts of police officer (District governments
Magistrates) can even appoint a police
officer to act as APP
provided 1) he has not
taken part in the
investigation and 2) he is
not below the rank of an
inspector

A significant development with respect to the appointment of Public Prosecutors was

introduced by the Code of Criminal Procedure (amendment) Act, 2005. The amendment
empowers the state governments to establish a hierarchical structure for prosecution. The
states can establish a Directorate of Prosecution under the head of the Home department of
the state.11 The Directorate shall be headed by the Director of prosecutions and there shall be

11
Sec. 25A (3) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Deputy Directors under him.12 The powers and functions of the officers shall be laid down by
the state government.13

3. Prosecution an Independent and Autonomous Agency:

What is the true nature of the office of the Public Prosecutor? What is his relation with his
client? Is he an employee of the government? Or is the relationship purely contractual? Two
questions that are pertinent in understanding the nature of the office of the public prosecutor
are addressed below.

3.1 Executive or Judicial?

Is the Public Prosecutor part of the executive because he represents the state and acts in co-
operation with the investigative agency? Is he a part of the judiciary because he has to be
impartial and assist the court in finding the truth? The opinion expressed by a learned author
of Criminal Law, Prof. K.N. C Pillai is quite relevant here. He says, “It seems that the office
of the Public Prosecutor belongs to the executive. However, it is strongly felt that it is in fact,
not purely executive. It partakes judicial character and as such assumes a lot of importance in
a democracy. The very establishment of this office presupposes the understanding that one
cannot afford to permit private prosecutions as it may result in utter chaos in the present
political set up”14 The Public Prosecutor was treated to be a part of the executive earlier and
the need to separate it and give it an independent existence was felt gradually. For instance,
the 14th Report of the Law Commission of India makes the following observation-

“It is obvious that by the very fact of that being members of the police force and the
nature of duties they have to discharge like bringing a case to court, it is not possible for
them to exhibit that degree of detachment which is necessary in a prosecutor. It is to be
remembered that their promotion in the department depends upon the number of
convictions they are able to obtain as prosecuting officers. We therefore suggest that as a
first step towards improvement, the prosecuting agency should be completely separated
from the police department. These recommendations of the law commission were

12
Sec. 25A (1) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
13
Sec. 25A (7) of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
14
Supra note 1.
 accepted by the Central Government and the parliament by enacting the code of
procedure 1973 made the necessary provision in Section 24 and 25 of Cr.P.C.”15

Though the nature of the functions the Public Prosecutor performs has elements of executive
function, it cannot be treated so. He represents the state, but his role in the court is not that of
an ordinary advocate representing his client. In this regard, the observations made by the
High Court of Kerala in Babu v. State of Kerala16 are worth reading. The court said-

“Public Prosecutors are really ministers of justice whose job is none other than
assisting the state in the administration of justice. They are not representatives of
any party. Their job is to assist the court by placing before the court all relevant
aspects of the case. They are not there to use the innocents to go to gallows.
They are not there to see the culprits escape conviction. But the pleader engaged
by a private party who is a de facto complainant cannot be expected to be so
impartial. Not only that, it will be his endeavour to get the conviction even if a
conviction may not be possible.”

There are instances where the Courts have held appointment of a police officer as in charge
of the prosecuting agency to be against the spirit of Ss.24 and 25.17 Under the scheme of the
Code, investigation is done by the executive ie the police and supervision of the investigation
is the duty of the Judiciary ie the Magistrate. Public Prosecutor is an officer of the court who
aids the court in the administration of justice by helping it to find the truth. In short it may be
said that irrespective of the judicial or executive nature of the office of the Public prosecutor,
he has to act impartially and with fairness.

3.2 Public office:

The second major concern regarding the nature of office of the Public Prosecutor is with
respect to its relation with the government. Is a Public Prosecutor a public servant or is he just
an advocate whose client happens to be the state. In other words, is the relationship between
the government and the Public prosecutor purely contractual? Or does it involve some public
element so as to claim the office to be a public office? This issue was addressed by the
15
Para 12 of Ch XXXV of Vol. 11.
16
(1984) Cr. LJ 499 (Ker)
17
The Apex Court decision in S.B Sahana v. State of Maharashtra, (1995) SCC (Cri) 787 also holds the same.
Supreme Court in Kumari Srilekha Vidhyarthi v. State of U.P and Ors.18 In this decision the
government counsels of the state challenged the state action of terminating their services
before the expiry of the term without assigning any reason as arbitrary. They contended that
the relationship of the government counsel with the government is not merely one of client
and counsel, as in the case of a private client, but one of status in the nature of public
employment or appointment to a ‘public office’. Having regard to the statutory provisions
concerning the appointment of Public prosecutors and their role in withdrawal from
prosecution under S. 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Court held that, the office of
the public Prosecutor is a public office and his relationship with the government is not the
same as that of an ordinary advocate representing his client. Basing their reasoning primarily
on Sec.321 the court made the following observation-

“This power of the Public Prosecutor in charge of the case (u/s 321) is derived from
statute and the guiding consideration for it, must be the interest of administration of
justice. There can be no doubt that this function of the Public Prosecutor relates to a
public purpose entrusting him with the responsibility of so acting only in the interest of
administration of justice. In the case of Public Prosecutors, this additional public element
flowing from statutory provisions in the Code of Criminal Procedure, undoubtedly invest
the Public Prosecutors with the attribute of holder of a public office which cannot be
whittled down by the assertion that their engagement is purely professional between a
client and his lawyer with no public element attaching to it.”

3.3 Independent and Impartial:

It is quite clear from the above discussion that a Public Prosecutor must be impartial and fair.
His role is not limited to that of an advocate championing the cause of his client. He is not to
secure conviction by all costs, say for example by hiding evidences or information favouring
the accused. He is to aid the court in its quest to find the truth. But what are the parameters to
assess impartiality? How is the fairness of his actions to be measured? There have been
numerous instances before the courts where such a public office was alleged to be misused
either by the incumbents or by their political superiors. Two issues may be identified to

18
AIR 1991 SC 537
discuss this matter further- 1) Regarding the political nature of appointments and 2)
Government interference in withdrawal of prosecution.

3.3.1 Political Interference:

A major area of concern when we talk about the impartiality and independence of the office
of the Public Prosecutor is the reality of such public offices being filled by candidates who
are committed to their political heads. It is often the practice that, the offices of the Public
Prosecutors and Government Pleaders changing its incumbents with the change in
governments. The judiciary has been quite meticulous in its approach preventing politically
motivated appointments and keeping a check on partisan decisions being taken by occupants
of such offices. Prof. Pillai makes the following observation in this regard-

“...Today the appointment to the office of the Public Prosecutor is made on the basis of
political affiliation of the persons concerned. The difficulties arising out of such
appointments came to be examined by the Supreme Court in Srilekha Vidyarthy v. State
of U.P.19 The Supreme Court deprecated this trend and declared that appointment to such
vital offices should not be allowed to be made by spoils system by the political parties.
But even today, the state governments distribute this office among the sympathisers of
the political parties in power. And even after assuming office many of the incumbents
still feel that they are to look after the interests of the ruling parties.”

The case of Sunil Kumar Pal v. Phota Sheikh20 provides a candid example as to how political
influences can lead to utter abuse of the office of the Public Prosecutor. It was a case of
murder. Due to the persistent demand of the deceased’s brother the proceedings began. The
public prosecutor was given only a day to prepare his case and therefore he returned the brief.
After that a junior of the Public Prosecutor was appointed Special Public Prosecutor and the
Public Prosecutor was representing the nine accused. Witnesses were intimidated; many of
them turns hostile and many did not appear. The High Court did not even grant a leave to
appeal to the apex court against the acquittal. Setting aside the acquittal the Apex Court came
down heavily on the way justice was administered by the lower courts, the made the
following observations-

19
Ibid.
20
(1984) 4 SCC 533
“There can be little doubt that the trial culminating in the acquittal of respondent nos. 1 to
9 was appallingly unfair so far as the prosecutions is concerned and was heavily loaded
in favour of respondent nos. 1 to 9. It is difficult to understand how consistently with
ethics of the legal profession and fair play in the administration of justice, the public
prosecutor of Nadia could appear on behalf of respondent nos. 1 to 9. The appearance of
the public prosecutor, Nadia on behalf of the defence does lent support to the allegation
of the appellant that respondent nos. 1 to 9 were supported by the Communist Party of
India (Marxist) which was at the material time the ruling party in the State of West
Bengal and this would naturally give rise to apprehension in the minds of the witnesses
that in giving evidence against respondent nos. 1 to 9, they would be not only incurring
the displeasure of the government but would also be fighting against it. Moreover, it
cannot be disputed that when the trial was going on and the witnesses were giving
evidence, there were a large number of supporters of the Communist Party (Marxist) who
were allowed to assemble in the court compound and who created a hostile atmosphere
by shouting against the prosecution and in favour of the accused. Though the appellant
and the complainant as also the witnesses were intimated, no steps were taken for
according protection to them so that they may be able to give evidence truly and
fearlessly in proper atmosphere consistent with the sanctity of the court. It is significant
to note that quite a few witnesses turned hostile and that obviously must have been due to
the fact that they apprehended danger to their life at the hands of respondent nos. 1 to 9
and their supporters. It is also regrettable that though at the time when the trial
commenced on 22nd May, 1978, Shri S. N. Ganguly, who was appointed special public
prosecutor to conduct the prosecution, asked for an adjournment of the trial in order to
enable him to prepare the case particularly since he was appointed on 20th May, 1978,
the trial was adjourned only for one day, with the result that S. N. Ganguly had to return
the brief. Then late in the evening of 22nd May 1978 Shri S. S. Sen, additional public
prosecutor was asked to conduct the prosecution and he had to begin the case on the very
next morning on 23rd May 1971 without practically any time for effective preparation.
We have no doubt that under these circumstances the trial was heavily loaded in favour
of respondent nos. 1 to 9. The trial must in the circumstances be held to be vitiated and
the acquittal of respondent nos. 1 to 9 as a result of such trial must be set aside. It is
imperative that in order that people may not loose faith in the administration of criminal
justice, no one should be allowed to subvert the legal process. No citizen should go away
with the feeling that he could not get justice from the court because the other side was
 socially, economically or politically powerful and could manipulate the legal process.
That would be subversive of the rule of law.(emphasis added)”

4. Prosecutors and Initiation of Criminal Proceedings

The importance of role of the Public Prosecutor is further made evident in Chapter XVIII
which deals with Trial before a Court of Session. The chapter opens with the provision
that in every trial before the Court of Session prosecution shall be conducted by a Public
Prosecutor.21 Further, the prosecution has to open the case by describing the charges and
the evidences against the accused.22 The evidences the Public Prosecutor mentions in the
opening statement are those sent by the Magistrate while committing the case to the
Court of Sessions. Once the Magistrate sends the records, documents and articles to it
remands the accused to custody or grants him bail and notifies the Public Prosecutor23 it
is the duty of the Public Prosecutor to conduct the prosecution.

5. Prosecutors and Withdrawal from Prosecution

The Code of Criminal Procedure envisages the role of Public Prosecutor to commence only
after the investigation is completed by the police and a decision to prosecute is taken by the
Magistrate. He has very little role in deciding whether to commence prosecution. However,
that is not the case with withdrawal of prosecution. The public prosecutor plays a vital role in
cases where withdrawal is sought on behalf of the state. According to Sec. 321 of the Code
“The Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public Prosecutor in charge of a case may, with the
consent of the Court, at any time before the judgment is pronounced, withdraw from the
prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for
which he is tried”.

21
Sec.225 Cr.PC
22
Sec. 226 reads as follows -Opening case for prosecution. When the accused appears or is brought before the
Court in pursuance of a commitment of the case under section 209, the prosecutor shall open his case by
describing the charge brought against the accused and stating by what evidence he proposes to prove the guilt of
the accused.
23
Sec.173 (5) (a) and (b).
This role of the Public Prosecutor has been a testing ground for the notions of independence
and impartiality associated with his office. The reality of such decisions being influenced or
manipulated by the political heads of the state has resulted in many situations where judicial
interference became necessary. It has now been categorically laid down by various
judgements that, the decision to withdraw from prosecution is the prerogative of the
prosecutor as a holder of public office and the Court shall give consent to such a decision
only if satisfied that it is not influenced by the interests of the political government.

In this context, the case of Sheonandan Paswan v. State of Bihar24 the court held that the role
of the court in granting permission for withdrawal of prosecution is limited to seeing that the
decision is made by the Public Prosecutor independently and having regard to the interests of
public policy and justice. The Public prosecutor’s decision to apply for withdrawal is not
limited to paucity of evidence. Once the court is satisfied that the application is made in good
faith, in the interests of justice and public policy and not to thwart or stifle the process of law,
the court may grant permission. In other words the role of the court in this regard is not
adjudicatory, and not supervisory. The court need not go in to the merits of the reason for
withdrawal. It has to just satisfy itself that the decision is made independently and in good
faith. The same has been the approach of the Apex Court in a number of other cases as well.25

The following points may be noted with respect to the role of the Public Prosecutor in cases
of withdrawal from prosecution-

 Decision to withdraw prosecution is the prerogative of the Public Prosecutor

 The decision to withdraw prosecution under section 321 of the Code may be
exercised by the Public Prosecutor anytime before the judgement is
pronounced.
 The consent of the court is necessary for the Public Prosecutor to withdraw
from a case. The role of the Court in this case is not adjudicatory, but
supervisoty.
 If the decision of the Public prosecutor is independent and in the interests of
justice, the court has to grant permission.

24
(1987) 1 SCC 288
25
R.K Jain v. State, AIR 1980 SC 1510; Mohd Mumta v. Nandini Satpati, 1987 Cri LJ 778 (SC).
  The decision to withdraw prosecution may be due to paucity of evidence to
pursue the case further. But there may be other reasons also.
 So long as the decision is made in good faith and free from external
influences, especially governmental pressure, the courts shall not interfere.

5.1 Duty not to suppress material facts, evidences or witness:

An understanding of the role of the Public Prosecutor would not be complete without a
mention of the duties that are cast on them either by the statute or by judicial
pronouncements. The most important duty of the Public Prosecutor is the duty not to suppress
any material fact or evidence relevant to the case.26

As mentioned earlier the Public Prosecutor is not just an advocate representing the cause of
his client. Therefore he need not procure a conviction by hook or crook. “The object of a
criminal trial is to find out the truth and determine the guilt or innocence of the accused. The
duty of the prosecutor in such a trial is not merely to secure conviction at all costs but to
place before the court whatever evidence is possessed by the prosecutor, whether it be in
favour or against the accused, and to leave the court to decide upon all such evidence-

26
For a detailed treatment of the topic see M.A Rasheed, Duties of Public Prosecutors Towards the Accused,
available at http://www.answeringlaw.com/php/displayContent.php?linkId=252. Visted on 05.07.2014
whether the accused was or was not guilty of the offence alleged.”27 The attitude expected
from the Public Prosecutor is made clear by the Law Commission in its 14th report in the
following words- “A public prosecutor must be personally indifferent to the result of the case.
His duty should consist only in placing all the available evidence irrespective of the fact that
whether it goes against the accused or helps him, before the court, in order to aid the court in
discovering the truth. It would thus be seen that in the machinery of justice a Public
Prosecutor has to play a very responsible role; the impartiality of his conduct is as vital as the
impartiality of the court itself.”28 In Darya Singh v. State of Punjab29 the apex Court held that
the Public Prosecutor must never allow the devise of keeping back from the court’s eye
witnesses only because their evidence is likely to go against the prosecution case. In other
words he shall not pick and choose witnesses and evidences.

6. Summary:

Public Prosecutor plays a vital office in the administration of criminal justice. It is an office
created by the statute. The Public Prosecutor represents the state in criminal prosecutions.

27
Ghirrao v. Emperor, 34 CriLJ 1009 (1012)
28
14th Report Vol.II p.765
29
AIR 1965 SC 328.
However, he is not an advocate of the state. He is the holder of public office and has to
discharge his function impartially and independently. They are not to suppress material facts,
evidences or witnesses even if it is not in favour of his case. In other words, he is not to
secure a conviction by any means. His duty is to aid the court in finding the truth. Politically
motivated appointments and interference by political heads in the decisions concerning
prosecutions are challenges to the independent working of the office which has been dealt
quite seriously by the judiciary.

Self-check exercise

1. Examine the relationship of the Public Prosecutor with the government? How is it different
from that of an ordinary client representing his client?
2. Examine the provisions relating to appointment of Public Prosecutors? Does the
Amendment of 2005 make any changes in the way Prosecutors are appointed?
3. What is the role of the court in cases where withdrawal of prosecution is sought by the
Public Prosecutor?
4. Examine how far the judiciary has tried to safeguard the independence of the office of the
Public Prosecutor?