Part B: Exercises Vowels and Diphthongs Vowels fi: iif Which of the following words include these sounds? fil kgep ~ night ~ lit - late - fry A) feet ~ siz night ~ keen — sigh Vowels /ef fof fx! Which of the following words include these sounds? Jel agsé— feel — bell ~ grass — oe Jol book ~ street ~ name ~ fathéf ~ sun fal feed — bad — food — fate ~ big 3. Vowels Jas Jai fac! Which of the following words include these sounds? Jad water — night ~ cat ~ stars ~ paper Jnl fat ~ bet — look ~ food ~ cut Jae! late ~ cat — laugh — best ~ tea Practical Phonetics Phoiosapiabls PS mip tom 64. Vowels /nf a! Which of the following words include these sounds? Jol room ~ dog - card ~ word — soil Jot father - glass ~ law ~ hot — world 5. Vowels Jo! /u/ Which of the following words include these sounds? Jol cut ~ work ~ love ~ food ~ book fas food — luck — lost — burn ~ first 6. Diphthongs Which of the following words include these diphthongs? Je feed ~ bed — food ~ fight - say Ja said ~ read ~ high — food - says Jail should — boy — though — blood ~ so Jaof_ through ~ there — here ~ so — hot Jao! now ~ hair ~ face ~ tour — lower ‘ra/ there ~ seed ~ hair ~ late ~ here Jeal there ~ say ~ get ~ first ~ shoulder Joo! tower — tour ~ two — tooth ~ hand tical Phonetics Photocopete © eiige oo ’Pronunciation Tasks 1. Put the following words into the correct box according to the underlined sound. Use a dictionary to check your answers. steam flood tum asleep _ sleep flew should = saw cough heart bread flat busy. poor shirt path stamp system teacher does shoe sai wood hot sheep fit ship |v bed /e/ bad /x/ father /a:! bird /a/ sleep pat /n/ caught /a/ | put fof boot fad | cut /a/ ‘camera /9/ (Optional) Extension: Add two more words that you know for each sound. Use a dictionary to check. 2, Odd One Out. Circle the word 1. dead wean) 2. fruit suit 3, half have 4, horse history 5. look good 6. country young 7. oven colour 8, talk chalk bread juice has story foot youth son calm, head built ham cord blood couple gone fall a different sound. Use a dictionary to check.3. Fill in the blanks with the word which has got a different phonetic sound, 1. heat nothing love come 2. bird —— word bed earth 3. look pool full foot 4. dog fox cough caught oe 5. now voice out cow oe 6. idea volunteers. where near hear beer chair year enjoy boy point brown asked looked worried hooked 10. goes introduces loses —_ dresses 4. Group the following words according to the underlined sounds. each blue = ay ~— fight «= worry, house straw = tum silly found eam caught ill quite Just free eight June bee ugly = soup—ssixty, shirt, «ought tale. ~— bicycle mouse fal lel Jal dal bot Is Al 5. Identify the vowel sounds in each word and tick () the correct box. For some words, you will have to tick two boxes. Words | lel | tot | tet | fz | ww | Ww | tol | tes | tv | fot [iol | rad 9 ‘Practical Phonetics Pratcapisbie 99 maigoa Bos ’6. Identify the diphthong sounds in each word.and tick (W) the correct box. i Words | /aci | fav | feo! | foo! | fou’ | feos | few | hal theatre: care: security mountain lake nose height choice 7. Which groups do these words belong to? video: tie: rich: shirt: sit: ary: wine: skirt: river: kind: why: build: dirty: like: might: write: live: ship: Italy: life: five: 8. Which groups do these words belong to? —bag—that—fat Group 3: /o/: about ~ Japan — grammar — woman Group 2: /a:!: car — grass ~ arm ~ father Group 4: /o/: fall ~ small ~ all — saw. grandmother: apple: talk: tomato: dawn: have: ‘man: happy: walk: ball: hand: sat: park: start: hat: are: again: can: cathedral: bank: ask: tall: dark: dance: half: war: warm: bad: March: _ Pinata Photcopiabe 05 Bogan ae 109. Find the homophones of these words. Use a dictionary if necessary. flour sell night aisle-TIl hear knows bare mined red son wood dear die" their-they’re brake passed aloud whether 1. read Todye cell 2. weather 8. break 14. nose 3. here 9, allowed 1S. past 4, would 10, mind 16. there 5. flower 11. isle 17. deer 6. bear 12, sun 18. knight Remember! Homophones are those words which sound the same but have got different spelling and meanings. to. Tick (7) the correct box for each irregular verb according to its -ed ending. Verbs i Jal hat worked lived ‘stopped counted targeted paid | listened watched painted performed repeated helped asked printed warned Remember! The /d/ sound follows a vowel ot Voiced consonant. The /d/ sound follows a /t/ or /d/ sound at the end of a word, The // sound generally follows a voiceless consonant such as ch, sh k, $8 and p. "ii. Tick (7) the correct box for each word so that the final ~s sound matches its phoneme. Use a dictionary if necessary. Words ish Jal fal watches houses ears looks knives baths handkerchiefs boxes Keys envelopes boys wishes walks glasses studies works jobs { practises Remember! Sometimes when we add an -s to make the third person of the Present Simple, or a plural, it may be pronounced in one of three ways. If the final syllable ends in a voiced sound, the /z/ sound is pronounced. If the final syllable ends in a voiceless sound, it is the sound /s/. However, if the final letter is a consonant such as ch, sh, x or ss (sibilant letters), you have to pronounce it /1z/. ‘Frscical Phonetics Photocopatle Ob ingen bas 2 ‘Part C: Texts A. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /ev/ in pay, /i/ in people and /ze/ in cancel. Singing in the same key U2's lead rock singer and songwriter, Bono, and pop soloist singer and songwriter, Mariah Carey, have more than their musical talent in common, When they became active in social issues, they were both making a statement about the kind of human beings they were. When Bono attended the World Economic Forum in New York City in February 2002, he was trying to get the world’s richest nations to cancel the $90 billion debt of the world’s poorest nations. When Mariah Carey became involved in an American charity, she was giving children hope for the future and @ way out of poverty. It’s not always easy to get the powerful to pay attention to these issues, However, people take more notice when famous artists become involved and work to narrow the gap between the privileged and underprivileged in our world. New Burlington Top Class for ESO 4, p. 14 8. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /s/ in country, /e/ in friend’s, /ai/ in life and /o/ in from, ‘My most terrifying experience My most terrifying experience happened late one night last year. While my boyfriend and I were driving home from a friend’s house, the car suddenly stopped on a small country road. As Mark got out to have a look at the motor, the car was suddenly covered with a bright light which hurt our eyes, I was terrified and screamed at Mark to get back in the car. As soon as he had got back in the car, the light faded. Then Merk looked up and I saw his mouth open. When I turned to sce what he was looking at, I was totally stunned. It was amazing. A few metres above us, a huge humming disc was slowly spinning round. We were too shocked to speak — we just sat gazing up at it in silence. We got out of the car, and as we did, 2 beam of blue light hit us. The light was so warm that I could actually feel it through my heavy winter coat. Suddenly the disc started to move away ~ ve never seen anything move so fast in my life! By the time we were able to speak, it had become a tiny light in the distance; then it vanished. ‘We've only told a few close friends and members of a UFO group about what happened to us that night ~ until now. Almost all of the friends we told thought that we had made it up or ‘imagined it, But I know we saw a UFO, and it wasn't our imagination! ews Results for Bachillerato 1, pp. 18-19 B racial Phonctis Paotcopiable a ten mts ’C. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /I/ in mirror, /av/ in most and /ux/ in to. Free to be me How do you feel when you look in the mirror? Are you completely satisfied with the image you see? If you're like the majority of people, your answer to that question is probably “no”. Most of us would like to change something about our appearance to look and feel more attractive. In fact, beauty has always concerned people. There has never been a society that was not concerned with defining or trying to achieve it. Obviously, we can’t all conform to society's constantly changing standards of beauty. But this doesn’t mean we can’t be attractive in our own, very special way. Haven't you ever noticed that a person who feels beautiful actually becomes beautiful to others? A positive self-image can do more for our appearance than all the make-up or muscles in the world. New Results for Bachillerato 1, p. 48 D. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /sy in forge, /s/ in expert and /o/ in successful. Catch me if you ean Frank Abagnale Jr. is one of many people who has helped the FBI catch criminals. So what makes Frank's story so special’ Well, by the time Frank Abagnale Jr. was 21 years old, he had conned people all over the world. He had managed to forge $2.5 million worth of cheques and iticked people into cashing them. Police in 26 countries wanted to catch him. His criminal activities are the basis of the film Caich Me If You Can, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, who portrays Frank Frank ran away from home at the age of 16. In order to get money, he printed cheques and itied to cash them, but people always asked if he had proper identification. One day, he saw some pilots and he realised that if he wore a uniform, people would take his cheques without ‘question, He went to the uniform company that the airlines used and claimed that he was a pilot who had lost his uniform. He was successful in getting a uniform and was able to cash phoney cheques with his new identity. Later, he also was successful in posing as a doctor and a lawyer. In addition, he taught a university class for a term, using a phoney degree. He did all this despite the fact that he never finished secondary school. So why did people believe all Frank’s lies? According to Frank, he was successful because he ‘was very impulsive and didn’t worry about the consequences of his actions. For Frank, it was a daring game to see how much he could get away with. ‘The police caught Frank when he was 21, but he only spent five years in prison, The US government agreed to release him if he would help them write fraud-prevention programs. ‘Today, Frank is an expert on counterfeiting and forgery prevention ~ and has paid back all the people who he had conned. Frank’s story ended happily. However, when asked about his advice to others considering a life of crime, he wamed thera to obey the law. Valid for Bachillerato 1, p. 67 rctical Phonotls Photosopable Been oa ‘.E. Find at least,one word in the text containing-each of these phonetic sounds: Ja - /u/ - favf - Joy - fal - Jea/ and joa/. Stomp Imagine going to hear a musical performance and seeing the performers come on stage holding brooms, dustbins, road signs, lead pipes and newspapers. If you didn’t know better, you might think that it was all a strange joke, but it isn’t... i's Stomp! From its beginning, Stomp has transformed noises from ordinary objects into amazing music. Their show has been extremely successful, Ten million people in 36 countries have already seen one of their tours. ‘Stomp was created in England by Steve McNicholas and Luke Cresswell. They had first performed together in a street band in the early 1980s. At that time, they often did a finale using dustbin lids, to the amazement of theit audience. The two young performers later quit the street band to write their own songs and in 1986, they made an original beer commercial using dustbin lids. The commercial was very successful and McNicholas and Cresswell realised that they could make music with many other objects. In the summer of 1991, the first ‘Stomp performance took place in Edinburgh ... and Stomp has continued entertaining audiences ever since, ‘There are now six Stomp casts in different locations around the world, however the shows are remarkably uniform. What makes Stomp unique is that the performers are not all highly ‘tained musicians. It's not easy, though, to become part of a Stomp cast. Thousands of people come to each audition, but only a few lucky ones with an excellent sense of rhythm are picked. ‘There is no political or social message in Stomp; the goal is simply to entertain the audience. Audiences around the world react differently, but almost everyone loves the show. So go and see Stomp if you have got the chance. You may never look at your dustbin in the same way again! Valid for Bachillerato 1, p. 30 F, Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /ai/ in crime, /a/ in study and /i/ in these. ‘Today’s Criminals Why do young people commit crimes? ‘An amazing twenty-five per cent of young people in the UK have been victims of crime in the last year, Who has committed those crimes? Believe it or not, other teens! According to a UK study, one quarter of all young people between the ages of [1 and 16 have committed a crime in the last year! ‘Who are these young criminals? All kinds of teens commit crimes, but teens are much more likely to commit crimes if they are not in school. The typical young offender is a 14- to 16- year-old male school drop-out, and the typical crime is theft, vandalism or assault. But boys are not the only criminals. For the last few years, the number of girls committing crimes — and going to prison ~ has risen ~ and, since this study began, the ages of these criminals has fallen, Girls are more likely to commit a crime at the age of 14 than at any other age! ‘Why do these young people commit crimes? Most teens say itis because of boredom, peer pressure and alcohol use. English Links for 50 4, p. 28 5 Practical Phonetes Phowosopale °O fagon eae ,G. Find at least.three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /ee/ in sean, /et/ in games, // in computer and /i/ in city. Virtual Reality Virtual Reality (VR) is a reconstruction of an environment using computer technology. It is so realistic that users imagine that they are actually inside the environment. VR was first developed in the 1960s to help train pilots. Besides its use in games and entertainment, itis used today to train surgeons to perform operations, to prepare astronauts for space travel and. to help engineers to design safer cars. It also has a less well-known use ~ recreating the past. In the 1S century AD, a fresco of a Roman city was painted on a wall in the Domus Aurea, the palace of the Roman Emperor Nero. It was discovered in 1998. A digital image (scan) of the fresco was made, making it easier for historians to study the fresco. The historians then used modern technology to share their discovery. Using the scan of the fresco, the city was “cebuilt” by VR artists. This provided VR users with a unique opportunity to explore the ancient world. Once the city was brought to life, they could study its buildings and streets, move around the city, view it from every angle and zoom in to examine details. Future plans include adding realistic sounds of the time and virtual people who users can question about life in the past. English Links for £50 4, p. 94 H. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /x/ in girls, /au/ in round, /ov/ in approach and /e/ in rest. Getting to know you ‘A recent survey in Spain has come up with some very interesting results. It shows that the majority of boys (60%) prefer girls to ask them out, rather than the other way round. The survey also highlights several regional differences. In Andalusia, for example, most boys still prefer to make the first move. In Catalonia, however, there is a growing preference for young people to date each other by SMS. These results indicate that in this country, like the rest of the world, traditional methods of dating are changing. This use of SMS in the dating process, especially among teenagers, is becoming a worldwide trend. The truth is that for people who find it difficult to talk to others, SMS is an ideal way of striking up a conversation. As one girl said, “We would never have started going out last year if my boyfriend hada’t sent me SMS messages. He feels so uncomfortable talking to strangers, that he would never have found the courage to approach me at school.” Another modem trend which is catching on in Britain and America is “speed-dating’. It works like this — people meet in a hall which has got lots of numbered tables in it. A bell rings and they sit at a table with another person and start chatting. After five minutes, the bell rings again, and each person moves on to a different table for another five-minute session. After they have met twenty prospective partners, they write down the names of the people they ‘would be willing to meet again and give them to the organisers. If two people write down each other's names, the organisers will give them each other's telephone number. No information will be handed over unless both people express interest in each other. Dating used to be so simple. If boy were attracted to a gitl, he would ask her out on a date. Shy boys had to overcome their embarrassment and ask girls out. People who were very busy had to make the time to look for a partner. However, things have changed, and it appears that the dating process is being adapted to suit the faster pace of modern life, Valid for Bachillerato 2, p. 62 cal Phonetics Praiocogibie 87 ag oe 16|. Find at least three words in the text containing vowels or groups of vowels which are pronounced in the same way as /a:/ in laughs, /p/ in common and /u:/ in prove. Keep Smiling! Laughter plays an important part in most people's lives — in fact, an average person laughs at least seventeen times a day. However, contrary to what most people believe, we don’t only laugh, when something funny happens; we also laugh as a sign of relief or of fear. One philosopher, John Morreal, has a theory that the first ever case of human laughter could have been when ancient men expressed their relief by laughing after they had survived a dangerous situation. ‘Laughter has many uses. Sometimes people use laughter to reduce tension when others get angry, thus avoiding unpleasant or even violent and dangerous reactions. Moreover, in addition to reducing tension, laughter is @ means of forming relationships with other people. When they Jaugh at a common subject, people find it easier to bond with each other. Furthermore, some doctors are convinced that laughter is, as the proverb says, the best medicine. They believe that laughing releases a certain chemical in our bodies which helps relieve pain and makes us feel more relaxed. It is now becoming quite common for hospitals to invite clowns to perform in order to cheer patients up and hopefully contribute to the healing process. Finally, laughter is also associated with power and success. Research shows that people who are in a position of power, for example tribal chiefs or bosses in companies, tend to laugh more than people who have got less authority than them. There are even indications that in certain cultures, the ability to make people laugh not only widens a person’s circle of friends, but can also actively contribute fo that person's professional advancement. People have recognised the power of laughter for many years. There is an old saying: “Laugh, and the whole world laughs with you; cry, and you cry alone”. Modern research would seem to prove that at least the first part of this statement is indeed true, Valid for Bachillerato 2, p. 61 J. Find at least one word in the text containing each of these phonetic sounds: /at/ - fof - /1a/ - Jail - feal and fsa. ‘The Chameleon Itis a well known fact that the colour of a chameleon can change. In many spy stories the character being chased is called “a chameleon” because his or her appearance changes all the time. The spy is successful because no one is able to recognise him or her. Sometimes the term “chameleon” is used in another way. It is used negatively about someone who always changes his of her opinion, depending on whom the person is talking to at a pasticular time. In nature, however, a chameleon is neither negative nor secretive. It is a member of the reptile family, and known for its ability to change colour. The colour change takes place becuse of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, and emotional factors ~ fear, victory in battle against another animal, or defeat, Contrary to popular belief, it does not occur as a means of hiding from danger. ‘There are about 87 species of chameleons, over half of which live in Madagascar, a poor island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. The other species are found on continents throughout the world, Most chameleons range in length from 17 to 25 centimetres, but some have been known to grow as long as 60 centimetres. This reptile has independently movable eyes and a Jong tongue. This enables it to catch insects, which are its main diet. However, some large chameleons also eat birds. One final point of interest is the fact that the male chameleon his sometimes got up to three homs, resembling those of a dragon. However, despite its frightening appearance, there is no need to fear the chameleon ~ it will only attack in self-defence. Valid for Bachillerato 2, Exam Preparation p. 7 i racial Phonetis Phoccnpable 90 arigon Baw ,Answers page 6 1. fd keep A sit 2 fel bell Jol father tx! bird 3. fad stars Ist cut lel cat page7 4. bol dog It law 5. ful book hus! food 6. Jet! say Jai high fot! boy Jac! 80 aol now of hese Jeol there foo! tour page 8 1. sheep: sleep, steam father: heart, path put: should, wood ship: busy, system bird: tur, shire boot: flew, shoe bed: bread, said pot: cough, hot cut: flood, does bad: flat, stamp caught: sew, poor camera: asleep, teacher 2.1, mean 3. half 5. blood 1. gone 2. built 4. history 6 youth 8. calm page 9 3. 1. heart 3. pool 5. voice 7. chair 9. worried 2. bed 4. caught 6. where 8 brown 10. goes, 4. fud — blue, June, soup Jac! house, found, mouse Jea! tray, eight, tale Jad) straw, caught, ought Jai) fight, quite, bicycle fx} turn, learn, shist Isl worry, just uly ‘dilly ill, sixty Fil each, free, bee 5. Words ‘in box. usher sta auger he breakint | sie page 10 6. wa fas Pw Pew Pr 7. Group 1: video, Italy sit, live, rich, river, build, ship a Group 2: wine, kind, write, tie, why, lke, life, ery, = might, five 7 Group 3: shirt, dirty, skit ‘mouatin [> 8. Group 1: grandmother, man, bad, apple,‘happy, hand, co bank, have, sat, hat, can Group 2; tomato, park, are, half, star, dark, March, ask, dance Group 3: cathedral, again Group 4; ball, tall, dawn, war, talk, walk, warm. ‘Practical Phonetics Phatocopiabio "0 ie 18page 1 Led 4 wood 7 dic 10, mined 13, sel 16. theirshey'e 2. whether 5. flour 8. brake LL. aisle-Pl 14, knows 17. dear 3. hear 6 bare 9. aloud = 12, son 1S. pased 18. night page 12 ML. Tal cr a wa wakes 7 ia = + looks ft | ia —— ae 3 ‘handkerchiefs He FEE me 2 2 ot 3 I a a ; “}- vine] 7 page 13 page 16 A. Possible answer G. Possible answers: pay, same, they, became, making, statement. sean, reality, imagine, actually, travel people, key, lead, beings, easy, between, ‘games, they, entertainment, today, train, space. cancel, have, than, talent, active, charity. ‘computer, reconstruction, environment, technology, B. Possible answers: discovery. country, suddenly, up, stunned, us city, reality, using, imagine, developed. friend’s, terrifying, get, never, members, H. Possible answers: life, my terifying, night, while driving, bright, light. girls, survey, frst, world, works. from, stopped, got, shocked. round, out, however, found, down, approach, shows, also, most, so, rest, getting, several, preference, methods. mirror, in, with, image, positive, age 17 most, no, own, noticed L_ Possible answers: to, do, you, beauty, who, laughs, laughter, part, arc, example, ‘common, contrary, philosopher, bond, doctors. prove, human, uses, reduce, rue, D. Possible answer forge, story, portrays, order, wore, taught, expert, world, worth, term, J. Possible answers: successful, criminal, activities, proper, compaay. Joa! - point Jo - called Je - successful fea! - there “et Ital appearance, fear foal - poor E, Possible answers: Jel ~ cast, part ‘tof - heat, beer Jaf ~ could, took deaf - their : Jol however, around ——_/va/ - tours Joi ~ noises F. Possible answers: crime, why, five, kinds, likely. study, young, other, but, much, number these, people, ben, tens, 9 ,