Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Storyline
Tenth Edition

Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 28
Magnetic Fields

Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)

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Magnetic Field Patterns of Bar Magnets

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Earth’s Magnetic Field

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 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic) (1 of 2)

• Magnetic force is proportional to the charge q of the particle.

• Magnetic force on a negative charge is directed opposite to the force on a
positive charge moving in the same direction.
• Magnetic force is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field vector B.

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Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic) (2 of 2)

FB = qv  B

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 Right-Hand Rule

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Alternative Right-Hand Rule

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Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic) (3 of 3)

FB = qv  B N N
1 T =1 1 T =1
FB = q vB sin  C  m/s Am
FB
B= 1 T = 10 G 4
q v sin 
Table 28.1 Some Approximate Magnetic Field Magnitudes
Source of Field Field Magnitude (T)
Strong superconducting laboratory magnet 30
Strong conventional laboratory magnet 2
Medical MRI unit 1.5
Bar magnet 10−2
Surface of the Sun 10−2
Surface of the Earth 5 × 10−5
Inside human brain (due to nerve impulses) 10−13
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 Quick Quiz 28.1 (1 of 2)

An electron moves in the plane of this screen toward the top of the screen. A
magnetic field is also in the plane of the screen and directed toward the right.
What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron?
(a) toward the top of the screen
(b) toward the bottom of the screen
(c) toward the left edge of the screen
(d) toward the right edge of the screen
(e) out of the screen
(f) into the screen

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Quick Quiz 28.1 (2 of 2)

An electron moves in the plane of this screen toward the top of the screen. A
magnetic field is also in the plane of the screen and directed toward the right.
What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron?
(a) toward the top of the screen
(b) toward the bottom of the screen
(c) toward the left edge of the screen
(d) toward the right edge of the screen
(e) out of the screen
(f) into the screen

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Comparison of Electric and Magnetic Particles in
Field Models

• Electric force vector on +ve • Magnetic force vector is perpendicular to

charge is directed along the the magnetic field irrespective of the sign
direction of electric field of the charge
• Electric force acts on a • Magnetic force acts on a charged particle
charged particle regardless of only when the particle is in motion
whether the particle is
moving or not
• Electric force does work in • Magnetic force associated with steady
displacing a charged particle magnetic field does no work when a
particle is displaced → force perpendicular
to displacement of its point of application

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Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic) (3 of 2)

FB = qv  B

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Example 28.1: An Electron Moving in a Magnetic Field

An electron moves through space as a cosmic ray with a

speed of 8.0  106 m/s along the x axis. At its location, the
magnetic field of the Earth has a magnitude 0.050 mT, and
is directed at an angle of 60 to the x axis, lying in the xy
plane.
Calculate the magnetic force on the electron.

FB = q vB sin 
= (1.6 10−19 C )( 8.0 106 m/s )( 5.0 10 −5 T ) ( sin 60 )
= 5.5 10−17 N

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Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field (1 of 2)

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Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field (2 of 2)

F = F B = ma

mv 2
FB = qvB =
r
mv
r=
qB

v qB
= =
r m
2 r 2 2 m
T= = =
v  qB
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 Quick Quiz 28.2 Part I (1 of 2)

A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field in a circle with a

radius r. An identical particle enters the field, with v perpendicular to B, but with
a higher speed than the first particle. Compared with the radius of the circle for
the first particle, is the radius of the circular path for the second particle.
(a) smaller
(b) larger
(c) equal in size

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 Quick Quiz 28.2 Part I (2 of 2)

A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field in a circle with a

radius r. An identical particle enters the field, with v perpendicular to B, but with
a higher speed than the first particle. Compared with the radius of the circle for
the first particle, is the radius of the circular path for the second particle.
(a) smaller
(b) larger
(c) equal in size

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 Quick Quiz 28.2 Part II (1 of 2)

A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field in a circle with a

radius r.
The magnitude of the magnetic field is increased. Compare the radius of the
new circular path of the first particle with the radius of its initial path.
(a) smaller
(b) larger
(c) equal in size

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 Quick Quiz 28.2 Part II (2 of 2)

A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field in a circle with a

radius r.
The magnitude of the magnetic field is increased. Compare the radius of the
new circular path of the first particle with the radius of its initial path.
(a) smaller
(b) larger
(c) equal in size

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Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

mv v qB
r= = =
qB r m

2 r 2 2 m
T= = =
v  qB

v → v⊥ = v y 2 + vz 2

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 Example 28.2: A Proton Moving Perpendicular to a Uniform
Magnetic Field (1 of 2)

A proton is moving in a circular orbit of radius 14 cm in a uniform 0.35-T

magnetic field perpendicular to the velocity of the proton. Find the speed of the
proton.

qBr
ν=
mp

v=
(1.60  10 −19
C ) ( 0.35 T )( 0.14 m )
= 4.7  106 m/s
1.67  10−27 kg

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 Example 28.2: A Proton Moving Perpendicular to a Uniform
Magnetic Field (2 of 2)
What if an electron, rather than a proton, moves in a direction perpendicular to
the same magnetic field with this same speed? Will the radius of its orbit be
different?

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 Example 28.3: Bending an Electron Beam (1 of 4)

In an experiment designed to measure the magnitude of a uniform magnetic

field, electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 350
V and then enter a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the velocity
vector of the electrons. The electrons travel along a curved path because of
the magnetic force exerted on them, and the radius of the path is measured to
be 7.5 cm. (Such a curved beam of electrons is shown in the figure.)
(A) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?

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Example 28.3: Bending an Electron Beam (2 of 4)

1 
K + U E = 0   me v − 0  + ( qV ) = 0
2

2 

−2qV
v=
me

−2 ( −1.60  10−19 C ) ( 350 V )

v= = 1.11 107 m/s
9.1110−31 kg

B=
me v
=
( 9.11  10 −31
kg )(1.11  10 7
m/s )
= 8.4  10−4 T
er (1.60  10 −19
C ) ( 0.075 m )

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 Example 28.3: Bending an Electron Beam (3 of 4)
(B) What is the angular speed of the electrons?

v 1.11  107 m/s

= = = 1.5  108 rad/s
r 0.075 m

 1 rev 
 = (1.5  10 rad/s ) 
8

 2 rad 
= 2.4  107 rev/s

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 Example 28.3: Bending an Electron Beam (4 of 4)

What if a sudden voltage surge causes the accelerating voltage to increase to

400 V? How does that affect the angular speed of the electrons, assuming the
magnetic field remains constant?

qB
=
m

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 Magnetic Bottle

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Van Allen Radiation Belts

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Auroras

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 Velocity Selector

F = qE + qv  B

qE = qvB

E
v=
B

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 The Mass Spectrometer

m rB0
=
q v

m rB0 B
=
q E

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 Measuring e/me

J. J. Thomson and
Frank Baldwin Jewett
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 The Cyclotron

2 m qBR 1 2 q2B2R2
T= v=  K = mv =
qB m 2 2m

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Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor (1 of 2)

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Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor (2 of 2)

qv d  B V = AL

charges in segment: nAL

I = nqvd A

(
FB = qv d  B nAL )
FB = IL  B

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Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor (3 of 2)

dFB = Id s  B

b
FB = I  d s  B
a

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 Quick Quiz 28.3 (1 of 2)

A wire carries current in the plane of this screen toward the top of the screen.
The wire experiences a magnetic force toward the right edge of the screen. Is
the direction of the magnetic field causing this force
(a) in the plane of the screen and toward the left edge
(b) in the plane of the screen and toward the bottom edge
(c) out of the screen
(d) into the screen

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Quick Quiz 28.3 (2 of 2)

A wire carries current in the plane of this screen toward the top of the screen.
The wire experiences a magnetic force toward the right edge of the screen. Is
the direction of the magnetic field causing this force
(a) in the plane of the screen and toward the left edge
(b) in the plane of the screen and toward the bottom edge
(c) out of the screen
(d) into the screen

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Example 28.4: Force on a Semicircular Conductor (1 of 2)

A wire bent into a semicircle of radius R forms a closed circuit and carries a
current I. The wire lies in the xy plane, and a uniform magnetic field is directed
along the positive y axis as in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic force acting on the straight portion of the wire and on the curved
portion.

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Example 28.4: Force on a Semicircular Conductor (2 of 2)

F1 = I  d s  B = I  B dx kˆ
b R

a −R

= 2 IRB kˆ
dF2 = Id s  B = − IB sin  ds kˆ
ds = R d
 
IRB sin  d k = − IRB  sin  d k = − IRB  − cos 0 kˆ

F2 = −  ˆ ˆ
0 0

= IRB ( cos  − cos 0 ) kˆ = IRB ( −1 − 1) kˆ = −2 IRBkˆ

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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
Field (1 of 3)
F2 = F4 = IaB

b b
 max = F2 + F4
2 2
b b
= ( IaB ) + ( IaB )
2 2
= IabB

 max = IAB

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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
Field (2 of 3)
b b
 = F2 sin  + F4 sin 
2 2
b  b 
= IaB  sin   + IaB  sin   = IabB sin 
2  2 
= IAB sin 

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Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
Field (3 of 3)
τ = IA  B
μ  IA
μcoil = NIA

τ = μB
τ = pE
UB = −μ  B
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 Quick Quiz 28.4 Part I (1 of 2)
Rank the magnitudes of the torques acting on the rectangular loops (a), (b), and
(c) shown edge-on in the figure from highest to lowest. All loops are identical
and carry the same current.

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 Quick Quiz 28.4 Part I (2 of 2)
Rank the magnitudes of the torques acting on the rectangular loops (a), (b),
and (c) shown edge-on in the figure from highest to lowest. All loops are
identical and carry the same current.

(c), (b), (a)

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 Quick Quiz 28.4 Part II (1 of 2)
Rank the magnitudes of the net forces acting on the rectangular loops shown in
the figure from highest to lowest.

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Quick Quiz 28.4 Part II (2 of 2)
Rank the magnitudes of the net forces acting on the rectangular loops shown in
the figure from highest to lowest.

(a) = (b) = (c)

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 Example 28.5: Rotating a Coil (1 of 2)

Consider the loop of wire in figure (a). Imagine

it is pivoted along side 4, which is parallel to the
z axis and fastened so that side 4 remains fixed
and the rest of the loop hangs vertically in the
gravitational field of the Earth but can rotate
around side 4 (figure (b)). The mass of the loop
is 50.0 g, and the sides are of lengths a = 0.200
m and b = 0.100 m. The loop carries a current
of 3.50 A and is immersed in a vertical uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.0100 T in the
positive y direction (figure (c)).
What angle does the plane of the loop make
with the vertical?

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 Example 28.5: Rotating a Coil (2 of 2)

τB = μ  B = −  B sin ( 90 −  ) kˆ
= − IAB cos  kˆ = − IabB cos  kˆ
b ˆ
τ g = r  mg = mg sin  k
2
ˆ b ˆ =0
 τ = − IabB cos  k + mg sin  k
2
b 2 IaB
IabB cos  = mg sin   tan  =
2 mg

 2 ( 3.50 A )( 0.200 m )( 0.010 0 T ) 

 = tan 
−1
 = 1.64
 ( 0.050 0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s ) 
2

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 The Hall Effect
qvd B = qEH  EH = vd B

VH = EH d = vd Bd
I IBd
vd = VH =
nqA nqA

IB
VH =
nqt

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 Example 28.6: The Hall Effect for Copper
A rectangular copper strip 1.5 cm wide and 0.10
cm thick carries a current of 5.0 A. Find the Hall
voltage for a 1.2-T magnetic field applied in a
direction perpendicular to the strip.

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 Example 28.6: The Hall Effect for Copper (1 of 2)

NA NA IB MIB
n= = VH = =
V M nqt N A  qt

( 0.0635 kg/mol )( 5.0 A )(1.2 T )

VH =
( 6.02 10 23
mol −1 )( 8920 kg/m 3 )(1.60 10 −19 C ) ( 0.0010 m )
= 0.44  V
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 Example 28.6: The Hall Effect for Copper (2 of 2)
What if the strip has the same dimensions
but is made of a semiconductor? Will the
Hall voltage be smaller or larger?

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 Assessing to Learn (1 of 8)

In a certain region of space, there is a uniform magnetic field pointing in the

positive z direction (+z). In what direction should a negative point charge move
to experience a force in the positive x direction (+x)?
1. in the positive z direction (+z)
2. in the negative z direction (–z)
3. in the positive x direction (+x)
4. in the negative x direction (–x)
5. in the positive y direction (+y)
6. in the negative y direction (–y)
7. It can move in any direction.
8. It is impossible for the force to be in the +x direction when the magnetic field is in the +z
direction.

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 Assessing to Learn (2 of 8)

In each of the following situations, point charge q moves in a uniform

magnetic field B. The strength of the magnetic field is indicated by the
density of field lines. In each situation, the initial speed v of the charge is
the same. For which situation(s) will the charge q travel the longest
distance in a certain time T?
1. 1 3. 3 5. 5
2. 2 4. 4 6. 1 & 3
7. 2 & 4 8. 1, 2, 3 & 4
9. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
10. Cannot be determined

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 Assessing to Learn (3 of 8)

In each of the following situations, point charge q moves in a uniform

magnetic field B. The strength of the magnetic field is indicated by the
density of field lines. In each situation, the initial speed v of the charge is
the same. For which situation(s) will the charge q have the largest
displacement in a certain time T?
1. 1 3. 3 5. 5
2. 2 4. 4 6. 1 & 3
7. 2 & 4 8. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
9. None of the above
10. Cannot be determined

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 Assessing to Learn (4 of 8)

A bar magnet moving with speed V passes below a stationary

charge q. What can be said about the magnitude of the magnetic
forces on the bar magnet (Fb) and on the charge q (Fq).

1. Fbar and Fq are both zero.

2. Fbar is zero and Fq is not zero.
3. Fbar is not zero and Fq is zero.
4. Fbar and Fq are both non-zero.

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 Assessing to Learn (5 of 8)

Two identical bar magnets are placed rigidly and anti-parallel to

each other as shown. At what locations, if any, is the net magnetic
field close to zero?
1. A only
2. B only
3. C only
4. D only
5. A and B
6. A, B, and C
7. C and D
8. None of the above.
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 Assessing to Learn (6 of 8)

A charged particle moves into a region containing both an electric field

and a magnetic field. Which of the statements below is/are true?
A. The particle cannot accelerate in the direction of B.
B. The path of the particle must be a circle.
C. Any change in the particle's kinetic energy is caused by the E field.

1. Only A 5. Both A and C

2. Only B 6. Both B and C
3. Only C 7. All are true.
4. Both A and B 8. None are true.

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 Assessing to Learn (7 of 8)

A charge is released from rest in E and B fields. Both fields point

along the x axis. Which of the following statements regarding the
charge’s motion are correct?
1. The charge will travel along a straight-line path.
2. The charge's speed will change as it travels.
3. The charge will travel in a helical path.
4. The charge will travel in a helical path of increasing pitch.
5. The charge will travel in a circle in the x-y plane.
6. 1 and 2 only
7. 2 and 4 only
8. None of the above
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 Assessing to Learn (8 of 8)

A charge has an initial velocity parallel to the y-axis in E and B

fields. Both fields point along the x axis. Which of the following
statements regarding the charge's motion are correct?
1. The charge will travel along a straight-line path.
2. The charge's speed will change as it travels.
3. The charge will travel in a helical path.
4. The charge will travel in a helical path of increasing pitch.
5. The charge will travel in a circle in the x-y plane.
6. 1 and 2 only
7. 2 and 4 only
8. None of the above
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