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Babloo Singh 11 SCI-B
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23 views

Document 2

Uploaded by

Babloo Singh 11 SCI-B
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Units and Measurements ; Error Analysis and Significant Figures. {b) tls a coherent system, that is, all derived units can be obtained simply by multiplying or dividing the fundamental units, without introducing any numerical factor. s, the SI units for current, potential, he practical units, tha! ively ampere, volt, o resistance, inductance, ete., are respe {GE Dotinitions of Fundamental $1 Units The seven fundamental units are defined as under ; {I) metre (m) : It is the fundamental unit of length, 1 metre is defined as the distance containin, 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light emitted by pure Krypton-86. More recently, 1 metre has been defined as length of the path travelled by light in vacuum t 1/299,792,458 part of a second. For convenience, however, multiples of metre are also used + 1 kilometre (km) = 10? m 1 centimetre (cm) = 10 m 1 millimetre (mm) = 10° m 1 micron (um) = 10°°m 1 nanometre (nm) 10m 1 angstrom (A) = 1071? m 1X=unit = 107m 1 femtometre = 1 fermi (fm) = 10 !° m, For measuring very small areas, the unit used Is ‘bart, A barn» 10m For measuring very large astronomical distances, the following three units of length are used: is maroc unit (AU): 1 AU is the average distance of sun from earth; and has the numerical vi given by * | | (c) In electricity, the SI units are the | | | 1 AU = 1.496» 10"! m= 1.5 10! m. \Qeffatn your (iy): light year isthe dstance travelled by light in vacuum tn 1 year. We knove that] travels 3 x 10° metre in vacuum in 1 second, Therefore, 1 light year = (3 x 10% ms~!) x (365 x 24 x 60 x 60) § = 9.46 x 10'° m a lly =9.46 x 10! m= 10" m Sef aalictie second or parsec (pe): 1 parsec ts the distance at which average radius of earth's ‘around sun (an arc of length 1 AU) would subtend an angle of 1" (second of arc). 1 parsec = oo Now, 1 AU = 1.496 x 10"! m and 1" -() 2 4.85 x107° x Fo00) * Tage = 485*10° rad, nm ’. Lparsee = pints Mat ty = 3.084 10! m 4.85 «10 °rad or 1pe= 3.084 x 10! m= 3.1 x 10! m, ‘We can see that 1 pe =3,26 ly. i) kilogram (kg) : It is the unit of mass. 1 kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum jtinder kept in Paris. in practice, the mass of 1 lie of water at 4°C is 1 kilogram. On ato 1 kilogram is equivalent to the mass of 5.0188 x 10°” atoms of gC’ (an isotope of carbon). _ convenience, multiples and sub-multiples of kilogram are also used : ments Error Analy: Ws scicceareineeea Error An 26 to shrink to the size he universe, (= 10° m) were to si s of earth (0 1071), how latge would the earch be? of earth (= h 7 Ni. It Based on Error Analysis \ whe experimental refractive index of glass tumed out to be | mean refractive index, i) mean abeokac error (ii) fractional error and (iv) percentage error (©) Express the refractive index with the error limits Ans. (i) 1.51, (ii) 0.04, (iii) 0.03, (iv) 3%, @) 1.51 £0.04 19. The measured lengths of two rods are recorded as (35.2£0.1) cm and (16.8 + 0.2) cm. Write the sum of the lengths of the two rods with error limits, Ans. (52.0 + 0.3) em, 20, The initial and final temperatures of a liquid placed on @ heater are recorded as (30.6 + 0.2)°G and (68:3 + 0.1)°C respectively, Calcul temperature with error limits. Ans. (37,7 + 0,3)°C. 1 The radius of a sphere is expressed as (5:3 + 0.1) em Find the percentage error the volume ofthe sphere Ans. 5.7 9, ine Measured values of mass, length, breadth and thickness ofa rectargular block are 39.3 g, 5.19 cm, 2:56 cm and 0.37 em respectively Permissible percentage error in the the density of the late the rise in nd the maximum, determination of material of the block, Ans, 3,540, 243 Aphysical quantity $ is given by g - 470 eva If errors of measures sents ind, b, c,d are 4%, 29%, 3%, 1 respectivel find the percentage error in the v ale Ans. 17.59%, Based on Significant: Figures Md the following with due Consideration of significant igures 038x108 +49. 49 ‘ 038x107 + 40, 100%] i) 4.22105 43.11, 10” V) 1.294

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