International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.

4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org

Design And Simulation Of Dvr Using Sinusoidal Pulse Width

Modulation And Hysteresis Voltage Control For Power
Quality Improvement
G.Ujwala1, Y.Priyanka2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is one of the custom power devices that are used as an effective solution for
the protection of sensitive loads against voltage disturbances in power distribution system. The efficiency of the DVR
depends on the performance efficiency of the control technique involved in switching the inverters. This paper gives a
systematic approach of the design of dynamic voltage restorer using sinusoidal pulse width modulation and unipolar
hysteresis voltage control. . DVR is a series connected device used for compensating voltage sags and swells on the
distribution side. In this work, a step by step procedure is given to figure out the components that are required for the
design and simulation of DVR. The detection of sags/swells is carried out with the help of dqo theory, whereas the control
of the voltage source inverter is done with the help of SPWM and bipolar hysteresis voltage control. The simulation of the
proposed work is carried out with the help of MATLAB/ SIMULINK and the results were found to be in accordance with
theory.

Keywords: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Sinusoidal Pulse width modulation (SPWM), Hysteresis voltage
Control, dqo theory, Voltage sag/swell.

1. INTRODUCTION with a poor or damaged voltage regulator, although they

The term electric power quality (PQ) is generally used can also be caused by a damaged or loose neutral
to assess and maintain the good quality of power at the connection. These voltage problems can be solved using a
level of generation, transmission, distribution, and series connected custom power device called dynamic
utilization of AC electrical power. In modern distribution voltage restorer (DVR). In this paper, the implementation
system, there are a number of voltage-based power quality of DVR and its simulation are discussed in detail. The
(PQ) problems caused by substantial pollution and emphasis has been given for switching control strategy i.e.
abnormal operating conditions. These power quality pulse width modulation scheme and their detailed results
problems at point of common coupling (PCC) occur due to are presented.
the voltage drop in feeders and transformers, various kinds
of disturbances, faults, use of unbalanced lagging power 2. DVR BASICS
factor consumer loads, and so on. Some of these voltage- 2.1 Principle Of DVR
related power quality problems are voltage spikes, surges, The principle of DVR is
flickers, sags, swells, notches, fluctuations, voltage simple i.e. whenever the source voltage is unbalanced
imbalance, waveform distortion, and so on. These power or distorted the DVR restores the load side voltage to
quality problems are classified as voltage and current the desired amplitude by injecting a voltage of
quality problems in distribution systems. According to required magnitude. In other words we can say that the
IEEE 1159 voltage sag is defined as the decrease in RMS main function of the DVR is to regulate the load
voltage to a level of 0.1 to 0 .9 p.u of nominal value. On voltage In short, the principle of DVR can be
the other hand voltage sells are defined to be the short explained with the help of the following equation
duration increase in RMS voltage to a level of 1.1 to 1.8 which has to be satisfied for all the time [3].
p.u. of nominal value. Based on duration sag and swell are Source Voltage + DVR voltage = Load Voltage
classified as instantaneous (½ cycle to 30 cycles),
momentary (30 cycles to 3 seconds), and temporary (3
seconds to 1 minute) [1]. Voltage sags are caused by
abrupt increase in loads such as short circuits or faults,
motors starting, or electric heaters turning on, or they are
caused by abrupt increases in source impedance, typically
caused by a loose connection. Voltage swells are almost
always caused by an abrupt reduction in load on a circuit

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org

2.2.3 Injection mode:

The DVR goes into injection mode as soon as the
sag is detected. Three single-phase ac voltages are
injected in series with required magnitude, phase and
wave shape for compensation. The types of voltage
sags, load conditions and power rating of DVR will
determine the possibility of compensating voltage sag.

3. FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF DVR

The fundamental components of DVR are
Fig.1 Operation of DVR 1. Injection or Booster transformer
2. Harmonic filter
2.2 Operating Modes Of DVR: 3. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
The DVR has to work only when there is a 4. DC Energy Storage Device and charging circuit
sag/swell in the source voltage. Depending on that the 5. Control system
operating modes of DVR can be classified as below
[4] :
2.2.1 Protection mode:
Whenever there is a fault on the line, very
high fault currents will be flowing through the line.
Since the DVR is series connected, the fault currents
will be flowing through the DVR also which is not
desired. The DVR should be protected from these
over currents or large inrush currents. The bypass
switches remove the DVR from system by supplying
another path through switch for current as shown in
Fig. 2.

Fig.4. DVR Block Diagram

4. EQUATIONS RELATED TO DVR

The equivalent circuit of DVR is shown in
Fig. 5. On detection of any reduction in the supply
voltage Vsource from any set value, the DVR injects
Fig.2. Configuration of switches in protection mode a voltage, VDVR, in series through the injection
transformer such that the desired load voltage, VLoad
2.2.2 Standby mode: can be maintained at the load end.
In standby mode, the DVR may either go into
short circuit operation or inject small voltage to
compensate the voltage drop for transformer reactance
or losses as shown in Fig. 3. Short circuit operation of
DVR is the general preferred solution in steady state.

Fig.5. Equivalent Circuit of DVR

The DVR injection voltage can be written as in
equation (1)
VDVR= VLoad+ZLineILoad-VSource --- (1)
Where
Fig.3. Configuration of switches in standby mode Vload = Desired load voltage

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
Zline = Line impedance incoming ac source while the load voltage is regulated.
Iload = Load current The output of inverter is equipped with inductors and
Vsource = System voltage during any fault capacitors for filtering purpose. The role of DVR
condition controller is recognition of voltage sag/swell issues,
VDVR = DVR injected voltage calculating the compensating voltage, trigger pulse
In case if the supply voltage is not sagged or creation for sinusoidal PWM inverter, correction of any
swelled then Vload will be equal to Vsource and the errors in the series voltage injection and extinction of
DVR injected voltage will be a very small quantity the trigger pulses once the fault is cleared.
(Zline Iload) which is required to compensate for the The simulation block diagram based on dqo
line voltage drop. theory is shown in fig.6

5. VOLTAGE COMPENSATION METHODS

OF DVR:
Compensation is achieved by real power or
reactive power injection. Based on the compensation
level required there are three types of compensation
methods[6]:

5.1 Presag Compensation:

Non linear loads need both magnitude as
well as phase angle compensation. In presag
compensation technique DVR supplies the difference
between pre-sag and sag voltage restoring the voltage
magnitude as well as the phase angle to that of the pre- Fig.6. Simulation Block Diagram
sag value. Therefore this method is suited for nonlinear The dqo transformation or otherwise called
loads. However this technique needs a higher rated Park’s transformation is implemented in DVR
energy storage device and voltage injection controller. The quantities are expressed as
transformers. instantaneous space vectors. The voltage is converted
from abc reference frame to dqo reference. We ignore
5.2 InPhase Compensation: zero sequence components for simplicity. The control
The DVR compensates only for the voltage is implemented by comparing a set of reference
magnitude in this particular compensation method, i.e. voltage and measured load phase voltages.
the compensated voltage has the same phase as that of The error signal obtained is used as a control
sagged voltage and it only compensates for the voltage signal to generate a sequence pattern for power
magnitude. Therefore this technique minimizes the switches of the voltage source inverter using pulse
voltage injected by the DVR. Hence it is suited for the width modulation technique (SPWM). The phase
linear loads, which do not need phase angle locked loop (PLL) is used for the generation of a unit
compensation. sinusoidal wave in phase with mains supply voltage.
The equations that transform the three phase
5.3 Energy-Optimization technique: a-b-c system to stationary dqo is given by
In this particular control technique the use
of real power is minimized (or made equal to zero) by
injecting the required voltage by the DVR at a 90°
phase angle to the load current. However in this
technique the injected voltage will become higher than
that of the in-phase compensation technique. Hence this
technique needs a higher rated transformer and an
inverter compared with the earlier cases. Further the
compensated voltage is equal in magnitude to the
presage voltage, but with a phase shift.
The abc to dqo transformation computes the
6. PROPOSED CONTROL SCHEME direct axis, quadratic axis and zero sequence
The Control scheme implemented here is quantities in a two axis rotating reference frame for a
with the help of dqo transformation. Once the voltage three phase sinusoidal signal. In this transformation
disturbance occurs, the output of the inverter can be phase A is aligned to the d- axis that is in quadrature
adjusted in such a way that it is in phase with the

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International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
with q-axis. The theta (θ) is defined by the angle control technique, difference between Vinj and VRef
between phase A and the d-axis. is applied to a hysteresis controller to turn on and off
the switch pairs (Sl, S4 or S2, S3).
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation:
In this paper, sinusoidal pulse width
modulation (SPWM) is used as the switching strategy
for the inverter. The following reasons will justify the
selection of SPWM as the control strategy for the
VSI.
The following reasons will justify the selection
of SPWM as the control strategy for the VSI.
i. The output of the inverter should be
same as the reference voltages
generated by the control block.
ii. From the concept of SPWM, we know
that the fundamental of the output of the
inverter will be same as the modulating
waveform used to compare the
triangular carrier.
Hysteresis Voltage Control:
In this paper, hysteresis voltage control is
used to improve the load voltage and determine
switching signals for inverters gates. A basic of the
hysteresis voltage control is based on an error signal
between an injection voltage (Vinj) and a reference
voltage of DVR (Vref) which produces proper
control signals. There is Hysteresis Band (HB) above
and under the reference voltage and when the
difference between the reference and inverter voltage
reaches to the upper (lower) limit, the voltage is
forced to decrease (increase) as shown in Fig.7 [2].

Fig.8. Bipolar Hysteresis Voltage Control

Fig.7. Hysteresis band voltage control

T1 + T2 = Tc =1/fc
Where HB and fc are Hysteresis Band and switching
frequency respectively.
The HB that has inversely proportional
relation to switching frequency is defined as the
difference between VH and VL (HB=VH-VL).

Hysteresis Voltage Control Based On Bipolar

Switching Technique:
In bipolar switching scheme, there are two
bands (HB1) and the controller turn on and turn off
the switch pairs (S1, S4 or S2, S3) at the same time to
generate +Vdc or -Vdc at the output of the inverter.
As shown in Fig.7, for the bipolar hysteresis voltage

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
7. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.9. Simulink Model of DVR

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International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org

Fig.10. Simulink Model of SPWM

Fig.11. Generation of Pulses for Phase-A using SPWM

Fig-12. Simulink Model of unipolar Hysteresis Voltage control

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International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
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Fig.13. Generation of Pulses for Phase-A using unipolar Hysteresis Voltage control

Fig 14: Reference voltage waveform of DVR system

Fig 15: Load voltage waveform of uncompensated system

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International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org

Fig 16: Injected voltage waveform

Fig 17: Load voltage waveform of compensated system

8. CONCLUSIONS Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol. XIV,

The main contribution of this paper is to sum No. 1, 2008.
up different approaches proposed to take care of power [4] Priyanka Kumari, Vijay Kumar Garg, “Simulation
quality issues and to provide a comparison between of Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using Matlab to
up-to-date approaches using various simulations for Enhance Power Quality in Distribution System”,
combined system. The designed system for International Journal of Engineering Research and
compensating sags/swells is working well and has Applications (IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug
been verified using Simulink. The voltage source 2013, pp.1436-1441.
inverter was implemented with the help of both
SPWM & Bipolar Hysteresis Voltage control. The
results were in accordance with theory (SPWM). The
designed DVR can compensate any sag of magnitude
between 0.1-0.9 pu (in simulation). But in reality a
DVR can compensate maximum sag of 0.5 pu.

REFERENCES
[1] M. H. J Bollen, Understanding Power Quality
Problems, Voltage Sags and Interruption,
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1999.
[2] Ezoji, H. Sheikholeslami,A. lessan,S. “Hysteresis
Voltage Control of DVR Based on Unipolar
PWM” accepted in International Conference on
Industrial Technology (IEEE-ICIT09),
Australia,2008.
[3] [3] Chellali Benachaiba, Brahim Ferdi, “Voltage
Quality Improvement Using DVR,” Electrical

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